DOCSLIB.ORG

Minerals of Rockbridge County, Virginia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Minerals of Rockbridge County, Virginia VOL. 40 FEBRUARYJMAY 1994 NO. 1 &2 MINERALS OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA D. Allen Penick, Jr. INTRODUCTION RockbridgeCountyhas agreatdiversityofrocksandminerals.Rocks withinthecountyrangeingeologic agehmPmxnbrianthroughDevonian (01desttoyoungest)covexingatimespanofatleast 1OOOmilIion years. The county liesmostlywithintheVdeyandRiagePhysi~hich~~ 1). Thisprovinceis underlainbysedimentaryrochcomposedof dolostone, limestone, sandstone, andshale. TheexlMlceastempartofRockbridge County is withintheBlueRidge PhysiowhicPro. This areaisrepre sentedbyallthreemajorrocktypes: sedirnentary,igneous, andmetarnorphic. Theseinclu&Qlostone,qdta,inta~s~neandshale,granite, pmdiorite, andunakite. Ingeneral, theol&strocksarefoundin theeastem portion with youngerrocks outcropping in the westernpart of thecounty o%w2). Mininghasplaydan~tpaainthehistoryofRockbridgeCounty. Indians probably were thefirstco1lectorsof localqu~andquartzitefrom which they shapedprojectilepoints. Important deposits of ironore were mined in the 1800s near the towns of Buena Vista, Goshen, Vesuvius, and in Amoldvalley. Other early minesin thecounty -&manganese, waver- tine-marl, tin, niter (saltpeter), lithographiclimestone, silicasand, andcave orryx Thecounty has been prospected for barite, gibbsite (alumina), gold, silver, limonik(ocher),beryl, Ghalerite (zinc), andilmeniteandmtile(tita- nium), but no production has beenreported for t.Quarriesare still producing dolostone.lirnestone, andquartzitefor constructionaggregate andshale forbrickmanufacture. This report describes 102mineralsandnativeelements which havebeen reported from the county. Rockbridgecounty is one of the more prolific Figure 1. LocationmapofRockbridgeCounty, Virginia. mineralcollectingareas in Virginia. A large percentageof the mineralsare concentratedin threeareas: in the tin deposits near the headwatersofIrish they areassociatedwithmanyofthemineralsfoundthecounty. -is Creek; thevesuvius iron-manganesedistrict; andin thehneJackquarry ametamorphicrockfoundinscatteredoutcropsalong Big MarysCreek, near Glasgow. InadditionBxger'slimestonequqoutsideLexingtonhas LittleMarys Creek, andIrish Creek. It is composed mainly of pink to red producedexcellentpyritecrystalsandothernotewyminerals. Unusual feldspar, green epidote,and gayquartz along with other mine& in minor qwtzcrystals havebeen foundnear Collierstown, HouseMountain,&Hog amounts. Unakiteisanathactiverockwhenpolishedandisusedf~~omamen- ~ack~ountain.~rareminerd,rockbrid~eite, was first foundin andnamed taldemrativepurposes. ~mberliteisa~kigneousintrusiverockfoundin for Rockbridge County. It wasrecognizedasadistinctmineral species in twoseparatebodiesnearMt.HorebChurchin thesouthwestem partof the sampleshmtheMidvaleironminesouthofVesuvius. county. Kimberliteisconsideredthechief sourcerock Inadditionto l02mine1alspecies, threerelativelyrarerock&xsalso wide. Nodiamondshavebeenfoundto- howevera shouldbernentioned.These~~~hwillbediscussd~uentlyinthereportas mineralsare found inthesedeposits. Thesemerocktypes were VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Vol. 40 MINERAL SPECIES AND ELEMENTS ACTINOLITE - AMPHIBOLE GROUP (hydrouscalcium, magnesium, iron silicate). Actinoliteisawmmon~inmetamarphic~~~ksrichinh andmagnesium. It is foundas fibrous massesreplacingpyroxene group mineralsinthem~rposedgranodioritemundtheIrishCreektindeposit (Glass andothers, 1958). AlKMTE(lead,copper,bismuthsulfide). Thisrarebiimuthrnind~s &theIrishCreektindepositasblackishgray acicularcrystalsassociatedwith carbonateminerals (Glassandothers. 