Apostolic Succession

Episcopal Seal of the Most Rev. Richard A. Kalbfleisch, STL, DD, NOSF

Through the Catholic Apostolic Church of Brazil (Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira) Old Catholic Church of Utrecht Russian Orthodox Church The Church of England & The Episcopal Church in the USA

Catholic Apostolic Church of Brazil

Archbishop Carlos Duarte Costa, ordained a priest within The Church of Rome on 1 April 1911, was consecrated to be the Roman Diocesan Bishop of Botucatu, Brazil, on 8 December 1924. His public statements on the treatment of the poor in Brazil (by both the civil government and the Roman Church) resulted in his removal as Diocesan Bishop of Botucatu. Bishop Duarte Costa was subsequently named Titular Bishop of Maura by Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, Vatican Secretary of State until 1939 under Pope Pius XI).

Archbishop Duarte Costa's criticisms of the Vatican, particularly the policy toward Nazi Germany, were not well received. He was formerly separated from the Church of Rome on 6 July 1945 after his strong and repeated public denunciations of the Vatican Secretariat of State for granting Vatican Passports to some very high ranking Nazis.

Some of the most notorious Nazi war criminals (e.g., Adolf Eichmann and Dr. Josef Mengele, the "Angel of Death,") escaped trial after World War II using Vatican Passports to flee to South America. The government of Brazil also came under the Bishop's criticism for collaborating with the Vatican on these passports.

Bishop Duarte Costa espoused what would be considered today as a rather liberal position on divorce, challenged mandatory celibacy for clergy, and publicly condemned the perceived abuses of papal power (especially the concept of Papal Infallibility, which he considered misguided and false). He founded the autonomous Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira (ICAB) immediately upon his separation from The Church of Rome (6 July 1945) and remained Primate of this jurisdiction until his death in 1961.

Page 1 of 37 Archbishop Luis Castillo Mendez was consecrated by Archbishop Duarte Costa on 3 May 1948. He succeed Abp. Duarte Costa as Primate and Patriarch of the National Catholic Apostolic Churches (Igreja Catolica Apostolica Nationales) in 1961.

In addition to the autonomous Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira (ICAB), there are sister jurisdictions in thirteen other countries in the Western Hemisphere, Europe, the Pacific and in Asia, including: Argentina (ICAA), Chile, Venezuela, Cuba, Mexico, Spain, Germany, France, Portugal, Australia, the Philippines, Canada and the United States of America, with over 12 million members.

It may be of interest to consider Bishop Salomao Ferraz. He was a Roman priest who left that jurisdiction to join the new autocephalous Brazilian Church. He was consecrated to the office of bishop by Archbishop Carlos Duarte Costa for the Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira (ICAB) in 1945. In 1958 he was reconciled with the Church of Rome (during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII). The Vatican appointed him Titular Bishop of Eleuterna on 12 May 1963. Although married, Bishop Ferraz was later appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Rio de Janeiro by Pope John XXIII. Pope Paul VI appointed Bishop Ferraz to serve on a commission of the Second Vatican Council; he even addressed the Council Fathers.

This is mentioned only to point out that Bishop Ferraz was never re-consecrated by the Roman Church, not even conditionally (sub conditione)! He was also allowed to keep his wife while serving and functioning as a Bishop of The Church of Rome! Later, he was buried with the full honors accorded a Bishop of the Church of Rome. The Vatican, by accepting Bishop Ferraz without any re-consecration, affirmed de jure and de facto the sacramental validity of the Apostolic Succession received via Abp. Duarte Costa.

Pope Benedictus XIV (Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 19 March 1743:

Carlo della Torre Rezzoni (Pope Clement XIII) assisted by Archbishop Scopio Borghese & Ignatius Reali Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 26 April 1767:

Cardinal Bernardinus Giraud assisted by Archbishop Marcus Antonius Conti & Bishop Iosefus Maria Carafa Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 23 February 1777:

Cardinal Alexander Matthaeus assisted by Bishop Geraldus Macioti & Bishop Franciscus Albertini Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 12 September 1819:

Page 2 of 37 Cardinal Petrus Franciscus Galeffi assisted by Abp. Ioanne Franciscus Falzacappa & Abp. Iosephus della Porta Rodiani Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 8 December 1822:

Cardinal Iacobus Philippus Fransoni assisted by Patriarch Joseph Valerga of Jerusalem & Bishop Rudesindus Salvado Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 8 June 1851:

Cardinal Carolus Sacconi assisted by Archbishop Salvator Nobili Vitelleschi and Archbishop Franciscus Xaverius Fridericus de Morode Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 30 June 1872:

Cardinal Eduard Howard assisted by Archbishop Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella & Bishop Giulio Lenti Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 8 December 1882:

Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 26 October 1890:

Cardinal Joaquin Arcoverde de Albuquerque-Cavalcanti Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 4 June 1911:

Archbishop Sebastiao Leme da Silveira Cintra assisted by Dom Alberto Jose Goncalves & Dom Benedito Paulo Alves de Souza Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 8 December 1924:

Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa Patriarch, Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira (1945) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 3 May 1948:

Bishop Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez Patriarch, Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira (1961)assisted by Dom Melquiades Rosa Garcia & Dom Bartolomeus Sebastiao Vilela Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 30 January 1985:

Bishop Forest Ernest Barber Holy Orthodox Church in the Philippines (Mission of the Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira) assisted by Abp. Emile Federico Rodriguez y Fairfield & Abp. Paul G. W. Schultz Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 14 June 1987:

Archbishop Nils Bertil Alexander Persson Archbishop of Scandinavia, Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira assisted by Abp. Emile Federico Rodriguez y Fairfield, Abp. Paul G. W. Schultz, Bishop Christopher Rogers, Bishop Carroll Lowery, Exarch Howard D. van Orden, Archbishop Arthur Garrow, Bishop Petros (Eric Veloso), Bishop Michael Marshal Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 5 August 1989:

Bishop Karl Julius Barwin

Page 3 of 37 Primate, The Evangelical Catholic Church. Consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate on 4 May 1991.

Bishop Arthur (Alexis) Longacre of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Louis David Chinavare of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Richard A. Kalbfleisch, NOSF Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

The Old Catholic Church of Utrecht

The Diocese of Utrecht, Holland, was founded in AD 722 by St. Willibrord. The right of the Chapter of Utrecht to elect the bishop of The Diocese was recognized in AD 1145. In AD 1520 the Bishop of Utrecht was given the right to adjudicate matters in his diocese without appeal or recourse to Rome. In AD 1559, when the war with France had ended, Philip II of Spain, the hereditary ruler of the Netherlands, persuaded the Pope to elevate The See of Utrecht to an archbishopric, with five new dioceses under it (Haarlem, Deventer, Groningen, Leeuwarden and Middelburg).

Having survived the Calvinist Reformation in Holland as an underground Church, the Dutch Roman Catholic faithful were suddenly subjected to the political ambitions and maneuverings of the Jesuits, who fought to have Rome declare The See of Utrecht a missionary district under their control. At first failing in this battle to gain control of The Church in Holland, the Jesuits adopted a new tactic in AD 1691 by accusing + Peter Codde, The Archbishop of Utrecht, of espousing the so-called heresy of Jansenism. Although the Archbishop was eventually proved innocent of heresy, Pope Innocent XII tried to appease the Jesuits by suspending and deposing him in AD 1705. No mention was made of any reason for the deposition. Even a Papal canonist, Hyacinth de Archangelis, issued a formal opinion that a Vicar-Apostolic with the rights of an Ordinary (as + Codde undoubtedly was) could not be arbitrarily deposed. Two Dutch Catholic Chapters (Utrecht and Haarlem) naturally decided not to recognize this irregular, if not illegal, act. The battle was over local autonomy in a collegial Church versus Papal supremacy.

When the Papacy appointed + Theodore de Cock as Pro-Vicar-Apostolic of The United Provinces, in the place of Archbishop Peter Codde (deposed), the Chapters of Utrecht and

Page 4 of 37 Haarlem further decided not to recognize his authority on the ground that The Patriarch of Rome had no canonical authority to deprive even a Vicar-Apostolic, much less an Archbishop, without trial and condemnation. At the same time the Calvinist government decided that it would prefer a Catholic Church controlled by Dutch Catholics to a Catholic Church controlled by Rome. The government, therefore, issued a decree forbidding + de Cock to exercise any jurisdiction over Roman Catholics in Holland. Later, after accusing the Dutch government of being bribed by the secular clergy loyal to The Archbishop (+ Codde), + de Cock was banished from Holland and fled to Rome. Rome countered by placing the Dutch Church under an Inhibition, prohibiting all Bishops from performing any episcopal acts in Holland.

At this point the battle between Utrecht and Rome was not doctrinal, but the results of Jesuit intrigue and their desire to firmly establish the Papacy as an absolute monarchy.

Had Archbishop Codde continued to exercise his authority as The Archbishop of Utrecht, while appealing his uncanonical suspension as Vicar-Apostolic (as Vicar-Apostolic he had diocesan jurisdiction wherever there was no Bishop or Chapter; metropolitan jurisdiction in the other dioceses), the course of Church history may well have seen the defeat of the Jesuit sponsored Ultramontane movement. Unfortunately, + Codde not only protested his suspension but also retired from the exercise of his office. His jurisdiction thus reverted to the Chapters and his people were left without episcopal protection and governance.

It was the position of the Chapter of Utrecht that: both the Province and Diocese of Utrecht, with all their ancient and canonical rights and privileges, still existed. (The Chapter of Utrecht was formally recognized on many occasions by Papal Nuncios even after this date.)

The Vicariate instituted by Archbishop Philip Rovenius on 9 June 1633 was the canonical reconstitution of the ancient Chapter of Utrecht and possessed all the rights of the Chapter, including the right to elect the Archbishop of Utrecht. (All nominations made hereafter by this Chapter were, in fact, accepted by Rome, including that of Archbishop Codde.)

