METHODOLOGICAL APPENDIX: FIELDWORK and ARCHIVES in TORN STATES Even Though I Had Anticipated Methodological Problems When I
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Analyzing the Russian Way of War Evidence from the 2008 Conflict with Georgia
Analyzing the Russian Way of War Evidence from the 2008 Conflict with Georgia Lionel Beehner A Contemporary Battlefield Assessment Liam Collins by the Modern War Institute Steve Ferenzi Robert Person Aaron Brantly March 20, 2018 Analyzing the Russian Way of War: Evidence from the 2008 Conflict with Georgia Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter I – History of Bad Blood ................................................................................................................ 13 Rose-Colored Glasses .............................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter II – Russian Grand Strategy in Context of the 2008 Russia-Georgia War ................................... 21 Russia’s Ends ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Russia’s Means ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Russia’s Ways ......................................................................................................................................... -
Annex E.4.15
ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.15-Corr 06-11-2015 1/35 EC PT Annex E.4.15 Public Corrected Version of ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.15 ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.15-Corr 06-11-2015 2/35 EC PT SOUTH OSSETIA: THE BURDEN OF RECOGNITION Europe Report N°205 - 7 June 2010 lnternationa Crisis Group WORKING TO PREVENT CONFLICT WORLDWIDE GEO-OTP-0001-1242 ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.15-Corr 06-11-2015 3/35 EC PT TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS i I. IN.TRODUCTION 1 II. POST-RECOGNITION DEVELOPMENTS 2 A. THEPOPfilJ\TION 2 B. TIIE Soc10-EcoNOMIC SITUATION AND RECONSTRUCTION 4 l. Local conditions .4 2. Russian aid and corruption 6 C. RUSSI/\ '8 MILITARY PRR8F.NCE-SOOTH 0SSETIJ\ '8 STRJ\ TRGTC V /\LUE 7 Ill. LOCAL POLITICS 9 A. CoMPr:rnroN FOR RlJ8SIJ\N RRSOlJRCKS 9 B. Tl IE RULE OF LAW ANI) HUMAN RIOI ITS 12 C. FUTURE PROSPECTS 13 IV. GEORGTAN-OSSETTAN RELATIONS 15 A. FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 15 B. Dt-:TENTTONS 16 C. DISPLACEMENT ISSUES 17 V. THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE 19 A. THE GENEV J\ T /\LKS 19 B. FIELD PRESENCE 20 C. TIIE EU MONITORINGMI SSION 21 VI. CONCLUSION 23 APPENDICES A. MAP OF G.EOROlA 24 B. MAP OF Soun 1 OssHTIA 25 C. MAP OF sotrra 0SSETIA SHOWING VILLAGES UNDER GEORGIANAND 0SSETIAN CONTROL PRIOR TO 7 AUGUST 2008 26 D. AnOUTTIIEINTERNATIONALCRl SIS GROUP 27 E. CRISIS GROUP REPORTS AND BRll:FINGS ON ElJROPli SINCE 2007 28 F. CRJSlS GROUP BOAR!) OFTRUSTEES 29 GEO-OTP-0001-1243 ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.15-Corr 06-11-2015 4/35 EC PT lnternationa Crisis Group WORKING TO PREVENT CONFLICT WORLDWIDE Program Report N°205 7 June 2010 SOUTH OSSETIA: THE BURDEN OF RECOGNITION EXECUTIVE SUlVIMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS South Ossetia is no closer to genuine independence now threats on its own North Caucasus territory, Moscow than in August 2008, when Russia went to war with has preferred to work with Kokoity and his entourage, Georgia and extended recognition. -
Failed Prevention 35
Table of Contents Foreword by the Editors 5 PART I: CONCEPTS IN CONFLICT PREVENTION 9 Concepts and Instruments in Conflict Prevention 11 Frida Möller PART II: CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT AND FAILED PREVENTION 35 The Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict 37 Sabine Fischer Missed Windows of Opportunity in the Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict – The Political Agenda of the Post-Revolutionary Saakashvili Government (2004-2006) 59 Doris Vogl Failures of the Conflict Transformation and Root Causes of the August War 79 Oksana Antonenko PART III: VIEWS FROM THE REGION 95 Frozen Conflicts: The Missed Opportunities 97 