1958). Thecrystals haveametallic luster and yellow tarnish. ANATASE (titanium oxide). Microscopiccrystals of anatase havebeen foundinstylolite-lieclay seamscutting quartziteinHellgatecanyon two miles southwestof theJamesRiveratGlasgow(L 1966). manufacture. EXPLANATION MILLION YEARS AGO DEVONIAN SILURIAN 425 365 [7 ORDOVICIAN 500 425 CAMBRIAN 570 500 I:=:( PRE CAMBRIAN 1000+ THRUST FAULT Figure2 General gmlogicmapofRockbridgeCounty,Virginia(modified EXPLANATION a€terButts. 1933). 0 descriiby Spencer(l968). Greiseqis analteredgraniticmckwmposed Caved* shaft mainly ofquarizand mica Topaz,usually foundingreisen,isnot~fmm Aplits Portal X thislocality. Cassitaite,thechieforeoftin,isfoundalongtheborderbetween 0 Pl t thegreisenandthegranodioritecountryrockatthedepositnearhhCreek Grsnodvorlte lrzch 'Ihesemines,alsololownastheCashmines,consistofthenumber 1workings on Panther Run and the number2 workings locatedon theridgeabout 1200 feettothesouthwest(Figure3). 0 Feet Most of the localitiesdescribedin this report havebeen fieldchecked. 'Ihmnotcheckedhavebeenreclaimedortherewasnotenoughinfmation available to locate the site in the field. It is very important that a . collector obtain the permission of the property owner before entering a locality to collect minerals. "Entering private osch property without permission violates trespass laws and is punishable by law". Forthesakeof conveniencethemineralsinthisreport arelistedalphabetically. The author would like to express his appreciation tothefollowingper- iron, magnesium, carbon- sonsfortheirassistanceinpreparingthisreport RichzndV.Diebrich, Howard aggregates with fluorite, R. Freeland,?homas M. Cahight,II, Wfiam F. Gi- lassandothers, 1958).It Jr.,VernonN. Morris,andRoy S. Sites. No. 1 & 2 VIRGINIA MINERALS ARAGOm-ARAGONITEGROUP(calciumcarbomte). Arago- beryl prisms are bent and many are fractured. The fractures are filled with nitecanbefoundin~lyallcavesinVir~Nospecificlocalitiesaregiven. flouriteandquartz. Theyellowberylmaybeassociatedwithphenakite(G1ass Thereareapproximately91 caves inRockbridgeCounty (Douglas. 1%4). andothers, 1958).To the writer'sknowledgeno gemqualityberylhasbeen fdfmmthislocality. @ ARSENOPYRlTE(anmicsulfide). Arsenopyriteoccursinsilvery whiteto During WorldWar II, theBethlehemSteel Corporation wnductedan grayishveinstwo or moreinches across in quartzandgreisenat theIrish investigationfor beryl andtininthis area. Creektindeposit. Itisoftenfoundwithcassiteriteinthegreisen.Themineral hasame~clwterandisthem~~tab~tsu&thesiMuchofthe BIOTITE - MICA GROUP (potassium, magnesium, iron, silicate). Green arsenapyriteisgoldbearing (seegold). biotiteisfairly abundantinthecounhyrockattheTrishOektinminesinthe east-west tunnel of thenumber 1workings. Itisassociatedwiththegreisen AUGITE-PYROXENEGROUP(calcium,sodium,magnesium,iron, alu- andmay repmentalterationofbrownbioti~ minum.silicate). Augiteisthe~pyroxeneMinthe~Orite (Glassandothas,1958). country rocknear theIrishCreektin mines whereit occurs as lath-shaped crystals(Glass andothers, 1958). BIRNESSITE (sodium, manganese, oxide). Birnessiteoccurswithother blackmanganeseoxideminerals collectedhm thedumpsof theKelly Bank BARllX - BARZTEGROUP(bariumsulfate). AtthehneJack quany near minenearVeswius(MitchellandFreelan4 1978). Glasgow, twofmsofbaritecrystalsarefound:thin tabularcolorlesstobluish andthicktabularwhite,aeam,oryellowish(Figure4). Associatedrninerals BISMUmE (bismuth carbonate). At theIrishCreektinmines this rare, arecalcite,&lmite,andmite@ietrich, 1985). white,submetdicmbomtemineralwasfoundina6-inchwidequartzvein Smallcleartabularbaritecrystals occur incavities in limestone with thatcutsthegreisen. Thelocationisapproximately 15 feetwestoftheaditat calcite and quartz crystals at Barger's Quarry near Lexington. A barite thenumber1workings(samplebyW.F.