Later archbishops, from + Vosmeer to + Codde, were not only Vicars-Apostolic of the Roman See, but also Archbishops of Utrecht, the true canonical successors of St. Willibrord.

On 25 May 1717, five doctors of the theological faculty of the University of Louvain publicly sided with the Archepiscopal See of Utrecht by stating that the Church of Utrecht had not been reduced to the status of a mere mission, that the Chapter of Utrecht had survived, and that the Vicariate established by + Rovenius was the ancient Chapter of Utrecht. Later, 102 doctors of theology at the University of Paris, together with the whole law faculty, publicly agreed with the doctors of Louvain. As a result of the support of the theology faculties of two French universities, three French Bishops (Soanen of Senez, Lorraine of Bayeux, and Caumartin of Blois) declared that they were ready to ordain priests for the Chapter of Utrecht, and actually did so.

Upon the death, in AD 1710, of + Peter Codde, the deposed Archbishop of Utrecht, the Cathedral Chapter (exercising its historically recognized right) elected a successor. No Bishop,

Page 5 of 37 however, could be found who would ignore the Pope's Inhibition by consecrating the Archbishop-elect. The Church of Holland continued to send Her candidates for the priesthood out of the country for ordination by foreign Bishops; Her children, without a diocesan Ordinary, were left unconfirmed. At this point the Jesuits and Rome sought and anxiously anticipated the total capitulation of the autocephalous Dutch Church.

A turning point in the Dutch Church's struggle with Rome came in AD 1719 when + Dominique Maria Varlet, former missionary priest in The Louisiana Territory in North America, stopped in Amsterdam for a few days on his way to his new post in Persia. A local Dutch priest, Father Jacob Krys, begged the new Bishop to confirm 604 orphans and other poor children as an act of charity, which he did. He then continued his journey to Persia, arriving at his residence at Schamake (now Shemakh near Baku in the Republic of Azerbaijan) on 9 October 1719. On 26 March 1720, the Bishop of Babylon was presented with a formal Notice of Suspension from his office, sent by the Bishop of Ispahan by order of the Congregation de Propaganda Fide, and delivered by a Jesuit priest (Fr. Bachou) because of the confirmations in Amsterdam. Like the late Archbishop Codde, Bishop Varlet elected not to remain in office while fighting the Papal action. After careful consideration and prayer, the good Bishop immediately left Persia and returned to Amsterdam, where he settled permanently.

The Chapter of Utrecht had meanwhile repeatedly attempted to get the Pope to allow the election and consecration of an archbishop; Pope Innocent XIII ignored their petitions. The Chapter next turned to the leading canon lawyers of the day. They were told that the Chapter had the canonical right to elect their archbishop and get him consecrated without the consent of the Pope (recent precedents in both France and Portugal supported this position). Nineteen doctors of the theological faculty of the Sorbonne (University of Paris), and others from Nantes, Rheims, Padua, and Louvain, gave their agreement to this position, as well as assuring the Chapter that in the case of necessity one bishop alone might preside at the consecration.

With the approval of the government, the Chapter met at The Hague on 27 April 1723 and, after a Mass of The Holy Spirit, elected, with all the canonical forms, Cornelius Steenoven to be Archbishop of Utrecht. Although Fr. Steenoven was elected as the candidate likely to be the least objectionable to Rome, the Pope refused to answer the Chapter's request to permit his consecration. The Chapter finally begged the Bishop of Babylon to consecrate their candidate. He consented. The government also consented to this the first consecration of an Archbishop of Utrecht since the Reformation. Thus at 6:00am on Pentecost XX, 15 October 1724, Cornelius van Steenoven was consecrated in the presence of the whole Chapter by the Bishop of Babylon in Amsterdam to be the seventh Archbishop of Utrecht and canonical successor of St. Willibrord.

The Bishop of Babylon was called upon by The Chapter to consecrate four archbishops for the See of Utrecht before his death on 14 May 1742 at The Hague.

Old Catholic Lines through Bishop Albert Bell & Archbishop Paul Schultz

Page 6 of 37 Cardinal Antonio Barberini, nephew of Pope Urban VIII, was consecrated in AD 1655 (by the order of Pope Alexander VII) by Monsignore Scannarola (Bishop of Sidonia), assisted by Monsignore Botini (Domestic Prelate of the Pope), and Monsignore Laurenzio Gavotti (Bishop of Ventimiglia), as Bishop of Frascati. In AD 1657 Bishop Barberini became Archbishop of Rheims; in AD 1661 he became Bishop of Palestrina. Cardinal Barberini consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Charles Maurice Le Tellier, Duke, son of the Grand Chancellor of France, as Co- Adjutor Bishop, on 12 November 1668 at The Church of The Sorbonne. He became the Archbishop of Rheims in AD 1669. Archbishop Le Tellier consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop James Benigne Bossuet, The Eagle of Meaux, as Bishop of Condom, on 21 September 1670, at The Church of the Cordeliers, Pontoise. He was translated to The See of Meaux by Pope Clement X in AD 1679. Bishop Bossuet consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop James Coydon de Matignon, son of the Count de Thorigny, Doyen of Lisieux and Abbe Commendataire de St. Victor at Marseilles, as Assistant Bishop of Condom in AD 1673, at the Church of The Carthusian Fathers, Paris. Bishop de Matignon, by order of Pope Clement XI, consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Dominique Maria Varlet as Bishop of Ascalon in partibus and Co-Adjutor to the Bishop of Babylon, Persia, on 12 February 1719 in The Chapel attached to the House of the Fathers of Foreign Missions at Paris, assisted by the Co-Adjutor Bishop of Quebec and the Bishop of Claremont. Bishop Varlet consecrated four Archbishops of Utrecht; three died without consecrating successors. The continued existence of the autocephalous Old Roman Catholic Church of Holland was assured when Bishop Varlet consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Petrus Johannes Meindaerts, Archpriest of Leeuwarden and Dean of Friesland (who had been ordained a priest in Ireland by Bishop Fagan) as the tenth Archbishop of Utrecht on St. Luke's Day, 18 October 1739. Archbishop Meindaerts consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Johannes van Stiphout as the fourth Bishop of Haarlem on 11 July 1745. Bishop Stiphout consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Walter Michael van Nieuwenhuisen as the eleventh Archbishop of Utrecht on Sexagesima Sunday, 7 February 1768, assisted by Bishop Bartholomaeus Johannes Byeveld (of Deventer). The new archbishop received letters of communion from bishops in Germany, France, Italy and Spain, who recognized that the claims to canonical jurisdiction by The Church of Holland were sound and her doctrine orthodox. Archbishop Nieuwenhuisen consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Adrian Johannes Broekman, President of the Amersfoort Seminary, on Pentecost II Sunday, 21 June 1778, as Bishop of Haarlem. Bishop Broekman consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Page 7 of 37 Archbishop Johannes Jacobus van Rhijn as the twelfth Archbishop of Utrecht on 5 July 1797, assisted by Bishop Nicholas Nellemans of Deventer. Archbishop van Rhijn consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Gisbertus de Jong as the fifth Bishop of Deventer on 7 November 1805, shortly after the formation of the Batavian Republic in Holland by Napoleon. Bishop de Jong consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Willibrord van Os as the thirteenth Archbishop of Utrecht on 24 April 1814. Archbishop van Os consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Johannes Bon as the seventh Bishop of Haarlem on 25 April 1819. Bishop Bon was the first Bishop of the autocephalous Dutch succession not to be excommunicated by Rome; in 1827 he was nominated by the King of Holland to the See of Bruges, without objection from Rome. One Roman Cardinal is reported to have said of this nomination: Dominus Bonus no potest esse pastor malus (It is not possible for Lord Good to be a bad pastor). Bishop Bon consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Johannes van Santen, parish priest of Schiedam, as fourteenth Archbishop of Utrecht on the Sunday within the Octave of St. Willibrord, 13 November 1825, in The Cathedral of St. Gertrude in Utrecht. The announcement of this consecration to The Pope is the first time that the Archbishop of Utrecht called himself the Pope's brother (and not son). Archbishop van Santen consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Hermann Heykamp as seventh Bishop of Deventer on 17 July 1853. Bishop Heykamp consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Gaspardus Johannes Rinkel as the tenth Bishop of Haarlem and Bishop Josef Hubert Reinkens as the first Bishop of The Old Catholic Church in Germany (Bonn) on 11 August 1873 in the Church of St. Lawrence and St. Mary Magdalene at Rotterdam. This is the first time that the formal proofs of election were read during the Mass of Consecration instead of the Papal Mandate; it is also the first time that the new Bishops did not notify Rome of their consecrations. Bishop Rinkel consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Gerardus Gul, parish priest of Hilversum, as the seventeenth Archbishop of Utrecht, on 11 May 1892 in Hilversum, assisted by Bishop Cornelius Diependaal of Deventer and Bishop Reinkens of The Old Catholic Church in Germany. Archbishop Gul consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Henricus Johannes Theodorus van Vlijmen as the thirteenth Bishop of Haarlem in 1916, assisted by Bishop Edward Herzog of The Old Catholic Church in Switzerland. Bishop van Vlijmen consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Franciscus Kenninck, President of the Amersfoort Seminary, as the eighteenth

Page 8 of 37 Archbishop of Utrecht in 1920, assisted by Bishop Edward Herzog of The Old Catholic Church in

