DIGITALISATION UNDER SURVEILLANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 5G NETWORK IN RUSSIA

Iwona Wiśniewska WARSAW OCTOBER 2020

DIGITALISATION UNDER SURVEILLANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 5G NETWORK IN RUSSIA

Iwona Wiśniewska © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies

CONTENT EDITORS Adam Eberhardt, Marek Menkiszak

EDITOR Małgorzata Zarębska

CO-OPERATION Szymon Sztyk, Katarzyna Kazimierska

TRANSLATION OSW

CO-OPERATION Nicholas Furnival

CHARTS Urszula Gumińska-Kurek

MAP Wojciech Mańkowski

GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH

DTP IMAGINI

PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Gorodenkoff / Shutterstock.com

Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, 00-564 Warsaw, Poland tel.: (+48) 22 525 80 00, [email protected] www.osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-65827-57-9 Contents

MAIN POINTS | 5

I. THE DIGITAL SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY | 7 1. Current state of the development of the digital economy in Russia | 7 2. State involvement in the sector | 8 3. Subordination of digitalisation to the security agenda | 12 4. The regulatory framework of the digital transformation | 16 5. Selected actors involved in the “Digital Economy” national programme | 18 6. Financing the “Digital Economy” programme | 22

II. RUSSIA’S 5G NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLANS | 25 1. The current state of the mobile market in Russia | 25 2. The development of the 4G network in Russia | 27 3. Russia’s 5G network development plans | 31 4. 5G network testing | 34 5. Works on the ‘concept for the creation and development of the 5G/IMT-2020 network in Russia’ | 36 5.1. The vision of the 5G network as proposed by the Ministry for Digital Development | 36 5.2. Criticisms of the draft concept for the development of the 5G network | 38 6. The dispute over radio frequencies for the 5G network | 41 6.1. The main new radio frequency bands necessary for the development of 5G networks | 41 6.2. Problems with access to the 700 MHz band in Russia | 43 6.3. Limitations on access to the 3.4–3.8 GHz band in Russia | 46

III. PROSPECTS OF RUSSIA’S DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND CONCLUSIONS | 49

APPENDICES | 54 • • • MAIN POINTS MAIN

The development This Thirdly, The Kremlin There are The digital widening. work Russia’s Russia’s ised most resource­ mation influence nificantly important munication tal the tion process, ­ fifth lutionise has has State­ between and and and and expected digital companies), enrich economic

transformation. Russian been the been digitalisation strengthen decision­ ‑generation as private has

‑owned part to economy a new themselves. major number in political be as ‑based also the as dominated wireless to rising. at influenced financed the Secondly,

than reaction priorities the considerably transformation a result technology boost political least business. Russian ‑making, has and, determined driver entities lobbyists course digital their economic technical of in mobile had model Firstly, three of of Russia’s to

communications devices Russia from

Once of to

of ICT the economic economy by a lesser by to and positions of during have corruption,

transformation

The fierce economic the which reasons (especially make

sector various security is networks

the Russian infrastructure, increased, the

Russia the business or launched, is model based economic that technological a strong has still digital federal financial shape extent, Russia Vladimir the and (ICT). processes. in can actors why become in has issues, on growth government which Russia’s rivalry and (5G), masterplan the that elite

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area to of the investment, the the is

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5 OSW REPORT 10/2020 6 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • • •

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Russia’s Russia. the

makes entire decisions apparatus operators developing however, to in staying 5G network. It would has Huawei) operators. importance see challenge

the problems would will Studies of However, market to debate

4.4–5 GHz for sectors digital cooperation largest been

Russia the and as initial rely implementing at operate. within the have model. should optimal it and be 5G infrastructure,

be least 24.25–29.5 GHz, is and 5G networks trying has on is

conducted has model transformation, development important cities to For facing ahead (these as phase. interested already digital the been However, Russian for force stated the band. the an important in been Opinions develop Most this current by with to the (with selected and Russian of postponed budget, challenges have diversify television them most reason, clear that

As regards underway Russia’s efficiency state­ at technologies, for in foreign the they here in more the least

not level of it Russia are on Russia’s to countries that ‑owned boasting economic choice authorities. and aims

5G network

while the locate the are

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network

development currently

of

in frequencies to foreign choice government confirm most ICT international several of private

entities at a million identified initially a priority the Russia about of capable software

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11 OSW REPORT 10/2020 12 OSW REPORT 10/2020 West (for (the Glonass The state The development 20 which was thecostof 19 IT systems 3. Subordination of digitalisation to the security agenda security the to digitalisation of3. Subordination in mation securitydoctrineof it transformation. the digital the that tion tion priority use factors law Since 2012, and speech. sectors den e.g. in commerce ening digital quasi­ complying Four

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Доктрины distribu services systems, Russian the years naviga cost Russia, “Infor tight state over bur

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• • • • • • • • • The doctrine

‑based ments research information the the the the the the tion targeted the the the pressure ponents, bilising bution a rise aim a growing attempts a growing spective eign order complex;

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of eroding of

efficiency that the cybercrime, undermine dependence states; information of

software, on at

the lists organisations resources number number undertaken

using internal

technical the some the infrastructure state it few the

Russian is population Russian space

information Russian­ by states not of threats computers policy of of

required sovereignty

political some Russian primarily

of technologies; digital

possible intelligence foreign (according

by

the traditional exploit media and ‑made of that the Western of Russian when

the attacks

and research

to Russia, the and media intelligence and Russia to in

their

abroad ensure Russian technological and social the pursuing to manage telecommunications); enterprises

psychological targeting spiritual the states, industry against Russia,

technological violate publications financial primarily must institutions

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counter, military efficiency safe obstacles

given critical the and

on IT capacities Russian solutions sphere; of on foreign IT territorial and jointly

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and dominate states with to roll bodies, assess across of distri desta trust­ com

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in of ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

13 OSW REPORT 10/2020 14 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • • • • • • The doctrine To this 21 in ities the pendent attacks, sions dependence

Russian Putin for the fourth time. The state of and prospects for Russia Russia for prospects and of state The time. fourth the for Putin VPN networks, www.osw.waw.pl. (e.g. child A ‘black request requiring ing the the this tent prohibiting from for forcing block allowing allowing a court audio­ and on of international should

include: suicide), servers six popular regulation); creation

end, applies blocks messenger support in ‑visual the access months

communications order; history list’ the of several the on the increase Yarovaya states legal pornography,

located

the or bloggers field but internet of foreign of to not Russian data, Russian

the information conceal

require

banned information barriers proxy persons and Federal among that also apps legal only of IT development in as the law to providers, in to to the users state well servers government’s

to acts to make the resilience messaging website and

meet the named order those to to Security the territory store websites service

as the store user’s bodies have system. take in public. and promotion them recordings requirements and to which online Russia all after has and been of anonymisation the counter

active

identity, providers, of Service to TOR

of the apps available offering domestic Internationally, been

promote personal media block

the Irina publish Russia; publication adopted from content networks; of measures to of Russian created; those

drug (FSB) such Yarovaya, websites disclose

inspectorate applicable phone using indisputably to owners technologies patriotism criticism data in threats, the

use eg transmitted (e.g. as (

services; 2018–2024 (this recent of IT systems to

tools calls anonymisation of secret and encryption

without Russia content, ensure

of one Russian

to requirement

of the the and to Internet ) years. , and 21 media Roskomnadzor of

OSW, harmful services the circumvent and encouragement Russian should

the text the a court e.g. by values to citizens government. Warszawa Their companies; keys reduce security authors withstand messages) resources

text services, without be content author requir order – rooted comes at provi inde only

con and 2018, the the of of to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

• • • h measures The 23 22 Prosecutor’s reports in 2017 and ern of

combatting 2019, M. Domańska M. Domańska US‑based ies rity internet is in the tal the prohibiting users. for law be going abolishing and aiming service should could constitution dignity disruption”, or disclosure technologies online for November 2019. life created management with

risk minimising addresses www.osw.waw.pl. enforcement increased the threat that the to support of Moreover,

it

cross­ providers to and of extensive be

crime citizens exchange

be more Office, government , ICANN. ,

hostile the of build J. Rogoża

‘The Runet in detection” created, the to

the cut expresses as or

‑border a unique

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has by served, anonymity

ensure the well dissemination have the than off opposition cross­

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increased action by ‘Russia: 23 Some will information continued

state fortress: from points independent as which

180,000 been network. the number ‑border

on data

internet information customer to disrespect be of

in stricter of authorities on for foreign end their take of

required the threats

testing much creates and transmission the the

in more instant online Kremlin’s cases functioning of of 2020 traffic internet’ Internet control of

They Russia,

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number;

of servers. less

criminal than for internet to the that

of messaging to the communications of of

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States. domain of state, the 13 March 2019, ‘hostile’ were

public Federation”; infrastructure i.e. transmission. system The Prosecutor’s the users in

Runet, to a threat

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morals counter

state registered Russia measures provide into

internet’ In reality, to between and this internet order exchange the name

managed to cooperate 2013–2016, complete infrastructure,

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www.osw.waw.pl. symbols, The law idea the the use governmen and 22 , “the is or OSW, terrorism system state

Internet going purpose

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points health by Office 19 April

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aim and the the the to to is ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

15 OSW REPORT 10/2020 16 OSW REPORT 10/2020 4. The regulatory framework of the digital transformation digital the offramework 4. The regulatory There The programme’s The need 27 26 25 24 Russian recognised i.e. nearly tal tal the fourth ture or the provision of information security information of provision the or ture laid but and sovereignty”. spheres sists of cybercrime. of ernmental on earned itsspecialstatus – 2018, early on on strategic national programmes ­strategic sian

Russia ство Указ ‘Об Указ В. Шмырова мационного нистрация и стратегических ний’ дента a dynamic economy 9 May 2017. 8 uy 2017 July 28 rgam “iia eooy f h Rsin Federation” Russian the of economy “Digital programme

“ they down Federation in the years the in Federation the Strategy for the development of the information society in the Rus the in society information the of development the for Strategy in утверждении are

, term), России Президента CNews, Президента

России of the legal citizens’ only to numerous estimates

in the 67% programme the

for Президента fraudulent build , , “the общества acts more 31 July 2017, 27 September 2019, , as ‘Киберпреступность

offer society development www.kremlin.ru. 25 more development of the digital economy digital the of development example as stated

Российской Its quality objectives программы Российской over задачах digital a digital n implementing an detail a very that main legal than в Российской

and России the www.government.ru. in contains use

развития for Russia version of

as the in documents economy, directions general last in 2018, Федерации economy

, «Цифровая and

well as Федерации path of life, www.cnews.ru. www.kremlin.ru. sectoral h dvlpet f nomto infrastruc information of development the presidential

2017–2030” two в России banking

loses timelines Федерации Российской promoting a brief areexpected toputRussia. The programmes by 2024 of definition years. the access topublicfunds –after

increasing от data in action were that экономика document around от 09.05.2017 г. растет most Russian

cards. 70.08 г. 07.05.2018 explanation, is First, (i.e. by decree , на mention of Федерации described approved

a key быстрее plans economic

2017–2030 годы» frequent activities of US$ 2 billion

24 the Российской the

№ 203

has the h Association The of of . the means

economy’s developed The digital 204 №

process the любых

the 8 May 2018. digital been на «О Стратегии by end then stating type in

период growth digital as presidential a presidential национальных «О Федерации»’ different других of , spelt of one Администрация in economy. was

of a year production

Vladimir до competitiveness in

the that transformation,

transformation of this and out 2024 года» видов 27 announced late 2017 the развития

the governmen of in

areas as crime in the , , president

Правитель преступле Lawyers decree. thirteen The gov adopted the a result various

Putin’s decree state’s ,

инфор in Прези were целях Адми ­ digi con and all in 26 ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