~,X-ray identificationby0.M. crystal from the quarry can be seen in the Washington and Lee University -1. geologycolktion(Penick, 1987). TheJohnsonbariteprospectislocated0.75 milenorthof theBotetourt- CACOXENITE (hydrous iron phosphate). Cacoxenite occurs as golden Rockbridgecountyline,andO.25milewestofU.S.Highway 11. Fragments yellow fibers in cavities inrockbridgeiteat theDixie minenear Vesuvius. of white and dark gray barite were uncovered while repairing alocalfarm Associated minerals are stnmgiteandkidwellite.It also formsradiig bursts road(Edmundson, 1938). andresinousglobules in ironore at theDixie mine (BarwoodandZelazny. TheBecktelprospectisrepoaedtobelocatedapproximately4miles 19w southof Lexingtonand0.5 mile westof U.S. Highway 11, (exactlocation AttheKellyBankmine,onemileeastof\resuviw, mxeniteoccursas unknown). Theprospectconsistsof smallbarite fragmentsassociatedwith golden yellow fibers inmanganianoxideore(PaulDesautels,personalcom- chat probably fromtheBedmantownFormation(Edmundson, 1938). munication, 1%2). This mine has beenreclaimed. The mineral is also found TheShorterprospectislocated0.5milenorthwestofRappsMillinthe withrockbridgeite 1Omileseastof Lexingtonnearthecrestof SouthMountain southwestempartofthecounty. Theprospectconsistsofafew shallow test nearMidvale(Koening, 1877). Thisoccurrence wasprobablyattheMidvale pitsandscatteredfragments~Wte(Edmundson,1938). mine Awhitebaritevein 18incheswidecuttinggraniteisreportedeastofthe naturecamponBigMarysCreek,3mi1essouthoNesuviw. Specificgravity CALCITE -CALCITE GROUP (calcium carbonate). Calcite isawide- testsrunonasampleindicaksthattheveinispurebdte(Steidtmann, 1940). spread mineralin the limestone formations of Rockbridge County. Most This occurrencehas notbeen locatedbythe writer. calciteoccurs as white masses andveins that cut thepre-existing carbonate rocks. Twooperating quarries in thecounty have roducedexcellentex- amplesof calcitecrystals. 4 AttheLoneJackquarry bluish, or yellowish,vitreous, withobtuserhombohedral terminations; (b) colorlessto wh&to yellowish, translucent and substransparent, scalenohedralcrystals(dog-tooth spar)5- 300mmlong (Figures); (c) white,pearly,fibrousmasses;(d) oolorless,vitre- ous, transparent,p&maticcrystals
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acquisition and Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data for Morenosite-Retgersite Equilibria at 0.1 Mpa
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2003 Acquisition and Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data for Morenosite-Retgersite Equilibria at 0.1 MPa I-Ming Chou 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A., [email protected] Robert R. Seal II 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Chou, I-Ming and Seal II, Robert R., "Acquisition and Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data for Morenosite- Retgersite Equilibria at 0.1 MPa" (2003). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 328. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/328 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. American Mineralogist, Volume 88, pages 1943–1948, 2003 Acquisition and evaluation of thermodynamic data for morenosite-retgersite equilibria at 0.1 MPa I-MING CHOU* AND ROBERT R. SEAL II 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Metal-sulfate salts in mine drainage environments commonly occur as solid solutions containing Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Al, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, and other elements. Thermodynamic data for some of the end- member salts containing Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg have been collected and evaluated previously, and the present study extends to the system containing Ni.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Celadonite and Glauconite
