DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatial Distribution of Aerosol Microphysical and Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Effect from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatial Distribution of Aerosol Microphysical and Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Effect from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11843–11864, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11843-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Spatial distribution of aerosol microphysical and optical properties and direct radiative effect from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network Huizheng Che1, Xiangao Xia2,3, Hujia Zhao1,4, Oleg Dubovik5, Brent N. Holben6, Philippe Goloub5, Emilio Cuevas-Agulló7, Victor Estelles8, Yaqiang Wang1, Jun Zhu9, Bing Qi10, Wei Gong11, Honglong Yang12, Renjian Zhang13, Leiku Yang14, Jing Chen15, Hong Wang1, Yu Zheng1, Ke Gui1, Xiaochun Zhang16, and Xiaoye Zhang1 1State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China 2Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 3School of the Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China 4Environmental and Meteorological Department, Institute of Atmospheric Environment, CMA, Shenyang, 110016, China 5Laboratoire d’Optique Amosphérique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France 6NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA 7Centro de Investigación Atmosférica de Izaña, AEMET, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain 8Dept. Fisica de la Terra i Termodinamica, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain 9Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China 10Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou, 310051, China 11State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China 12Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau, Shenzhen, 518040, China 13Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, 100029, China 14School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China 15Shijiazhuang Meteorological Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050081, China 16Meteorological Observation Center, CMA, Beijing, 100081, China Correspondence: Huizheng Che ([email protected]) and Xiaoye Zhang ([email protected]) Received: 27 April 2019 – Discussion started: 28 May 2019 Revised: 11 August 2019 – Accepted: 23 August 2019 – Published: 24 September 2019 Abstract. Multi-year observations of aerosol microphysical tical depth at 440 nm (AOD440 nm) increased from remote and optical properties, obtained through ground-based re- and rural sites (0.12) to urban sites (0.79), and the ex- mote sensing at 50 China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network tinction Ångström exponent (EAE440–870 nm) increased from (CARSNET) sites, were used to characterize the aerosol cli- 0.71 at the arid and semi-arid sites to 1.15 at the urban matology for representative remote, rural, and urban areas sites, presumably due to anthropogenic emissions. Single- over China to assess effects on climate. The annual mean ef- scattering albedo (SSA440 nm) ranged from 0.88 to 0.92, in- fective radii for total particles (ReffT) decreased from north dicating slightly to strongly absorbing aerosols. Absorption to south and from rural to urban sites, and high total parti- AOD440 nm values were 0.01 at the remote sites versus 0.07 cle volumes were found at the urban sites. The aerosol op- at the urban sites. The average direct aerosol radiative ef- Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 11844 H. Che et al.: Ground-based AOP and direct radiative efect from CARSNET fect (DARE) at the bottom of atmosphere increased from ropean aerosol Lidar Network (EARLINET; Pappalardo et the sites in the remote areas (−24:40 W m−2) to the urban al., 2014); and the Global Atmosphere Watch Programmer- areas (−103:28 W m−2), indicating increased cooling at the Precision Filter Radiometers network (GAW-PFR; Wehrli, latter. The DARE for the top of the atmosphere increased 2002; Estellés et al., 2012). The China Aerosol Remote Sens- from −4:79 W m−2 at the remote sites to −30:05 W m−2 ing NETwork (CARSNET), the Chinese Sun Hazemeter Net- at the urban sites, indicating overall cooling effects for the work (CSHNET), and the Sun–Sky Radiometer Observation Earth–atmosphere system. A classification method based on Network (SONET) have been established to measure aerosol SSA440 nm, fine-mode fraction (FMF), and EAE440–870 nm optical properties in China (Che et al., 2009a, 2015; Xin et showed that coarse-mode particles (mainly dust) were dom- al., 2007, 2015; Li et al., 2018). Furthermore, aerosol optical inant at the rural sites near the northwestern deserts, while properties have also been used in comprehensive studies of light-absorbing, fine-mode particles were important at most aerosol physical characteristics and chemical composition in urban sites. This study will be important for understanding many regions of China (Che et al., 2009c, 2018; Zhao et al., aerosol climate effects and regional environmental pollution, 2018). and the results will provide useful information for satellite China has become one of the largest aerosol sources in validation and the improvement of climate modelling. the world associated