Histoire D'unix
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Shared Name Spaces
Shared Name Spaces Geoff Collyer (geoff@collyer.net) Russ Cox ([email protected]) Bruce Ellis ([email protected]) Fariborz “Skip” Tavakkolian ([email protected]) ABSTRACT One of the strengths of the Plan 9 operating system[4] is its ability to multiplex name spaces efficiently. Another key Plan 9 concept is the 9P[5] file protocol, and its uniform application to all resources – stored files and devices. The Shared Name Space system is a technique to dynamically manage name spaces exported by a group of users into an aggregate name space, and reflect it back to each group member. The net effect is a mechanism for providing a virtual network service that competes favorably with peer-to- peer networks, or central-storage file sharing and has advantages over both. Although currently the only resources that are sharable are stored files, the system allows sharing of other types of resources in the future. These would include mouse, keyboard, and display, making services such as remote desktop access or on-line collaboration and conferencing possible. The RangboomTM Adhoc Virtual Networks1 service is a commercial endeavor based on this technology. It provides remote file access and file sharing service to broadband Internet users. It is initially targeted for devices running Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. 1. Preface The problem that Shared Name Space addresses is how a typical user is able to securely access his/her resources or discover and use resources belonging to a group over the Internet. As the adoption of broadband access increases, as the ratio of computing devices per user increases and as the Internet users become more savvy, there is an increasing need for and expectation of ubiquitous access to all resources on all personal electronics, from any other. -
The Blit: a Multiplexed Graphics Terminal
The Blit: A Multiplexed Graphics Terminal Rob Pike Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 ABSTRACT The Blit is a programmable bitmap graphics terminal designed specifically to run with the Unix operating system. The software in the terminal provides an asynchronous multi-window environment, and thereby exploits the multiprogramming capabilities of the Unix system which have been largely under-utilized because of the restrictions of conventional terminals. This paper discusses the design motivation of the Blit, gives an overview of the user interface, mentions some of the novel uses of multiprogramming made possible by the Blit, and describes the implementation of the multiplexing facilities on the host and in the terminal. Because most of the functionality is provided by the ter- minal, the discussion focuses on the structure of the terminal’s software. Sometime in 1983 The Blit: A Multiplexed Graphics Terminal Rob Pike Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Introduction The Blit* is a graphics terminal characterized more by the software it runs than the hardware itself. The hardware is simple and inexpensive (Figure 1): 256K bytes of memory dual-ported between an 800×1024×1 bit display and a Motorola MC68000 microprocessor, with 24K of ROM, an RS-232 interface, a mouse and a keyboard. Unlike many graphics terminals, it has no special-purpose graphics hardware; instead, the microprocessor executes all graphical operations in software. The reasons for and conse- quences of this design are discussed elsewhere.5 The microprocessor may be loaded from the host with custom applications software, but the terminal is rarely used this way. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Software—Practice and Experience
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Software|Practice and Experience Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 23 July 2021 Version 3.26 Title word cross-reference [Bar82a, Bar82c, Bar84b]. < [SMGMOFM07a, SMGMOFM07b]. > [SMGMOFM07a, SMGMOFM07b]. 2 [MST13, MDB19]. 3 [DS09]. 4 [MSR+07]. \ 0 [GW96]. 1 [GW96]. $1.50 [Bar78d]. $11 [PK04]. TM [MZB00, Win02]. 8 [DB21b]. k [Bar84a]. $12.00 [Rob72]. $13 [Bar84a]. [AW93, Mer93]. κ [MG94]. µ $13.00 [Rob72]. $18.50 [Jon74]. $185 [BS90c, BDS+92, SMNB21]. N [Bar79b]. $19.30 [Lan74a]. $19.50 [Dav78]. [MS98, Coh98, KST94, YAVHC21]. P 3 $25.00 [Pet77, And78]. 3 [BE02, FMA02]. [DC03]. PM [CLD+17]. q [GSR17]. τ $31-25 [Pet77]. $31.35 [Bri82]. 32 [VED06]. 2:5 [TSZ14, UDS+07]. $35.00 [Inc86]. $39.50 [Sim83]. 5 [CPMAH+20]. $58.50 [Wal81a]. $6.95 -ary [MS98]. -bit [AM10, SF85, VED06]. [Tho74]. 64 [AM10, VED06]. 68 -gram [Coh98, KST94, YAVHC21]. -grams [Ear76, Hol77]. $68.25 [Pit82]. $7.00 [GSR17]. -level [FM77]. -queens [Plu74]. [Bar72a]. $7.50 [Bar78d]. $7.95 -R [Ear76, Hol77]. -shortest-paths [MG94]. [Bar76a, Lav77]. $78.50 [Sim83]. 8 -System [BS90c]. [Plu74, SF85]. $8.95 [Bar82a, Bar82c, Bar84b]. $9.75 . [Bis81b]. .NET [Coo04, Han04]. [Bar77e, Mul76]. $9.80 [Atk79a]. $9.95 1 2 0 [Bar81, Edw98a, Edw98b, Gru83, Llo82, 2 [Bar74a, Bar74b, Bar80b, Bud85, Cor88b, Val77a, Val78, Wal83b]. -