Salomé Zourabichvili Failure to Prevent Violence – Lessons Learnt from the Georgian- Abkhazian Conflict Resolution Process 113 Liana Kvarchelia Missed Chances in the Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict – A View from South Ossetia 131 Alan Parastaev 3 PART IV: THE INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE 139 OSCE Early Warning and the August Conflict in Georgia 141 Dov Lynch The Role of the United Nations in Abkhazia, Opportunities and Missed Opportunities between 1992 and 2009 151 Charlotte Hille United States’ and NATO’s Role in Georgia’s Territorial Conflicts August 1992-July 2008 169 Eugene Kogan Used & Missed Opportunities for Conflict Prevention in Georgia (1990-2008) – The Role of Russia 187 Markus Bernath Russia and South Ossetia: The Road to Sovereignty 207 Flemming Splidsboel Hansen PART V: CONCLUSIONS 235 Some Lessons Learnt in Conflict Prevention from the Conflicts in the Southern Caucasus 237 Predrag Jurekovi ć List of Authors and Editors 243 4 Foreword by the Editors The violent escalation of the Georgian/South Ossetian and Georgian/Abkhazian conflict in the summer of 2008 resulted in a significant deterioration of the regional security situation in this part of the Southern Caucasus. -
Russia-Georgia Conflict in August 2008
= :88.&8*47,.&=43+1.(9=.3=:,:89=,**2a= 439*=9=&3)=251.(&9.438=+47=_ _=39*7*898= .2=.(-41= 5*(.&1.89=.3= :88.&3=&3)=:7&8.&3=++&.78= &7(-=-`=,**3= 43,7*88.43&1= *8*&7(-=*7;.(*= 18/1**= <<<_(78_,4;= -.0+2= =*5479=+47=43,7*88 Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress :88.&8*47,.&= 43+1.(9=.3=:,:89=,**2a=439*=9=&3)= 251.(&9.438=+47=__= 39*7*898= = :22&7>= In the early 1990s, Georgia and its breakaway South Ossetia region had agreed to a Russian- mediated ceasefire that provided for Russian “peacekeepers” to be stationed in the region. Moscow extended citizenship and passports to most ethnic Ossetians. Simmering long-time tensions escalated on the evening of August 7, 2008, when South Ossetia and Georgia accused each other of launching intense artillery barrages against each other. Georgia claims that South Ossetian forces did not respond to a ceasefire appeal but intensified their shelling, “forcing” Georgia to send in troops. On August 8, Russia launched air attacks throughout Georgia and Russian troops engaged Georgian forces in South Ossetia. By the morning of August 10, Russian troops had occupied the bulk of South Ossetia, reached its border with the rest of Georgia, and were shelling areas across the border. Russian troops occupied several Georgian cities. Russian warships landed troops in Georgia’s breakaway Abkhazia region and took up positions off Georgia’s Black Sea coast. French President Nicolas Sarkozy, serving as the president of the European Union (EU), was instrumental in getting Georgia and Russia to agree to a peace plan on August 15-16. -
Football and Politics: Serbia in Transition
Football and Politics: Serbia in Transition Behar Xharra Viadrina Summer University The Culture of Football: Power, Passion and Politics Class: Political Economy of Football Football and Politics: Serbia in Transition THE STORY OF WAR From Football Fields to War Battles: The Story of Arkan, Delije and Tigers Reputation building and FC Obilic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%BDeljko_Ra%C5%BEnatovi%C4%87.jpg See movie from 6:00 – 8:00 at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1DsSsKPrmM Football and Politics: Serbia in Transition INTERNATIONAL POLITICS United Nations Security Council Resolution 757, adopted on May 30, 1992… the Council condemned the failure of the authorities in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to implement Resolution 752. (g) limit participation in sporting events in the country;… The Council further decided that the sanctions should.. UN SC Resolution 757: http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1992/scres92.htm http://www.totalprosports.com/2011/06/27/this-day-in-sports-history-june-27th-denmark- soccer/ Football and Politics: Serbia in Transition POLITICS FROM THE PITCH "Peace, not War" - unique message of the Italian Lazio players Sinisa Mihajlovic and Dejan Stankovic before the game Lazio-Milan “Yugoslav football player Zoran Mirkovic protests against the NATO aggression wearing T-shirt saying in Italian "Peace, no War" as he sits on the bench of the Juventus Torino” http://www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs/news/1999-06/08/12425.html Football and Politics: Serbia in Transition NATIONALISM FROM THE STANDS http://www.supersport.com/football/european-championships/news/101013/Platini_Blatter_condemn_Serbian_hooligans http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23277147/ns/world_news-europe/t/protesters-burn-us-embassy-serbia/#.T9fd6bVSTEU Football and Politics: Serbia in Transition HOOLIGANISM Hooligans or Gangsters? ~ Wikileaks cable …a mix of ‘football toughs’ and organized crime elements. -
South Ossetia: the Burden of Recognition
SOUTH OSSETIA: THE BURDEN OF RECOGNITION Europe Report N°205 – 7 June 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. POST-RECOGNITION DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................. 2 A. THE POPULATION.........................................................................................................................2 B. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION AND RECONSTRUCTION .........................................................4 1. Local conditions...........................................................................................................................4 2. Russian aid and corruption...........................................................................................................6 C. RUSSIA’S MILITARY PRESENCE – SOUTH OSSETIA’S STRATEGIC VALUE .....................................7 III. LOCAL POLITICS........................................................................................................... 9 A. COMPETITION FOR RUSSIAN RESOURCES .....................................................................................9 B. THE RULE OF LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS ...................................................................................12 C. FUTURE PROSPECTS ...................................................................................................................13 IV. -
Serbian Reform Stalls Again
SERBIAN REFORM STALLS AGAIN 17 July 2003 ICG Balkans Report N°145 Belgrade/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION: OPERATION SABRE ................................................................. 1 II. ACHIEVEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 3 A. HAGUE COOPERATION ..........................................................................................................3 B. CIVILIAN CONTROL OVER THE ARMED FORCES ......................................................................6 C. MILOSEVIC-ERA PARALLEL STRUCTURES.............................................................................7 D. NEW LEGISLATION................................................................................................................7 III. BACKWARDS STEPS................................................................................................... 8 A. THE MEDIA...........................................................................................................................9 B. THE JUDICIARY ...................................................................................................................12 C. HUMAN RIGHTS ..................................................................................................................13 D. MILOSEVIC’S SECURITY ORGANS........................................................................................14 IV. WHY -
Partners in Crime
