The Influence of Patriarchy on Otoko and Keiko's
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THE INFLUENCE OF PATRIARCHY ON OTOKO AND KEIKO’S LESBIANISM IN KAWABATA’S BEAUTY AND SADNESS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANGELA ASTRID S. C. A. 044214024 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE INFLUENCE OF PATRIARCHY IN 20TH CENTURY JAPAN ON OTOKO AND KEIKO’S LESBIANISM IN KAWABATA’S BEAUTY AND SADNESS By ANGELA ASTRID S. C. A. Student Number: 044214024 Approved by Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani., S.S., M.Hum Date: Advisor Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum Date: Co-Advisor ii A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE INFLUENCE OF PATRIARCHY IN 20TH CENTURY JAPAN ON OTOKO AND KEIKO’S LESBIANISM IN KAWABATA’S BEAUTY AND SADNESS By ANGELA ASTRID S. C. A. Student Number: 044214024 Defended before the Board of Examiners on September 27, 2008 and Declared Acceptable BOARD OF EXAMINERS Name Signature Chairman : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. ______________________ Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. ______________________ Member : Adventina Putranti S.S., M. Hum ______________________ Member : Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani., S.S., M.Hum ______________________ Member : Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum ______________________ Yogyakarta, September 27, 2008 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University Dean Dr. I. Praptomo Baryadi, M.Hum. iii Around here, however, we don’t look backwards for very long..... We keep moving forward, opening up new doors and doing new things, because we’re curious.... And curiosity keeps leading us down new paths iv This thesis I dedicate to my lovely parents my brother and sister and all of my friends love you all v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I give my deepest thanks to My Lord Jesus Christ for His guidance so that I could finish my thesis. Who always listen to my prayers, who bless me all the time, who never leave me alone. I believe He always give us the best for me in my entire life. My deepest gratitude is for Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani.,S.S.,M.Hum, my Advisor, and also Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum as my Co-Advisor, who have guided me in writing this thesis. Thanks for the time and the chance that she has given to me. I also thank all lecturers of English Department for assisting me in going through the years of my study in Sanata Dharma University. Thanks to the Secretariat staff for giving me all the information that I need. My deepest gratitude is also dedicated the most patient parents that I have ever known in the whole world F.X Yoseph Sumardi and Emerentiana Cicik G. who always guide me to be a better person and teach me precious values needed in my life. Thanks to my brother and sister with whom I share laughter and everything I need to face. To my best friends that I ever had, Dita, Intan, Nelly, Elin, Amel, Caca, Martha, Candra, Wisnu, Rizka and the Selvita’s gangs and all of my friends in Sanata Dharma University for the wonderful friendship that we shared almost 4 years. I miss all of the nice moments that had happened. God Bless you all. ANGELA ASTRID STELLADIBA CINDY AYU vi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….. i APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………… ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………….. iii MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………... iv DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………………. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… vii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… ix ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….. x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study ……………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………… 4 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………. 4 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………... 5 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………………… 8 A. Review on Related Studies ……………………………………… 8 B. Review on Related Theories ……………………………………. 12 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………. 19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ………………………………………... 20 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………… 20 B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………... 21 C. Method of the Study …………………………………………….. 23 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ………………………………………………… 25 A. The aspects of patriarchy in the novel ..…………………………… 25 1. Patriarchal Mode of Production ………………………………… 25 2. Male Violence …………………………………………………… 28 3. Relations in Sexuality …………………………………………… 29 4. Patriarchal State ………………………………………………… 33 5. Patriarchal Culture ……………………………………………… 35 B. The forms of oppression experienced by Otoko and Keiko ..……… 37 1. Oppression through Education ..