    Studies of Celadonite and Glauconite GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 614-F Studies of Celadonite and Glauconite By MARGARET D. FOSTER SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 614-F A study of the compositional relations between celadonites and glauconites and an interpretation of the composition of glauconites UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1969 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HIGKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S- Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 40 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract.-_ ____-____-_--__-_-___--______-__-_______ Fl Interpretation of glauconite coniposition___-___________ F13 Introduction.______________________________________ 1 Relation between trivalent iron and octahedral aluminurn____________________________________ 13 Selection of analyses and calculation of atomic ratios___ 2 The Fe+3 :Fe+2 ratio_______________________ 13 Relation between the composition of celadonites and Relation between iron and potassium____________ 14 glauconites_ _ ___________________________________ 3 Fixation of potassium___________________________ 14 High potassium celadonites and glauconites-_______ 7 Deficiency in potassium content-_________________ 14 Relation between glauconite composition and geo­ Low potassium celadonites and glauconites_________ logic age_____________________________________ 15 Relation between Si, R+2 (VI), Al(VI), and R+3 (VI)_
    [Show full text]
  • Taaffeite, a New Beryllium Mineral, Found As a Cut Gem- Stone.I
    765 Taaffeite, a new beryllium mineral, found as a cut gem- stone.I By B. W. ANDERSON,B.Sc., F.C.S., C. J. PAYNE, B.Sc. Laboratory of the Diamond, Pearl, and Precious Stone Trade Section of the London Chamber of Commerce. and G. F. CLARINGBULL,B.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. With microchemical analysis by M. H. HEY, M.A., D.Sc. Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. [Read June 7, 1951.] ------ N October 1945 Count Taaffe,2 a brilliant if unorthodox Dublin I gemmologist, in the course of examining a motley collection of gem- stones, came across a small mauve stone which puzzled him greatly. The stone had the appearance, and most of the characters, of spinel, but afforded clear evidence of double refraction. As recounted below, this stone was later found to belong to an entirely new mineral species-the only c~se hitherto known where a mineral has been first encountered as a faceted gem. Since the precise circumstances of such a discovery have both human and technical interest, it seemed best to obtain from Count Taaffe his own account of the event. This is accordingly given below before pro- ceeding to the more formal presentation of the data on the new mineral, which has been named taaffeite in honour of its discoverer. On one of my rounds in search of gems I came to Mr. Robert Dobbie, watchmaker and working jeweller in Fleet Street, Dublin; he allowed me in his genial way to go through all his boxes in which he kept stones, to pick out any that were real-most of them were glass-and to make him an offer for them.
