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Geochemical Processes Contributing to the Contamination of Soil and Surface Waters in the Rio Conchos Basin, Mexico

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Geochemical Processes Contributing to the Contamination of Soil and Surface Waters in the Rio Conchos Basin, Mexico Geochemical processes contributing to the contamination of soil and surface waters in the Rio Conchos basin, Mexico Mélida Gutiérrez Geography, Geology and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfi eld, Missouri 65897, USA Carlos Martinez-Pina Department of Geosciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA Jun Luo Kevin Mickus Geography, Geology and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfi eld, Missouri 65897, USA ABSTRACT to predict the response of the environment to background levels. Once this characterization various human activities. is complete, the response of the environment A geochemical characterization of the to possible scenarios of human activities could middle Rio Conchos basin is presented based Keywords: arsenic, Chihuahua, Chihuahuan more easily and reliably be predicted. on two contaminants, salts (Ca and Na) and Desert, Rio Conchos, salts, metalloid, water The objective of this study was to determine toxic metalloids (As and Sb). Their content chemistry, water resource, water pollution. the main geochemical processes taking place in in surface water and sediment samples was a river in an arid environment and to fi nd a plau- determined, and their spatial distribution was INTRODUCTION sible explanation for the presence of calcium and mapped to show the relationship to each other, sodium (main components of water salinity) and to the geology and hydrology, and to other The Rio Conchos is an important river within toxic metalloids (arsenic and antimony). For this potential factors affecting their distribution the Chihuahuan Desert and the largest tributary purpose, surface-water data collected by Gutiér- (i.e., prevailing winds). Correlation analyses of the Rio Grande in spite of its relatively mod- rez were complemented with sediment geochem- between salts, toxic metalloids, and associated est discharge (Hudson et al., 2005; International ical data acquired from the Servicio Geologico elements, and their spatial distribution aided Boundary and Water Commission [IBWC], Mexicano (SGM). The spatial distribution of the in determining their sources, which included 2007a). The Rio Conchos provides surround- elements was tied to the geology, hydrology, and mines, rock outcrops, urban centers, irriga- ing communities with surface water for irriga- other factors presumed to affect their presence tion waste water, and agricultural runoff. The tion, habitat for wildlife, recharges aquifers, and using geographic information system (GIS) and salinity of the Rio Conchos reached a critical (unfortunately) it is also used as a medium to satellite images. The results fi ll an important gap level after receiving waters of its contami- dispose of domestic wastewater and irrigation in knowledge about the extent to which water nated tributary Rio Chuviscar and irrigation drain returns. The latter degrade its water and composition is affected by geological factors, drain returns from the Irrigation District 005, habitat quality (Kelly and Arias Rojo, 2007). e.g., the composition of rock outcrops and the but further downstream the water quality Efforts toward a sustainable management of the presence of mine tailings. We used a variety improved when it mixed with Ca-rich water, Rio Conchos basin have emerged in the past few of methods to perform these characterizations, signifi cantly reducing its Na concentration. years, as evidenced by contributions presented described in more detail in the following. Based on its spatial distribution, the content at international scientifi c conferences hosted of As in alluvial material was found to be asso- in Delicias (May 17–18, 2007) and Chihuahua Water Quality ciated with the presence of Ag-Pb mines and City (June 6–8, 2007) and workshops offered to a lesser degree to Oligocene ignimbrites. A on sustainability of natural resources (Center for Water quality data for the Rio Conchos are correlation of As with Sb, Cu, and Bi suggests Research in Water Resources, 2005; Secretaria scarce and at the present time there is no moni- that natural sources are the dominant contri- de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2007; toring of water quality. Until 2002, the Inter- bution of As within the area, although concen- World Wildlife Fund, 2007). A notable example national Boundary and Water Commission trations above permissible level for water were discussed in both of the congresses mentioned (IBCW) monitored water quality at a station found in river water samples at a few places above is Caudal Ecologico, a plan to maintain near Ojinaga as it entered the Rio Grande, but where sewage was also present, suggesting an a minimum amount of water in the river to help sampling stopped in 2003. Five other water additional (anthropogenic) important source the survival of aquatic organisms (Zapata, 2007). quality stations on the Rio Conchos purportedly of As. A characterization of natural sources In order for these and other remediation efforts exist (Kelly, 2001), but these data are not publi- affecting the chemistry of surface waters is a to succeed, a characterization of major sources cally available. A limited number of studies have fi rst step toward understanding the natural affecting the chemistry of the surface waters is been conducted, each with a specifi c goal and processes taking place and for documenting an important step toward understanding the natu- small number of samples (Gutiérrez and Bor- natural background levels that are needed ral processes occurring and to document natural rego, 1999; Rubio-Arias et al., 2005; Holguín Geosphere; June 2008; v. 4; no. 3; p. 600–611; doi: 10.1130/GES00160.1; 7 fi gures; 3 tables. 