The documents into the digital • • • • • State projects implementing the digital economy in Russia in economy digital the implementing projects State

government six The The The The The 1.7% of By 2024, By 2024, most mentation ics the the tection transmission, for ket bodies blockchain, gies aims available all sion, sia, contacts decision­ expected economy parallel services is the provision each development e.g. by “Human Resources” “Information Security” “Information to “New Technologies” “New “Digital Public Administration” Public “Digital Ifrain n Cmuiain Infrastructure” Communication and “Information of processing to expected

be GDP in digital

of which create ‑making year. research 97% with without to developed Russia

do projects. personal aims national deploying of in 2017 graduate provided artificial contain of of

the economy; should processing a global, digital

to

internet to services are and process of the and public increase achieve to 5.1%

programme.

data by the expected detailed Russian­ from storage need by be intelligence, development Russian technologies digital competitive to from 2024, Russian­ users the

administration and in project in 2024.

and by 2024 for Russian project the by 300%. the state

‑made of descriptions the

to an in‑person project and public storage economy specialists public

data, The programme ‑made. use aims

interests and aims 90% thanks universities quantum funding software at information infrastructure and Public and based to aims administration least local of

of project for educate are is

business.

and platforms data state of to

expected of visit. to state­ 120,000 for mainly and administration

to the the and technologies

ensure using business take

to and areas and deals a qualified ‑of­ private implementation specific itself protection technologies guarantee By 2024, ‑the­ enter on local place Russian IT specialists for to

such to and security with

has Russian­

increase and ‑art the spending support objectives government the to online,

as been and workforce the

70% transmis the technolo are facilitate software, research. big

job the project

for in ‑made imple

robot divided to state. from of data, mar Rus pro and of the the are

on all be that

the ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

17 OSW REPORT 10/2020 18 OSW REPORT 10/2020 ‑related In January 2020, Before In January 2020, necessarily the the political ferred formation, 5. Selected actors involved in the “Digital Economy” “Digital the involvedactors in 5. Selected born garded authorised sector digitisation of effective eration delays thedigital modelbasedonyoungerned. The original technocratscomingfrom changes of • Economy” the“Digital (seebelow programme for details).

national programme national the replacement deputy

in 1978, The implemented technologies provision functioning legal holds band set standards, and in sector’s to January 2020, as technocratic, aspects. politicians suggests lightweights influence to the a new “Legal Regulation” having framework but prime internet, to and increase degrees projects implementation was formulate

development, they of all of set the a series that the minister

of the no broadband on

(until and public most in

had of in

the and development to 5%; for responsibility political most the the ten in minister

to the people efficient software. digital no persons the Russia’s Russia’s the comprehensively of decisions 21 January 2020, Kremlin cities institutions for officials subject,

by 2021 cadres reshuffles governmental public

such project of internet backing digital who economy with for

managers the hitherto digital share This decided of or as the regarding 5G mobile and in have for programme. administration populations

envisages the political transformation, the are charge to turned in includes: digital in the who economy in the the close Internet investment responsible expected the and to Maxim regulate Russia. administration. digital public. change Russian have the global of out backing transformation). networks enthusiasts the links

the the above most to policies of Akimov, creation successfully transformation to

the and By 2024, be data

implementation ICT the to Things government climate for and have important of 1 million. ineffective, development the are way

sphere have the their storage Konstantin of were of access born An analysis of IT They expected

(IoT), the

the implementation

97% the or good sector own implemented Both younger and the sector digital in 1970, orientations necessary market also of to resulted was and leading and relations

security formally house broad of were of but to Noskov, had

is the trans the

trans were 5G be is was gen the gov not no ‑ ‑ re

in to ‑ ­ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

• • A separate with The most important persons and bodies involvedbodies Russia’sand in persons important trans The most digital reshuffles. ment nadzor; munications mental resistance in the transformation tions that transformation the probably withlinks intelligence to military (e.g. the deputyministerfor digital be background, formation currently include: currently formation secret sectors subordinated on

charge selected Mishustin ehoois lxi Overchuk Alexei ­Technologies 2020, solutions mission itisation performances uary 2020 euy rm Mnse fr rnpr, omncto and Communication Transport, for Minister Prime Deputy Mishustin Mikhail Minister Prime gramme given grammes logic decision the important of of services of

programme

cost the see the and he Mishustin’s

of communications from category for security below is is

replaced of of Russian the and making that that they needs

and to the was

to the seconded implementation. the is members Oleg the technical Russia’s the are accelerate would a priority as most

will owes for transformation also of service’s security may agencies. the mass of the Ivanov, Federation background on Maxim

the more likely

delayed, in officials his be the chief to pillars national be of Russian charge media side the and technologically nomination

for information), much the digital apparatus and be resources Akimov. or

of public of the the of able Alexander he Russian

Nevertheless, holding is comprises

the efficiently of and

the security elite may President more will government – expected media. transformation.

the to

Federal digital administration Overchuk br 1964). (born the

increase, in or probably deliver

considerably

largely political willing

digitisation (born 1966). important a situation businesses, fact who Functionaries objectives. Chechin, optimal. people Putin’s implement transformation to Tax that the

on have to increase

to graduated and pay and its

Service. their positive with new accommodate the Appointed economic implementation positions This Their suboptimal a direct where – deputy special of business bodies improved He and In this “Digital

leaders tasks Russia’s military all following of took has

have The successful opinions role from

the attention the also chief have influence while in setting, policy. created office related elite. Economy” on had FSB in of its cadastre. concepts keeping national backgrounds, the have the

often the of the 21 the the efficiency.

to and With about on Agrarian

However, has Roskom expecta ­January the to experts Digital ­Digital a say give to govern govern on recent digital 16 Jan faced other it. been with com

may risk this pro

pro His dig the his up in ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

19 OSW REPORT 10/2020 20 OSW REPORT 10/2020 •

Economy”“Digital programme. Kislyakov theMoscow from graduated The was where Minister University University Naryshkin Putin’s He idential ing radio in tions tion the tion the tin. processing parliament’s Maxut Shadayev Maxut Transfor Digital for (the Ministry Federation Russian the of Media mation) he Since broadcasting garded advised society stantin sia’s close electronics career of dinating

the Information has has electronic Russian digital The two

appointed cadastre Institute (of the iity f iia Dvlpet Cmuiain ad Mass and Communications Development, Digital of Ministry aide frequency in July 2018, fields he suggests with sat held as Noskov.

advisor

Sergey the . Administration the for It is an efficient was in on transformation to of in engineer then of State a background men government positions implementation

Digitisation. resources). of charge and work

(including (MAI) the

media) the in Moscow deputy personal as

Shadayev Kiriyenko, to IT, that Technology EvgenyKislyakov bands), President charge

have the Social management a deputy

Ministry Sergey (born 1979) for telecommunications where he of

who tax and manager. worked CEO in the

the where has University, mass of

In the digital), data system. (of President state since 2003. previously the Press Naryshkin, transferred in State

and head Dmitry minister. formulating he digital since 2018. links

of in the of development communications and studied

together he

Labour years administration has has

boards the A long­ the

Duma reports special of

Most to implementation studied transformation.

other Medvedev) the been

been “Digital years the RSSU) has worked 2014–2018 In August 2018 head

‑time economics to (he likely of and He

on internal secret services. Putin). policies suggest served (including responsible

the

at domains. several 2004–2008, advised the economic graduated and of Social Economy” of its aide

he at ministry

internet,

successful services. the and is helm, the

structures: and he as

will An analysis policy that and of In 2012 a sociologist IT companies. and first of was Development on Presidential state­ a close

His Prime

the Since be the

proposing cybernetics new since 2017 for the having Oleg Ivanov Oleg from has

from

then national the the division deputy television mass duties ‑owned use Shadayev digitisation administering digitisation held technologies,

Minister aide 1 aur 2020, January 21 Moscow prime in the as Roskomnadzor,

and media of replaced

by the include various information of minister

programme.

State Administra regulations Rostelecom, in he Shadayev’s Since 2004,

(currently education.

minister’s release President and and

Ministry the followed , has Oblast’s Mishus (includ a radio of Social of radio

is Avia coor Pres posi

Kon also Rus

the the the for re of ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

• • •

Alexander years The who with where Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor)Media TechnologyMass and Information Communications, of Supervision for The FederalService The state telecom company Rostelecom company telecom The state Force Russia’s Forces Presidential Roskomnadzor. (ANO) measures. may representatives nomics. is ness mobile the the try panies Several bly block Centre. and state’s development of ent deputy data communications,

a governmental Rostelecom

for prolonged government, commentators use other

Dgtl cnm”Atnmu Non­ Autonomous Economy” “Digital graduated and Lipov, diminish protection. Engineering been unfavourable

he

policies. of including Digital was operators, chiefs. opposition In March 2020 digital of Under the

coordinated the documents.

Chechin Alexander radio established overseen Administration state.

corporation Russian Development. the and shares Another transformation from the He tried The service the Rostec, frequencies information and

consultation bureaucrat For and Academy portals business previous previously (born 1963), solutions ANO’s the by work are Evgeny Kovnir Terlyakov the to Federation. example, the by Andrei Lipov Andrei deputy Alexander Zharov Alexander use Rosatom, Kyiv Russian held VEB the have opposition influence on to in is It oversees is the government proposed and

sector’s technology Suvorov the and holds by Roskomnadzor as likely worked also Moscow, processes.

been chief it and a retired organisation

a platform the formulates government. draft Previously, IT specialist Rostelecom, controls authorised Vladimir another

blocked on to post

state consider largest (born 1973),

(born 1969) Military in law by compliance become and the and With lieutenant (of Dmitry the has the treasury

on digital (see the

for

the 4% objectives as (born 1964)

state­ cmeca Organisation ‑commercial the Logunov Roskomnadzor

Presidential since 2019 where sovereign to government; with It plays to VTB to

the a result School, consultation and

General more Russian is Chapter I.2). lobby media, be take the ‑owned a body transformation was current with Bank, a military while a dutiful Mobitel colonel they ANO’s Medvedev) subordinated an important also measures

their and of appointed the as

internet. University been the Radio whom

under took and Roskomnadzor’s Yandex, the well Administration moved composition Zhukovsky drafts CEO this (a Rostelecom of legislation between interests Runet had state­ private background occupied Nearly 49% the

as the Frequency considera independ the since 2017, related

business Together for from personal analyses chief posts Mail.ru, process ‑owned Armed censor. of role Minis to

eight busi com

and Eco the Air the

on by of in of of to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

21 OSW REPORT 10/2020 22 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • Economy” of “Digital hasbeenallocatedfinancing nationalprogramme 28 6. Financing the “Digital Economy”programme “Digital the 6. Financing Many RUB 1.6 billion rate) from business. ance sive clear

Национальные проекты: целевые показатели и основные результаты и основные показатели целевые проекты: Национальные 7 February 2019, Alexei will The Rostec state corporation state The Rostec It works Rossiya 700 enterprises industry. rently remainder is mer markets. the tial known Security gies Chemezov a background subsidiary) continue expanding chuk) – company. part with in and the mostly details Administration

mobile become the deputy and federal of therefore The expansion Mordashov underway, the since Bank

the years the on software Council Rostelecom’s to active It is of As of

data materials being is sector

the holds control bank

shareholders (around prime

www.government.ru. programme the budget a former (controlled the 1970s in 2018–2024, also

implementation collection,

from the in the April 2019, implementation holds of held a 15% stake. as a few (a close and minister the in and the

estimates the special with US$ 26 billion, a result published of different charge board close by fixed for company. a 5.5% stake.

a trusted when information Russian years and

by in most

the the storage collaborator identifying

services. Rostelecom. acquaintance and President Rostelecom telecommunications of will The remaining remainder of of state­ of they ago of

sectors by directors

of (see which defence its the Federation, aide

of consume

which and

‑owned the with blockchain both total

Russia’s An assets

infrastructure based development Chapter I.2) of

processing Putin’s government and of of the

the However, President (around cost provided worked minister,

held is

the and Igor around bank supporting on original chaired takeover digital shares former are economy, friends aide consolidation technology 45% the Sechin) VTB

only RUB 1.1 billion) capacities. in

state by sector Putin, controls January 2020 former of half of of in transformation will are by the shareholders chief

other

including of President Russian indicative. (27.5%), shares February 2019, , ­‑owned who

promising Sergei Ivanov Sergei traded mostly of Правительство

be KGB). the whom and

in the secretary of

the sources, approximately

owns 22%, Its process Tele2 Russia

the in only budget. the

IT technolo in most

entities the Rostelecom CEO Yuri Ivanov Putin Tele2, will exchange In accord exchange Presiden oligarch projects. of telecom entered defence around

and are mostly Sergei

expen of

is России Koval 28 come Tele2

with

(for

will and cur has the the the un on ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ,

According 30 29 was 73% of in the years 2018–2024 programme, broken down intothesixprojects programmes. programme’s 100 150 200 250 300 Chart 1. Chart 2. state Source: Source: Information infrastructure –RUB772.4 New technologies –RUB451.8 Digital public administration Information security Regulations – Human resources 50

Human resources Information infrastructure 0 December). сийской ской Паспорт Е. Кинякина за [RUB billion] spent три subsidies.