    [Show full text]
  • Duration of Hydrothermal Activity at Steamboat Springs, Nevada, from Ages of Spatially Associated Volcanic Rocks
    Duration of Hydrothermal Activity at Steamboat Springs, Nevada, From Ages of Spatially Associated Volcanic Rocks GEOLOGIC AiL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 458-D Duration of Hydrothermal Activity at Steamboat Springs, Nevada, From Ages of Spatially Associated Volcanic Rocks By M. L. SILBERMAN, D. E. WHITE, T. E. C. KEITH, and R. D. DOCKTER GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE STEAMBOAT SPRINGS AREA, NEVADA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 458-D UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1979 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Duration of hydrothermal activity at Steamboat Springs, Nevada, from ages of spatially associated volcanic rocks. (Geology and geochemistry of the Steamboat Springs area, Nevada) (United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 45 8-D) Bibliography: p. D13-D14. 1. Geothermal resources-Nevada-Steamboat Springs. 2. Geology- Nevada Steamboat Springs. 3. Potassium-argon dating. I. Silberman, Miles L. II. Series. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 45 8-D. QE75.P9no. 458-D [GB1199.7.N3] 557.3'08s [553] 79-16870 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-03215-5 CONTENTS Page Abstract __________ _______.._____________ Dl Potassium-argon ages Continued Introduction ______________________________________________ 1 Rhyolite domes______________________
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Data for High-Temperature Decomposition of Natural Celadonite from Banded Iron Formation
    Chin. J. Geochem. (2015) 34(4):507–514 DOI 10.1007/s11631-015-0066-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Experimental data for high-temperature decomposition of natural celadonite from banded iron formation 1 1 1 K. A. Savko • S. M. Piliugin • N. S. Bazikov Received: 5 March 2015 / Revised: 1 May 2015 / Accepted: 6 July 2015 / Published online: 17 July 2015 Ó Science Press, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract Three experiments were set up to evaluate (KMA), Russia. Subalkaline BIF contains widespread conditions for the high-temperature decomposition of riebeckite, aegirine, celadonite, tetraferribiotite, and Al- celadonite from a banded iron formation in an alumina-free free chlorite instead of grunerite, stilpnomelane, minneso- system and identify its decomposition products. It was taite, and greenalite, which are the usual minerals in BIF estimated that at 650 and 750 °C, with a NiNiO buffer and elsewhere. At the KMA iron deposits, BIF with alkali pressure of 3 kbar, celadonite completely decomposes and amphibole were metamorphosed at 370–520 °C and 2–3 the decomposition products were tetraferribiotite, mag- kbar (Savko and Poskryakova 2003). netite and quartz. Under more oxidizing conditions (he- In the KMA, BIF green mica, which is responsible in matite-magnetite buffer instead of NiNiO), ferrous composition to the celadonite with the formula KFe3?(Mg, 2? potassium feldspar sanidine forms instead of magnetite. Fe ) = [Si4O10](OH)2, is quite abundant (Savko and During the celadonite decomposition in oxidizing condi- Poskryakova 2003). Celadonite forms emerald-green scales tions more magnesian and aluminous tetraferribiotite, sizing from a few tenths to 1.5–2 mm, composing up to along with ferrous sanidine, are formed than at reducing 30 %–40 % modal.
    [Show full text]
  • Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter
    Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter USC Mineralogy Geol 215a (Anderson) Clay Minerals Clay minerals likely are the most utilized minerals … not just as the soils that grow plants for foods and garment, but a great range of applications, including oil absorbants, iron casting, animal feeds, pottery, china, pharmaceuticals, drilling fluids, waste water treatment, food preparation, paint, and … yes, cat litter! Bentonite workings, WY Clay Minerals There are three main groups of clay minerals: Kaolinite - also includes dickite and nacrite; formed by the decomposition of orthoclase feldspar (e.g. in granite); kaolin is the principal constituent in china clay. Illite - also includes glauconite (a green clay sand) and are the commonest clay minerals; formed by the