Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016) ªµ¦­µ¦ªœ«µ­˜¦Í 31 (1) : 1-8 (2556)

Original article

Carbon and Nutrient Storage in Plant Biomass of Natural Forest nearby Thung Luang Royal Project Development Center, Province

Taparat Seeloy-ounkaew1* Soontorn Khamyong2

1TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd., Bueng Kum, Bangkok 10230, 2Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand *Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected]

Received: Aug 3, 2015 Accepted: Sep 17, 2016

ABSTRACT

Amounts of carbon and nutrient storage in plant biomass of natural forests were assessed near the Thung Luang Royal Project Development Center, . Fifty sample SORWV [P ZHUHUDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGDORQJDODWLWXGLQDOJUDGLHQWXVLQJVWUDWL¿HGVDPSOLQJ Stem girth over bark at 1.3 m above ground and the height of all tree species taller than 1.5 m were measured in all plots. The amounts of carbon and nutrient biomass were calculated. In WRWDOVSHFLHV JHQHUDDQGIDPLOLHV ZHUHLGHQWL¿HGPinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon, Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC., Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth, and Quercus brandisiana Kurz were the dominant tree species. The mean plant species diversity value using the Shannon-Wiener equation (SWI) was 4.01+0.86. The mean biomass was 237.27+89.10 Mg ha-1, separated into stem, branch, leaf, and root organs with values of 153.97+58.57 Mg ha-1 (64.89% of all biomass), 48.16+20.05 Mg ha-1 (20.30%), 3.92+1.03 Mg ha-1 (1.65%), and 31.21+9.90 Mg ha-1 (13.15%), respectively, and the carbon biomass was 117.22+44.04 Mg ha-1. The stored amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were estimated to be 1,299.04+481.57, 182.68+69.90, 889.72+332.37, 1,888.93+703.32, and 424.56+157.08 kg ha-1, respectively. This natural forest allows local communities to take advantage of the forest directly and indirectly even though the forest area has been degraded. Future protection of the forest is necessary in order not to worsen the storage ability, and reforestation should be undertaken.

Keywords: Plant biomass, carbon storage, nutrient, Thung Luang Royal Project Development Center Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016) 87

INTRODUCTION human communities. In the forest ecosystem, carbon begins the cycle when assimilated The Thung Luang Royal Project carbon dioxide formed through photosynthesis Development Center was established in 1979 is converted into reduced sugar. About half of in the area surrounding Huay Thong village, the gross primary production (GPP) is used Mae Win sub-district, Mae Wang district, by plants in respiration for the synthesis and Chiang Mai province. The Center aims to maintenance of living cells, after which carbon improve the quality of hill-tribe life, according dioxide is released back into the atmosphere to the initiative of His Majesty King Bhumibol (Landsberg and Gower, 1997; Waring and Adulyadej, embarking on the development Runing, 1998). The remaining primary products and promotion of plants such as fruit trees, go into net primary production (NPP), or ÀRZHUVDQGYHJHWDEOHVDQGODWHUH[SDQGHGLWV plant biomass, including stem, branch, root, operations into animal husbandry. It operates and reproductive organs. The above-ground for both economic development and promotion and below-ground litter fall is the substrate of to society and culture as well as promoting the decomposers which, through their heterotrophic conservation of natural resources concurrently. metabolism, release carbon dioxide back into The Thung Luang Royal Project has a station the atmosphere. Grazing by herbivores and area of 233.68 ha, and is responsible for work carnivores allows carbon cycling to take place covering 12 villages consisting of 4,477 people in secondary production, and the loss of carbon in 952 households. The altitude range is between dioxide into the atmosphere occurs through 960 and 1200 m above mean sea level (m.s.l). heterotrophic respiration. The amount of carbon The parent rock in the area is granite. The stored varies with the forest type, subtype, DUHDLVPRVWO\ÀDWSODLQVLQWKHYDOOH\VRIWKH and the different forest conditions caused by mountains. Vegetables are grown in the valleys human disturbance. Many activities affect and the hillsides are ideal for growing fruit ecosystem carbon storage; for example, tree trees and crops. The mean temperature is 22 FXWWLQJIRUHVW¿UHDQGKDUYHVWLQJQRQZRRG o C and the average rainfall is 1,400 mm/yr. products (Phonchaluen, 2009; Naimphulthong, Agricultural extension in this area 2011; Wongin, 2011; Nongnuang, 2012; might be seen to encourage clearing the forests Wattanasuksakul, 2012). Increasing the amount to provide more agricultural land. The most of carbon sequestered is directly related to LPSRUWDQWLQGLUHFWEHQH¿WRISUHVHUYLQJIRUHVWV the increase in forest biomass (Creedy and is carbon storage, which can reduce the amount Wurzbacher, 2001). Carbon accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon can be very effective in the young stage and cycling affects global warming through increased will be reduced in the older stage of growth carbon dioxide released from ecosystems (Ciesla, 1995). caused by many factors including fuel burning, The aims of this study were to assess industries, forest clearing and burning, and plant biomass and nutrient accumulations in EXUQLQJRIPDWWHULQDJULFXOWXUDO¿HOGVDQG natural forest near the Thung Luang Royal 88 Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016)