Budget

Национальные проекты: целевые показатели и основные результаты и основные показатели целевые проекты: Национальные 108.1 the Федерации» 2019 10.5 41.7 21.5 29.3 4.8 0.3 Estimatedtotalcostof Federal budget Economy” spending onthe“Digital national дня’

RUB 1.7billion Федерации национального during sum to , of – RUB143.1 Ведомости , –RUB30.2 the the С. Ястребова implementation Its 2019 That 29 was “Digital , Russian Министерство 123.7 the 2020 48.1 25.5 30.9 13.3 –RUB235.7 5.6 0.3 , was 30 June 2019, spent, billion billion , billion first 13 January 2020, Economy” budget проекта , the ‘«Цифровая Accounts billion corresponding six Information security New technologies total billion 177.9 2021 67.9 41.6 40.8 22.4 цифрового www.digital.gov.ru. 4.9 0.3 Национальная was months national Economy” the“Digital in nationalprogramme was value экономика» www.vedomosti.ru. RUB 108 billion, the Chamber, programme of развития, of 2019, 258.0 105.9 slowest 2022 67.3 30.4 53.1

1.0 0.3 signed to программа 1634.9 billion потратила RUB around for in 2019 связи and contracts among the 233.4 2023 throughout 89.5 66.0 31.9 44.8 и массовых years 1.0 0.3 «Цифровая but RUB 79 billion пятую the Regulations Digital administration public all 2019–2024. only and часть “Digital thirteen , op.cit. коммуникаций 8% экономика agreements 198.6 2024 70.2 30.1 36.8 60.3 годового 0.8 0.3 the 30 of (half Economy”

year the national бюджета 423.4 282.2 235.7 138.6 Россий Total 18.1 1.7

total only of for Рос

it ‑ ‑

23 OSW REPORT 10/2020 24 OSW REPORT 10/2020 ‑owned vate The low 31 in rates, ment implementation, ing directtalks withbusiness. Economy” The “Digital provides programme that that unspent fundswere reportedataroundRUB 1 billion, i.e. more than5% of processes, public budget businesses One ambiguity develop on category

the Я. Милюкова можно the businesses mainly of officials delayed federal funds

contracts spending). the corporations and level получить of

and of from

reasons businesses reflect adopt because

, of regulations, И. Юзбекова budget payments,

and politically

from spending the 20 лет’ themselves, hence new feuds entrepreneurs why digital co‑operating. with of has , Forbes, regulations that consultations

, several ‘Токсичные between the

defaults is increased motivated centralised links sector also apply 3 October 2019, programme but systemic linked to the will

деньги: the for as on As a result, alike the threefold

and this terms are payments) be different the and to ruling www.forbes.ru.

почему fear

an equal factors crucial. requires selective the is funds. non­ they so taking funding’s in

the elite за ‑transparent delayed security

выполнение including 31 the offer They have partner a lot volume

anti are decisions last to been of are ­‑corruption ‘toxic’ concerns in agencies.

three subcontractors consultation, in of

not майского principle the discouraging

decision­ the unspent nature. instability able and years programme’s the Large

указа

using measures to ‑making the (in 2019, funding need Govern­ deliver includ

Путина state­ total (low only and the pri to ‑ ‑

According At the ie (8%). vices The development will with 1. The current state of the mobile market in Russia in market mobile the of state 1. The current Russia Russia Development II. RUSSIA’S 5G NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLANS II. RUSSIA’SDEVELOPMENT NETWORK 5G mercial revolutionise imise means than the tion the the programme. per ket (55%), has South ary 2020 sector standard. speeds see on coms development. digitisation year). development 5G mobile the connection put 1 square face with new 5% market lags same (more Korea offer growth has (up growth 5G compatible 5G networks year while exchange multinational generation Mobile In April 2019 (to 4 ms to followed to been fastest The time of a perfect kilometre). than is analyses All on

was of Russian wireless 20 Gb/s

network, has business implementing one

of of the year). official of the trying communications worth 10%

of been 5G technology a much rates). at

5G technology. of information by

Russian using technology 5G networks most, illustration

operators by for year the smartphones communication internet companies

slower processes. to growth three is RUB 1.73 billion The implementation documents the Its downloading global the join larger on the which revenues TMT government the year South cornerstone (the year 3.5 GHz

the are in access infrastructure, will leaders of entire number in can Consulting The efforts (in particular, in 2018) is

recent

account currently global the on Russia. that Korean considerably advanced had be and the and and wider provision digital (around before when further deal is grown 2.1% of trends years and market. 28 GHz of up working spur for Replacing

mobile

devices testing agency,

to of problems Russia’s with to mobile transformation revenues it in

the and implement 5G technology Ericsson, US$ 28 billion was reduced further 10 Gb/s comes in (12%) increase many frequencies, the largest

especially operators mobile new on compared (up reported in 2019

communications digital the 4G legislation digital that and to

had parts solutions the for to to Nokia implementing data share the 1 ms), 1 million communications the fixed uploading), grown 3.4% automation the transformation (LTE) the launched programme. economy of in based 5G network is to 2018, and Russian transmission and Russian

expected of the the

and creation to in phone

Samsung standard Huawei).

the regulate coopera on devices world – Pay‑TV enable which (more state Janu com mar year fore min tele and ser the in of to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

25 OSW REPORT 10/2020 26 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • • • The market 35 34 33 32 In 20 mobile imposed growing servers. standards objectively of Alisher

In recent

end ‘Cellular 2017 г. итоги предварительные телекоммуникаций: рынок Российский VimpelCom growing. Sechin, has its disposal tive ber 2019, stake vices The remaining Investment Ltd., Russia rently than ture MegaFon MTS Com Other and shareholder side oligarchs oligarch corporation 19, own managed and of sector’s in the 32 Russia. is , the 180 million to dynamically is on communicator Usmanov

Russia’s one June 2019):

to metallurgic the Data shareholders provides www.tmt and also years Among for around assess change remaining part for largest operators. Vladimir of Bashneft

to 2019’ Alisher accounts the the more used Vladimir

keep commercial registered The company total

other and is is of , - largest most its operation consulting.ru. Advanced the

a Kremlin 75.9 million the industries shares

control mobile services ownership by oil

the than outside known 33 its assets, revenues a subsidiary powerful in Yevtushenkov, Yevtushenkov quality

Usmanov company shares Yota, Unlike USM

brand for include international Russia operator, of 20 million

Communications ­‑dependent as in he are operators this and data slightly TamTam.

structure of

Russia. holds a mobile to Russia. members Group provides of and are

most traded Beeline mobile in and users these around in

Gazprombank storage their recent shares (USM has his traded had connection

of of oligarch,

AFK at states, Its in control operator, fallen less controlled of 34 in facilities.

(the ‘big virtual any MegaFon in the years

services

in a market the account the holds services and group main Russia. 54.3 million Group and

the markets. moment. Sistema, than victim

in Kremlin total of Media, his former his however, Mail.ru but exchange MTS processing a majority network shareholders main

involvement with four’) VEON to

30% the As a result, MegaFon’s

or for number holds by to Group registered share www.acm also power the Kremlin assets group, the a company Soviet

The company 78.1 million 21% one growing of the users hangs accounted Russia

elite.

Ltd. capacity of 30%. 56.32% operator. markets, the are

(18.79%) which of security in of - of services stake consulting.com. has states. in ,

the concentrated

technical

the Yevtushenkov in ТМТ business

Russia’s market. it customers h company The include the in many does is IT sector

Russia is controlled

MTS of market. currently balance. Cyprus in Консалтинг mobile of not for including

and requirements instruments has the its

provides not ambitions data ­ is Letter possible 99% wealthiest infrastruc ­ Its has in and shares). MegaFon also company For have a private has developing users (data the (3.92%). Vimpel storage also largest

, by of now, lost more Decem extrac of been

One,

at cur

been out any ser the the Igor

his as in to its he 35 ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

• 4G services 4G network (21% more (having (more (the number As of All 38 37 36 Nokia 2019 In LTE RUB 15 billion 2. The development of the 4G network in Russia in 4G network the of2. The development ruary 2018 in technological tions become ard sia – sion of connection OpenSignal Mobile

LTE stations smaller Roskomnadzor’s Opensignal, of Alexei Tele2, ­ The state Russia). points Sti­ a company the of in

4G‑compatible in b 46%) (by

at chting early

than to Russia service, early ‘big the the added 23%). VimpelCom/Beeline network develop accounts in Kuzmichev than cities.

(the most 75,700). in It has speed December 2019, preferred fastest in does four’ www.opensignal.com. ‑owned Administratiekantoor two increased December 2019 at 65% solutions all

a year owned Russia. and

awarded coverage among communiqué not the devices 85 regions, years their reported 4G access at operators

study for rate currently MegaFon’s 15.77 Mb/s year (compared in Rostelecom MTS by recent (47.9%), option. maps Under 18% are networks, the (for by the the offered (a 50% Russian in 2012, , within before). 13% had VK, geographical ‘big for of the development more mostly was Russia have study

the

Russia: the the 26 December 2019, expanded in has All network Norway’s fastest the four’ (compared range increase), by to oligarchs the operator available each terms , information market but

Russian 38

the 59.1% which Mobile been third­ European

www.4gltee.ru/zona available)

in had of Initially, (65,400). course coverage in

growth the the of second of

of ‑largest in recent 324,000 involved

its Telenor of LTE them (around

has

capital but Mikhail Telecommunications operators 4G stations had their to June 2017), mainly

infrastructure. of of 4G, www.vk.com. network network: 16.6 Mb/s companies Russian ­‑largest in

taken OpenSignal Tele2 on it last more was years licences

market network still but 4G base (19.7%) cities, Rostelecom, 45.9 million in Fridman, year). - in pokrytiya the also required ‘The State over than are has the Huawei

37 central of is operators number proportion

in and and

still share, reported making such base to The ‘big and

the development the transceiver 107,400 with June 2017). estimated - provide v average in German of - the rossii smallest to the mobile has Russia. see LTE as transceiver mobile

some

at 75,500 Investor of of invest largest efforts relied Ericsson . 2 percentage Netherlands’ time four’ (February 2018)’

LTE stations rapid increasingly Chapter I.6). G stations 4G this download cases Khan 36 access operator

when stations users number stations

at offered In Feb on in of expan (8.3%). not stand least

users also Rus and and the the sta in to to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ,