decomposition of some micas and feldspars; predominant in marine clays and shales. Smectites or montmorillonites - also includes bentonite and vermiculite; formed by the alteration of mafic igneous rocks rich in Ca and Mg; weak linkage by cations (e.g. Na+, Ca++) results in high swelling/shrinking potential Clay Minerals are Phyllosilicates All have layers of Si tetrahedra SEM view of clay and layers of Al, Fe, Mg octahedra, similar to gibbsite or brucite Clay Minerals The kaolinite clays are 1:1 phyllosilicates The montmorillonite and illite clays are 2:1 phyllosilicates 1:1 and 2:1 Clay Minerals Marine Clays Clays mostly form on land but are often transported to the oceans, covering vast regions. Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)2 Kaolinite clays have long been used in the ceramic industry, especially in fine porcelains, because they can be easily molded, have a fine texture, and are white when fired.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Iron-Bearing Minerals from Gibbsitic Bauxite by Direct Froth Flotation
    a Original Article http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/2176-1523.0924 REMOVAL OF IRON-BEARING MINERALS FROM GIBBSITIC BAUXITE BY DIRECT FROTH FLOTATION Felipe de Melo Barbosa 1 Maurício Guimarães Bergerman 2 Daniela Gomes Horta 3 Abstract The refractory bauxite needs to present less than 2.5% of Fe2O3 to be applied in the ceramics industry. The depletion of high Al2O3 grade deposits has stimulated the improvement of bauxite concentration methods in order to remove iron-bearing minerals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of collector dosage, pH and milling time on the gibbsite flotation performance. Firstly, the sample mineralogical composition was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and binocular loupe analysis. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was used to determine the sample chemical composition. Flotation was then accomplished by using hydroxamate as gibbsite collector, sodium silicate as silicate depressant and starch as iron-bearing minerals depressant. The bauxite Fe2O3 content was reduced from 7.66% to 4.81-5.03%. In addition, the flotation performance decreased by diminishing the pH from 9.5 to 8.5 or increasing the pH to 10.5. The milling time influence on the flotation indicates that the presence of slime can significantly affect the gibbsite concentration. Keywords: Bauxite; Gibbsite; Direct flotation; Hydroxamate. REMOÇÃO DE MINERAIS PORTADORES DE FERRO DE BAUXITA GIBSÍTICA POR FLOTAÇÃO DIRETA Resumo As bauxitas refratárias precisam apresentar teores de ferro menores que 2,5% para serem utilizadas na indústria de cerâmica. A exaustão dos depósitos com altos teores de Al2O3 tem estimulado a pesquisa por métodos de concentração de bauxita de forma a remover os minerais portadores de ferro.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquisition and Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data for Morenosite-Retgersite Equilibria at 0.1 Mpa
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2003 Acquisition and Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data for Morenosite-Retgersite Equilibria at 0.1 MPa I-Ming Chou 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A., [email protected] Robert R. Seal II 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Chou, I-Ming and Seal II, Robert R., "Acquisition and Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data for Morenosite- Retgersite Equilibria at 0.1 MPa" (2003). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 328. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/328 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. American Mineralogist, Volume 88, pages 1943–1948, 2003 Acquisition and evaluation of thermodynamic data for morenosite-retgersite equilibria at 0.1 MPa I-MING CHOU* AND ROBERT R. SEAL II 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Metal-sulfate salts in mine drainage environments commonly occur as solid solutions containing Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Al, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, and other elements. Thermodynamic data for some of the end- member salts containing Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg have been collected and evaluated previously, and the present study extends to the system containing Ni.