with its rapid economic development, and this has caused significant effects on local environments and regional climate (Che et al., 2005; Xia, 2010; Li et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2018, 2019b; Zhao et al., 2019; Gui et 1 Introduction al., 2019). There have been numerous studies that have fo- cused on aerosol optical properties obtained though ground- Atmospheric aerosols have important direct effects on cli- based remote-sensing methods in China (Luo et al., 2002; Li mate because they can scatter and absorb radiant energy and, et al., 2003; Duan and Mao, 2007). Some previous research in so doing, affect the Earth’s energy balance (Charlson et al., has paid more attention to aerosol’s optical properties and its 1992; Yang et al., 2016). Meanwhile, the aerosols can serve radiative effects over the urban industrial areas, as well as at as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei to affect the cli- coastal sites in northeastern and eastern China (Wang et al., mate indirectly through aerosol–cloud interactions (Twomey 2010; Xin et al., 2011; Xia et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2016; Wu et al., 1984; Garrett and Zhao, 2006; Zhao et al., 2015; Xie et et al., 2012; Shen et al., 2019). Many studies of aerosol op- al., 2013). The optical properties of the aerosol determine the tical properties were conducted in northern China with high particles’ direct effects on the Earth’s radiative balance and aerosol loadings, such as the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region weather–climate change (Ramanathan et al., 2001; Eck et al., (Che et al., 2014; Xia et al., 2013; Fan et al., 2006; Xie et 2005; Myhre, 2009; Zhao et al., 2018; Che et al., 2019a; al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019a; Zhao et al., Li et al., 2016). Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is one of the 2018; Zheng et al., 2019). Aerosol optical properties have key measures of the total aerosol extinction effects on cli- also been investigated at Hefei, Shouxian, Nanjing, Taihu, mate (Breon et al., 2002), and the extinction Ångström expo- Shanghai, and other sites in eastern China (Lee et al., 2010; nent (EAE), with spectral dependence, can be used to obtain He et al., 2012; Zhuang et al., 2014; Z. Wang et al., 2015; the information about aerosol size distributions (Gobbi et al., Che et al., 2018). Some studies of aerosol optical properties 2007; Eck et al., 1999; Zheng et al., 2017). The aerosols’ have been made in southern and central China (L. C. Wang absorptivity depends on particle composition and is a key et al., 2015; Tao et al., 2014b), and those at remote and rural determinant to calculate the direct aerosol radiative effect sites in China provide information on regional background (Haywood and Shine, 1995; Li et al., 2016), and the single- conditions (Che et al., 2009b; Wang et al., 2010; Zhu et al., scattering albedo (SSA) is a parameter that has the spectral 2014; Yuan et al., 2014). dependence to distinguish major aerosol particle types (Ja- China’s vast size, varied terrain, and heterogeneity of cobson et al., 2000; Dubovik et al., 2002; Gelencser, 2004; aerosol sources has led to strong temporal and spatial vari- Russell et al., 2010; Giles et al., 2012). ability in aerosol optical and physical properties. The mix- With the recognition of the importance for climate, tures of aerosol types at most sites are complex, and aerosol the aerosol optical properties have been obtained from populations’ sizes and compositions are affected by their ground-based monitoring networks worldwide; some of sources, transformations that occur during transportation, the major networks include, the Aerosol Robotic Network and removal processes (Cao et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007; (AERONET; Holben et al., 1998) and its sub-networks, the Zhang et al., 2013; Wan et al., 2015). National-scale, ground- PHOtométrie pour le Traitement Opérationnel de Normalisa- based measurements of aerosol microphysical and optical tion Satellitaire (PHOTONS), the Canadian Sun Photometer properties obtained from the sun photometer provide a better Network (AEROCAN), and the Iberian Network for aerosol understanding of the aerosols’ climate effects over the differ- measurements (RIMA; Goloub et al., 2007; Bokoye et al., ent regions of China. The measurements of greatest interest 2001; Prats et al., 2011); the SKYrad Network (SKYNET; include aerosol size distributions (volume and aerosol effec- Takamura and Nakajima, 2004; Che et al., 2008); the Eu- tive radii) and optical properties (AOD, AE, SSA, absorption Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11843–11864, 2019 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/11843/2019/ H. Che et al.: Ground-based AOP and direct radiative efect from CARSNET 11845 AOD) because those data can be used to evaluate aerosol di- cated at 28.31◦ N, 16.50◦ W (2391.0 m a.s.l.), in conjunction rect radiative effect.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Surface Modelling of Human Population Distribution in China