27 OSW REPORT 10/2020 28 OSW REPORT 10/2020 The LTE Table 1. Lower ing more market, ners. the upon bandsallocatedtothelowerfrequency standards, i.e. 2G (900 MHz,1800 MHz) ­www.4gconnect.ru. become and 3G as as aviatsiya operators. Source: 39 (according to the 3GPP the to (according Band 38 Band 31 Band 20 Band 7 Band 3 Band classification)

the prospective В. Кодачигов ruary 2019, 720–790 MHz, Ministry Ericsson’s information). completion,

2.50–2.69 GHz ‘Какие frequency (2100 MHz). for the4G network Radio frequencies inRussia licences dependent followed

(for Mobile

www.vedomosti.ru. частоты 4G , of

‘Операторы radar for

technologies Industry authorised bands by operators in 2019, the recognised on 39

navigation Huawei, band. у российских development a single нашли below and 450 1800–1880 (MHz) 790–820 2570–2620 2620–2690 Radio frequency Radio of Moreover, the were are

частотам Trade, television’s by Nokia, 1 GHz operators

supplier and still the expected операторов

of radiolocation, etc.), the State the are для Samsung

they LTE and 3G Federal most occupied to shift Commission и GSM to in 2011, also use — to gain Полный popular to lower cooperate and developed новое Air digital by access (Time Division Duplex) (Frequency Division Duplex) TDD Technology FDD FDD FDD FDD and ZTE Transport применение’ обзор’ frequency the solution for 791–862 MHz)

broadcasting as to (see Ministry , with 4G networks 4G connect, Radio

lower well Appendix 2 Agency in , different bands

Ведомости as Frequencies frequencies the of

tele 7 May 2018,

Defence, Russian (includ as as or ­vision using , part well this 5 Feb Ros­ for ‑ ‑ ‑

As a result, vision vision h other The was was 41 40 Moreover, 1 GHz (DRL LTE Advanced By in 2014, to two multiplexes (works areunderway tolaunchmore),which canbroadcaston television frequencies frequencies frequencies has blocking around and single such sided cess. own. They thefederal budget asked for thispurpose, for effectively fundsfrom of cies est dent cially claiming Interactive

avoid the

the Указ активная ния ­Президента media

replaced Rosaviatsiya, reserved expected distributed Putin’s Within consent. with in stations television телеканалов air end broadcasters Президента 40 old neither interfering view the that

traffic holdings, broadcasters they users -7SM) withnew systems thatoperateabove 1 GHz(AORL). However, карта of 2019, the map friends, mobile above between

officially Ministry the России some

for to the of systems use broadcasters, of standard. have ЦЭТВ’

body among

free framework the broadcasters. television digital of и радиоканалов organisation Российской 470–694 MHz have , 790 MHz. of various

www.kremlin.ru. digital

operators with bands the development such ,

took

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were

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bands, below available serious Федерации succeeded Yuri of still airport LTE networks issuing 862 MHz. successful. frequencies. 40 have

to television на system operators the

band access to to Mobile in

территории the Kovalchuk, Media GHz, 1 including of federal them gain constraints operation not

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operators Depending

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the wanted purposes” to in

(DDT) use to taking with In August 2014 purposes 561 № them these controls tenders accessing their have to 700 MHz those that 2009–2020”, on 800 MHz, transmission the banned Федерации» use after in The lobbying гарантиях «О over to the “Modernisation use was re‑allocation. so were Ministry Russia

frequencies the carry without in 2012, one far the region, of frequencies control insufficient, the range. making 700 MHz

efforts band failed they developing frequencies: of 700 MHz ,

it the had Администрация 791–862 MHz

Rosaviatsiya Russia’s

out the распростране of digital digital 41 do

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launched to

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frequen Defence on

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29 OSW REPORT 10/2020 30 OSW REPORT 10/2020 ‑owned The Rostelecom­ The development 45 44 43 42 Petersburg, Network LTE network Because Local in imposed tant the purposesof 4G/LTE the fire for the ­www.4gconnect.ru. Since 2019, because Currently Chart 3. allocated actors todevelopsince 2010 andhasbeentrying LTE since 2016.-450 onthatfrequency of quencies Source:

Awarded

The 450 MHz 2500 of Defence andMinistry Russia) телей’ И. Королев Л. Коник the 2.3–2.4 GHz brigades etc.) public limitations early 1990s. 30 MHz

‘Какие also companies Yota purposes , Frequenciesinthe2500 MHzbandallocatedtomobileoperatorsfor of CNews, the

(RTRN, on (see Appendix 1). to , as and the

‘5G these apply

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- has band сети Concern network 26 March 2019, 10 In the 2000s ‑controlled Tele2 company hashad access tothe450 MHzband

of frequencies development the development 2.50–2.69 GHz the related

mainly difficulties в РФ the has of to of Rostelecom, in 10

Moscow

operator MegaFon “Концепции

access GSM, been the rural получили (including 10 у российских потратит Avtomatika, operates

to been used it LTE-450 are 10 was www.cnews.ru. theInterior, while localrestrictionsaresometimes 2570 3G, areas the to used

and for with

of план also of used of developing the 25 MHz создания LTE Advanced)

activities (TDD for theMoscow (TDD for the range 27 миллиардов the

terrestrial the the Leningrad in schools, for in by

развития’ Oblast only) операторов the purposes network 1.8 GHz used Russian Russia the

a company MTS several LTE service GSM network. mobile allocated release и развития CDMA2000 by 25 MHz of

, in of ComNews, medical

radio and

has Television the aviation mobile — is Oblasts. на Russia places, communications 2620 of Полный 4G the Ministry was relied to 2.1 GHz owned сетей 5G/IMT network,

- and

lower сети network for Beeline the 30 MHz responsibility 7 November 2018, with

facilities, also including Limitations Due radio television bodies для обзор’ on LTE Advanced and by radio FDD DownLink a hybrid

development range 2650 силовиков of the limited to the , Rostec. Radio -

location 4G connect, 2020 10 Defence its providing use 450 MHz frequencies, by between police dense of Moscow, 10 в РФ” infrastructure

www.comnews.ru. of Rostelecom Broadcasting also

in the 45 of и спецпотреби frequencies

in 10

higher

project. practice.

systems. and Russia the

coverage, 7 May 2018, Ministry 2.5G network apply stations, 10 band. impor 2690 other Saint and 3G. state­

since MHz the fre

to 43 42 44 ‑ ‑ ‑

• The preliminary what 47 46 In accordance Economy” Russia LTE-450 3. Russia’sdevelopmentnetworkplans 5G timeline, the primarily frastructure broadband formation infrastructure formation Consultations and services) support or of of omy” nationalprogramme. The wirelessnetworks usingthisbandwillbeused

The

the the partly 24 декабря 2018 года Паспорт денте on 2020. its mation) received the government; by the end of March 2019 of byend the creation cial programme. people 28 July 2017, rules “Цифровая Russian network provisions. Ministry is document important Российской

is At that and in amended and by национальной would national popular internet who and the and was much the identifies are the with Federation”

Правительство экономика are early for Successive have was development point Interior laid outline underway govern for National As a result, Федерации yet criticism public , the them. among to Digital Правительство programme down the sent summer stages providers to программы consultations timeline the

Российской of development the be Ministry,

46 services For back

in official России Development the

of Russia’s official Guard. and and resolved. по of from implementation

the , 18 December 2017, example of the the homes

стратегическому inhabitants

planning

numerous the to

России of

, presented утверждён spells

governmental the

www.government.ru. Федерации”

government bodies will business

concept Ministry the documents important Moreover, masterplan Action plans for the development of in developmentof the for plans Action and 5G/IMT As of , there. of

www.government.ru. be Ministry the out

5G networks, unveiled responsible the lobbying developed решением disputes

the has in so‑called

of programme the (see of LTE networks -2020 development of 5G развитию

public the it

villages added end was Emergency programme, still for programme’s which will Chapter II.5 for above the started in concerning of 2019 supposed in the президиума not within services. further passport was also for more Russia. draft Russia’. национальным и i.e. the build around development documents: been adopted its be to it Situations of detail using document, implementation. the “Digital

and was used to

work change ‘concept adopted for its Совета objectives In March 2019, of crucial by the adopt “Digital

elaborate 5G network. the still to 450 MHz the more to

two in the government Economy при of some проектам provide “­ un­

(rescue the aspects Digital March for by which

5G cities plans infor Econ Прези clear and cru the the on in of to 47 ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

31 OSW REPORT 10/2020 32 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • • • • According The plans with It is Russia 5G service insufficient tal ulations port by be available should services cities of ernment end

cities at created Development (GKRCh) munications mentation the to purpose. lion has been by September 2019the end of by 2024 of 2021 end the by of 2020 end bythe apparatus of of 2021, believed identifying industrial least

with the more envisage necessary been be inhabitants, above where made should has on development currently one sufficient to in over will

than commercial the made, the should a commercial extended that the at has of year 1 million yet. the be million that be least are

projects 5G network conditions Konstantin the 1 million; the government, bands the been

made by The timeline made service compared to have in frequencies the 5G standard and for ten 5G network the

be

the the force pilot of blocking inhabitants (of which for service demand the on Russian­ defined; available and such

decided end the deadline conditions basis is the necessary the

projects Noskov cities. regarding should to of 2020 5G network to selected cities, the purposes should be basis the states the as on in ‑made for , may there

what the 5G network implemented to The choice of 2024. for to five which explained initial most cover should the and selected

for of a plan for State be

be the that, the initially sectors, are frequency

key technologies technology of 5G; a profitability covered). the the the particularly useful in implementation it plans all development

Commission 15

be sectors This once should should Russia. mass launch service in cities sectors that initiated of should be and Russia) and (the original frequencies,

means the sectors available implementation The then ranges the

be in operate. with in However,

fragmentary a of has is decision should of useful cities serve made delays

Russia expected the

and concerning for

and, that of the reduced

that more would

of the Radio 5G network in demand with Minister primarily for economy. in as be the

had

no the plan and on cities will as

5G network transport a priority, than the used

decision

to Russian be Frequencies the populations frequencies 5G standard the been difficulties was be of the be release with allocated

network analysis. one security

number for for 5G com offered widely to By due for imple are ­ Digi that pop sup and gov mil has the the all in of to to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

n important An 50 will 49 48 Ministry Dmitry NPP He Putin Deputy mented in ment the from federal around allocates and and shares software start ses should company T8(which co‑operates com devices. ensure digital and the IoT intheRussian Federation in2019–2024 development of industrial production for the fifth the for production industrial of development The document An entry Decision Russia. ‘Власти 2019, wireless here: infrastructures enabling envisaged a kind satellite also have entire Nokia. involve not Poligon in 2022 the will in

transformation since 2016),

www.rbc.ru.

be www.minpromtorg.gov.ru/opendata Prime that budget, Sharonov), RUB 650 billion announced using of April 2019 multinational

not направят around sector of for and of

data wireless certificate developed include in digital

that Contracts

the

Industry Rostec a considerable the 50 (with been mobile and the

networks Minister ThoseincludeRDP.RU (a company inwhich Rostelecom hasheld has by working Russian assumption

including

register, whose to

the RUB 28 billion data purposes ₽28 млрд take not transformation

conducted attesting technologies. clauses links supporting the that and NPF end that transmission. been

along group with and should

at kept Novosibirsk programme,

rail products of 2020 telecom Maxim technologies, the

the to (which Mikran least на the published, that

Trade and for by potential requiring the

of разработку transport implementation not for portion Skolkovo

the Russian the all

aviation a product yet. the ten

former

the only Akimov,

federal

the Ministry In 2018 (ca. digital closely withRos­ corporations in are presented (under 48 but 5G network years. agenda,

­‑based

development be

. early confirmed

facilities. development US$ 0.5 billion), foreign listed

of the криптостойкого or such transformation developed roads government corridors. software the Innovation deputy

software of

the who Russian

According group

US 2019 Industry private should in companies is a draft The plan budget

providers of sanctions was the that

along suggested prime minister such corresponded is and media

in the and be

made

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will telecom). The programme

of register previously a conversation company of Center covered the

of was оборудования roads, target programme for the for programme target would 5G network the IoT.

goes September 2017.

as to Russian has Trade devices. of

in the that to process his to Cisco, . of

Russia. since seen 49 this develop but ‑generation network ­‑generation by

to

The draft programme of locate technology mobile of as G network, 5G estimates, make

the communications Eltex, the a copy. also Russian Its some 60%

­‑made Russian­ responsible

well The register In April 2019, 2016); to Huawei,

of

Russian hybrid should для 5G’ necessary implementation around communications

in manufacturing US$ 10 billion).