Time-Sharing System
UNIXTM TIME-SHARING SYSTEM: UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL Seventh Edition, Volume 2B January, 1979 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Murray Hill, New Jersey Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler Stephen C. Johnson Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 ABSTRACT Computer program input generally has some structure; in fact, every computer program that does input can be thought of as de®ning an ``input language'' which it accepts. An input language may be as complex as a programming language, or as sim- ple as a sequence of numbers. Unfortunately, usual input facilities are limited, dif®cult to use, and often are lax about checking their inputs for validity. Yacc provides a general tool for describing the input to a computer program. The Yacc user speci®es the structures of his input, together with code to be invoked as each such structure is recognized. Yacc turns such a speci®cation into a subroutine that handles the input process; frequently, it is convenient and appropriate to have most of the ¯ow of control in the user's application handled by this subroutine. The input subroutine produced by Yacc calls a user-supplied routine to return the next basic input item. Thus, the user can specify his input in terms of individual input characters, or in terms of higher level constructs such as names and numbers. The user-supplied routine may also handle idiomatic features such as comment and con- tinuation conventions, which typically defy easy grammatical speci®cation. Yacc is written in portable C. The class of speci®cations accepted is a very gen- eral one: LALR(1) grammars with disambiguating rules. -
Acme: a User Interface for Programmers Rob Pike AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974
Acme: A User Interface for Programmers Rob Pike AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 ABSTRACT A hybrid of window system, shell, and editor, Acme gives text-oriented applications a clean, expressive, and consistent style of interaction. Traditional window systems support inter- active client programs and offer libraries of pre-defined operations such as pop-up menus and buttons to promote a consistent user interface among the clients. Acme instead provides its clients with a fixed user interface and simple conventions to encourage its uniform use. Clients access the facilities of Acme through a file system interface; Acme is in part a file server that exports device-like files that may be manipulated to access and control the contents of its win- dows. Written in a concurrent programming language, Acme is structured as a set of communi- cating processes that neatly subdivide the various aspects of its tasks: display management, input, file server, and so on. Acme attaches distinct functions to the three mouse buttons: the left selects text; the mid- dle executes textual commands; and the right combines context search and file opening functions to integrate the various applications and files in the system. Acme works well enough to have developed a community that uses it exclusively. Although Acme discourages the traditional style of interaction based on typescript windows— teletypes—its users find Acme’s other services render typescripts obsolete. History and motivation The usual typescript style of interaction with Unix and its relatives is an old one. The typescript—an inter- mingling of textual commands and their output—originates with the scrolls of paper on teletypes. -
Micropython Documentation Release 1.10 Damien P. George, Paul
MicroPython Documentation Release 1.10 Damien P. George, Paul Sokolovsky, and contributors Jan 25, 2019 CONTENTS 1 MicroPython libraries 1 1.1 Python standard libraries and micro-libraries..............................2 1.1.1 Builtin functions and exceptions................................2 1.1.2 array – arrays of numeric data................................5 1.1.3 cmath – mathematical functions for complex numbers....................5 1.1.4 gc – control the garbage collector...............................6 1.1.5 math – mathematical functions................................7 1.1.6 sys – system specific functions................................9 1.1.7 ubinascii – binary/ASCII conversions........................... 11 1.1.8 ucollections – collection and container types...................... 11 1.1.9 uerrno – system error codes................................. 12 1.1.10 uhashlib – hashing algorithms............................... 13 1.1.11 uheapq – heap queue algorithm................................ 14 1.1.12 uio – input/output streams................................... 14 1.1.13 ujson – JSON encoding and decoding............................ 16 1.1.14 uos – basic “operating system” services............................ 16 1.1.15 ure – simple regular expressions............................... 20 1.1.16 uselect – wait for events on a set of streams........................ 22 1.1.17 usocket – socket module................................... 23 1.1.18 ussl – SSL/TLS module................................... 28 1.1.19 ustruct – pack and unpack -