    Ecological Modelling 181 (2005) 461–478 Surface modelling of human population distribution in China Tian Xiang Yuea,∗, Ying An Wanga, Ji Yuan Liua, Shu Peng Chena, Dong Sheng Qiua, Xiang Zheng Denga, Ming Liang Liua, Yong Zhong Tiana, Bian Ping Sub a Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 917 Building, Datun, Anwai, Beijing 100101, China b College of Science, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China Received 24 March 2003; received in revised form 23 April 2004; accepted 4 June 2004 Abstract On the basis of introducing major data layers corresponding to net primary productivity (NPP), elevation, city distribution and transport infrastructure distribution of China, surface modelling of population distribution (SMPD) is conducted by means of grid generation method. A search radius of 200 km is defined in the process of generating each grid cell. SMPD not only pays attention to the situation of relative elements at the site of generating grid cell itself but also calculates contributions of other grid cells by searching the surrounding environment of the generating grid cell. Human population distribution trend since 1930 in China is analysed. The results show that human population distribution in China has a slanting trend from the eastern region to the western and middle regions of China during the period from 1930 to 2000. Two scenarios in 2015 are developed under two kinds of assumptions. Both scenarios show that the trends of population floating from the western and middle regions to the eastern region of China are very outstanding with urbanization and transport development.
    [Show full text]
  • R Graphics Output
    China China LEGEND Previously sampled Malaise trap site Ecoregion Alashan Plateau semi−desert North Tibetan Plateau−Kunlun Mountains alpine desert Altai alpine meadow and tundra Northeast China Plain deciduous forests Altai montane forest and forest steppe Northeast Himalayan subalpine conifer forests Altai steppe and semi−desert Northern Indochina subtropical forests Amur meadow steppe Northern Triangle subtropical forests Bohai Sea saline meadow Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Central China Loess Plateau mixed forests Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe Ordos Plateau steppe Changbai Mountains mixed forests Pamir alpine desert and tundra Changjiang Plain evergreen forests Qaidam Basin semi−desert Da Hinggan−Dzhagdy Mountains conifer forests Qilian Mountains conifer forests Daba Mountains evergreen forests Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows Daurian forest steppe Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests East Siberian taiga Qionglai−Minshan conifer forests Eastern Gobi desert steppe Rock and Ice Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests South China−Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests Southeast Tibet shrublands and meadows Emin Valley steppe Southern Annamites montane rain forests Guizhou Plateau broadleaf and mixed forests Suiphun−Khanka meadows and forest meadows Hainan Island monsoon rain forests Taklimakan desert Helanshan montane conifer forests
    [Show full text]
  • Harbin Information Pack Harbin, Also Known As the 'Paris of the East'
    Harbin Information Pack Harbin, also known as the ‘Paris of the East’. Content Page About Harbin- History Local amenities and facilities – Health, leisure and shopping. Expat – What it is and groups. Climate and lifestyle. Cost of living. Local attractions. Tourist attractions- Harbin and other cities Public transport. About Harbin Harbin is the capital of Heilongjiang Province and located in the northeast of the northeast China Plain. Harbin is famous as a historical and cultural city and renowned for its snow and ice culture. Harbin is also well known for its large number of European-style buildings. Harbin is also known as the ice city. Through the winter Harbin displays thousands of ice sculptures and has hundreds of ice-related activities. Harbin’s History Harbin’s history isn’t as long as some cities. The city is around 110 years old and has become the biggest city in the north-eastern section of China with currently over 10 million people. Harbin was originally a fishing village until the Russians started to build a railroad into the area in1897. Local amenities and facilities Harbin has many shops and leisure facilities available. There are many different places to go shopping but the most famous shopping streets are: Zhongyang Dajie (Central street)- Full of new shopping malls such as Euro Plaza, Parksons, and Lane Crawford that carry international brands and are expensive. There are Nike stores, KFC and interesting Russian thrift stores. The streets are lined with beer gardens during the summer as Harbin is the 3rd biggest city for beer consumption. Guogeli Dajie- The area around here is dotted with Russian buildings and large shopping complexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Population Evolution in China Using Time-Series DMSP/OLS Nightlight Imagery