PARTNERS IN CRIME THE RISKS O SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN THE SECURITY SECTOR AND ORGANIZED CRIME IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE CENTER OR THE STUDY O DEMOCRACY 2004 CSD REPORTS: 1. Bulgarias Participation in EU Structural unds, Sofia, 1999. ISBN 954-477-050-8 2. Social Policy Aspects of Bulgarias EU Accession, Sofia, 1999. ISBN 954-477-053-4 3. Preparing for EU Accession Negotiations, Sofia, 1999. ISBN 954-477-055-7 4. The Role of Political Parties in Accession to the EU, Sofia, 1999. ISBN 954-477-055-0 5. Bulgarias Capital Markets in the Context of EU Accession: A Status Report, Sofia, 1999. ISBN 954-477-059-3 6. Corruption and Trafficking: Monitoring and Prevention, Sofia, 2000. ISBN 954-477-078-X 7. Establishing Corporate Governance in an Emerging Market: Bulgaria, Sofia, 2000. ISBN 954-477-084-4 9. Corruption and Illegal Trafficking: Monitoring and Prevention, Second, revised and amended edition, Sofia, 2000. ISBN 954-477-087-9 10. Smuggling in Southeast Europe, Sofia, 2002. ISBN 954-477-099-2 11. Corruption, Trafficking and Institutional Reform, Sofia, 2002. ISBN 954-477-101-8 12. The Drug Market in Bulgaria, Sofia, 2003. ISBN 954-477-112-3 13. Partners in Crime: The Risks of Symbiosis between the Security Sector and Organized Crime in Southeast Europe, Sofia, 2004. ISBN 954-477-115-8 Editorial Board: Ognian Shentov Boyko Todorov Alexander Stoyanov ISBN 954-477-115-8 © Center for the Study of Democracy All rights reserved. 5 Alexander Zhendov Str., 1113 Sofia phone: (+359 2) 971 3000, fax: (+359 2) 971 2233 www.csd.bg, [email protected] CONTENTS 4OREWORD...............................................................................................5 1. -
Crooked Kaleidoscope Organized Crime in the Balkans
CrookedCrooked KaleidoscopeKaleidoscope OrganizedOrganized CrimeCrime inin thethe BalkansBalkans June 2017 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS Crooked Kaleidoscope Organized Crime in the Balkans June 2017 © 2017 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Acknowledgements The author would like to thank, among others, Erhard Busek, Tim Del Vecchio, Odd Berner Malme, Goran Svilanovic, Ivan Krastev, Guy Vinet and colleagues in the OSCE Strategic Police Matters Unit, Gerald Tatzgern, Robert Hampshire, Christian Jechoutek, Norbert Mappes-Niediek, Thomas Pietschmann, Svein Eriksen, Ugi Zvekic, as well as colleagues at EUROPOL, the OSCE, UNHCR and UNODC. A big thank you to Sharon Wilson for layout, Sebastian Ballard for the maps, and to Ray Bartkus as always for a fantastic cover. A special tribute to the many brave journalists and members of civil society, particularly in Macedonia and Montenegro, who would prefer to remain anonymous. Thanks to Mark Shaw and Tuesday Reitano at the Global Initiative for their support and encouragement to make this paper possible. The Global Initiative would like to thank the Government of Norway for the funding provided for catalytic research on illicit flows and zones of fragility that made this study possible. About the Author Walter Kemp is a Senior Fellow at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. -
The Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict Marietta König
In: IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2004, Baden-Baden 2005, pp. 237-249. Marietta König The Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict As late as autumn 2003, the discussions involving the parties to the Geor- gian-South Ossetian conflict and the OSCE Mission to Georgia were still dominated by the danger of growing alienation between the two ethnic groups, war-weariness among the Georgian and South Ossetian populations, and the counterproductive insistence of both sides on maintaining irreconcil- able positions. Discussions of how to end the conflict were largely sup- pressed as a result of South Ossetian demands for economic aid to enable re- construction, and the insistence of South Ossetian authorities that their pri- mary goal was unification with North Ossetia-Alania, an Autonomous Re- public in the Russian Federation. For its part, the Georgian side had never accepted the local rulers of South Ossetia as equal negotiating partners. Nor was the Georgian promise of “the broadest autonomy” for South Ossetia and other separatist regions ever put in writing. Regime