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Public Disorder in Australia Between 1985 and 1989 with Particular Reference to Immigration and Multiculturalism Robert Holton Flinders University of South Australia

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Public Disorder in Australia Between 1985 and 1989 with Particular Reference to Immigration and Multiculturalism Robert Holton Flinders University of South Australia University of Wollongong Research Online Centre for Multicultural Studies Working Papers Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts 1991 Public disorder in Australia between 1985 and 1989 with particular reference to immigration and multiculturalism Robert Holton Flinders University of South Australia Recommended Citation Holton, Robert, Public disorder in Australia between 1985 and 1989 with particular reference to immigration and multiculturalism, Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong, Working Paper 17, 1991, 66. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cmsworkpapers/15 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Public disorder in Australia between 1985 and 1989 with particular reference to immigration and multiculturalism Abstract Considerable concern has been expressed from time to time about the impact of immigration on the social cohesion of Australian society. A particular claim that surfaced in the nineteen-eighties was that prevailing levels of Asian immigration would create increased social tensions and possibly inter-communal violence on a scale not experienced in Australia before. Views of this kind came to public attention in 1984 with the much publicised interventions by Geoffrey Blainey, in his Warrnambool speech, and in the book All for Australia, published later that year. (Blainey, 1984) In spite of the belief or perception in some quarters that immigration had already or was about to generate overt social conflict, very little chos larly or academic research has ever been conducted into these questions in Australia. There are, to be sure, a number of valuable surveys of attitudes, including attitudes to immigration, immigrants and Asian immigrants in particular—see literature review in chapter 2. Such data does not however deal with actual behaviour or with the dynamics of inter-communal relationships. Similarly while levels of violence have attracted considerable attention—including the question of racist violence, currently being examined by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission—there are as yet no reliable indicators of the scale, character and causation of behaviour of this kind. As a result of this dearth of information, it is no exaggeration to say that public policy debate on immigration, multiculturalism and social cohesion takes place in an information vacuum. Beliefs are rehearsed, anecdotes re-counted and rhetoric liberally dispensed without much reference to actual social trends or to evidence. This state of affairs has adversely affected the capacity of policy makers to respond to the issues raised. This working paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/cmsworkpapers/15 Working Papers on Multiculturalism ■ TH MULTIC DEPARTMEN HE CENTRE FOR M ulticultural s t u d ie s Paper No.17 Public Disorder in Australia between 1985 and 1989 with Particular Reference to Immigration and Multiculturalism HOLTON Working Papers on Multiculturalism No.17 Public Disorder in Australia between 1985 and 1989 with Particular Reference to Immigration & Multiculturalism Robert Holton Centre for Multicultural Studies Flinders University of South Australia Published for The Office of Multicultural Affairs, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, by The Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong, Australia © 1991 Office of Multicultural Affairs Published by The Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong P.O. Box 1144 Wollongong, 2500 Australia Ph. (042) 213 780 Fax. (042) 286313 for The Office of Multicultural Affairs, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Canberra, 2600 Australia Co-ordination: Bill Cope, Adriana Hassapis and Colleen Mitchell (CMS); Lucyna McDermott (OMA); Penny Crittle (Centre for Workplace Communication & Culture, UTS). Additional copies of this report are available from the CMS, University of Wollongong,. Price: $20.00 each, including postage and packing. Mail, fax or phone order to the above address. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commonwealth Government, the Office of Multicultural Affairs or the Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Holton, R. J. Public disorder in Australia between 1985 and 1989 with particular reference to immigration and multiculturalism Bibliography. ISBN 0 642 17274 9. 1. Social conflict - Australia. 2. Australia - Emigration and immigration - Social aspects. 3. Australia - Ethnic relations. 4. Australia - Social conditions - 1976-1990. I. Australia. Office of Multicultural Affairs. II. University of Wollongong. Centre for Multicultural Studies. III. Title. ( Series : Working papers on multiculturalism; no. 17). 303.60994 SERIES ISSN 1035-8129 Text printing and binding by the University of Wollongong Printery (042) 21 3999 Covers printed by Meglamedia (02) 519 1044 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....page 6 Objectives of the Present Research Project CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW... .page 8 The Challenge of Blainey Available Literature on Public Disorder Conclusion CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ... .page 23 Definition and Conceptualisation of Public Disorder Sources of Data on Public Disorder A Newspaper-Based Research Design Methodology of the Current Study CHAPTER 4: PUBLIC DISORDER IN AUSTRALIA 1985-9: CRISIS OR COHESION ....page 36 The General Pattern Public Disorder and Racial Hatred Types of Public Disorders Connected with Immigration and Settlement Chapter Summary CHAPTER 5: PUBLIC DISORDERS IN AUSTRALIA 1969-89: A LONGER TERM PERSPECTIVE ....page 51 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....page 57 APPENDIX ....page 63 Public Disorder Project Incident Report Sheet BIBLIOGRAPHY... .page 64 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Considerable concern has been expressed from time to time about the impact of immigration on the social cohesion of Australian society. A particular claim that surfaced in the nineteen-eighties was that prevailing levels of Asian immigration would create increased social tensions and possibly inter-communal violence on a scale not experienced in Australia before. Views of this kind came to public attention in 1984 with the much publicised interventions by Geoffrey Blainey, in his Warrnambool speech, and in the book All for Australia, published later that year. (Blainey, 1984) In spite of the belief or perception in some quarters that immigration had already or was about to generate overt social conflict, very little scholarly or academic research has ever been conducted into these questions in Australia. There are, to be sure, a number of valuable surveys of attitudes, including attitudes to immigration, immigrants and Asian immigrants in particular—see literature review in chapter 2. Such data does not however deal with actual behaviour or with the dynamics of inter-communal relationships. Similarly while levels of violence have attracted considerable attention—including the question of racist violence, currently being examined by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission—there are as yet no reliable indicators of the scale, character and causation of behaviour of this kind. As a result of this dearth of information, it is no exaggeration to say that public policy debate on immigration, multiculturalism and social cohesion takes place in an information vacuum. Beliefs are rehearsed, anecdotes re-counted and rhetoric liberally dispensed without much reference to actual social trends or to evidence. This state of affairs has adversely affected the capacity of policy makers to respond to the issues raised. Objectives of the Present Research Project As a result of this serious lack of information the present research was commissioned with the following research objectives:- (i) to determine levels and types of public disorder, including the proportion of disorders involving ethnicity, immigrant status and race. (ii) to analyse the character and timing of public disorders involving Asian immigration as dn issue. (iii) to analyse the issues of public disorders involving Asian immigration, including the impact of major public speeches by politicians and academics on disorder. (iv) to discover whether Asian immigration threatens public disorder, or whether there are alternative and more powerful explanations of disorderliness. As a result of these research objectives, the study has also set itself the following objectives concerning public policy formulation and implementation:- (1) to contribute to the general policy debate about multiculturalism as a policy of positive social cohesion. The research is designed to enable policy-makers to distinguish between myth and reality with respect to the allegedly adverse relationship between immigration and social cohesion. (2) to contribute to community relations policies by identifying flash-points involving ethnic communities, and targeting policy responses to real rather than imagined problems and tensions. I should like to thank Elizabeth Birkett, Rosario Lampugnani and Jill Litster for their painstaking analysis of newspaper reports upon which this survey is based. I should also like to thank Kerrin Croft for the speed and accuracy shown in word-processing the manuscript under pressure of severe time-lines. p u b l ic d is o r d e r in A u s t r a l ia 7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The Challenge ofBlainey A number of commentators have linked
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