    remote sensing Article Monitoring Population Evolution in China Using Time-Series DMSP/OLS Nightlight Imagery Sisi Yu 1,2, Zengxiang Zhang 1 and Fang Liu 1,* 1 Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (Z.Z.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-6488-9205; Fax: +86-10-6488-9203 Received: 16 November 2017; Accepted: 26 January 2018; Published: 28 January 2018 Abstract: Accurate and detailed monitoring of population distribution and evolution is of great significance in formulating a population planning strategy in China. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime lights time-series (NLT) image products offer a good opportunity for detecting the population distribution owing to its high correlation to human activities. However, their detection capability is greatly limited owing to a lack of in-flight calibration. At present, the synergistic use of systematically-corrected NLT products and population spatialization is rarely applied. This work proposed a methodology to improve the application precision and versatility of NLT products, explored a feasible approach to quantitatively spatialize the population to grid units of 1 km × 1 km, and revealed the spatio-temporal characteristics of population distribution from 2000 to 2010. Results indicated that, (1) after inter-calibration, geometric, incompatibility and discontinuity corrections, and adjustment based on vegetation information, the incompatibility and discontinuity of NTL products were successfully solved. Accordingly, detailed actual residential areas and luminance differences between the urban core and the peripheral regions could be obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Cropland Heterogeneity Changes on the Northeast China Plain in the Last Three Decades (1980S–2010S)
    Cropland heterogeneity changes on the Northeast China Plain in the last three decades (1980s–2010s) Xiaoxuan Liu1,2, Le Yu1,2,3, Qinghan Dong4, Dailiang Peng5, Wenbin Wu6, Qiangyi Yu6, Yuqi Cheng1,2, Yidi Xu1,2, Xiaomeng Huang1,2, Zheng Zhou1, Dong Wang1,7, Lei Fang8 and Peng Gong1,2 1 Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 2 Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, China 3 Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Beijing, China 4 Department of Remote Sensing Boeretang 200, Flemish Institute of Technology (VITO), Mol, Belgium 5 Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Beijing, China 6 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing (AGRIRS), Beijing, China 7 National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi, China 8 Chinese Academy Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang, China ABSTRACT The Northeast China Plain is one of the major grain-producing areas of China because of its fertile black soil and large fields adapted for agricultural machinery. It has experienced some land-use changes, such as urbanization, deforestation, and wetland reclamation in recent decades. A comprehensive understanding of these changes in terms of the total cropping land and its heterogeneity during this period is important for policymakers. In this study, we used a series of cropland products at the 30- m resolution for the period 1980–2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Observed Vegetation Greening and Its Relationships with Cropland Changes and Climate in China
    land Article Observed Vegetation Greening and Its Relationships with Cropland Changes and Climate in China Yuzhen Zhang 1,* , Shunlin Liang 2 and Zhiqiang Xiao 3 1 Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 2 Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA; [email protected] 3 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 July 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 16 August 2020 Abstract: Chinese croplands have changed considerably over the past decades, but their impacts on the environment remain underexplored. Meanwhile, understanding the contributions of human activities to vegetation greenness has been attracting more attention but still needs to be improved. To address both issues, this study explored vegetation greening and its relationships with Chinese cropland changes and climate. Greenness trends were first identified from the normalized difference vegetation index and leaf area index from 1982–2015 using three trend detection algorithms. Boosted regression trees were then performed to explore underlying relationships between vegetation greening and cropland and climate predictors. The results showed the widespread greening in Chinese croplands but large discrepancies in greenness trends characterized by different metrics. Annual greenness trends in most Chinese croplands were more likely nonlinearly associated with climate compared with cropland changes, while cropland percentage only predominantly contributed to vegetation greening in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding regions with leaf area index data and, in the Northeast China Plain, with vegetation index data.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Distribution of Aerosol Microphysical and Optical Properties And