February 2001 (PDF)
motd Happy New Year! I know, you’re thinking: but the year is already a month old. I’m writing this, however, by Rob Kolstad on January 2, so as they say on ABC: “It’s new to me.” Dr. Rob Kolstad has long served as editor of First, a word from a sponsor. ;login: has a short new column: “USENIX Needs You” (see ;login:. He is also head coach of the USENIX- page 86). This column lists a myriad of volunteer (and remunerated) opportunities sponsored USA Comput- within the USENIX Association. Too often these opportunities are passed by word of ing Olympiad. mouth to “insiders” who then volunteer – while those who are waiting to “increase their visibility” never get a chance to join the elite set of USENIX volunteers. Check out the listings and see if any of the options appeals to you! <[email protected]> The year looks to be shaping up to be an interesting one: I Digital music sharing (and its peer-to-peer cousin) should shake out this year. I’ll be interested to see how that all turns out. I fear that each record label thinks there’s enough internet bandwidth to send real-time music (which can not be saved to disk) to its “customers.”I’m not sure there’s enough bandwidth given the current cost-structure for the end-users. I Intel’s new architecture (the IA-64, aka Itanium) should be ready for consumer use. Some of the trade magazines are expressing concern already. If things were not to work out, the new architecture would surely prove to be one of the larger R&D losses (although the Iridium satellite telephone project didn’t yield the hoped-for returns, either). -
QNX® Neutrino® Realtime Operating System Photon® Microgui Programmer’S Guide
QNX® Neutrino® Realtime Operating System Photon® microGUI Programmer’s Guide For QNX® Neutrino® 6.5.0 © 2010, QNX Software Systems GmbH & Co. KG. © 1995 – 2010, QNX Software Systems GmbH & Co. KG. All rights reserved. Published under license by: QNX Software Systems Co. 175 Terence Matthews Crescent Kanata, Ontario K2M 1W8 Canada Voice: +1 613 591-0931 Fax: +1 613 591-3579 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.qnx.com/ Electronic edition published 2010. QNX, Neutrino, Photon, Photon microGUI, Momentics, Aviage, and related marks, names, and logos are trademarks, registered in certain jurisdictions, of QNX Software Systems GmbH & Co. KG. and are used under license by QNX Software Systems Co. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners. Contents About This Guide xxv What you’ll find in this guide xxvii Typographical conventions xxviii Note to Windows users xxix Technical support xxx 1 Introduction 1 Overview of the Photon architecture 3 Photon Application Builder (PhAB) 5 Widget concepts 6 Widget life cycle 9 Widget geometry 11 Programming paradigm 13 Text-mode application 13 Non-PhAB application 14 PhAB application 15 Photon libraries 16 API categories and libraries 16 Versions and platforms 18 Building applications with PhAB—an overview 18 Step 1: Create modules 18 Step 2: Add widgets 19 Step 3: Attach callbacks 19 Step 4: Generate code 20 Step 5: Run your application 20 Step 6: Repeat any previous step 20 Writing applications without PhAB 21 2 Tutorials 23 Before you start... 25 Creating a Photon project and starting PhAB 25 PhAB’s Interface 26 Tutorial 1 — Hello, world 27 May 13, 2010 Contents iii © 2010, QNX Software Systems GmbH & Co. -
A Repository of Unix History and Evolution
http://www.dmst.aueb.gr/dds/pubs/jrnl/2016-EMPSE-unix-history/html/unix-history.html This is an HTML rendering of a working paper draft that led to a publication. The publication should always be cited in preference to this draft using the following reference: Diomidis Spinellis. A repository of Unix History and evolution. Empirical Software Engineering, 22(3):1372–1404, 2017. (doi:10.1007/s10664-016-9445-5) This document is also available in PDF format. The final publication is available at Springer via doi:10.1007/s10664-016-9445-5. The document's metadata is available in BibTeX format. Find the publication on Google Scholar This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. Diomidis Spinellis Publications A Repository of Unix History and Evolution1 Diomidis Spinellis Abstract The history and evolution of the Unix operating system is made available as a revision management repository, covering the period from its inception in 1972 as a five thousand line kernel, to 2016 as a widely-used 27 million line system. The 1.1GB repository contains 496 thousand commits and 2,523 branch merges. The repository employs the commonly used Git version control system for its storage, and is hosted on the popular GitHub archive. -
