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Mobile Handset Design www.allitebooks.com www.allitebooks.com MOBILE HANDSET DESIGN www.allitebooks.com www.allitebooks.com MOBILE HANDSET DESIGN Sajal Kumar Das Nokia R&D Center, India www.allitebooks.com Copyright Ó 2010 John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, # 02-01, Singapore 129809 Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01, Singapore 129809, tel: 65-64632400, fax: 65-64646912, email: [email protected]. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. All trademarks referred to in the text of this publication are the property of their respective owners. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstrasse 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 5353 Dundas Street West, Suite 400, Toronto, ONT, M9B 6H8, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Das, Sajal K. Mobile handset design / Sajal Kumar Das. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-470-82467-2 (cloth) 1. Mobile communication systems. 2. Wireless communication systems. 3. Cellular telephones. I. Title. TK6570.M6D35 2009 621.384506–dc22 2009018214 ISBN 978-0-470-82467-2 (HB) Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India. Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd, Singapore. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. www.allitebooks.com Dedicated to Everyone who likes Mobile Phones www.allitebooks.com www.allitebooks.com Contents Perface xix Introduction xxi 1 Introduction to Mobile Handsets 1 1.1 Introduction to Telecommunication 1 1.1.1 Basic Elements of Telecommunication 1 1.2 Introduction to Wireless Telecommunication Systems 16 1.2.1 Generation of Electromagnetic Carrier Waves for Wireless Communication 17 1.2.2 Concept of the Antenna 17 1.2.3 Basic Building Blocks of a Wireless Transmitter and Receiver 20 1.2.4 The Need for a Communication Protocol 22 1.3 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems 23 1.3.1 Introduction of Low Mobility Supported Wireless Phones 25 1.3.2 Introduction to Cellular Mobile Communication 25 1.3.3 Introduction to Mobile Handsets 27 Further Reading 35 2 Problem Analysis in Mobile Communication System 37 2.1 Introduction to Wireless Channels 37 2.2 Impact of Signal Propagation on Radio Channel 39 2.2.1 Reflection 39 2.2.2 Diffraction 40 2.2.3 Scattering 40 2.3 Signal Attenuation and Path Loss 41 2.3.1 Empirical Model for Path Loss 42 2.4 Link Budget Analysis 43 2.5 Multipath Effect 44 2.5.1 Two Ray Ground Reflection Model 45 2.6 Delay Spread 46 2.6.1 Coherent BW (Bc) 48 2.7 Doppler Spread 49 2.7.1 Coherence Time (Tc)50 www.allitebooks.com viii Contents 2.8 Fading 50 2.8.1 Large-Scale Fading 51 2.8.2 Small-Scale Fading 52 2.8.3 Flat Fading 53 2.8.4 Frequency-Selective Fading 53 2.8.5 Fast Fading 54 2.8.6 Slow Fading 54 2.9 Signal Fading Statistics 55 2.9.1 Rician Distribution 55 2.9.2 Rayleigh Distribution 56 2.9.3 Log-Normal Distribution 56 2.10 Interference 57 2.10.1 Inter-Symbol Interference 57 2.10.2 Co-Channel Interference 57 2.10.3 Adjacent Channel Interference 58 2.11 Noise 58 2.11.1 Noise in a Two-Port Circuit 59 2.11.2 Thermal Noise 60 2.11.3 White Noise 60 2.11.4 Flicker Noise 60 2.11.5 Phase Noise 61 2.11.6 Burst Noise 61 2.11.7 Shot Noise 62 2.11.8 Avalanche Noise 63 2.11.9 Noise Figure (NF) 63 Further Reading 63 3 Design Solutions Analysis for Mobile Handsets 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Diversity 65 3.2.1 Time Diversity 66 3.2.2 Frequency Diversity 70 3.2.3 Space Diversity 70 3.3 Channel Estimation and Equalization 70 3.3.1 Study of Channel Characteristics – Channel Estimation 70 3.3.2 Equalization 73 3.3.3 Equalizer Implementation 75 3.3.4 Signal Model 76 3.3.5 Types of Equalizers 77 3.4 Different Techniques for Interference Mitigation 82 3.4.1 Frequency Hopping 82 3.4.2 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) 82 3.4.3 Cell Sectorization 82 3.4.4 Use of Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) Codec 83 3.4.5 MIMO 83 www.allitebooks.com Contents ix 3.5 Channel Coding 86 3.5.1 Block Codes 87 3.5.2 Convolution Codes 89 3.5.3 Turbo Codes 106 3.6 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Incremental