Change in Georgia The lethargy affecting all sides in the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict- resolution process was finally overcome by the rapidly escalating events that took place in Tbilisi in November 2003. Ballot forging on a massive scale by the government of incumbent President Eduard Shevardnadze in the election of 2 November triggered what became known as the “Rose Revolution”. Thanks to Shevardnadze’s resignation on 23 November, this took place en- tirely without bloodshed. With the leaders of the “National Movement” (Mikhail Saakashvili) and the “Burjanadze Democrats” (Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania) electoral alliances in the vanguard – the groups denied victory in the November 2 poll by the official results – the Rose Revolution brought about a regime change that was watched with considerable concern by the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the Autonomous Republic of Ajaria. -
Praying Against Worldwide Criminal Organizations.Pdf
o Marielitos · Detroit Peru ------------------------------------------------- · Filipino crime gangs Afghanistan -------------------------------------- o Rathkeale Rovers o VIS Worldwide § The Corporation o Black Mafia Family · Peruvian drug cartels (Abu SayyafandNew People's Army) · Golden Crescent o Kinahan gang o SIC · Mexican Mafia o Young Boys, Inc. o Zevallos organisation § Salonga Group o Afridi Network o The Heaphys, Cork o Karamanski gang § Surenos or SUR 13 o Chambers Brothers Venezuela ---------------------------------------- § Kuratong Baleleng o Afghan drug cartels(Taliban) Spain ------------------------------------------------- o TIM Criminal o Puerto Rican mafia · Philadelphia · TheCuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan § Changco gang § Noorzai Organization · Spain(ETA) o Naglite § Agosto organization o Black Mafia · Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare § Putik gang § Khan organization o Galician mafia o Rashkov clan § La ONU o Junior Black Mafia Cuntrera · Cambodian crime gangs § Karzai organization(alleged) o Romaniclans · Serbian mafia Organizations Teng Bunmaorganization § Martinez Familia Sangeros · Oakland, California · Norte del Valle Cartel o § Bagcho organization § El Clan De La Paca o Arkan clan § Solano organization Central Asia ------------------------------------- o 69 Mob · TheCartel of the Suns · Malaysian crime gangs o Los Miami o Zemun Clan § Negri organization Honduras ----------------------------------------- o Mamak Gang · Uzbek mafia(Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) Poland ----------------------------------------------- -
Annex E.4.12 Public
ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.12 13-10-2015 1/44 EK PT Annex E.4.12 Public ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.12 13-10-2015 2/44 EK PT GEORGIA: A VOIDING WAR IN SOUTH OSSETIA 26 November 2004 international crisis group Europe Report N° I 59 Tbilisi/Brussels GEO-OTP-0008-0615 ICC-01/15-4-AnxE.4.12 13-10-2015 3/44 EK PT TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ANO RECOMMENDATIONS i 1. INTRODUCTION 1 II. UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT 2 A. H1sTORIC/\1, CAust-:s 2 1. Competing narratives of South Ossetia's past.. 2 2. The 1990- 1 992 conflict and its aftermath 3 3. The peace agreement and peace implementation mechanisms 4 B. HUlvl/\N RlGHTS VIOL.I\ TIONS J\ND POPULATION DISPL./\CE:tviEl\T 5 I. Ossetian and Georgian population settlement and displacement.. 5 2. War-time atrocities 7 c. POLITICAL CA USES or rnt CONfLICI 7 D. GEOPOLITICALC AUSES 8 E. POLITICAL-ECONOlvflCC AUSES Of CONfLICT 9 III. UNFREEZI~G THE CONFLICT 11 A. FOCUSING ON THE POLTTTC'\L ECONO\ifTC CAUSES OF CONFLICT I I 1. Attacking greed 1 I 2. Addressing grievance 12 3. The South Ossetian reaction 12 B. THE START OF VIOLENT CONFLICT 14 C. THE UNEASY TRUCE 15 IV. INTER OR INTRA-STATE CONFLICT? 16 A. Gt-:C)R(tl1\N ALLl-:0/\TIONS ON RUSSJ/\'S ROLi·: ] 6 8. Tm: Vn.w FROM RUSSI/\ 17 C. UNITED STATES INVOLVElviENT 18 D. THE OSCE ·19 E. THE EUROPR/\>J UNTOK I 9 F.