The 2017

every with Bashkortostan М. Коломыченко the as Russia

devices networks the , companies,

companies ‑made

Federation, it and РБК Ufa‑based all President be from Ericsson is effort will documents and transport private networks

, available for

would 26 April imple equip analy

using cost tele and

the the the for and to

is ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ,

33 OSW REPORT 10/2020 34 OSW REPORT 10/2020 4. 5G network testing network 4. 5G The lack The Ministry 52 51 work Ministry In summer 2016 Russia’s Russian It will 3.4–3.8 GHz rules menting issues to MTS’s that ture unresolved, permission frequencies. System by group Com and ages, asian and of the IoT the of expects co‑finance only: development of The document

the ‘МТС нет the identify monitors of were the for

in Economic and вещей’ important also operating security

micro получила

for that entire 5G mobile

Russia. of business pilot state instance, of denied

in conditions

research subsidise Operative to and clarity ,

and in CNews, Transport in 2022, the The licence of early and test has telephone projects. owned July 2020 network the5G network in83 Russian usingthe24.25–24.65 GHz regions

forces.

первую IoT MegaFon operators Digital 25.25–29.5 GHz The network Union, users not under for access 5G technologies. macro customers 4 April 2019, about April 2019. the networks been and the manufacturing the Investigative 5G Rostelecom for of Development and creation Those published. to the development and лицензию implementation and the Roskomnadzor components development,

became is share

all the from the valid the “Digital www.cnews.ru. future partly internet networks and will 51

frequencies is projects mass

bands.

of The document Federal И. Королев investing of then в России’ the industrial for

and reach 16% It was Russian­

Activities rules a register also Economy” adopted first five implementation for concept. for communications supposed the They

and and will , Security for granted possible , businesses for MTS different of years. operator ‘Власти

private because ‑made in

the to plants. were the serve foreign and the

press (SORM), related a de facto de of Before 2018, had Concept for the developmentthe for Concept deployment ANO

5G standard создают The service 5G network to

MTS grow because IoT devices conducted Service. service, MegaFon. as 52 of in kinds been be customers. from

a basis with Russia negative technologies identifiers

the connected create

the of further в России in 28 July 2020, drafted of

the and Russia. G communication 5G first Russia Service’s The concept the

telecom the

to and MTS have in by to will company a closed

software opinions суверенный obtain support to 19%

licence Russia formulate two tests The ministry by the to and While be to and not moskva.mts.ru.

and a working recognise IT system operators networks. the manufac available used GKRCh’s by 2024. stopped the Vimpel IoT remain de facto for

issued of imple in envis many

FSB’s интер

Eur net the the the the the ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

VimpelCom 4.8–4.99 GHz (Metrocom S.A.) (owned The most The companies 53 with work MegaFon ­Mega­ 1 cities 11 Innovation In June 2019, MTS onjoint5G tests inRussia an agreement signed in2019–2020 2018 January In implementation in na’s­ into is in 5G networks. tecture, from large n on and allowed acted access three a opment cies. others). operator Freshtel also cooperation Skolkovo in Huawei solutions At the Innopolis Huawei. Fon cities the in as due involved ­‑year 53 higher by Open of to in Saint a subcontractor security carried tested ended and recent special

carry the to Rostelecom) in Center, which same signed (under (a special and

tenders Russia. RAN). for A similar strategic Nokia the Petersburg 5G network cooperated frequencies zone with in in of tests out to 25.25–27.5 GHz time G out 5G standard the sector

the cooperation KRCh December 2018. the an agreement with a cooperation in technology work

Moreover, tests signed 5G standard Qualcomm tests

cooperation won on GKRCh 08 World 2018 5G network

to agreement cooperation and which

the of also on on in on carry on in and on

a 0 MHz‑wide 400 (a zone a memorandum the 2015.

virtual the suspended 3.4–3.8 GHz the the awarded projects the authorised with the with MTS it bands Saint in state­ out ehoois Inc. Technologies 3.4–3.8 GHz agreement with aims (including 2.5–2.7 GHz 3.4–3.8 GHz Tatarstan) Nokia. and Cup IoT In April 2019, has Petersburg reality and

Russian 5G tests ‑owned agreement for with in Ericsson all to digital also games any MegaFon

the 2018–2020. band conduct four in companies (VR) Ericsson, cooperation been further signed open Hermitage entities, purposes on on company and technologies. frequency

band mobile channel were conducted in 2018 strategic

the and with GKRCh signed 25.25–29.5 GHz radio are research by and testing in 3.4–3.6 GHz organised. In August 2019 Museum augmented with Huawei including going of operators the

of cooperation Rostec. Russia’s concerning access in

Nokia.

with to China’s pilot the

yielded companies cooperation by the on and using which to Rostelecom Freshtel and tests Ericsson. test network those 8 GHz 28 Huawei, MegaFon

the development n a 2018 May In h Russian The access Ericsson OVRPOWER frequencies. reality bands to Nokia the they in the with Skolkovo pressure it frequen in 2014), and several signed 5G net in group to band) devices, devel archi in have MTS (and (AR) at was and Chi the the the all ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

35 OSW REPORT 10/2020 36 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • • The ‘concept Russia’ Digital In accordance issues mobile tific the tal tation. the ment of the 5G/IMT of the ment 5. Works on the ‘concept for the creation and development and creation‘concept the the 5. Worksforon 5.1. by despite

of the 5G/IMT the of the (the so‑called work Development Digital Rostelecom 3.4–3.8 GHz to the to tors port the network operator model operator network the apparatus. as a stake deal operator, optimal, access to radio frequencies radio to access The vision draft digital for Digital Research free be soon

that 4.8–4.99 GHz end

Development The draft drafted operators. and nearly with routes. developed was should up Development in

remain

as economy of the including for the while the sent the

possible Institute

They March 2019.

one with have by Federal frequencies

However, the Development of release be

newly 700 MHz adopted 700 MHz was back As a result, the - unresolved the year on private are 2020 network in Russia’ 2020 in network

shared creation range. been the 2020 networks in Russia in networks -2020 sent in ministry heavily 3.4–3.8 GHz,

the by AntiMonopoly to also (NIIR). 5G network created

of Russia, of adopted forced the calling their a draft the

the radio radio

band; Furthermore,

debating. by companies Two band) demanding and and ministry document after criticised, operators. security concern: current is company.

the the ‘concept for the creation and develop and creation the for ‘concept the frequencies. : frequencies suggest

weeks development for document documents

the largely to : the and the four

the as expand In December 2019, ANO

Service for and access government proposed users, agencies before Ministry for creation the in television operators and based In December 2019, further “Digital those the a version to

network which coverage, The state

concerning (FAS) no to i.e. mainly of the the ’ FAS on

the was

are consensus the of of ranges elaboration. by

other deadline, studies broadcasters Economy”,

to are are a single 694–790 MHz reshuffles have Digital 5G/IMT supposed unwilling the fiercely should create is

especially calling globally the ministries currently

to the argued the Ministry by be Development Ministry 5G infrastructure could -2020

the the Russian be a consortium development the

opposed The two for made network in to to recognised

developed are Ministry Ministry

that be March 2020, Radio the along frequencies release demanding be network for unwilling approved available

network reached security for the crucial consul by

opera Scien trans ­ Digi and

net the the for for

on as of in to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

(they The shortage The Ministry The draft The draft with would 1. work in Russia in work 15 cities 2. including rate network tors the that to those transport corridors. The draft conceptstatesthat,inordertocomprehensively prepared by Development for Digital theMinistry in provide frequencies ferences 3. allocated also also should gainaccesstoa bandwidth of operator of centres,

the 24.25–29.5 GHz, intensive/extensive ing the shared); structure each 700 MHz will recalls states

of initially, the offer frequencies 3.4–3.8 GHz network be

the project of access with

have implementation, residential (WRC-15 conclusions to develops to envisages the looks

infrastructure that, the a bandwidth that

lower­ (only implement is

of range the populations to 694–790 MHz, for four shared);

implementation to is available : the at in incur ‑generation Digital

4.4–4.5 GHz developed 5G/IMT for and 80 MHz each three scenarios for the implementation of the 5G net the of implementation the for scenarios three order band the appears tests operators that areas

the of to WRC-19) network 5G network. operator,

of the as already the 2015 build to Development the radio e.g. masts, development -2020

it above

and up of a priority improve will only by third 3.4–3.8 GHz 5G network

mobile develops bandwidth and to and frequencies industrial a single sharing be services on and

carried in one 100 MHz)

including and scenario, 4.8–4.99 GHz operate necessary access the 400 MHz. It would the sites,

non­ networks million, but –

2019 World argues its of corrected infrastructure (some efficiency out ‑discriminatory and in will

is the zones network optical to the in the in should Russia, currently in have various to

24.25–29.5 GHz the reduce be 5G network. with view that 50–70% network, A clear statementontheuseof which (2G, single also within bands implemented version 1–6 GHz confirmed fibre

Radiocommunication

and be the independently special of 3G, April 2020. The document it use the radio

infrastructure

used. a single is available) – operator. of the best speed (some 4G). regarded the the guarantee necessary

the of cost access range deficit It identifies focus frequency

radio option Within the cities, the infrastructure bands. of 10–15% that infrastructure by 2024

draft has usefulness 5G/IMT

to on as frequencies of while it the for and the to resources. the

The draft also auxiliary available business operator, suggests of concept, comply ranges fastest Russia access in opera

range -2020 along infra

been shar Con the of is ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

37 OSW REPORT 10/2020 38 OSW REPORT 10/2020 The conclusions 54 work However, In late 2019 In the in it has network tancy the tors inJanuary 2020 thatestablishinga single infrastructure ture the threatened to fer of allocationsfree frequency for ­ free 5.2. ber for the creation and development of the 5G network in Russia in 5G network the of development and creation the for wasagreement on11 December 2019. signed Before thathappened,theministry ator sioned structure quoted control competition. on cies: 2018 June In April form how won). network from operation government’s Criticisms consortium ‑of­ would could of would 700 MHz, 54 in since single ‑charge accesstothe4.4–4.9 GHz band,aspreviously planned.However,

by the as which, The company the the Russia. also a consortium by the to 2024 the development the an argument work have turned consortium consortium 5G network that be each the operator results included the ministry, LTE Union and developed. in 3.4–3.8 GHz, Ministry Its

Spectrum was with equal of if of operator would the priority was

co‑decide out the

the main the concept of not autumn scenario, a narrower founded that

a new rights for analyses already with

operators draft should created studies be in Management (an association supposed task of organised and separately This around the favour the

4.4–4.99 GHz Digital in 2016 charge. The revised draftof on demand to concept of 2018, is only operators purposes work.

the would by by the by use to bandwidth refused by

by of RUB 55 billion, total the the company deal the to Development in terms the Shadayev