Switzerland (Berne) and Bishop Georg Moog of The Old Catholic Church in Germany. Archbishop Kenninck consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Adolf Küry, Professor in the Old Catholic Theological Faculty at Berne, as the second Old Catholic Bishop in Berne (Switzerland), on 14 September 1924. Bishop Küry consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Erwin Kreuzer, parish priest at Freiburg-in-Breisgau, as fifth Old Catholic Bishop in Bonn (Germany), at Mannheim on 8 May 1935, assisted by Bishop Vlijmen (Haarlem) and Bishop Johannes Hermannus Berends (Deventer). Bishop Kreuzer consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Albert D. Bell as Bishop for the North American Old Roman Catholic Church in 1939. Bishop Bell consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Edgar Ramon Verostek as a Bishop of the North American Old Roman Catholic Church --Utrecht Succession, on 9 March 1940. Bishop Verostek consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Paul G. W. Schultz as a Bishop of The Order of Christian Renewal on 20 May 1978. Archbishop Schultz, Administrator of The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in America and Archbishop of Los Angeles, consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Karl Julius Barwin as Primate of The Evangelical Catholic Church on The Feast of Saint Addai and Saint Mari (5 August) 1989, in The Chapel of The Holy Guardian Angels in Glendale, California, assisting Archbishop Bertil Persson (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), Archbishop Emile Federico Rodriguez y Fairfield (Iglesia Ortodoxa Catolica Apostolica Mexicana), Bishop Carroll T. Lowery (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow (The Archiepiscopate Ordinariate of Healing Arts Missionaries & Chaplains in America) and Archbishop Howard D. van Orden (Order of St. Jude, The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas), each assisting, coöperating and co-consecrating by laying on hands and uttering all the words of consecration. Assisting in this consecration as Co-Consecrators were Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso (Orthodox Catholic Church in The Philippines), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers (Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), and Exarch Marciel (Michael Marshall, Orthodox Old Catholic Church). On 4 May 1991 Bishop Karl Julius Barwin consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Arthur (Alexis) Longacre of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Louis David Chinavare of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre

Page 9 of 37 was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Richard A. Kalbfleisch, NOSF Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

Old Catholic Lines through Archbishop William Montgomery Brown

Archbishop Gerard Gul (Old Catholic Church of Utrecht), assisted by Bishop Johannes Jacobus van Thiel and Bishop Nicholas Bartholomaeus Petrus Spit (both with The Old Catholic Church of Utrecht) and Bishop Josef Demmel (Old Catholic Church in Germany), consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop-Primate Arnold Harris Mathew on 28 April 1908 as Archbishop of London and Primate of the Old Catholic Church in England. Archbishop Mathew consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Rudolf Franziskus Eduard de Landas Berghes et de Rache on 29 June 1913 as Missionary Bishop for Scotland. In 1916 Prince de Landas Berghes became Archbishop-Primate of The National Catholic Church in North America. Archbishop de Landas Berghes et de Rache consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop William Henry Francis Brothers on 3 October 1916 for The Old Roman Catholic Church. In 1917 Bishop Brothers became Archbishop and Metropolitan of The Old Catholic Church in America. Archbishop Brothers consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop William Montgomery Brown on 24 June 1925, assisted by Bishop Jozef Zielonka (Polish Old Catholic Church of America) and Bishop Albert Jehan (Bishop of Chicago, the Old Catholic Church in America). Bishop Brown consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Wallace David de Ortega Maxey on 2 January 1927, assisted by Bishop Jozef Zielonka (Polish Old Catholic Church of America), Bishop Albert Jehan (Bishop of Chicago, the Old Catholic Church in America), and Archbishop William Henry Francis Brothers (Primate, the Old Catholic Church in America). Archbishop de Ortega Maxey consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Nils Bertil Alexander Persson as Primate of The Apostolic Episcopal Church on 7 November 1986, assisted by Archbishop Robert Ronald Ramm (Apostolic Episcopal Catholic Church). Archbishop Persson also serves as the Missionary General for Scandinavia and All Europe for both the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Catholic Church, confirmed 15 June 1988; this is a member jurisdiction of The Anglican Communion) and the Igreja Católica Apostólica Brasiliera (Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, confirmed 14 June

Page 10 of 37 1987). Archbishop Persson consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Karl J. Barwin as Primate of The Evangelical Catholic Church on 5 August 1989, assisted by Archbishop Emile Federico Rodrigues y Fairfield (Iglesia Ortodoxa Catolica Apostolica Mexicana), Bishop Carroll T. Lowery (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow (The Archiepiscopate Ordinariate of Healing Arts Missionaries & Chaplains in America) and Archbishop Howard D. van Orden (Order of St. Jude; Archbishop of Albuquerque and Dependencies, The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), each assisting, coöperating and co-consecrating by laying on hands and uttering all the words of consecration. Assisting in this consecration as Co-Consecrators were Archbishop Paul Christian Gerald W. Schultz (Archbishop of Los Angeles and Administrator of The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), Bishop Petros (Eric Tan Ong Veloso, Orthodox Catholic Church in The Philippines), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers (Suffragan Bishop of Los Angeles, The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), and Bishop Marciel (Michael Marshall, Orthodox Old Catholic Church).

Bishop Arthur (Alexis) Longacre of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Louis David Chinavare of the American Catholic Church . Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Richard A. Kalbfleisch, NOSF Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

The Apostolic Succession (Russkaya Pravoslovnay Tserkov)

In the ninth century the Rus (or Varangians) became masters of what is now western Russia and the indigenous Slavic population. Their chief centers of population were Novgorod, in the north, and Kiev, in the south (now part of the Ukraine). This ruling minority of mostly Swedish Vikings soon adopted the Slavonic tongue and customs of their subjects.

Tradition credits Saint Andrew The First-Called with planting the seeds of Christianity in the area about Kiev. These seeds were nurtured by the ministry of Saints Cyril & Methodius, now known as the Apostles of the Slaves, in The Ukraine beginning in AD 864, using the native language. They invented a Slavic alphabet (based upon the Greek), which is still used today. The north shore of The Black Sea had been settled by Christians at least as early as the fourth century. The Khazars, rulers of what is now southern Russia, had adopted Judaism. However, the missionary efforts supported by Patriarch Photius of Constantinople to the Khazars was so

Page 11 of 37 successful that they soon asked for a Bishop of their own. Just a few years later Emperor Basil I ("The Macedonian") and Patriarch Ignatius commissioned a missionary Bishop to the Russians, who made many converts.

The first known Christian ruler over the Kievan State is Saint Olga (Olha), dowager regent, who received Christian baptism in AD 950. Although she sent to Emperor Otto I of Germany for missionaries, they seemed to have had no marked success. It is Saint Vladimir (Volodymyr The Great), the grandson of St. Olga, who accepted baptism himself about AD 986 and then in AD 988 commanded the Christianization of his entire State, who is recognized as having initiated the conversion of Russia. Although St. Vladimir received delegates from The Pope and sent representatives to Rome, it was The Church of Constantinople which won his support. At the time of his death, in AD 1015, there were three bishoprics in his domains; based upon the foundations laid by St. Vladimir, Christianity continued its gradual, steady spread throughout Russia. The Metropolitan of Kiev, for centuries the administrative head of The Russian Church, was appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople; he was usually a Greek, unfamiliar with The Faithful of Russia. The clergy were poorly trained and almost always too few for the size of the country. The priests were chosen by their parishioners, while the bishops (a substantial minority of whom were also foreigners with little understanding of the customs or language of their flocks) were selected by the local princes.

The establishment of an independent Russian Church coincided with the decline of The Byzantine Empire, and the simultaneous rise of The Russian Empire. This process was helped when Kiev was destroyed during the Tartar invasion, and the Metropolitan consequently forced to move to Moscow (AD 1320). After the Grand Duke of Moscow (Ivan III) married a daughter of the nearest relative of the last Emperor of Constantinople, he claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Emperors. He even adopted the double-headed eagle, symbol of Imperial Byzantine power. Later, beginning in AD 1547, the princes of the Russian State, as successors of the Byzantine Emperors, began calling themselves Czar (i.e., "Caesar"). It was only natural that they would seek the prestige of a self-governing independent Church in order to bolster their own temporal claims. Although the Russian Church claimed autocephaly from AD 1448, when the Russian Bishops began electing their own Primate (the Metropolitan of Moscow), official recognition of this independence by the ancient and historic patriarchates was not secured until AD 1590 (one year after Jeremiah II, Patriarch of Constantinople, was persuaded to invest Iob, the 46th Metropolitan of Moscow, as the first Russian Patriarch -- although Iob had been promoted to the rank of Patriarch by the Russian Bishops in AD 1453) at a meeting in Constantinople of all the Patriarchs of the historic Sees. When Constantinople fell to the Moslems on 29 May 1453, Russia became the only nation where the freedom of The Orthodox Church remained unrestricted; this favorably influenced their claim for an independent Patriarchate.

The Time of Troubles (civil war) which began in AD 1598 upon the death of Czar Fedor (Theodore), the childless son of Ivan IV, increased the Patriarch's political influence. It reached its height under Patriarch Filaret, whose son, Michael, at the age of sixteen, became the first Czar of the Romanov Dynasty. When Patriarch Adrian died in AD 1700, Czar Peter The Great refused to allow the election of a new Patriarch, leaving Stefan Iavorskii as Locum Tenens for

Page 12 of 37 21 years. In AD 1721 Czar Peter finally promulgated a new constitution for The Church, which suspended the office of Patriarch and placed the governance of The Church under an Holy Synod.

Copying the example of Henry VIII of England, the government-imposed new Church constitution made The Czar the Head of The Church of Russia. It went further than King Henry, however, by providing for a Lay Procurator (a government official) to administer The Church's day-to-day affairs. This "constitutional" subjugation of The Church to the Russian State established the precedent of direct governmental control over and interference in all the affairs of The Russian Orthodox Church -- a practice continued until the end of the 20th century by the atheistical government of the U.S.S.R.

After the overthrow of Czar Nikolai II in March of AD 1917, The Russian Orthodox Church immediately convened a national Sobor to reform The Church and revive the Patriarchate of Moscow, which Czar Peter The Great had suspended. Metropolitan Tikhon, who had earlier been Russian Archbishop in America, won the election and assumed the office of Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia in November of that year, almost simultaneously with the outbreak of the Communist Revolution. This All-Russian Council (Sobor) attempted to restore sobornost -- the active participation of the whole Church (bishops, clergy, and laity) in every aspect of the Church's life, in contrast to the bureaucratic centralization which had ruled The Church under the secular and often hostile government of Russia since the creation of The Holy Synod by Czar Peter The Great.