600 For permission to copy, contact [email protected] © 2008 Geological Society of America Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/4/3/600/3339350/i1553-040X-4-3-600.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Rio Conchos et al., 2006; Gutiérrez-Espinoza et al., 2007). vegetation growth, and land use, as they allow using remote sensing (Metternicht and Zinck, Additional data are included in hydrologic maps remote areas to be accessible and facilitate the 2003) and in combining GIS and remote sens- (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e temporal analysis of quality parameters (Jensen, ing for watershed assessment (e.g., Basnyat et Informática [INEGI], 1984a, 1984b). 2007). The spatial and spectral resolution of sat- al., 2000; Perez-Gonzalez et al., 2006). Salinity variations within the entire Rio Con- ellite imagery data resolution varies depending Numerous investigators have used geochemi- chos with time have not been reported, except for of the instrument utilized; some of the imagery cal analyses of sediment to study contaminant a study in the lower Rio Conchos by Gutiérrez data most commonly used in environmental and impact on streams (Vincent et al., 1999; Hudson- and Carreón (2004) using IBWC data. This study geologic work are Landsat thematic mapper Edwards and Taylor, 2003; Box et al., 2005). found that the salinity of the river increased dur- (TM) and enhanced (ETM) mapper (30 m spa- National geochemical databases consisting of ing dry years but the relation between salinity tial resolution and 7 spectral bands), Spot (10 m chemical composition of a grid of samples became and precipitation was nonlinear, indicating that spatial resolution and 4 spectral bands), and available to the U.S. in 1994 (Hoffman et al., factors other than precipitation affect salinity. Quickbird (4 m spatial resolution and 4 spectral 1994) and in Chihuahua, Mexico, in 2001 (SGM, bands). In spite of its lower resolution, Landsat 2001). Although these databases were originally Remote Sensing, GIS, and Sediment remains a popular type of image used in these intended for geochemical exploration purposes, Geochemistry studies because of its low cost, number of years they were later found to provide an inexpensive of operations (>30 yr), and relatively high spa- and accessible information source for conduct- Satellite imagery data can offer a useful tial and spectral resolution. Numerous investiga- ing geochemical characterization (Borrego and tool in the determination of salt-affected soils, tions have focused on soil salinity in arid areas Gutiérrez, 2000; Xuejing and Hangxin, 2001). Mexico 106°0'0"W 104°0'0"W 29°0'0"N 29°0'0"N Rio Bravo/ Closed Basins Luis L. Leon Rio Grande Basin reservoir Aldama R io C hu v is c a r Middle Rio Conchos Basin Julimes Closed Basins R io C Meoqui o n c Rosales h o Franciso Delicias s Urban area I. Madero reservoir Basin boundary Irrigation district 005 Rio San Pedro Saucillo 28°0'0"N 28°0'0"N 010205km 106°0'0"W 104°0'0"W Figure 1. Location of the study area showing the major hydrological basins, rivers, and urban areas. Geosphere, June 2008 601 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/4/3/600/3339350/i1553-040X-4-3-600.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Gutiérrez et al. Within the Rio Conchos basin, sediment (296 × 106 m3 storage capacity) and Francisco the north-central and northwest section of the geochemistry and geospatial (GIS, remote sens- I Madero (343 × 106 m3) (INEGI, 1999). Along study area, where Paleozoic sedimentary rocks ing) studies are just as scarce as those of water the Rio Conchos and near Delicias, Irrigation (limestones) crop out, the units exposed are quality. Among these, Carreón-Hernandez et al. District 005 was created in 1932 to irrigate primarily Cretaceous limestones with smaller (2001) classifi ed riparian quality using Landsat 105,000 ha of desert land (Fig. 1). The amount amount of shales and evaporites, Tertiary con- TM imagery, and Gutiérrez et al. (2004) used of cultivated land during most years is signifi - glomerates, and Tertiary volcanics (Oligocene Landsat TM data to report the temporal variation cantly less due to water shortages. Moderniza- ignimbrites and minor amounts of basalts and in the size of reservoirs and the amount of culti- tion and technical improvements of the water Eocene andesites and rhyolites) (INEGI, 1984a; vated land along a section of the Rio Conchos.
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