    [Show full text]
  • 9/16 Weathering Notes
    EAS 3030 9/16/08 LAD Weathering reactions We can consider many weathering reactions as acid-base reactions. Acidity in soils can be generated from several sources. The main ones are: • Hydration of CO2 (yields carbonic acid): CO2 + H2O H2CO3 • Organic decomposition to yield organic acids (R-COOH R-COO- + H+) • Sulfide oxidation to yield sulfuric acid (2FeS2+4H2O+7.5O2 4H2SO4+Fe2O3) • Atmospheric deposition of mineral acids such as H2SO4 and HNO3. The hydrogen ion released by these acids can react with carbonate minerals (e.g. CaCO3) or alumino-silicate minerals (feldspars, micas, clays ….). Carbonate and silicate weathering reactions can be considered separately: For carbonates, we can write: ++ - 1) CaCO3 + H2 CO3 Ca + 2HCO3 In this reaction carbonic acid (from CO2 and water) and calcium carbonate react to form bicarbonate ion and calcium ion. The net reaction yields no H+, so the carbonic acid has been neutralized by reaction with carbonate. It also yields no solid phases – the carbonate mineral undergoes complete dissolution. This sort of reaction is know as “congruent” dissolution. An example silicate reaction would be the reaction of potassium feldspar (a primary mineral) to form kaolinite, a secondary mineral . The reaction of a primary mineral to form a secondary mineral plus solutes is called “incongruent” dissolution. + + 2) 2KAlSi3O8(Kspar) + 2H + 9H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4(kaol) + 4H4SiO4(aq) +2K If the source of acidity is CO2, we can write equivalently: + - 3) 2KAlSi3O8(Kspar) + 2CO2 + 11H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4(kaol) + 4H4SiO4(aq) +2K + 2HCO3 In the breakdown of K-feldspar, acidity is consumed. We can see that H+ is used up and K+ is released to solution, a kind of “ion exchange” reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Boehmite and Gibbsite Nanoplates for the Synthesis of Advanced Alumina Products † ‡ † † § Xin Zhang,*, Patricia L
    Article Cite This: ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2018, 1, 7115−7128 www.acsanm.org Boehmite and Gibbsite Nanoplates for the Synthesis of Advanced Alumina Products † ‡ † † § Xin Zhang,*, Patricia L. Huestis, Carolyn I. Pearce, Jian Zhi Hu, Katharine Page, § ∥ † † Lawrence M. Anovitz, Alexandr B. Aleksandrov, Micah P. Prange, Sebastien Kerisit, † † † † ⊥ Mark E. Bowden, Wenwen Cui, Zheming Wang, Nicholas R. Jaegers, Trent R. Graham, † § § Mateusz Dembowski, Hsiu-Wen Wang, Jue Liu, Alpha T. N’Diaye,% Markus Bleuel,& ∥ † ‡ † # David F. R. Mildner,& Thomas M. Orlando, Greg A. Kimmel, Jay A. La Verne, Sue B. Clark, , † and Kevin M. Rosso*, † Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States ‡ Radiation Laboratory and Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States § Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States ∥ School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States ⊥ # The Voiland School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 45177, United States %Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States &National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) and gibbsite (α-Al- (OH)3) are important archetype (oxy)hydroxides of alumi- num in nature that also play diverse roles across
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Responsible for Crystal Chemical Variations in The
    American Mineralogist, Volume 95, pages 348–361, 2010 Factors responsible for crystal-chemical variations in the solid solutions from illite to aluminoceladonite and from glauconite to celadonite VICTOR A. DRITS ,1 BELL A B. ZV I A GIN A ,1 DOUGL A S K. MCCA RTY,2,* A N D ALFRE D L. SA LYN 1 1Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Pyzhevsky per. 7, 119017 Moscow, Russia 2Chevron ETC, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, Texas 77063, U.S.A. AB STR A CT Several finely dispersed low-temperature dioctahedral micas and micaceous minerals that form solid solutions from (Mg,Fe)-free illite to aluminoceladonite via Mg-rich illite, and from Fe3+-rich glauconite to celadonite have been studied by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. The samples have 1M and 1Md structures. The transitions from illite to aluminoceladonite and from glauconite to celadonite are accompanied by a consistent decrease in the mica structural-unit thickness (2:1 layer + interlayer) or csinβ. In the first sample series csinβ decreases from 10.024 to 9.898 Å, and in the second from 10.002 to 9.961 Å. To reveal the basic factors responsible for these regularities, struc- tural modeling was carried out to deduce atomic coordinates for 1M dioctahedral mica based on the unit-cell parameters and cation composition. For each sample series, the relationships among csinβ, maximum and mean thicknesses of octahedral and tetrahedral sheets and of the 2:1 layer, interlayer distance, and variations of the tetrahedral rotation angle, α, and the degree of basal surface corruga- tion, ∆Z, have been analyzed in detail.
    [Show full text]