    https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-405 Preprint. Discussion started: 28 May 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Spatial distribution of aerosol microphysical and optical properties and 2 direct radiative effect from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network 3 Huizheng Che1*, Xiangao Xia2,3, Hujia Zhao1,4, Oleg Dubovik5, Brent N. 4 Holben6, Philippe Goloub5, Emilio Cuevas-Agulló7, Victor Estelles8, Yaqiang 5 Wang1, Jun Zhu9 Bing Qi10, Wei Gong 11, Honglong Yang12, Renjian Zhang13, 6 Leiku Yang14, Jing Chen15, Hong Wang1, Yu Zheng1, Ke Gui1,2,Xiaochun 7 Zhang16, Xiaoye Zhang1* 8 1 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric 9 Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing, 10 100081, China 11 2 Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), 12 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, 13 China 14 3 University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China 15 4 Institute of Atmospheric Environment, CMA, Shenyang, 110016, China 16 5 Laboratoire d’Optique Amosphérique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de 17 Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France 18 6 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA 19 7 Centro de Investigación Atmosférica de Izaña, AEMET, 38001 Santa Cruz de 20 Tenerife , Spain 21 8 Dept. Fisica de la Terra i Termodinamica, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 22 46100 Burjassot, Spain 23 9 Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological 24 Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, 25 China 26 10 Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou, 310051, China 27 11 State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote 28 Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China 29 12 Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau, Shenzhen, 518040, China 30 13 Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, 31 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, 100029, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Way Feedback Mechanism Between Unfavorable 2 Meteorological Conditions and Cumulative Aerosol 3 Pollution Exists in Various Haze Regions of China
    Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1077 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 5 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Two-way feedback mechanism between unfavorable 2 meteorological conditions and cumulative aerosol 3 pollution exists in various haze regions of China 4 Junting Zhong1, Xiaoye Zhang1,2*, Yaqiang Wang1, Jizhi Wang1, Xiaojing Shen1, 5 Hongsheng Zhang3, Tijian Wang4, Zhouqing Xie2,5,6, Cheng Liu2,5,6, Hengde Zhang7, 6 Tianliang Zhao8, Junying Sun1, Shaojia Fan9, Zhiqiu Gao8, Yubin Li8, Linlin Wang10 7 1Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, 8 China. 9 2Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, IUE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Xiamen, 361021, China. 11 3Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic 12 Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100081, China 13 4School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China 14 5Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, 15 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China 16 6School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, 17 China 18 7National Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China 19 8Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China 20 9Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China 21 10State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute 22 of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 23 Correspondence to: Xiaoye Zhang ([email protected]) 24 Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Greater North China Initiative (Gnci): Cenozoic Geodynamics, Climatic Evolution, and Geological Hazards
    GREATER NORTH CHINA INITIATIVE (GNCI): CENOZOIC GEODYNAMICS, CLIMATIC EVOLUTION, AND GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS A whitepaper of scientific rationale and strategic plans for cooperative research between the IPACES and Chinese geosciences community 2005 GNCI Whitepaper - 2 - List of the GNCI whitepaper drafting group CHEN Yongshun Peking University FENG Xiahong Dartmouth College, USA GE Shemin University of Colorado, USA LI Zhengziang University of Western Australia, Australia LIU Mian University of Missouri-Columbia, USA NIU Yaoling University of Durham, UK SHEN Zhengkang State Seismological Bureau, China SONG Xiaodong University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, USA WANY Yang Florida State University, USA WU Zhongliang State Seismological Bureau, China YIN An University of California-Los Angles, USA ZHANG Youxue University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, USA ZHAO Dapeng Ehime University, Japan ZHAO Meixun Dartmouth College, USA Special Acknowledgement: This document is produced from extensive discussion at a number of NCP (North China Project) workshops. We thank the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Drs. Chai Yucheng, Yao Yupeng, and Yu Sheng for their support and their enthusiasm in this endeavor. Many colleagues in China contributed significantly to this document in various aspects of its development. In particular, we thank Chen Yong, Chen Xiaofei, Chen Bin, Gao Rui, He Jiankuan, Lu Huafu, Li Yanxin, Liu Qiyuan, Liu Futian, Ren Jianye, Shi Yaolin, Wei Wenbao, Wu Fuyuan, Wang Chunrong, Wang Lianshu, Wang Chengshan, Xu Yigang, Xu Xiwei, Zan Shaoxian, Zhang Peizhen, Zheng Tianyu, Zhang Yueqiao, Zhou Yaoqi for their valuable contributions. GNCI Whitepaper - 3 - Executive Summary The Great North China Initiative is a multifaceted research plan aimed at a holistic understanding of the Cenozoic evolution of the Earth systems in the Greater North China region (GNC).