Olga the the From would from prepared

be that operators allow Radio for ministry private investment with Gubanova, allocated and of third of a mobile and to lost on the case

the

Russian the developing cost

than them sign the Scientific the which the 24.25–29.5 GHz. at (which scenario development Spectrum point ministry, could an ministry the three and who tender while release forced it, four frequencies, to alternative draft concept alternativedraft operator needed Radio LTE operators). helm, controls of the they acquire preserve they for times independent

the view Research the because Scientific the shared theconceptunveiled of Management which the have would informed the development count to 100%

the 5G/IMT private itself. development operator of as a stake

develop The consortium

different at the of much. radio select Research 5G infrastruc now a single

not on its Institute least Each companies, shares. -2020 operators. operators obtaining , in wants be frequen commis 5G infra was still regions of consul partial Institute it. opera of views given mem the oper

net the dif

to 5G ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

“Digital years velop views The provisions Table 2). alternative The 56 55 would Both PwC 24.25–29.5 GHz) jointly 5G network revenues. international necessary tronics, the that pensive frequencies lion) by generation a May 2018 adequately ational scenario). domestic cost of option developing erators

a mere G Рси. есетв, охд к автю тнат и сетей и стандарта развитию к подходы Перспективы, России. в 5G Устинова А. May 2018, News,

development the estimates the and 2020–2027 the of thethreescenarios, especially inview of be and by Economy” (because

extensively formula 15 April 2019,

increase and the businesses the

would 5G network companies 55 two 4–10% The option to

www.pwc.ru. the one networks. protected.

report. were are Spectrum’s

, Spectrum use T companies IT

costliest. ‘Отрасль consultancy or network, that of with allocated) and correspond would 56

concept would frequencies of of in more

also

the www.comnews.ru. called (for

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and the выступила was In the governmental using where criticised The option

that a comparison

be draft operators 5G standard amount absence draft on highest into the argues for

already would insufficient firm

network the scenario, who communications new to most and ANO infrastructure all other question concept

против around other concluded

to PricewaterhouseCoopers by

operators of service argued not have that

frequencies (i.e. with probable of in “Digital around

Russian competition). than

to 2027

концепции coverage draft be hand, use a single of the the was criticised 8% the and

the more

costs those (for that cost that of concept optimum RUB 550–610 billion credibility based Economy” develop

would (provided scenario, assumptions extensive that manufacturers to

the

national 2G,

infrastructure than (694–790 MHz, once in the of инфраструктурного be applied the thepossibilitythatitmightbe

the Russia their entire network 3G on

built The PwC be proposed for most 20% the their and studies studies the solution coverage

of have that infrastructure infrastructure the interests in worldwide. network mobile compared achieved

most efficient 4G), NIIR’s of a competitive own ,

(PwC) development development the PricewaterhouseCoopers,

expressed study and

both of state conducted (as in with time­

3.4–3.8 GHz would

necessary infrastructures would оператора 5G’ NIIR. (US$ 7.5–8.5 bil sector’s analysis sellers becomes would

concepts, as published

and also to support ‑consuming the the a result the The ANO be sharing). operator increase positive least four showed setting, annual second of not by in of of

lower to radio oper

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and Com the the the the see for

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39 OSW REPORT 10/2020 40 OSW REPORT 10/2020 (RUB billion)* (owned The FAS That, 57 Table 2. In May 2019, tation the to The estimated * prices operator option, exclusively establishment connectivity quencies

�million in闾￾ 1 In all large cities In all 15 citieswith populations above in 2020–2027 of radio 23 May 2019, . Белавин П. this, inMoscow consortium in of of

the by Estimatedcostof turn, frequencies

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private created, to state , the 5G standard www.kommersant.ru. problems . Новый В. cost notes could that of forming ministry’s according to the Radio Scientific Research Institute Research Scientific Radio the to according

a single of would

acquiring operators) operator from this lead that (below , . Шестоперов Д. according to Spectrum Management Spectrum to according in could user 41 161 also 550–610 of four operators of four Separate networks Separate Scenario 1 to the if those 5G network could thedevelopment of

the draft imported higher Russia would 6 GHz). single forgo devices.

cause for border employed be was

the prices devices slowed decides , operator. potential lead problems ‘5G also Moreover, operator 57

5G network areas предлагают to is criticised and by down based the to and 400–445 113 29 most Extensively As a consequence, Scenario 2 shared network shared revenue a lower the5G network inRussia build with and monopolisation on the and an exchange lead

разделить if allocating countries, by using FAS the

the the quality the from to 5G network

argues sector operators a shortage the FAS. rate на tenders radio of 4G infrastructure that всех’ It stated of would

of 16 56 330–365 infrastructure operator Single Scenario 3 service. that the US$ 1 = RUB 70.

, the could frequencies

Коммерсантъ do implemen for if or using network. stagnate.

not a single that higher In this access cause

join fre the ‑ ‑ ,

• As a result To ensure 60 59 58 works 6.1. 5G network the forfrequencies radio over 6. The dispute No information network. The aimof ment tasked potential plan posed be be government. access delivered cials

conference The

2 August А. Устинова ‘Минкомсвязь used geo mation, ferences and set economically including that provinces. ference, eo 1 GHz 1 below already age of 5G even obstacles The main for the overseeing ­stationary of conversion (2G/3G/4G) to the to

the the the for conversion 200–300 between international see: sources the take 2019, be due the Radio of in 2015,

it 5G/IMT 694–790 this , World development built

‘Аппарат

place frequencies the 694–790 MHz (hills, n the In

and the is www.rspectr.com; stable объявила The signal to new is

is crucial

the purpose, non Scientific its viable, Radiocommunication organised : of every ongoing plan kilometres neighbouring and and available those the -2020 radio

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four has to radio are World to regulations, quality, cost a

теряет new by

frequencies years, already network from harmonise disputes, the not

useful frequency of Research large band the on ‘5G frequencies на beyond f 2019, of

5G networks frequencies: Radiocommunications cities 58 been the кадры’

на подготовку International satellite what estimate transmitters

states band, According and пороге’ of was most distances). Conferences including especially in of in

published. the the , where

use Institute ComNews, happened the

state Russia’ in the recent orbits. the (at the the reaches bands , are RSpectr.com, ‘concept plan плана January 2020 for for

5G network, of use agreement Telecommunications most Ministry

one borders.

Russia crucial (WRC)

to the the the the

for has по refused using 16 January international of They necessary took press with far

расчистке

implementation next

promising. purposes network , frequencies conversion lower is for

still ITU, place

5 June on an important distances

for frequencies preparing reports, Therefore, enable

the

for the www.itu.int. with not Conference to 2020, in operators they generation 2019,

use спектра overcoming October 2019. creation accept Digital been

development of www.comnews.ru. the of Union www.rspectr.com. level). large were

In the

process, the the radio for ITU and для 5G’ study. a new adopted the to

Development member.

(ITU) ministry 5G/IMT the below need 60 of and frequencies may dismissed. This avoid area mobile For

aftermath, concluded

document ,

5G purposes RSpectr.com, physical to The pro study more develop­ and to

extend

is would by monitor 1 GHz, The con in cover -2020 inter have why infor offi net the the the and to 59 ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

41 OSW REPORT 10/2020 42 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • • 62 61 One sia,

For

Decision граммы www.eur России WRC-19 of The plan Tests Moreover, 1–6 width of of width 50 MHz nication is needed may the the the the the European Union forces ture and suggest that its current users should be transferred to lowerto transferred be should users current its that suggest and ture lar 700 MHz band as necessary for the functioning of the 5G infrastruc the of functioning the for necessary as band 700 MHz been frequencies. It is also assumed that each operator will need a band need will operator each that assumed also It is frequencies. suggesting sia operators effective opment ously above6 GHz

which of the currently example: GHz assume decision

4.4–4.99 4.4–4.99 GHz 4.4–4.99 GHz band the be MHz 470–790 objections , in

serve www.government.ru. started (EU) «Цифровая -

lex.europa.eu. is successfully posed main of guidelines Russia : network of within is for those 5–20 200 MHz, План are

all 2017/899

the that that bandwidth to a large GHz fairly yet : 5G the

expected challenges those move to a problem MHz in this range this in MHz Мероприятий 5G network have frequencies the in to by even short экономика frequency block

documents frequencies. will which band of busy the those number 22 June 2022 state 3.4–3.8 GHz the frequencies the or used imposed been though be distances initial access are European 190 MHz to within and use ground plans. auxiliary.

that band in already apply in Российской conducted of по provides of the the would make large,

pertaining phases, направлению priority

all documents adopted so far point to the to point far so adopted documents all to the in an obligation connected The draft this Parliament 24.25–27.5 GHz for band implementation the stations only; the in offer at

3.4–3.8 in 62 it ; densely 400 MHz need the the Union range. Федерации»

3.4–3.8 GHz that possible In 2019, the the will importance the mainly high case latest.

to , and concept to development network of «Информационная devices. GHz each fiil ora o te uoen Union European the of Journal Official proposed be the Therefore,

speed built‑up be the of of on the of however, 61 for for the

released implementation

outside operator a single of

its band Russia bandwidth terrestrial­ main 18 December 2017, band Council for the of data This the for could member

band the cities. the and, the network 25.25–27.5

transmission big frequency for range has the of the operator; by of should 5G network be creation development

инфраструктура» is 17 May 2017 lower cities. complementarily, ‑satellite mobile its Russian total -15 The WRC not each. developed states 24.25–29.5 of current to made

Правительство of be ­‑generation frequencies GHz bandwidth There This simultane range

and operators, to 5G allocated on security commu but release in in ­ a simi

range the band; users. devel using GHz of 5G. have L 138, Rus Rus and and are про use ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ . ‑

• • This The 694–790 MHz 63 work with 6.2. DTT 700 MHz multiplexes issue, networks, concernsa shortage of range to than the their the there the until previously phased bordering at also signal cable ever, extended cies

the harmonise И. Алпатова (mainly ing the the range development transmitters, Problems available along frequency multiplexes. Norway the the analogue or it is in the more disposal of 694–726 MHz 726–790 MHz systems. out should no online

Europe signal 5G transmitters end

range more, decision

their Russia Russia’s adopted certainty analogue DTT); intensively functioning , of ‘Без and decisions to of television TV

range

be with of right is they September 2019

will regional лишних

of television

the because

Finland used In July 2020 band mobile networks. remembered still

western timeline, 5G infrastructure. band – band – that would

transmission be access is regional to has by to

used

in цифр’ on built use in in in transmitters, analogue

networks. implement (see the just Russia not

Russia. the interfere for neighbouring for future broadcasters.