Redundancy 108 3.7 Interleaving 108 3.8 Modulation 109 3.8.1 Analog Modulation 110 3.8.2 Digital Modulation 111 3.9 Bit Rate, Baud Rate, and Symbol Rate 119 3.10 Inband Signaling 120 Further Reading 120 4 Mobile RF Transmitter and Receiver Design Solutions 123 4.1 Introduction to RF Transceiver 123 4.2 Mixer Implementations 127 4.2.1 Design Parameters 128 4.3 Receiver Front-End Architecture 129 4.3.1 Different Types of RF Down Conversion Techniques 129 4.3.2 Homodyne Receiver 133 4.3.3 Low-IF Receiver 140 4.3.4 Wideband-IF Receiver 142 4.4 Receiver Performance Evaluation Parameters 144 4.4.1 Receiver Architecture Comparison 145 4.5 Transmitter Front-End Architecture 145 4.5.1 Power-Limited and Bandwidth Limited Digital Communication System Design Issues 145 4.5.2 Investigation of the Trade-offs between Modulation and Amplifier Non-Linearity 149 4.6 Transmitter Architecture Design 150 4.6.1 Non-Linear Transmitter 150 4.6.2 Linear Transmitter 151 4.6.3 Common Architecture for Non-Linear and Linear Transmitter 152 4.6.4 Polar Transmitter 154 4.7 Transmitter Performance Measure 156 4.7.1 Design Challenges 156 Further Reading 157 5 Wireless Channel Multiple Access Techniques for Mobile Phones 159 5.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques 159 5.1.1 Time Division Multiplexing 159 5.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing 160 5.3 Duplexing Techniques 161 5.3.1 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) 162 5.3.2 Time Division Duplexing (TDD) 162 x Contents 5.4 Spectral Efficiency 162 5.5 Code Division Multiple Access 165 5.5.1 Spectrum Spreading Concepts 165 5.5.2 Mathematical Concepts 167 5.5.3 Correlation 167 5.5.4 Auto-Correlation 167 5.5.5 Orthogonality 168 5.5.6 Implementation 168 5.5.7 Multiple Access Using CDMA 171 5.5.8 Commercialization of CDMA 172 5.5.9 Generation of a Scrambling Code 174 5.5.10 Process Gain 175 5.5.11 Different Types of Spread Spectrum Techniques 176 5.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) 182 5.6.1 Importance of Orthogonality 184 5.6.2 Mathematical Description of OFDM 186 5.6.3 Mathematics to Practice 188 5.6.4 Digital Implementation of Fourier Transform 189 5.6.5 OFDM History 189 5.6.6 Key Advantages of the OFDM Transmission Scheme 190 5.6.7 Drawbacks of OFDM 190 References 191 Further Reading 191 6 GSM System (2G) Overview 193 6.1 Introduction 193 6.2 History of GSM 193 6.3 Overview of GSM Network Architecture 194 6.3.1 Mobile Station (MS) 194 6.3.2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 196 6.3.3 Network Subsystem (NSS) 197 6.3.4 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS) 198 6.4 PLMN and Network Operators 198 6.4.1 Hierarchy of GSM Network Entities 198 6.4.2 GSM Network Areas 200 6.4.3 Objectives of a GSM PLMN 201 6.4.4 PLMN 201 6.5 GSM Mobility and Roaming 202 6.6 GSM PLMN Services 202 6.7 GSM Interfaces 203 6.7.1 Radio Interface (MS to BTS) 203 6.7.2 Abis Interface (BTS to BSC) 203 6.7.3 A Interface (BSC to MSC) 203 6.8 GSM Subscriber and Equipment Identity 204 6.8.1 International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) 204 Contents xi 6.8.2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) 205 6.8.3 Temporary International Mobile Subscriber Identity (TIMSI) 205 6.8.4 Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) 205 6.8.5 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) 205 6.8.6 Location Area Identity (LAI) 206 6.8.7 Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI) 206 6.8.8 Cell Identifier (CI) 206 6.8.9 Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) 207 6.8.10 Identification of MSCs and Location Registers 207 6.8.11 PIN and PUK 207 Further Reading 207 7 GSM Radio Modem Design: From Speech to Radio Wave 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 GSM Logical Channels 213 7.2.1 Traffic Channels 213 7.2.2 Signaling Channels 215 7.2.3 Cell Broadcast Channel 218 7.3 GSM Physical Channel 218 7.3.1 Mapping of Logical Channel to Physical Channel 218 7.4 GSM Bursts 219 7.4.1 Burst Structure 219 7.5 Burst RF Output Spectrum 224 7.5.1 RF Characteristics 224 7.6 Channel
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