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Higher Education Management and Policy – Volume 18, No. 2 « Journal of the Programme on Institutional Management Volume 18, Volume No. 2 Higher Education Management and Policy Journal of the Programme in Higher Education on Institutional Management Higher Education Management and Policy in Higher Education Volume 18, No. 2 CONTENTS Managing the Unmanageable: The Management of Research in Research-Intensive Universities Higher Education John Taylor 9 Management and Policy Incorporation and University Governance: A Comparative Perspective from China and Japan Futao Huang 35 The Professional Doctorate: From Anglo-Saxon to European Challenges Jeroen Huisman and Rajani Naidoo 51 Widening Access through Partnerships with Working Life Andrew Casson 65 The Politics of Access: Measuring the Social Returns on Post-secondary Education Michael Conlon 77 Evaluation of the Competence Reform in Norway: Access to Higher Education Based on Non-formal Learning Vibeke Opheim and Håvard Helland 87 Where are the Boys? Gender Imbalance in Higher Education Fred Evers, John Livernois and Maureen Mancuso 103 Promoting a Lifelong Learning Society in China: The Attempts by Tsinghua University Aiyi Wang, Gilsun Song and Feiyu Kang 117 Subscribers to this printed periodical are entitled to free online access. If you do not yet have online access via your institution's network contact your librarian or, if you subscribe personally, send an email to [email protected] www.oecd.org ISSN 1682-3451 2006 SUBSCRIPTION � �� (3 ISSUES) 89 2006 02 1 P -:HRLGSC=XYZUUU: Volume 18, No. 2 Volume 18, No. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PROGRAMME ON INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION Higher Education Management and Policy Volume 18, No. 2 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Publié en français sous le titre : Politiques et gestion de l’enseignement supérieur Volume 18, n° 2 © OECD 2006 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing: [email protected] or by fax (33 1) 45 24 13 91. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie, 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France ([email protected]). HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY Higher Education Management and Policy ● A journal addressed to leaders, managers, researchers and policy makers in the field of higher education institutional management and policy. ● Covering practice and policy in the field of system and institutional management through articles and reports on research projects of wide international scope. ● First published in 1977 under the title International Journal of Institutional Management in Higher Education, then Higher Education Management from 1989 to 2001, it appears three times a year in English and French editions. Information for authors wishing to submit articles for publication appears at the end of this issue. Articles and related correspondence should be sent directly to the Editor: Prof. Michael Shattock Higher Education Management and Policy OECD/IMHE 2, rue André-Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16 France To enter a subscription, send your order to: OECD Publications Service 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France 2006 subscription (3 issues): € 107 US$128 £73 Y 14 000 Online bookshop: www.oecd.org HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 18, No. 2 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2006 3 The Programme on Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE) started in 1969 as an activity of the OECD’s newly established Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI). In November 1972, the OECD Council decided that the Programme would operate as an independent decentralised project and authorised the Secretary-General to administer it. Responsibility for its supervision was assigned to a Directing Group of representatives of governments and institutions participating in the Programme. Since 1972, the Council has periodically extended this arrangement; the latest renewal now expires on 31st December 2006. The main objectives of the Programme are as follows: ● To promote, through research, training and information exchange, greater professionalism in the management of institutions of higher education; and ● To facilitate a wider dissemination of practical management methods and approaches. EDITORIAL ADVISORY GROUP Editorial Advisory Group Elaine EL-KHAWAS, George Washington University, United States (Chair) Philip G. ALTBACH, Boston College, United States Berit ASKLING, Göteborg University, Sweden Chris DUKE, RMIT University, Australia Leo GOEDEGEBUURE, University of Twente (CHEPS), Netherlands Ellen HAZELKORN, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Salvador MALO, Instituto Mexico de la Competitividad, Mexico Vin MASSARO, University of Melbourne, Australia V. Lynn MEEK, University of New England, Australia Robin MIDDLEHURST, University of Surrey, United Kingdom José-Ginés MORA, Technical University of Valencia, Spain Detlef MÜLLER-BÖHLING, Centre for Higher Education Development, Germany Christine MUSSELIN, Centre de Sociologie des Organisations (CNRS), France Jamil SALMI, The World Bank, United States Sheila SLAUGHTER, The University of Arizona, United States HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 18, No. 2 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2006 5 EDITORIAL ADVISORY GROUP Franz STREHL, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria Andrée SURSOCK, European University Association, Belgium Ulrich TEICHLER, INCHER-Kassel, Germany Luc WEBER, Université de Genève, Switzerland Akiyoshi YONEZAWA, NIAD-EU, Japan 6 HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 18, No. 2 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Managing the Unmanageable: The Management of Research in Research-intensive Universities John Taylor . 9 Incorporation and University Governance: A Comparative Perspective from China and Japan Futao Huang . 35 The Professional Doctorate: From Anglo-Saxon to European Challenges Jeroen Huisman and Rajani Naidoo . 51 Widening Access through Partnerships with Working Life Andrew Casson . 65 The Politics of Access: Measuring the Social Returns on Post-secondary Education Michael Conlon . 77 Evaluation of the Competence Reform in Norway: Access to Higher Education Based on Non-formal Learning Vibeke Opheim and Håvard Helland . 87 Where are the Boys? Gender Imbalance in Higher Education Fred Evers, John Livernois and Maureen Mancuso . 103 Promoting a Lifelong Learning Society in China: The Attempts by Tsinghua University Aiyi Wang, Gilsun Song and Feiyu Kang . 117 HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY – VOLUME 18, No. 2 – ISSN 1682-3451 – © OECD 2006 7 ISSN 1682-3451 Higher Education Management and Policy Volume 18, No. 2 © OECD 2006 Managing the Unmanageable: the Management of Research in Research-intensive Universities by John Taylor University of Southampton, United Kingdom All around the world, the importance of research undertaken within universities and other institutions of higher education is widely recognised by governments, industries and diverse stakeholders. Indeed, it is likely that the contribution of higher education in the generation of new ideas and knowledge, and as an economic driver, has never been higher. At the same time, universities face a rapidly changing environment shaped by pressure on funding, an emphasis on quality assurance and the increasing impact of globalisation, marketisation and new technology. Such pressures for change have placed a particular emphasis on the need for effective management of higher education institutions. This article aims to bring together these two themes, looking at the management of research universities. What are the key management characteristics of some of the world’s leading research-intensive universities? Are there particular models of internal organisation, leadership, resource allocation and human resource management that lend themselves to the successful encouragement of research? Further, how do these approaches relate to some
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