The new reäctionary Communist government of Russia immediately placed severe restrictions upon the revitalized and reforming Church of Russia. In view of the vigorous anti-religion activities of the new Russian government, Patriarch Tikhon issued a statement in AD 1917 urging The Russian Faithful to act independently to preserve The Church. Some of the Bishops of The Russian Church attempted to heed The Patriarch's advice by establishing a separate independent Church administration in southeastern Russia. The advance of the Bolsheviks, however, forced these faithful shepherds into exile.

In November of 1920 these refugee Bishops organized The Supreme Church Administration for Churches Outside of Russia in Istanbul (Constantinople), with the approval of The Öcumenical Patriarch. At the invitation of The Patriarch of Serbia, The Supreme Church Administration moved to Yugoslavia. Twelve of these Bishops, with representatives of the clergy and laity, organized a Sobor at Sremski Karlovtsi, Yugoslavia, on 21 November to 2 December 1921, under the presidency of Anthony Khrapovitski, Metropolitan of Kiev and Galich and under the canonical authority of an ukase (i.e., an Edict having the force of law) issued in AD 1920 by Patriarch Tikhon. The result of this meeting was the organization of The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, sometimes called The Synodal Church.

Patriarch Tikhon, who vigorously opposed the inhumane and atheistic policies of the revolutionary regime, was cruelly imprisoned on 9 May 1922. The Communists refused to permit an election for his successor when he died in AD 1925. Metropolitan Petr of Krutica became Locum Tenes (Patriarchal Vicar), but he, too, was almost immediately imprisoned. He

Page 13 of 37 was succeeded later that year by Sergii, the Metropolitan of Nizhni-Novgorod, who tried to make peace with the new Soviet government. Although he suffered temporary imprisonment (December AD 1926 to April 1927), he issued a declaration in July of AD 1927 changing The Church's official stance towards the Communist government from one of hostility to one of praise and coöperation. Outside observers have called this declaration of The Metropolitan either the great betrayal or the great salvation of The Russian Church.

The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia naturally disapproved of the coöperation between the Patriarchal Church and the atheistic Communist government in Russia, as first formulated in the letters issued by Metropolitan (later Patriarch) Sergii in AD 1926 and AD 1927. Because of the inappropriate influence seemingly exercised by the anti-religious government of Russia, The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia refused to recognize The Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia in any way on the grounds that the Communist government completely controlled the patriarchate.

With the invasion of Mother Russia by the Nazis (Russia's former ally in the partition of Poland at the beginning of World War II), the political climate changed in Moscow. Metropolitan Sergii urged The Faithful to sincerely support the Russian war effort against the Nazis; he issued calls to arms, organized fund raising rallies, and did everything possible to ensure the protection of his people and the defense of The Church. By 1 October 1944 The Church had donated 150,000,000 rubles, as well as gifts "in kind," to the Communist government. These many sacrifices and contributions for Russia gained him the favorable attention of the then current Communist Dictator, Josef Stalin, who finally granted the Metropolitan's request for new patriarchal elections. Sergii was elected Patriarch on 7 September 1943; he unfortunately died within six months. After that The Kremlin permitted subsequent elections within a year of each vacancy and had made The Orthodox Church of Russia one of the few officially recognized Christian organizations in the Soviet Union -- following the precedent established by Czar Peter The Great. The Sobor to elect the new Patriarch was held 31 January to 2 February 1945. The Patriarch of Alexandria, Patriarch of Antioch, and the Catholicos of Georgia attended this Sobor, together with 44 Russian Bishops, 126 clergy, and representatives of the laity. The Sobor elected Alexis as the new Russian Patriarch. They thus established a "working model" for the other European Communist countries to follow in dealing with Religion. However, all other potential national Orthodox jurisdictions within the then-U.S.S.R., with the exception of the ancient and historic patriarchates of Armenia and Georgia, were merged into the Moscow Patriarchate, as were some Eastern-Rite Roman Catholics and many other Christian jurisdictions and sects.

The Orthodox Church of Russia has been increasingly active in international Orthodox and ecumenical affairs during the last few decades of the 20th Century. She has been particularly vocal before the World Council of Churches and elsewhere in encouraging anti-nuclear and anti- war movements throughout the world. The Primate of The Church of Russia bears the title: Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. The official language of The Church is naturally Russian. Metropolitan Antonii became the first head of The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, with his Seat at Geneva, Switzerland. He was succeeded in AD 1936 by Metropolitan Anastasii (who died in AD 1965), who was followed on his retirement by Metropolitan Filaret, in 1964.

Page 14 of 37 The chief See of the Metropolitan was moved during World War II to Munich, Germany, and in AD 1952 to New York City. Since then The Synodal Church has attracted The Faithful from other exiled jurisdictions, particularly those with origins in the formerly communist-controlled nations of eastern European. The recent collapse of communism has not resulted in any rapproachment between the exile-jurisdictions and their mother churches...... yet. With the Moscow Patriarchate's vigorous pursuit of the return of Church property in foreign lands which has been administered since the Communist Revolution in Russia by The Synodal Church, the rift between the Synodal Church and the Moscow Patriarchate may never be healed.

Apostolic Succession from The Russian Orthodox Church through Saint Peter

Bishop Aleksij (Sergiy Vladimirovich Simanskij, 1877-1970) was consecrated 28 April 1913 by Patriarch Gregorios IV of The Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All The East in Russia as Bishop of Tichvin. In 1945 he was elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Patriarch Aleksij, assisted by Metropolitan Nikolaj (Boris Dorofeevic Jaruevic), Archbishop Makarij (Sergej Konstantinovic Daev), Archbishop Jurij (Vjaeslav Michaijlovic Egorov), Bishop Aleksij (Viktor Aleksandrovic Konoplev) and Bishop Pimen (Sergij Izvekov), consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop John (Konstantin Nikolaevich Wendland, 1909-1989), Patriarchal Exarch of The Russian Orthodox Church in America, on 28 December 1958. On 3 August 1963 Bishop John became Metropolitan of The Russian Orthodox Church in America. He was recalled to Russia on 10 July 1967. Metropolitan John, assisted by Bishop Dositheus (Michail Ivanchenko of The Russian Orthodox Church in America), consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Joseph (Joseph John Skureth, 01/08/1933 -- ), as Exarch, The Western Orthodox Catholic Church in America, Exarchate of The Patriarchates of Moscow and Antioch (a Western Rite body within The Russian Orthodox Church in America) on 17 April 1966. Bishop Dosifej (Dositheus/Michail Ivanchenko) had ordained Bp. Joseph priest on 3 July 1963. Exarch Joseph is also affiliated with The Syrian-Antiochian Orthodox Church. Bishop Joseph, assisted by Archbishop Francisco de Jesus Pagtakhan (The Philippine Independent Catholic Church, Manila) and Bishop Lawrence Lee Shaver (The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Bertil (Nils Bertil Alexander Persson, 11/10/1941 -- ) as Archbishop of The Apostolic Episcopal Church on 28 February 1989). Archbishop Bertil, together with Archbishop Emile Federico Rodrigues y Fairfield (Iglesia Ortodoxa Catolica Apostolica Mexicana), Bishop Carroll T. Lowery (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow (The Archiepiscopate Ordinariate of Healing Arts Missionaries & Chaplains in America) and Bishop Howard D. van Orden (Order of St. Jude), each assisting, coöperating and co-consecrating by laying on hands and uttering all the words of consecration, and assisting in this consecration as Co- Consecrators by Archbishop Paul Christian Gerald W. Schultz (Archbishop of Los Angeles and Administrator of The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), Bishop Petros

Page 15 of 37 (Eric Tan Ong Veloso, Orthodox Catholic Church in The Philippines), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers (Suffragan Bishop of Los Angeles, The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), and Bishop Marciel (Michael Marshall, Orthodox Old Catholic Church), consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Karl (Karl Julius Barwin, 10/16/1943 -- ) as Primate of The Evangelical Catholic Church on The Feast of Saint Addai and Saint Mari (5 August) 1989, in The Chapel of The Holy Guardian Angels in Glendale, California, consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Arthur (Arthur Alexis Longacre) of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Louis (Louis David Chinavare) of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Richard A. Kalbfleisch, NOSF Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

The Russian Orthodox Church through Saint Andrew

Bishop Makarij (Michael Nevskij, 1835 - 02/16/26) was consecrated in 1884 by Bishop Nikon of The Russian Orthodox Church. He was elected Archbishop in 1906 and served as Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomenskoe from 1912-1917. Bishop Makarij consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Evdokim (Basil Michaelovic Meschersky, 1869 - 1935) as Vicar Bishop, Diocese of Moscow, on 4 January 1904. Bishop Evdokim became the Archbishop of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church in 1914. Archbishop Evdokim consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Aftimios (Abdullah Ofiesh, 1880 - 1966) as Bishop of Brooklyn on 13 May 1917. Bishop Aftimios became Archbishop of The Syrian Orthodox Mission of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church in 1923. Archbishop Aftimios consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Sophronios (Sophronios Bishara, 1888 - 1940) as Bishop of Los Angeles on 26 May 1928, assisted by Elias, Metropolitan of Tyre and Sidon (The Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of