, border, to by As a result, this the Российская

using television a few channels map). transmission been television use the the 2,100 available In accordancewiththe frequencies. to that

State frequency is on Russian decide In the TV of State 700 MHz currently the taken. This no transmitters with transmitters because With more

3 June 2019.

this Commission Because газета channels e.g. the disturbance

700 MHz the increasingly transmitter signal Commission is western countries Should which the range the television multiplexes. , the

regions of 13 July 2020, range future reserved of band

current the Kaliningrad of and reason

that bands problems between the

located Under the of border

band terrestrial for to (assuming radio often in

5G networks

should the Russian signal

have stations reach fierce rg.ru. 9Ags 2021. 19 August for Radio why and occupancy Russia would The 700 MHz as two the navigation close choose areas Radio Russia not ­ agreed).

in with Oblast it is their be dispute laws, digital Frequencies television multiplexes

will be use: is much that joined to caused of so maintaining allocated to Frequencies in viewers the

and the not of Russia, completely the important switch television countries

However,

over and stronger frequen borders the 63 band band use the EU. 5G net to signal

How land this two had use the the the via for off is is ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

43 OSW REPORT 10/2020 44 OSW REPORT 10/2020 ‘Интерактивная Map. borders withcountriesof Source: Chernyshevskoye Zheleznodorozhny Mamonovo Kaliningrad Veselovka terrestrialtelevision Digital transmitterslocatedclosetoRussia’s

SWEDEN Interactive POLAND карта Krasnoznamensk Kalinino Sovetsk map NORWAY LITHUANIA ЦЭТВ’ of LATVIA digital ESTONIA ,

FINLAND карта.ртрс.рф. Yemilovo theEuropean Economic terrestrial BELARUS Nikolshchina (Lavry) Trutnevo Ruskeala Ostrov Slantsy Vyartsilya Vaulino (Pskov) Kingisepp Krasnogorodskoye Sebezh Vyborg Rayakoski Svetogorsk television Glubokoye Nikel Alakurtti Elisenvaara Zarechensk Zapolyarny Borisoglebsky St. Petersburg Kovdor Verkhnetulomsky Sortavala Puykkola Reboly Kostomuksha Kalevala FEDERATION Naystenyarvi Lendery Sofporog RUSSIAN transmitters

Pechenga

/ © Area Nikolshchina (Lavry): Nikel: 762MHz(I),674(II) Naystenyarvi: 722MHz(I),594(II) Mamonovo: 682MHz(I),586(II) 530MHz(I),562(II) Lendery: Krasnoznamensk: 602MHz(I),586(II) Krasnogorodskoye: 554MHz(I),578 (II) Kovdor: 474MHz(I),618(II) Kostomuksha: 482MHz(I),570(II) Kingisepp: 546MHz(I),562(II) Kalinino: 602MHz(I),586(II) Kaliningrad: 682MHz(I),586(II) Kalevala: 506MHz(I),602(II) Yemilovo: 554MHz(I),578(II) Glubokoye: 514MHz(I),594(II) Elisenvaara: 482MHz(I),674(II) Chernyshevskoye: 602MHz(I),586(II) Borisoglebsky: 762 506MHz(I),546(II) Alakurtti: Transmitters andfrequencies –aselection: Federation are marked withadottedline. Borders offrequency zones intheRussian multiplex isgiven inparentheses. and RadioBroadcasting Network(RTRN) The numberoftheRussianTelevision and theirfrequencies are marked inred. emitting asignalinthe694–790MHzband Digital terrestrial television transmitters Zheleznodorozhny: 682MHz(I),586(II) Zarechensk: 594MHz(I),530(II) Zapolyarny: 762MHz(I),674(II) Vyborg: 498MHz(I), Veselovka: 602MHz(I),586(II) Verkhnetulomsky: 490MHz(I),658(II) Vyartsilya: 722MHz(I),594(II) Vaulino (Pskov): Trutnevo: 498MHz(I),514(II) Svetogorsk: 498MHz(I), Sovetsk: 602MHz(I),586(II) 482MHz(I),674(II) Sortavala: Sofporog: 482MHz(I),514(II) Slantsy: 546MHz(I),562(II) Sebezh: 514MHz(I),594(II) Ruskeala: 482MHz(I),674(II) Reboly: 530MHz(I),562(II) Rayakoski: 474MHz(I), 666 MHz(II) Puykkola: 482MHz(I),674(II) Pechenga: 762MHz(I),674(II) St. Petersburg: 586MHz(I),666(II) Ostrov: 554MHz(I),578(II) with Economic Area with countriesoftheEuropean located closeto Russia’s borders Digital terrestrial television transmitters transmission 698 MHz(I), MHz(I),674(II) 722 MHz(II) 698 MHz(I), 722 MHz(II) frequencies: 754 MHz(II) 754 MHz(II) The Russian The conversion The current 65 64 694–790 MHz which would It should In the Until the 700 MHz range is reserved for the development of the Russian the of development the for reserved is range 700 MHz Until the 5G service in information in receiving the that that underway. Poland, will face difficulties. face Poland,will for 5G network and freed by its current users (especially DTT), the devel the DTT), (especially users current its by freed and 5G network have bly been ators and opment of 5G networks in neighbouring European countries, including countries, European neighbouring in 5G networks of opment cially casters expected cess craft, on

the what В. Савицкий А. Скрынникова передачи the news.ru the also initial Rosaviatsiya. converting is they yet able were since are draft document, cost they condition facing and purposes be form to . also to two being will to

along phase. своих unwilling allocated Most around ‘concept present the there have be is position use authorities , the be 10 MHz many band ‘Лакомые available need completed military. the of частот

, transport moved of noted the that prepared Е. Ефимович document of they The systems, is

The range radionavigation

RUB 1.5 billion Russian those

available a clear no difficulties, LTE development for frequencies the frequencies to of the под 5G’ bands) радиочастоты declare that plan

swiftly to the on the are The current frequencies

process installations before 2028. routes, higher , which and position , terrestrial development in РБК will broadcasters in to

С. Соболев would for 5G and tenders

that , develop The Ministry no installed free which 10 September 2020.

be is from because is frequencies the though. frequencies hurry (around не costly, and adopted. they financed them (while be on , раньше users 791–862 MHz in А. Балашова

65 television the organised

(see are has landing useful the this. would question at to of on for of and

For 720–790 MHz owned been 130 airfields of US$ 25 million). maintaining

5G network Chart 4). unblock 08 г.’ 2028

radio resistance of the by They 5G infrastructure.

those their would will in

(960 MHz). be Digital systems, mobile , seen

stations 700 MHz ‘ТВ in 2012, , ensuring

and by to willing ComNews, have take range part, - frequencies вещатели the be broadcast the However, by television Development operators. from released, and outside a long previously control

700 MHz range on the the Ministry to all (two to range 2016, May 30 the However, lower the onboard The broadcasters four mobile назвали make Russian television 7.5 MHz time – (each availability other they n D signal. HD an large will of in or is mobile frequencies For

band, of part 2020–2025’ most expressed suggested условия when operators estimates presuma have

operator 1,300 air cities Defence hand, media. www.com it now, the bands) broad of is of it) oper espe

pro and not not the для no of in is 64 ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

45 OSW REPORT 10/2020 46 OSW REPORT 10/2020 • • • The 4.4–4.5 GHz The 4.4–4.99 GHz bandismuchlessoccupied, especially inlarge citiesinRussia. arealmostfullyThe 3.4–3.8 GHz occupiedinRussia. frequencies They areused 67 66 6.3. Defence mainly for 4G/LTE network have lite ­www.4gconnect.ru. Chart 4. on Source: Rostelecom

791 ской И. Королев и 3500–3550 МГц» ными Комиссия CNews, project obtaining Access, radio radiolocation transmitting access around satellite controlled ellite Limitations communication 7.5 MHz not

‘Какие Федерации, by средствами frequencies for other purposes MegaFon Frequencybandsinthe800 MHzrange allocatedtomobileoperators

and

and been Communications 15 April 2019, communication, (FWA), radio по WiMAX. 1,000

7.5 MHz , signal Stolitsa. controls ‘Российские частоты 4G the Радиочастотам access pressuring by federal Federal , communication stations two решение and Кодекс systems: on фиксированного MegaFon FWA control Wireless 7.5 MHz www.cnews.ru. to Until infrastructure, access mobile 4.8–4.99 GHz у российских the 5G stations ,

www.cntd.ru. television MTS Protective от в опасности: the including при owns 11 March 2021,

7.5 MHz 3.4–3.8 GHz (3.4–3.45 GHz 10 марта 2011 года including Company); military Local to operators: authorities Министерстве via the the 821 беспроводного the Neosprint systems, операторов channels Loop Freshtel Service 600 Власти 3.4–3.8 GHz 11 MHz bands most air

Beeline base frequencies. satellite Rostelecom on to

defence systems, frequencies информационных and the group выделили N 11 of

832 resolve microwave are land stations (FSO). (3.45–3.8 GHz); доступа —

Neosprint - 7.5 MHz which FWA 11 Полный - and used

05 transponders and band «Об использовании systems

its the им Specifically, Fixed stations полос

and belong companies: 7.5 MHz providing 400 onboard Spb by Rostelecom

самые used обзор’ matter transmission in companies. радиочастот the MegaFon. технологий Broadband Russia , 3238 GHz) (3.2–3.8 маргинальные 66 by will 4G connect, to 7.5 MHz stations and Progress, the including the

that fixed continue Государственная

have aircraft; 67 радиоэлектрон и связи Russian Ministry 3400–3450 МГц 7.5 MHz includes: and

Orion, of Wireless 7 May 2018, wireless focused

частоты’ micro Россий 862 those to satel with

Inter MHz Sat be of

‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ,

(space 70 69 68 works work. were wave Reports thatthesecurityagencies were the3.4–3.8 GHz unwilling range tofree Before 5G network. 5G network leadingtomuchhigherpricessince global 5G operating onhigherfrequencies, its its ible industry the technology tially implementing5GinRussia usingthe4.4–4.99 GHz band.Representatives transferring transmitters and preparations(orderedbytesting the3.4–3.8 GHz the ministry) frequencies pended. lion, by basic be announced also strated theusefulnessof state sia, out of emerged companies

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those used В. Кодачигов Ястребова С. для 5G’ www.vedomosti.ru. request, the objections band. that including with been i.e. around underway was transmission band, example, In 2018 to on the Ministry for Russia The security , institutions earth). only 70 Ведомости experts the those prepared raised end from companies that the operating 5G tests with Deputy outside the , План 3.4–3.8 GHz

, mobile Е. Кинякина those in in ‘Государство of 2018, could 5G network. frequencies. In December 2018, to a 190 MHz

US$ 300 million. band of the its because late 2018.

the Мероприятий who , move 14 May 2020,

links, to Digital prepared opinion Prime large using sector, face 4.4–4.99 GHz were operators forces on finance to have argued all , the3.4–3.8 GHz bands. The sameexperts alsopointed the ‘Совет and mobile the band a deficit оплатит NATO’s cities plans those not In March 2019, Minister band Development. been assumed have

current on 4.8–4.99 GHz The likelihood …, www.vedomosti.ru. the by безопасности the

that and convinced op. cit.

estimated so for the the operators in расчистку 69 frequencies 4.5–4.8 GHz focusing stepped air of that the freeing in mass­ the the the draft

Ministry Akimov technologies users force that an auxiliary State they 4.8–4.99 GHz development tests ‑produced

снова up 5G development 3.4–3.8 GHz According the by частот their frequencies of the to radiolocation would Commission do of

efforts in 2019 band radio the already other in for cost отказался

not Ministry interference research л 5G’ для Russian arguments Digital and be disturb of by role. frequencies equipment frequencies to

range of even premature. the to satellite carried devices , would отдавать promote in

Ведомости the 68 the of for Development on process systems cities

the The operators announced the

was concept Defence 5G network Radio developing Defence with raised be border compatible операторам out operation ground will have free the for , or the Moreover, 0 aur 2019, January 30 at Frequencies actively the had move

be the idea presented RUB 15 bil by expressed network’s and areas been Ministry, stations that Russian compat and demon mobile 5G net in 5G net частоты of of could were their with Rus

sus

has use the the the ini at ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

47 OSW REPORT 10/2020 48 OSW REPORT 10/2020 72 71 vene willing which offers anotherargumentfor themtoberepurposed.Bothcompaniesare Ministry’s Using In all Defence. In April 2019 no ment requests resolved tion frequencies lobbying by and are apparatus. of economy ever, of opment com develop operators