………………………………… 38 2. Oppression through Love ..……………………………………… 40 3. Oppression through Physical Dependence ……………………… 42 4. Oppression through Stereotype of Women ……………………… 43 5. Oppression through Sexual or Physical Violence ..……………… 45 viii C. The influence of patriarchal oppression on Otoko and Keiko’s lesbianism …………………………………………………………… 47 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ………………………………………………. 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………. 64 ix ABSTRACT ANGELA ASTRID S.C.A. (2008). The Influence of Patriarchy in 20th Century Japan on Otoko and Keiko’s Lesbianism in Kawabata’s Beauty and Sadness. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. A society shapes the life of each individual who is a member of that society in different ways. There are many factors that determine how a society influences an individual. One of them is gender; men’s experience in a society is naturally different from women’s experience in the same society. The work under discussion is a novel entitled Beauty and Sadness by Yasunari Kawabata, which is set in early twentieth century Japan. The novel features Otoko and Keiko, a lesbian couple, as the major female characters. This undergraduate thesis aims to examine how patriarchy in the society around them influences their lives and their sexual orientation as lesbians. Three problems are formulated in this thesis. The first problem examines the aspects of patriarchy portrayed in the novel. The second problem examines the forms of oppression experienced by the characters Otoko and Keiko under patriarchal society. The third problem examines how patriarchal oppression on Otoko and Keiko as women influences their sexual orientation as lesbians. Library research method is applied to conduct this study. The primary data is obtained from Kawabata’s Beauty and Sadness. The secondary data are collected from books, theses and articles on the Internet. Theories used in this study are Walby’s theory on patriarchy, Firestone’s theory on manifestation of patriarchy in society, Dworkin’s theory on patriarchal strategies to perpetuate their oppression, Giddens’ theory on sexual orientation and Rich’s theory on lesbian existence. Feminism is used as the approach because this study discusses Otoko and Keiko’s position and experience in the society due to their sex as women, as well as the result of their position and experience. As a result of the analysis, the writer found several aspects of patriarchy in the society as portrayed in the novel, which can be classified as patriarchal mode of production, male violence, unequal relations in sexuality, patriarchal state and patriarchal culture. Otoko and Keiko experience some forms of oppression in the patriarchal society, namely oppression through education, oppression through love, oppression through physical dependence toward men, oppression through stereotype of women as a beautiful physical object or a mother figure, and oppression through sexual or physical violence. Starting out as heterosexuals, Otoko and Keiko only developed their lesbian relationship after they started living together, initially as teacher and pupil. However, as lesbians, they can get opportunities and experience that they cannot otherwise get under patriarchal oppression, namely an equal life partner, lover, co- worker and community. Thus, patriarchal oppression functions as one of the psychological, social and cultural factors which triggers Otoko and Keiko’s transition into lesbianism. x ABSTRAK ANGELA ASTRID S.C.A. (2008). The Influence of Patriarchy in 20th Century Japan on Otoko and Keiko’s Lesbianism in Kawabata’s Beauty and Sadness. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Suatu masyarakat membentuk kehidupan masing-masing anggotanya dengan cara yang berbeda-beda. Ada banyak faktor yang menentukan bagaimana suatu masyarakat mepengaruhi setiap individu. Salah satunya ialah jenis kelamin; pria tentu memiliki pengalaman yang bereda dari wanita, walaupun mereka hidup di masyarakat yang sama. Karya sastra yang diulas dalam skripsi ini ialah novel berjudul Beauty and Sadness karya Yasunari Kawabata, yang bertempat di Jepang pada awal abad duapuluh. Novel ini menampilkan Otoko dan Keiko, sepasang lesbian, sebagai tokoh utama wanita. Skripsi ini membahas bagaimana patriarki dalam masyarakat di sekitar kedua tokoh tersebut mempengaruhi kehidupan dan orientasi seksual mereka sebagai lesbian. Tiga pertanyaan dirumuskan dalam skripsi ini. Pertanyaan pertama membahas aspek-aspek patriarki yang ditampilkan dalam novel ini. Pertanyaan kedua membahas bentuk-bentuk penindasan yang dialami Otoko dan Keiko dalam masyarakat berpaham patriarki. Pertanyaan ketiga membahas pengaruh penindasan patriarki terhadap orientasi seksual Otoko dan Keiko sebagai lesbian. Penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka untuk menyelesaikan Studi ini. Data utama berasal dari novel Beauty and Sadness karya Kawabata sedangkan data tambahan diambil dari berbagai