Page 16 of 37 Antioch and All The East) and Bishop Emmanuel (Rizkallah Abo-Hatab, The Syrian Orthodox Mission of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church). Bishop Sophronios became Archbishop of The Syrian Orthodox Mission of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church in 1933. Archbishop Sophronios consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Chrysostomos (John M. More-Moreno, + 1958), assisted by Archbishop-Exarch Benjamin (Ioann Athenasievich Fedchenkov of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church, in November of 1933. Bishop Chrysostomos became the Ruling Bishop of The Holy Eastern Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church in North America . Bishop Chrysostomos consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Mar Nikolaus (Perry Nikolaus Cedarholm, 05/18/1890 - 08/06/1979) as Bishop of Brooklyn and Staten Island for The Apostolic Episcopal Church, assisted by Rev'd Fr. David Leondarides, The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, on 6 December 1949. Mar Nikolaus returned to Sweden in 1951 and was acknowledged as a Bishop by the Church of Sweden. He was enthroned as Bishop of Scandinavia for The Apostolic Episcopal Church in 1953 by Bishop Herman Philippus Abbinga of the Osterns Apostoliske Episkopale Kirke. In 1969 he assumed the position of Archbishop of The Apostolic Episcopal Church. Mar Nikolaus consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Mar Alexander (Nils Bertil Alexander Persson, 11/10/1941 -- ) as Titular Bishop of Smyrna on 12 December 1971. Mar Alexander succeeded Archbishop Nikolaus (Cedarholm) as Archbishop of Scandinavia of The Apostolic Episcopal Church on 22 July 1977. He was enthroned as Primate of The Apostolic Episcopal Church by Archbishop Wallace David de Ortega Maxey on 7 November 1986. Archbishop Persson also serves as the Missionary General for Scandinavia and All Europe for both the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Catholic Church, confirmed 15 June 1988; this is a member jurisdiction of The Anglican Communion) and the Igreja Católica Apostólica Brasiliera (Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, confirmed 14 June 1987). Archbishop Persson consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Karl (Karl Julius Barwin, 10/16/1943 -- ) as Primate of The Evangelical Catholic Church on 5 August 1989, assisted by Archbishop Emile Federico Rodrigues y Fairfield (Iglesia Ortodoxa Catolica Apostolica Mexicana), Bishop Carroll T. Lowery (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow (The Archiepiscopate Ordinariate of Healing Arts Missionaries & Chaplains in America) and Bishop Howard D. van Orden (Order of St. Jude; Archbishop of Albuquerque and Dependencies, The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), each assisting, coöperating and co-consecrating by laying on hands and uttering all the words of consecration. Assisting in this consecration as Co-Consecrators were Archbishop Paul Christian Gerald W. Schultz (Archbishop of Los Angeles and Administrator of The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), Bishop Petros (Eric Tan Ong Veloso, Orthodox Catholic Church in The Philippines), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers (Suffragan Bishop of Los Angeles, The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), and Bishop Marciel (Michael Marshall, Orthodox Old Catholic Church). Bishop Karl consecrated to

Page 17 of 37 the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Arthur (Arthur Alexis Longacre) of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Louis (Louis David Chinavare) of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Richard A. Kalbfleisch, NOSF Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

Apostolic Succession from the Russian Orthodox Church through Archbishop Theophanies Fan Stylian Noli

Bishop Makarij (Michael Nevskij, 1835 - 02/16/26) was consecrated in 1884 by Bishop Nikon of The Russian Orthodox Church. He was elected Archbishop in 1906 and served as Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomenskoe from 1912-1917. Archbishop Makarij (Macarius) consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Evdokim (Basil Michaelovic Meschersky, 1869 - 1935) as Vicar Bishop, Diocese of Moscow, on 4 January 1904. Bishop Evdokim became Archbishop of Alaska and North America for The Russian Orthodox Church in 1914. Archbishop Evdokim consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Aftimios (Abdullah Ofiesh, 1880 - 1966) as Bishop of Brooklyn on 13 May 1917, assisted by Bishop Stephen Alexander Dzubay of Pittsburgh and Bishop Alexander Alexandrovich Nemolovksy, Bishop of Canada. Bishop Aftimios became Archbishop of The Syrian Orthodox Mission of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church in 1923. In 1927, urged on by the chaotic conditions in Russia, the canonical Russian Patriarchial Bishops in the U.S.A. acted upon instructions and advice issued earlier by Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow, and emphasized by his successor, the Locum Tenens (Sergius), and Commissioned Bishop Aftimios to be Archbishop and to found and head an autocephalous American Orthodox Catholic Church. Archbishop Aftimios consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Sophronios (Sophronios Bishara, 1888 - 1940) as Bishop of Los Angeles on 26 May 1928, assisted by Elias, Metropolitan of Tyre and Sidon (The Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of

Page 18 of 37 Antioch and All The East) and Bishop Emmanuel (Rizkallah Abo-Hatab, The Syrian Orthodox Mission of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church). Bishop Sophronios became Archbishop of The Syrian Orthodox Mission of The North American Diocese of The Russian Orthodox Church in 1933. Archbishop Sophronios consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Christopher Kontogiorgios (Contogeorge; 1894 - 8/30/50) on 10 February 1934 at St. John the Baptist Church in New York City, assisting Theophanies Fan Stylian Noli, Archbishop of The Albanian Orthodox Diocese in America (consecrated 4 December 1923 in St. George's Cathedral in Korcha, Albania, by Metropolitan Kristofor Kissi [Bishop of Syradon] and Metropolitan Hierotheos [Andon Yahd, Bishop of Korcha & Plenipotentiary Exarch of the Patriarchate of Constantinople] as Metropolitan of Durazzo, Gora & Shpata; Primate & Exarch of All Illyria, of the Western Sea & of all Albania; 1924: President of Albania) as Metropolitan of Pentapoleos. Bishop Kontogiorgios was appointed Exarch of the Greek Orthodox Catholic Church under the Patriarchate of Alexandria in 1947. Exarch Kontogiorgios consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Konstantin Jaroshevich in 1949, assisted by Archbishop Arsenios Saltas (consecrated 25 August 1934 by Abp. Kontogiorgios and Abp. Theophan Noli) and with the blessing and concurrence of Metropolitan Theophan Noli. In 1954 Abp. Jaroshevich was appointed Exarch of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa in the United States. Archbishop Jaroschevich consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Peter Andreas Zhurawetsky (12/07/01 - 1994) in Sts. Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Church of Springfield, Massachusetts, on 15 October 1950, assisting Patriarch Joseph Klimovich (of the American Holy Orthodox Catholic Eastern Church; Ptr. Klimovich was consecrated 14 October 1930 by Constantine Kuryllo of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church) together with Metropolitan Nicholas Bohatyretz (of the Ukrainians in the Orthodox Catholic Church in America; Met. Bohatyretz was consecrated 16 November 1913 by Bp. Paulo Louis Prota Guirleo Miraglia Gulotti, Bishop of Piacenza of the Italian National Episcopal Church), Metropolitan Joseph Zielonka (Polish Old Catholic Church of America and Europe) and Bishop Peter M. Williamowich (consecrated by Met. Fan Noli), as Suffragan Bishop, The Polish Old Catholic Church. In December 1960 Bp. Zhurawetsky succeeded Metropolitan Zielonka and immediately changed the name of this jurisdiction to Christ Catholic Church of the Americas and Europe, and taking the name of Peter II. In 1978, His Beatitude, Pope Nikolaus VII of Alexandria and All Africa wrote a letter recognizing Abp. Petros Zhurawetsky as a canonical Orthodox bishop. Patriarch Peter II consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Robert Gerald John Schulyer Zeiger (01/01/29 - 1998) in the Russian Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity and St. Olga, New Brunswick, New Jersey, on 1 July 1961, assisted by Primate Hubert Augustus Rogers, Bishop Julian Lester Smith, and Bishop James Hubert Rogers (all of The North American Old Roman Catholic Church) as Bishop for The Orthodox Catholic Patriarchate of America. He later left Ptr. Zhurawetsky's jurisdiction in 1961 and

Page 19 of 37 founded the American Orthodox Catholic Church. In 1964 he resigned as Primate of that jurisdiction while remaining Archbishop Metropolitan of Denver. On 10 August 1976, Abp. Zeiger was consecrated at St. Paul's Monastery, La Porte, Indiana, by Abp/Primate Joseph John Skureth (Western Orthodox Catholic Church) assisted by Bishop Joseph Gabriel Sokolowski, O. S.B. (Abbot General, St. Paul's Monastery, La Porte, Indiana; consecrated 16 March 1970 by Abp. Joseph John Skureth & Bp. Frank Blevins). Abp. Zeiger consecrated sub conditione to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Andre Leon Zotique Barbeau (11/22/12 - 2/14/94) on 8 August 1976, assisted by Bishop Gordon Albert Da Costa (Anglican Church of the Americas; consecrated 19 June 1971 by Bp. Benjamin C. Eckardt of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church, assisted by Bp. Charles Kennedy Samuel Steward Moffat and Bp. Albert J. Fuge). He was earlier consecrated on 14 May 1968 at the Pro-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Mirabel, Quebec, Canada, by Bp. Charles Brearley (Old Holy Catholic Church; consecrated 16 June 1954 by Marziano II, Basileus of Constantinople and of All the Christian Orient {Prince de Deols, Alessandro Licastro de la Chastre Grimaldi-Lascaris}, claimant to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire of the Orient as the 269th Emperor) and later on 26 July 1973 by Bishop Garry Robert Armstrong (Liberal Catholic Church International; consecrated 8 October 1972 by Bp. William Henry Daw of the Liberal Catholic Church International). He was further consecrated sub conditione on 19 August 1976 by Abp. Josef Maria Thiesen (Alt Roemisch Katholische Kirche in Germany; consecrated 17 April 1949 by Bp. Aloysius Stumpfl) and on 12/12/76 s.c. at the Cite de Marie, Mirabel, Quebec, Canada by Bp. George Bellemare (Eglise Universelle de la Nouvelle Alliance; consecrated 7 July 1975 by Bp. Roger Caro, assisted by Bp. Maurice Auberger and Bp. Patrick LeBar). Patriarch Barbeau consecrated sub conditione to the Sacred Episcopate:

Archbishop Leonard J. Curreri (07/27/46 - ) on 30 July 1977 at Mirabel, Quebec, Canada, assisted by Archbishop Rainer Laufer (Old Holy Catholic Church of Canada; Abp. Laufer was consecrated 18 November 1975 by: Bp. Charles Brearley of The Old Holy Catholic Church; Abp. Andre LeTellier, Titular Archbishop of Hippo and Archbishop Coadjutor of Montreal, Canada, Catholic Charismatic Church of Canada; and Bp. Jean-Marie Breault, Titular Bishop of Bethlehem and Auxiliary Bishop of Montreal, Catholic Charismatic Church of Canada), as Primate of The Tridentine Catholic Church. Abp. Curreri was first consecrated at Holy Cross Polish Catholic Church, New York City, on 23 April 1977 by Bp. Francis Joseph Ryan (Ecumenical Orthodox Catholic Church--Autocephalous; Bp. Ryan was consecrated in 1965 by Ptr. Udladyslau Ryzy-Ryski), assisted by Bp. Holmes Bennett Dayhoff (Tridentine Catholic Church) and Bp. John Basilo (American Orthodox Catholic Church; Bp. Basilo was consecrated by Walter Myron Propheta). Archbishop Curreri consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Peter Paul Brennan (1941 - ) on 10 June 1978 at Our Lady Queen of Heaven Church, Long Island, New York, assisting Bishop Richard Thomas McFarland (African Orthodox Church). He was consecrated sub conditione on 4 October 1979 by Archbishop Leonard J. Curreri (Tridentine Catholic Church), assisted by Archbishop Peter James G. Grazeloa (American National Catholic Church) and Bp. Holmes Bennett Dayhoff. In 1984 Abp. Brennan became head of the Ecumenical Catholic Diocese of the Americas based in West Hempstead,

Page 20 of 37 New York. Abp. Brennan consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Howard D. van Orden ((1938 - ) on 14 October 1984, assisting Bp. Patrick J. Callahan (Old Roman Catholic Church--Utrecht Succession; Bp. Callahan was consecrated on 17 April 1984 by Abp. Emile Federico Rodriguez y Fairfield and Abp. Paul G. W. Schultz) as Bishop of The Western Rite Orthodox Catholic Church of Jesus in St. Stephen's Orthodox Catholic Church of Savannah, Georgia. Bishop van Orden consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Karl Julius Barwin (10/16/43 - ) as Primate of The Evangelical Catholic Church on The Feast of Saint Addai and Saint Mari (5 August) 1989 in The Chapel of The Holy Guardian Angels in Glendale, California, assisting Archbishop Bertil Persson (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), together with Archbishop Emile Federico Rodrigues y Fairfield (Iglesia Ortodoxa Catolica Apostolica Mexicana), Bishop Carroll T. Lowery (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), and Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow (The Archiepiscopate Ordinariate of Healing Arts Missionaries & Chaplains in America), each assisting, coöperating and co-consecrating by laying on hands and uttering all the words of consecration. Assisting in this consecration as Co-Consecrators were Archbishop Paul Christian Gerald W. Schultz (Archbishop of Los Angeles and Administrator of The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso (Orthodox Catholic Church in The Philippines), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers (Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), and Exarch Marciel (Michael Marshall, Orthodox Old Catholic Church). Bishop Barwin consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Arthur Alexis Longacre of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Louis David Chinavare of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Richard A. Kalbfleisch, NOSF Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

Apostolic Succession through Bishop Joseph A. Zuk

Joseph A. Zuk (? - 2/23/34) was consecrated on 7 February 1932 by Bp. Aftimios (Abdullah Ofiesh; Holy Eastern Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church in North America), assisted by Bp. Sophronios Bishara (Bishop of Los Angeles) as Assistant Bishop of The Holy Eastern

Page 21 of 37 Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church in North America with special oversight over The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of America. The ecclesiastical jurisdiction of these bishops (Ofiesh, Bishara & Zuk) is believed by many to be the sole canonical successor of The Russian Orthodox jurisdiction established for North America by way of Alaska in 1763 under Canon Law (Council of Chalcedon, 453 A.D.); thus this jurisdiction would be the only lawful (i.e., canonical) Orthodox jurisdiction in the U.S.A. Bishop Zuk consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

William Albert Nichols (12/4/1867 - 2/6/1947) on 27 September 1932, together with Bp. Sophronios Bishara, assisting Abp. Aftimios (Abdullah Ofiesh). Bishop Nichols took the ecclesiastical name of Ignatius. Against canon law and Church tradition, Bp. Ignatius (Nichols) married in June of 1933, for which he was formally removed from Office by Bp. Bishara. Upon the death of both Bp. Bishara and Bp. Zuk in 1934, Bp. Nichols assumed leadership of part of The Holy Eastern Orthodox and Apostolic Church in North America, officially incorporating it in the State of New York on 16 March 1936 under the name: The Holy Orthodox Church in America. This newly incorporated jurisdiction also included the former Anglican Universal Church of Christ in the United States of America (Chaldean), which allowed married bishops and was headed by Abp. George Winslow Plummer. Ignatius, Archbishop of Washington, D.C., consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

George Winslow Plummer (8/25/1876 - 1/23/1944) on 8 May 1934, assisted by Bishop Ambrosius (Maitland Raines of The Russian Orthodox Church; consecrated by Bp. Alexander Vvedensky) and took the ecclesiastical name of Mar Georgius. Mar Georgius consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Stanislaus de Witow (born Stanislaus Witowski; 2/9/1890 - 4/1969) on 29 November 1936, assisted by Abp. Ignatius (William Albert Nichols) and Bishop Irenaeus (Henry van Arsdale Parsell; consecrated 19 September 1920 by Bp Manuel Ferrando of the Reformed Episcopal Church assisted by Mar Georgius/Plummer) and took the ecclesiastical name Theodotus. Bp. Theodotus became head of The Holy Orthodox Church in America on 14 April 1951 succeeding Abp/Primate Roy C. Toombs (who had succeeded Mar Georgius on 23 January 1944). Abp. Theodotus consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Walter Myron Propheta (1912 - 10/8/1972) in Springfield, Massachusetts, on 3 October 1964, assisting Ptr. Joachim Souris of the True Orthodox Church of Greece (consecrated 2 June 1951 by Ptr. Joseph Klimovicz of the American Holy Orthodox Catholic Eastern Church, assisted by Ptr. Peter A. Zhurawetsky, Bp. Jozef Zielonka, and Bp. Clement I {John Cyril Sherwood}). On 30 March1965 he was elevated to Archbishop by Abp. Theodotus and Bishop Theoklitus Kantaris (Bishop of the Greek Orthodox Diocese of New York , consecrated by Makarios III, Archbishop/Primate of Cyprus), and took the ecclesiastical name of Patriarch Woldymyr I. Ptr. Woldymyr I consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

John Arthur Christian (Chiasson; born: John Christofer Saison; ? - 12/25/1984) on 31 July 1966, assisted by Abp. Theodotus (Stanislaus De Witow). He was elected to succeed Ptr.

Page 22 of 37 Woldymyr I at a Synod of The American Orthodox Catholic Church on 18 November 1972, taking the ecclesiastical name of Christian I. Ptr. Christian I consecrated sub conditione to the Sacred Episcopate:

Harold James Donovan (? - 3/18/1996) in Chicago, Illinois, on 4 July 1982, at the request of the Holy Synod of The Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Church in the Philippines, taking the ecclesiastical name of Mar Aftimios II. He had been previously consecrated on 16 March 1980 as Missionary Bishop for this jurisdiction by Bp. Tirso Cinco Noble, assisted by Bp. Miguel Pestano Borja, Bp. Joel T. Borja, and Bp. Urbano A. Blanco (all Bishops within The Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Church in the Philippines). In co-operation with Ptr. Christian I, Mar Aftimios II created an Exarchy in January 1983 of the Philippine Church later known as: The American Orthodox Church. Mar Aftimios II was consecrated sub conditione on 19 January 1987 by Bishop-Primate Forest Ernest Barber of the Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Church in the Philippines (a part of the Igreja Catolica Apostolica Brasileira) assisted by Metropolitan Mark (Senen C. Bordeos) of the Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Church in the Philippines, based in Los Banos. Mar Aftimios II consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Eric Tan Ong Veloso on 12 March 1989 in The Holy Guardian Angels Chapel, Glendale, California, assisted by Abp. Paul G. W. Schultz (Archbishop of Los Angeles and Administrator of The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas). Bp. Veloso had been previously consecrated on 30 October 1988 in Our Mother of Perpetual Help Orthodox Catholic Church of Los Angeles, California, by Abp. Howard D. van Orden, assisted by Bp. Jack London Mette (of the Catholic Apostolic Church in North America/Patriarchate of Brazil; consecrated by: Abp. de Ortega Maxey; Bp. Raymond Eugene Hefner; Ptr. Francis Jerome Joachim; Bp. Charles David Luther) and Bp. Carroll T. Lowery, for the Orthodox Catholic Church in The Philippines, taking the ecclesiastical name of Mar Petros. Mar Petros consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Karl Julius Barwin (10/16/1943 - ) in The Holy Guardian Angels Chapel, Glendale, California, on 5 August 1989, as Primate of The Evangelical Catholic Church, assisting Archbishop Nils Bertil Alexander Persson (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), together with Archbishop Emile Federico Rodrigues y Fairfield (Iglesia Ortodoxa Catolica Apostolica Mexicana), Bishop Carroll T. Lowery (The Apostolic Episcopal Church), Bishop Howard D. van Orden (Order of St. Jude; Archbishop of Albuquerque and Dependencies, The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), and Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow (The Archiepiscopate Ordinariate of Healing Arts Missionaries & Chaplains in America), each assisting, coöperating and co-consecrating by laying on hands and uttering all the words of consecration. Assisting in this consecration as Co-Consecrators were Archbishop Paul Christian Gerald W. Schultz (Archbishop of Los Angeles and Administrator of The Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers (Philippine Independent Catholic Church in The Americas), and Exarch Marciel (Michael Marshall, Orthodox Old Catholic Church).Bishop Barwin consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Page 23 of 37 Bishop Arthur Alexis Longacre of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Louis David Chinavare of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Bishop Richard A. Kalbfleisch, NOSF Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

The Apostolic Succession from The Church of England & The Episcopal Church in the U.S.A.