See

the the «Ситуация 5G implementation, official 2019, С. Ястребова www.vedomosti.ru. part security to and with despite by probability,

frequencies the impasse security

www.vedomosti.ru. the to

5G infrastructure of by of Yury to In the MegaFon for interview and do Rostelecom negative

decisions regard

Moreover, technologies problem. the release the in на , so

the complex, his Deputy ‘Путин Borisov, 5G implementation,

cities. космодроме apparatus. and Security defence and, summer 3.4–3.8 GHz previous with to the from

have the that opinion не

to in the

In 2021, However, Prime the Deputy отдает Russian and the band who 71 this the

and the the

Council not

and of 2019, negative and «Восточный»

available By using deputy declarations MegaFon autumn

effect 3.4–3.8 GHz on security операторам

in Prime been security

in Minister

doing

devices frequencies. in their releasing September 2019 state­ the the

of May 2020 those the Minister have able

prime position

the largest process so, bandwidth licences Putin of 2018, ‑owned force

for Security complex. нас for

популярные

Akimov he Russian to frequencies. been band about

the FWA не the Yury minister effectively obtain decided would cities

Most устраивает»’ would once

of they 3.4–3.8 GHz for

taken companies 5G standard currently

Borisov:

services Council

the the Federation, asked would This

announced частоты those

permission in of again even partially not responsible that high to Ministry

Russia. them, However, sided transpires

‘Вице date. President

, not be frequencies created

reaffirmed Ведомости для 5G’ could rejected allocated the priority involved band on -

be премьер with are free

for which a possible dispute a large from , sufficient. of

be Ведомости for also example for a consortium the for

the from

, Defence. Putin the a partial Spebr 2019, September 1 of

to the is Юрий in now

the the

the 3.4–3.6 GHz involved Ministry will

scale dominated the

the should operators’

the purposes the , security Defence way to defence

Rostele 14 August Борисов: mobile Rostec, expire, digital

72 devel inter state How solu

and out

be in of to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

The actions whether For Firstly, Kremlin Russia, III. PROSPECTS OF RUSSIA’SOF III. PROSPECTS DIGITALTRANSFORMATION rity implementation mentation transformation to try private panies president’s process formation links totherulingelite, andareawarded notthroughtenders, butratherby the logical formation been causing delays and diminishing the efficiency of the digital trans digital the of efficiency the diminishing and delays causing been and at are and are beingawarded toselectedstate­ abuse anisms states sian security current opment of especiallyonline freedoms, thefreedom of

all. ensure Russian­ partners

the not subcontract profits, apparatus, AND CONCLUSIONS AND digital As a result, (by and in development

the contradictory interests of the various actors involved haveinvolved actors various the of interests contradictory the companies technology for and adequately and early and the issues. is question boosting Russia’s ‑made is . the is genuinely the or sector The Russian are the taken especially modernisation, digital in primarily stage often the siphoning its distribution and whose

not emerging The Kremlin the of technologies

the prime from security. implementation. so are it the

associated delayed,

remunerated, transformation firms the interested work. the in is far efficiency willing usually autonomy a way main already Russia to digital development interference government’s minister’s to

and off new develop The experience

As a result, implement of have and concern

to

of

has is to mobile with unable

and in sector clear transformation public gain

to public of the finance investing of gained taken and ‑owned companiesmanaged by people with

the devices). tighten

the

can decision. the However, the that access costs from of of is to operators, funds in priority G mobile 5G funds

accomplish the funds

Russian Russian economic the security the

deliver various a large considerable many

the so speech. third are control in to “Digital digital economy,

However, far offer Moreover, undertaking spent the several public to increasing. is have

cases proportion on shows internet countries, ruling measures private who rather to digital efficiency network, opportunities of As a consequence, thesecu economy. the its is Economy” keep

become funds.

the issues do which care

very influence the ambitious that contracts elite, the than economy or not pockets. public control objective

In such especially about and the to of low, promoting The opaque raise

state­ indicate they and receive the

subordinated economic public protect

subcontractors programme involve project by on on digital for ‑owned of objectives. the competition doubt see Even in conditions, restricting

the the of their contracts

financial payment Russia. speed Western as that the

the techno digital

whole indus at imple mech a way about devel trans com own Rus use the the

in of to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

49 OSW REPORT 10/2020 50 OSW REPORT 10/2020 The “Digital which Federation, For thelastseveral years, though,theRussian leadershiphasviewed thedigital Russian eliteseeks tomonopolisetheICTsectoraswell. Untilrecently, itdevel RUB 73.3 billion Russia. its manifested mission. ingly internet ity of implementation the tors. public public principal has Secondly, Several and and are a new an important and state sector efficiency of the digital transformation digital the of efficiency digital of of operator. companies oped

implementation the capital software due tightened inflated also private As a result, regulations, thecentralisationandnon­ in positive system driver mainly funds funding, as funds economy According Russia to factors and because In relation aims The state an area Russia’s current economic model considerably diminishes the diminishes considerably model economic Russia’scurrent in ongoing (Rostec, itself including Economy” businesses its because market the the of allocated for role. about control reflect in of

have costs. economic (this

on most (including cannot range

process, a largely of the in the of to All disputes the among takeover

the

to politically the Rosatom) and ­ a quasi preliminary contributed is feuds of people digital governance of It has this internet the of other national to the

plans such alike establishment’s begin it, e‑commerce

mobile although the growth competitive means development all as value involving disputes about ‑military also in transformation, of systemic hand, evidenced are the

to programme in

there. Russia motivated, the exchange programme create discouraged of many coverage that thirteen to wary estimates in of the

digital

it is contracts within

the Russia.

the online The government now had related have confrontation. very it problems setting

a ‘sovereign’ areas. about by of may preference programme’s security points been sector have selective

national was have the the concept been the ‑transparency of . of reported communications that be Following

to private signed). involving

The slow taking the strong 5G network,

systematically access government), intended difficult been the as developing and has is apparatus. Ministry instability programmes anti­ of internet, of to funds’ diminished cross­ business decisions Consequently, one

used, position to

difficulties. the

make a single has ‑corruption the spending established affordable

to that of development ‑border ‘toxicity’. achieve also four this corresponding

dynamically. of decision­ the the i.e. a centralised

which and expanding, this

in of from Finance, infrastructure and tendency been mobile digital slowest its underway

state­ the of

the would The delays broadband data one efficiency

measures logic, mean spending investing available the ‑making, Officials Russian ambigu increas ‑owned sector of of opera trans 73.8% rates state play

and has the the the the in to ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑

‑made 74 73 Thirdly, Moreover, In any impossible for thenetwork tobecomeoperationalby 2024. in market reluctant the the primarily private IT companies aretaken over by state­ programme, plans, financial position within the structure of powerposition within the in structure Russiaof high be becomes by o te usa dgtl transformation digital Russian the for agility. safe sis siderably sup­ sia. dynamism, andthebureaucracycentralisedmanagement deprive themof of ends out of ously quencies, opment.

the that, the Е. Кинякина Ю. Степанова very then www.vedomosti.ru. www.kommersant.ru. in pliers – 3G radio The current that projects funding up been Russia technologies. disputes power the and case, Consequently,

in the difficult in

President a rivalry continues between the various state institutions for institutions state various the between continues a rivalry the The Ministry directly support frequencies not to in delay the shortage of Russian technologies will be a serious barrier a serious be will technologies Russian of shortage the the a select implementation 4G infrastructure, unwilling especially government become the order requirement caused including for , from , games only Ю. Тишина ‘Пятое future over the tough Russian which and involved for due Medvedev group to the Given implementation поколение among access by involved demonstrate costly. to the more in

issue, of to stance state of , 5G development, the finance ‘По allow the

plans state of

state electronic development Defence to the in 5G

creative to companies COVID-19 the

of budget. way приняли In May 2020, will use the and связи of which scale in radio security the

institutions to the

Russian could the process. riskier only largely halve Apple

without unblocking has its без of digital IT specialists frequencies нестандартное hardware – Ministry A change were of strong

денег pandemic Russia’s Russian­ easily resisted concerns associated of

the the or projects security depend in

Russian

released compromising Russian economy будет Google prefer . funding ‑owned companies, they losetheir 5G network connection position. be According of ‑made of of current

calls raised

отсталым’ решение’

and Defence and for achieving their frequencies on that apparatus are with to . technologies have

only mobile

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51 OSW REPORT 10/2020 52 OSW REPORT 10/2020 As using The government willprobably beabletoforce companiestolocatesome foreign The Kremlin’s This describedaboveThe limiting factors have hada particularly negative impacton with with therequirementsimposedby the Russia. Finally, monitor mentation. in the the tors the trend from under state contracts turn out to mainly generate burdens on those com those on burdens generate mainly to out turn contracts state under panies and the public the and panies be another additional a single a single security schedule sian systems digital of ences devise ciency. of

2016–2017 their business more development state government in companies is Ericsson, studies, or that adequate the transformation Russia The Stolypin The security

many of the technological solutions implemented by companies by implemented solutions technological the of many manufacturing RUB 200 billion. infrastructure supplier important such to the of is foreign and reason could

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efforts cost

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53 OSW REPORT 10/2020 54 OSW REPORT 10/2020 APPENDICES Appendix 1. операторов Except *** Bandwidth ** Frequencies * among operators Source: 4. 13. 12. 11. 10. 1. 9. 6. 8. 5. 3. 7. 2. 15 MHz an agreement

Yota (MegaFon) ‘Частотные Tele2 MTS*** MegaFon** MTS** MTS* MTS MegaFon* MegaFon Beeline** Rostelecom/Tele2** Rostelecom/Tele2 Beeline Operator Moscow, band — Полный MHz) (7.5 allocated to

with The LTE network Russia – division in of frequencies be the диапазоны used

another Moscow обзор’ for differs in use the , 4G connect,

operator Oblast LTE solely RAN from 453–457.4 /463–467.4 854.5–862 /813.5–821 847–854.5 /806–813.5 839.5–847 /798.5–806 832–839.5 /791–798.5 (uplink / downlink) / (uplink 2595–2620 2560–2570 /2680–2690 2550–2560 /2670–2680 2595–2615 2540–2550 /2660–2670 2575–2595 2530–2540 /2650–2660 2500–2530 /2620–2650 Frequencies in MHz in Frequencies в России’ Sharing in and the

controlling Moscow the 7 May 2018, standard , Republic technology. www.anisimoff.org; and the MHz. 15 the www.4gconnect.ru. of

adjacent Moscow Crimea operator The

band annexed Oblast. TDD TDD TDD Technology FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD ‘Какие

to

combine by частоты 4G may Russia. use

the MHz 5

bands Band 7 Band 7 Band 31 Band 38 Band 20 Band 20 Band 20 Band 20 Band 7 Band 7 Band 38 Band 7 Band 38 Band у российских

or

into make

one

(in selected cities*) Appendix 2. 4. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 1. 9. 6. 8. 5. 3. 7. 2. Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Yota (MegaFon) Operator Suppliers of devices for LTE network the Russia in Vladivostok Vladimir Tula Moscow Lipetsk Krasnoyarsk Khabarovsk Kostroma Kazan Krasnodar Novosibirsk Orenburg Ufa Samara Sochi City Frequencies 1.8 GHz 1.8 GHz 800 MHz 800 MHz; 800 MHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz

Device manufacturer Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Huawei Year of Yearof 绾 绾 繾 繝 绾 绾 绾 绾 绾 绾 绾 绾 绾 绾 绾 network launch

55 OSW REPORT 10/2020 56 OSW REPORT 10/2020 Information * ­www.4gconnect.ru. Source: 19. 18. 17. 16. 21. � 25. 24. 23. 22. do not MegaFon MTS MTS MTS MTS MTS MTS MTS MTS MTS

Operator ‘ Какие reveal only частоты 4G the device about cities supplier. (Komi Republic) Vorkuta, Vladivostok Tver Moscow Makhachkala Ryazan Ekaterinburg Belgorod Ukhta andothers Ufa Syktyvkar, St. Petersburg City у российских where

the

device операторов

manufacturer Frequencies 1.8 GHz 1.8 GHz; 1.8 GHz; 1.8 GHz 1.8 GHz; 1.8 GHz 800 MHz 800 MHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz; 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 2.6 GHz; —

Полный is known. (NSN) Device manufacturer Ericsson Huawei Networks Nokia Siemens Huawei NSN NSN Ericsson Samsung Samsung Samsung обзор’ In most , 4G connect, cases the Year of Yearof 繼 繼 绾 繼 繼 繼 繼 繼 繼 繼 network launch 7 May 2018, operators