Download The
THE SHIP MODEL - A NEW COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS By George William Phillips B. Sc. (Computer Science) University of British Columbia, 1987 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES COMPUTER SCIENCE We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1992 © George William Phillips, 1992 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Computer Science The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z1 Date: (9(2, 11i2 Abstract One of the fundamental goals of a distributed operating is to make a collection of corn— puters connected by a network appear as a unified whole to the users of the system. The system relies heavily on the network to help maintain this illusion. If the network is not fast enough system performance will be noticeably affected and the system will fail to achieve this primary goal. Since the network is used to allow two entities on different machines to communicate with each other, it is possible to reduce the use of the network by allowing entities to migrate between machines. -
A Concurrent Window System
A Concurrent Window System Rob Pike AT&T Bell Laboratories ABSTRACT: When implemented in a concurrent language, a window system can be concise. If its client programs connect to the window system using an interface defined in terms of communication on synchronous channels, much of the complexity of traditional event-based interfaces can be avoided. Once that interface is specified, complex interactive programs can be assembled, not monolithically, but rather by connecting, using the same techniques, small self-contained components that each imple- ment or modify elements of the interface. In partic- ular, the window system itself may be run recur- sively to implement subwindows for multiplexed applications such as multi-frle text editors. This is the software tool approach applied to windows. @ Computing Systems, Vol. 2 . No. 2 . Spring 1989 133 1. Introduction Traditional window systems offer their clients - the programs that call upon them for services an interface consisting primarily of a - o'events": graphics library and a stream of tokens representing key presses, mouse motion and so on. The clients of these systems tend to be written as state machines with transitions triggered by these events. Although this style of programming is adequate, it is uncomfortable; state machines are powerful but inconvenient. There are also engineering reasons to object to this interface style: all types of events come through the same port and must be disen- tangled; the event handlers must relinquish control to the main loop after processing an event; and the externally imposed definition of events (such as whether depressing a mouse button is the same type of event as releasing one) affects the structure of the overall program. -
A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from the Programmer's
AResearch UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from the Programmer’sManual, 1971-1986 M. Douglas McIlroy ABSTRACT Selected pages from the nine research editions of the UNIX®Pro grammer’sManual illustrate the development of the system. Accompanying commentary recounts some of the needs, events, and individual contributions that shaped this evolution. 1. Introduction Since it beganatthe Computing Science Research Center of AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969, the UNIX system has exploded in coverage, in geographic distribution and, alas, in bulk. It has brought great honor to the primary contributors, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, and has reflected respect upon many others who have built on their foundation. The story of howthe system came to be and howitgrewand prospered has been told manytimes, often embroidered almost into myth. Still, aficionados seem neverto tire of hearing about howthings were in that special circle where the system first flourished. This collection of excerpts from the nine editions of the research UNIX Programmer’sManual has been chosen to illustrate trends and some of the lively give-and-take—or at least the tangible results thereof—that shaped the system. It is a domestic study,aimed only at capturing the way things were in the system’soriginal home. To look further afield would require a tome, not a report, and possibly a more dis- passionate scholar,not an intimate participant. The rawreadings are supplemented by my own recollec- tions as corrected by the memories of colleagues. The collection emphasizes development up to the Seventh Edition (v7*) in 1979, providing only occasional peeks ahead to v8 and v9.