The Church of England was planted in North America in 1607, at the foundation of the Jamestown Colony. It achieved quasi-establishment in Maryland and Virginia, and was "tolerated" in the other colonies, with the exception of New England, where the few Anglicans living there were bitterly persecuted and harassed.

The foundation for control of the Church by the laity (congregational form of polity) was firmly laid at this time. The appointment of clergy to serve parishes was almost totally in the hands of the laity who refused to allow priests a title to the benefits of their office which appointment/installation would allow, but preferred to pay Chaplains whom they could "fire" at will. This resulted in the ranks of the clergy being filled with very unworthy men and reduced the priest to the position of being an hireling/employee of the laity, consequently resulting in the laity's contempt.

As there were no resident bishops in North America, the Anglican parishes here were under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London, who governed them by means of commissaries. The power of the laity was so strong, however, and the class of men willing to serve as hirelings rather than priests so inferior, that the spiritual state of Anglicanism in the American colonies was very weak.

At the close of The War of Independence, Episcopalians, as they were then commonly called, realized that The Church must have a national organization if it was to prosper and grow. The biggest obstacle to creating a National Church was the lack of a national hierarchy. In Connecticut, the former Congregational converts to Anglicanism considered a bishop to be of absolute necessity. The Connecticut clergy therefore elected the Rev'd Samuel Seabury as their Bishop and gave him the mandate to go abroad and obtain valid Apostolic Orders. The Anglican Bishops in England could not by law consecrate any one who would not take the

Page 24 of 37 Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch of the Realm, however. It would have been impossible, therefore, for Bishop-elect Seabury to return to America if he had received consecration as a British subject who had sworn allegiance to the King of England. With the refusal of the English bishops to bestow episcopal consecration, Fr. Seabury proceeded to Scotland. After prolonged negotiations with the Nonjuring bishops of Scotland, he finally obtained their consent to confer Apostolic Succession upon him.

The Nonjuring Bishops of Scotland were the remnant of the Church which the Stuarts had endeavored to establish in Scotland but which had lost the protection of the State as well as all Church endowments by remaining supporters of James II. The average Scotsman considered them to be almost as obnoxious as Roman Catholics and certainly just as dangerous. The Nonjuring Bishops of Scotland were extremely High Church. They abandoned the Calvinistic doctrine of the Holy Eucharist espoused in The 39 Articles of The Church of England and returned to the "Lutheran" doctrine of the 1549 Articles. They used Holy Chrism in Confirmation, were considered firm believers in the sacerdotal character of the Holy Priesthood, and adamant in the necessity of Apostolic Succession and Episcopal Ordination. Dr. Seabury was consecrated by the Nonjuring Bishops on 14 November 1784. Immediately after his consecration to the office and work of Bishop, he signed a Concordat with the Nonjurors (on 15 Nov. 1784) agreeing to introduce the liturgical and doctrinal beliefs and practices of the Nonjurors into the Episcopal Church in Connecticut. He specifically promised to persuade the American Church to use the Prayer of Consecration taken largely unchanged by The Episcopal Church of Scotland from the 1549 Book of Common Prayer. Upon his return to Connecticut he organized and governed his Diocese according to the doctrine and practice of his Consecrators. The "children" were no longer allowed to rule and control The Church. Bishop Seabury governed and ruled the Episcopal Church in Connecticut according to Biblical and ancient canonical practices; the laity was excluded from all deliberations, ecclesiastical councils and control of ecclesiastical affairs. In effect, Bishop Seabury is the Father of the traditional High Church party within PECUSA, marked by evangelical piety united with high sacramental ideals.

In stark contrast to the understanding of The Church adopted by Bishop Seabury in Connecticut, a very non-Catholic and non-historic view of Church polity was adopted in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Dr. William White, Rector of Christ Church, believed that the Episcopal Church must assent to and adopt the secular, non-Biblical principle of "representative government." He was even willing to employ the practice of Presbyterian Ordination until such time as a valid Apostolic Succession could be obtained from The Church of England. Surprisingly, Presbyterian Ordination found little favor among the Faithful of Pennsylvania. Fortunately an Act was passed in the English Parliament allowing English bishops to confer the Episcopacy upon men not subject to the British Crown. Consequently, Dr. William White (Bishop-Elect of Pennsylvania) and Dr. Samuel Provoost (Bishop-Elect of New York) were consecrated at the hands of the 88th Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. John Moore, on Septuagesima Sunday, 4 February 1787.

Upon the return of Bishops White and Provoost to the United States, there were so many differences between the Connecticut Church and that of the Middle and Southern States, that a

Page 25 of 37 merger or union could not be immediately effected. When Dr. James Madison was elected to be Bishop of Virginia, he was forced to go to England to be consecrated since Bishop Provost of New York (perhaps the Father of what later came to be known as the Broad Church party within PECUSA) refused to act in conjunction with the Bishop of Connecticut. (Bishop White might be considered the Father of the Evangelical party within PECUSA, with its belief in the desirability -- rather than the necessity -- of Apostolic Succession and its desire to closely coöperate with all other churches of the Reformation.) The foundation for differing doctrines of The Church were already evident at this early time within The Protestant Episcopal Church. The union was finally cemented in 1792, when Dr. Thomas John Claggert was elected Bishop of Maryland. There were now three "valid" Anglican bishops in the U.S.A. (excluding Dr. Seabury). Bishop Provoost of New York therefore withdrew his objections to allowing Dr. Seabury to participate in Dr. Claggert's consecration. Had Bishop Seabury not been invited to participate in the consecration of Dr. Claggert, the result would have been a schism between Connecticut and the other States.

The Apostolic Succession from The Church of England & The Episcopal Church in the U.S.A.

POPE St. NICHOLAS I (consecrated in 858) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 864:

FORMOSUS (Bishop of Porto; Pope 891) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 891:

Page 26 of 37 St. PLEGMUND (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 909:

ALTHELM (as Bishop of Wells; 914 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate 914:

WULFHELM (as Bishop of Wells; 923 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 927:

ODO (as Bishop of Ramsbury; 942 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 957:

St. DUNSTAN (as Bishop of Worcester; 960 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 984:

St. AELPHEGE (as Bishop of Winchester; 1005 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 990:

ELFRIC (as Bishop of Ramsbury; 995 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 1003:

WULFSTAN (as Bishop of Worcester and York) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 13 November 1020:

ETHELNOTH (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 1035:

EADSIGE (as Bishop of St. Martin's, Canterbury; 1038 Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 3 April 1043:

STIGAND (as Bishop of Elmham; 1052 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 1058:

Page 27 of 37 SIWARD (as Bishop of Rochester) assisting William, Bishop of London and Giso, Bishop of Wells (consecrated 15 April 1061 by Pope Nicholas II) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 29 September 1070

Bl. LANFRANC (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 1070:

THOMAS (as Archbishop of York) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 4 December 1094:

St. ANSELM (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 26 July 1108:

RICHARD de BELMEIS (as Bishop of London) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 18 February 1123:

WILLIAM of CORBEUIL (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 17 November 1129:

HENRY of BLOIS (as Bishop of Winchester) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 3 June 1162:

St. THOMAS BECKET (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 23 August 1164:

ROGER of GLOUCESTER (as Bishop of Worcester) assisting Gilbert Foliot, Bishop of London Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 7 November 1176:

PETER de LEIA (as Bishop of St. David's, Wales) assisting

Page 28 of 37 Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury John Cumin, Archbishop of Dublin Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 29 September 1185:

GILBERT GLANVILLE (as Bishop of Rochester) assisting Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury Bernard, Archbishop of Ragusa (consecrated 19 November 1189 by Pope Clement III) Philip of Poictou, Bishop of Durham (consecrated 20 April 1197 by Pope Celestine III) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 23 May 1199:

WILLIAM de SAINTE MERE L'EGLISE (as Bishop of London) assisting Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (consecrated 17 June 1207 by Pope Innocent III) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 5 October 1214:

WALTER de GRAY (as Bishop of Worcester; 1216 Archbishop of York) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 5 December 1249:

WALTER KIRKHAM (as Bishop of Durham) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 7 February 1255:

HENRY (as Bishop of Whithern) assisting William Wickwane, Archbishop of York (consecrated 17 September 1279 by Pope Nicholas III) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 9 January 1284:

ANTHONY BECK (as Bishop of Durham; 1306 Patriarch of Jerusalem) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 14 September 1292:

JOHN of HALTON (as Bishop of Carlisle) assisting Thomas Cobham, Bishop of Worcester Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 27 June 1322:

ROGER NORTHBOROUGH (as Bishop of Lichfield) assisting

Page 29 of 37 Henry Burghersh, Bishop of Lincoln Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 15 July 1330:

ROBERT WYVIL (as Bishop of Salisbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 12 March 1340:

RALPH STRATFORD (as Bishop of London) assisting John Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 15 May 1346:

WILLIAM EDENDON (as Bishop of Winchester) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 20 March 1362:

SIMON SUDBURY (as Bishop of London; 1375 Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 12 May 1370:

THOMAS BRENTINGHAM (as Bishop of Exeter) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 5 January 1382:

ROBERT BRAYBROOKE (as Bishop of London) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 3 February 1398:

ROGER WALDEN (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 14 July 1398:

HENRY BEAUFORT (as Bishop of Lincoln; 1405 Bishop of Winchester) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 15 May 1435:

THOMAS BOURCHIER (as Bishop of Worcester; 1443 Ely, 1454 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 31 January 1479:

JOHN MORTON (as Bishop of Ely; 1486 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 21 May 1497:

Page 30 of 37 RICHARD FITZJAMES (as Bishop of Rochester; 1503 Chichester; 1506 London) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 25 September 1502:

WILLIAM WARHAM (as Bishop of London; 1503 Cant) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 15 May 1521:

JOHN LONGLANDS (as Bishop of Lincoln) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 30 March 1533:

THOMAS CRANMER (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in June 1536:

WILLIAM BARLOW (as Bishop of St. David's, Wales; 1549 Bath; 1559 Chichester) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 17 December 1559:

MATTHEW PARKER (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 21 December 1559:

EDMUND GRINDAL (as Bishop of London; 1570 York; 1576 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 21 April 1577:

JOHN WHITGIFT (as Bishop of Worcester; 1583 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 8 May 1597:

RICHARD BANCROFT (as Bishop of London; 1604 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 3 December 1609:

GEORGE ABBOT (as Bishop of Lichfield; 1610 London; 1611 Canterbury) assisted by Marc Anthonio de Dominis, (Dean of Windsor and former Roman Abp. of Spolatro & Primate of Dalmatia) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 14 December 1617:

GEORGE MONTAIGNE

Page 31 of 37 (as Bishop of Lincoln; 1621 London; 1628 Durham; 1628 York) assisted by John Howson (Bishop of Oxford) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 18 November 1621:

Bl. WILLIAM LAUD (as Bishop of St. David's, Wales; 1626 Bath; 1628 London; 1633 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 17 June 1638:

BRIAN DUPPA (as Bishop of Chichester; 1641 Salisbury; 1660 Winchester) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 28 October 1660 (see note 5):

GILBERT SHELDON (as Bishop of London; 1663 Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 6 December 1674:

HENRY COMPTON (as Bishop of Oxford; 1675 London) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 27 January 1678:

WILLIAM SANCROFT (as Archbishop of Canterbury) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 25 October 1685:

THOMAS WHITE (as Bishop of Peterborough, who was deposed in 1690 as a non-juror) Under Royal Warrant from the exiled King James II Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 24 February 1693:

GEORGE HICKES (as Bishop of Thetford) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 24 February 1712:

JAMES GADDERAR (consecrated without a See because of penal conditions; later Bp. of Aberdeen and Moray) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 4 June 1727:

THOMAS RATTRAY (as Bishop of Dunkold) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate in 1741:

WILLIAM FALCONAR (as Bishop of Ross and Caithness)

Page 32 of 37 Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 21 September 1768:

ROBERT KILGOUR (as Bishop of Aberdeen) assisted by Bishop Coadjutor John Skinner (Aberdeen) & Bishop Arthur Petrie (Ross & Caithness) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 14 November 1784:

SAMUEL SEABURY (as Bishop of Connecticut) assisted by Bishop William White, Bishop Samuel Provoost and Bishop James Madison Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 17 September 1792:

THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT (as Bishop of Maryland) assisted by Bishop William White and Bishop Samuel Provoost Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 7 May 1797:

EDWARD BASS (as Bishop of Massachusetts) assisted by Bishop William White and Bishop Samuel Provoost Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 18 October 1797:

ABRAHAM JARVIS (as Bishop of Connecticut) assisted by Bishop William White and Bishop Samuel Provoost Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 29 May 1811:

ALEXANDER VIETS GRISWOLD (as Bishop of the Eastern Diocese) assisted by Bishop William White and Bishop Nathaniel Bowen Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 31 October 1832:

JOHN HENRY HOPKINS (as Bishop of Vermont) assisted by Bishop Benjamin B. Smith and Bishop Lee Henry Washington Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 15 November 1866:

Page 33 of 37 GEORGE DAVID CUMMINS (as Assistant Bishop of Kentucky) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 14 December 1873:

CHARLES EDWARD CHENEY (for the Reformed Episcopal Church) assisted by Bishop George David Cummins Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 24 February 1876:

WILLIAM RUFUS NICHOLSON (Reformed Episcopal Church) assisted by Bishop Samuel Fallows Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 22 June 1879:

ALFRED SPENCER RICHARDSON (Reformed Episcopal Church) assisting Bishop Charles Isaac Stevens (2nd Patriarch, The Ancient British Church) Consecrated sub conditione to The Sacred Episcopate on 4 May 1890:

LEON CHECHEMIAN (as Mar Leon, Abp. of Selsey; sometime Armenian Uniate Titular Bishop of Malatia) assisted by Bp. James Martin (Abp. of Caerleon-upon-Usk) Bp. Frederick Boucher & Bp. George W. L. Maaers (Iglesia Española Reformada Episcopal) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 2 November 1897:

ANDREW CHARLES ALBERT McLAGEN (as Titular Bishop of Claremont) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 4 June 1922:

HERBERT JAMES MONZANI HEARD (as Mar Jacobus II, Archbishop of Selsey; 1930 Primate, Free Protestant Episcopal Church) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 13 June 1943:

WILLIAM BERNARD CROW Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Wisdom (as Mar Bernard, Bishop of Santa Sophia) (17 October 1943: Mar Basilius Abdullah III, Sovereign Prince Patriarch of Antioch) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 10 April 1944:

HUGH GEORGE de WILLMOTT NEWMAN (as Mar Georgius I, Metropolitan of Glastonbury and Catholicos of the West)

Page 34 of 37 assisted by Abp. John Sebastian Marlow Ward (Archbishop of Olivet) Bishop Richard Kenneth Hurgon (Titular Bishop of Mere [Somerset]) Bishop John Syer (Mar John, Bishop of Verulam) Bishop Charles Leslie Saul (Mar Leofric, Archbishop of Suthronia in the Eparchy of All the Britons) Bishop Francis Ernest Langhelt (Mar Francis, Bishop of Minster) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 6 June 1946:

WALLACE DAVID de ORTEGA MAXEY (as Mar David I, Patriarch of Malaga, Apostolic Primate of all the Iberians, & Supreme Hierarch of the Catholicate of the West in the Americas) assisted by Abp. Robert Ronald Ramm (Archbishop-Primate, The Apostolic Episcopal Catholic Church) Consecrated sub conditione to The Sacred Episcopate on 7 November 1986:

NILS BERTIL ALEXANDER PERSSON (as Primate of The Apostolic Episcopal Church) assisted by Archbishop Emile Federico Rodriguez y Fairfield, Bishop Carroll T. Lowery, Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow, Archbishop Paul G. W. Schultz, Bishop Howard D. van Orden, Bishop Petros (Eric Tan Ong Veloso), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers & Exarch Marciel (Michael Marshall) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 5 August 1989:

KARL JULIUS BARWIN (Primate, The Evangelical Catholic Church)

ARTHUR (ALEXIS) LONGACRE of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

LOUIS DAVID CHINAVARE of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

RICHARD ALLEN KALBFLEISCH Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

+ + +

Page 35 of 37 John Moore (1730 - 1805) (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1783) assisted by William Markham (Abp. of York), Bp. Charles Moss & Bp. John Hinchliffe Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 4 February 1787:

William White (1748 - 1836) (Presiding Bishop, PECUSA: 1789, 1795 - 1835) assisted by Bishop Henry Hobart, Bishop James Kemp, Bishop John Croes & Bishop Nathaniel Brown Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 25 October 1827:

Henry Ustick Onderdonk (1789 - 1858) (Bishop of Pennsylvania) assisted by Bishop George Washington Doane & Bishop Jackson Kemper Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 7 July 1836:

Samuel Allen McCoskry (1804 - 1886) (First PECUSA Bishop of Michigan) assisted by Bishop George Thurston Bedell, Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple, Bishop Joseph Cruikshank Talbot, Bishop Robert Harper Clarkson, Bishop John Franklin Spalding & Bishop George de Normandie Gillespie Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 6 December 1875:

William Edward McLaren (1831 - 1905) (Third PECUSA Bishop of Illinois) assisted by Bishop George F. Seymour & Bishop Cortlandt Whitehead Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 24 June 1898:

William Montgomery Brown (1855 - 1937) (PECUSA Bishop of Arkansas; Auxiliary Bp, Old Catholic Church in America) assisted by Archbishop William Henry Francis Brothers, Bishop Albert Jehan & Bishop Józef Zielonka Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 2 January 1927:

Wallace David de Ortega Maxey (1902 - 1992) (Retired Primate, Apostolic Episcopal Church in America) assisted by Archbishop Robert R. Ramm

Page 36 of 37 Consecrated sub conditione to The Sacred Episcopate on 7 November 1986:

Nils Bertil Alexander Persson (1941 - ) (Primate, The Apostolic Episcopal Church) assisted by Archbishop Emile Federico Rodriguez y Fairfield, Bishop Carroll T. Lowery, Archbishop Arthur J. Garrow, Archbishop Paul G. W. Schultz, Bishop Howard D. van Orden, Bishop Petros (Eric Tan Ong Veloso), Bishop Christopher J. Rogers & Exarch Marciel (Michael Marshall) Consecrated to The Sacred Episcopate on 5 August 1989:

Karl Julius Barwin (1943 - ) (Primate, The Evangelical Catholic Church)

Arthur (Alexis) Longacre of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Barwin was Bishop Eric T. Ong Veloso of the American Orthodox Catholic Church, Bishop Carl Smith and Bishop Paul Schultz of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church in the Americas. On 4 January 1997 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Louis David Chinavare of the American Catholic Church. Assisting Bishop Longacre was Archbishop John Robert Collier of the Order of Caring Chaplains, Archbishop Patrick Randolph Connolly of the American Catholic Church and Bishop Benedict Clouse. On 7 May 2006 consecrated to the Sacred Episcopate:

Richard Allen Kalbfleisch (1955 - ) Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ, Auxiliary Bishop and Rector of the Cathedral and Abbey of St. Anthony, The New Order of St. Francis & St. Clare (NOSF).

Page 37 of 37