    [Show full text]
  • (HONO) on Photochemical Smog Pollution Over the Pearl River Delta: Improvement and Application of WRF-Chem
    Copyright Undertaking This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage. IMPORTANT If you have reasons to believe that any materials in this thesis are deemed not suitable to be distributed in this form, or a copyright owner having difficulty with the material being included in our database, please contact [email protected] providing details. The Library will look into your claim and consider taking remedial action upon receipt of the written requests. Pao Yue-kong Library, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong http://www.lib.polyu.edu.hk NUMERICAL STUDIES ON HAZE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG POLLUTION IN CHINA: TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR FORMATION MECHANISMS ZHANG LI Ph.D The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2017 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Numerical Studies on Haze and Photochemical Smog Pollution in China: Toward a Better Understanding of Their Formation Mechanisms ZHANG Li A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2016 i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or written, nor material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Toponyms to Analyze the Endangered Manchu Language in Northeast China
    sustainability Article Using Toponyms to Analyze the Endangered Manchu Language in Northeast China Zhenhua Zhu ID , Hongyan Zhang *, Jianjun Zhao ID , Xiaoyi Guo ID , Zhengxiang Zhang ID , Yanling Ding and Tao Xiong School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (Y.D.); [email protected] (T.X.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-431-8509-9550 Received: 12 January 2017; Accepted: 16 February 2018; Published: 24 February 2018 Abstract: UNESCO has classified Manchu in Northeast China as a critically endangered language. Toponyms can act as carriers of languages and can be preserved for a long time. The Manchu language was the national language in the Qing Dynasty, and there are many Manchu place names in Northeast China that serve as “living heritages” that retain traces of ancient local cultures. We studied Manchu and other related ethnic place names in Northeast China by integrating spatial statistical measures using geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze the endangered languages in the region. The objective was to explore not only the distribution of ethnic toponyms within a relevant historical context but also the environmental factors associated with the endangered Manchu languages. This study reveals that the distributions of ethnic groups and languages can be revealed by the Sinification of ethnic toponyms in Northeast China. The evolution of spatial patterns of toponyms shows the interactive process between Manchus and Han Chinese. The Manchu language is endangered by the influences of Han Chinese migrants on the original culture, as reflected by crops and the distances to the nearest roads, which are indicators of farming culture and accessibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphological Regionalization Theory System and Division Methodology of China
    J. Geogr. Sci. 2020, 30(2): 212-232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1724-9 © 2020 Science Press Springer-Verlag Geomorphological regionalization theory system and division methodology of China WANG Nan1,2, CHENG Weiming1,2,3,4, WANG Baixue1,2, LIU Qiangyi1,2, ZHOU Chenghu1,2 1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Ap- plication, Nanjing 210023, China; 4. Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210093, China Abstract: Geomorphological regionalization (geomor-region) and geomorphological type (geomor-type) classification are two core components in the geomorphologic research. Al- though remarkable achievements have been made in the study of geomor-region, many de- ficiencies still exist, such as the inconsistency of landform indicators, the small quantity of division orders, disparities of geomorphological characteristics, differences of mapping re- sults, and the small scale of zoning maps. Requirements for improved national geo- mor-regions are therefore needed for the purpose of an enhanced national geo-information system. Based on theories of geomor-region in China including plate tectonics, crustal fea- tures, endogenic and exogenic forced geomorphological features, and regional differentia- tions of geomor-type,
    [Show full text]