Project Development Center. The data will deciduous-dry evergreen forest in the Chai Ya be important for the assessment of carbon Phum province are as follows: and nutrients stocks in forests and to compare 2 0.919 2 WS = 0.0509 (D H) R = 0.978 the storage potential in other Royal Projects. 2 0.977 2 WB = 0.00893 (D H) R = 0.890 Moreover, the information can assist in W = 0.0140 (D2H) 0.669 R2 = 0.714 encouraging ongoing protection and preservation L W = 0.0313 (D2H) 0.805 R2 = 0.981 of the forest so it remains sustainable. R where WS = biomass of stem (kg) W = biomass of branch (kg) MATERIALS AND METHODS B WL = biomass of leaf (kg) 1. Plant Species Diversity W = biomass of root (kg) The survey of the forest plants in natural R D = stem diameter over bark at forest near the Thung Luang Royal Project 1.30 m above ground (cm) Development Center, Chiang Mai province H = tree height (m) was carried out during August 2013-January 2014 using the method of plant community 2.2 Carbon and Nutrient Accumulations DQDO\VLV8VLQJVWUDWL¿HGUDQGRPVDPSOLQJ The carbon contents in the various 50 sample plots, each 0.16 ha (40x40 m) were organs of the tree species followed the data established on the summit, shoulder, and foot given by Tsutsumi et al. (1983). The mean slopes with an altitudinal range of 900-1200 carbon contents in the stem, branch, leaf, m m.s.l. Each plot was divided into 16 (10x10 and root components were reported as 49.90, m) subplots. The data collection included 48.70, 48.30, and 48.20%, respectively. measuring the stem girth over bark at breast The nutrient contents in the various height (1.3 m above ground) and the tree height organs of the tree species followed the data of of all tree species taller than 1.5 m. Ecological Tsutsumi et al. (1983). The mean contents in parameters including plant frequency, density, the stem, branch, leaf, and root components dominance, important value index (IVI), and were: 0.53, 0.53, 1.59, and 0.53% for nitrogen; species diversity index using the Shannon- 0.08, 0.10, 0.13, and 0.02% for phosphorus; Wiener equation (SWI) were calculated in 0.37, 0.40, 1.10, and 0.27% for potassium; accordance with the analysis of Krebs (1985). 0.76, 0.80, 1.50, and 0.88% for calcium; and All the plots were located using a GPS. 0.17, 0.20, 0.90, and 0.10% for magnesium, respectively. 2. Estimation of Biomass, Carbon and Nutrients RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 Plant Biomass 1. Species Composition and Richness The amount of plant biomass in the The forest types were pine montane forests was calculated using the allometric and montane forests. Based on the 50 sample equations of Tsutsumi et al. (1983); the biomass plots, 210 species (36+16 species per plot) of equations from the mixed forests of the mixed 141 genera and 66 families were found. The Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016) 89 dominant trees in this forest were: Pinus kesiya 44 families). The SWI value was high (5.28). Royle ex Gordon, Castanopsis acuminatissima The species richness was lower, but the SWI (Blume) A.DC., Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth, was higher than in the current study area. and Quercus brandisiana Kurz. The most Khamyong (2009) studied the forests in the abundant species was Gluta usitata (Wall) Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province, Ding Hou (226.61 trees ha-1), followed by consisting of dry dipterocarp (DDF), mixed Quercus helferiana A.DC. (198.08 trees ha-1), deciduous (MDF), dry evergreen (DEF), pine Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (178.75 trees (PF), and montane (MF) forests. Plant species ha-1), Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz) Sleumer richness in the DDF, MDF, PF, and MF was 101 (176.56 trees ha-1), Castanopsis acuminatissima species (72 genera, 44 families), 103 species (Blume) A.DC. (162.02 trees ha-1), Tristaniopsis (75 genera, 38 families), 151 species (118 burmanica (Griff) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. genera, 57 families), 120 species (88 genera, Waterh. (142.26 trees ha-1), and Engelhardtia 44 families), and 188 species (124 genera, spicata Blume var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex. 57 families), respectively. The SWI values of these forests were: 4.45, 5.08, 6.13, 5.13, Wall.) Kuntze (135.71 trees ha-1), respectively. and 6.10, respectively, being the lowest in the The mean index of plant species DDF, while high values were found in the DEF diversity based on the SWI was 4.01+0.86 and MF. The species richness and the SWI per plot. The highest and the lowest plot SWI values were lower than in the current study. values were 5.83 and 1.51, respectively. Using Seanchanthong (2005) studied the forests in all 50 plots, the SWI increased to 5.68. As with Pang Ma Pha district, Mae Hong Son province. species richness, the number of plots affected The DDF, MDF, DDF-MDF, P-DDF, P-LMF, the SWI values (Temthai and Suksawang, and MF had species richness of 90, 108, 128, 2013). Restoration areas should be focus on 63, 85, and 182 species, respectively. The SWI areas where the SWI has declined. values of these forests were: 4.79, 5.30, 5.26, Other research studies on plant species 3.42, 5.10, and 6.05, respectively, being lowest diversity have been reported. Satienperakul in the P-DDF, while a high value was found (2013) studied the climax montane forest of in the MF. In MF, the species richness was at about 1,700 m m.s.l. using lower, but higher than in the current study area. ¿YHVDPSOLQJSORWVHDFK[P7KH Laorpansakul (2000) reported that in the Queen species richness in the forest was 122 species Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai province, (112 genera, 49 families). The SWI was 5.72. the DEF had the highest species richness (106 The species richness was lower than in the species) followed by the MF, MDF, and DDF current study area, but the SWI was higher. with 97, 41, 36, and 29 species, respectively. 3RUQOHHVDQJVXZDQ  UHSRUWHGWKDW¿YH The SWI was highest (5.79) in the DEF with plots, each 40 x 40 m, of fragmented pine- lower values in the MF, MDF, and DDF of montane and montane forests in the Boakaew 5.67, 4.36, 3.70, and 3.67, respectively. Species Highland watershed, Chiang Mai province had richness was lower than in the current study a species richness of 103 species (82 genera, but the SWI in the MF was higher. 90 Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016)

2. Quantitative Characteristics of Tree Species tinctoria (Roxb.) DC. (130.88 trees ha-1), Pinus Table 1 shows the quantitative kesiya Royle ex Gordon (126.38 trees ha-1), characteristic of tree species in the natural Quercus brandisiana Kurz (103.00 trees ha-1), forest. Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. Tree frequency: Schima wallichii (71.88 trees ha-1), and Styrax benzoides Craib (DC.) Korth had the highest frequency (94%), (67.63 trees ha-1), respectively. The remaining followed by Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) DC. species had lower densities. and Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. Tree dominance: The dominance (both 92%), Aporosa villosa (Wall. ex Lindl.) value was calculated using the stem basal Baill. (90%), Dalbergia cultrata Graham ex areas. Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) Benth. (86%), Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon A.DC. had the highest dominance (27.61% of (78%), Anneslea fragrans Wall., Glochidion all species) followed by Wendlandia tinctoria sphaerogynum (Mull.Arg) Kurz and Phyllanthus (Roxb.) DC. (11.48%), Aporosa villosa (Wall. emblica L. (both 76%), Styrax benzoides Craib ex Lindl.) Baill (6.06%), Quercus helferiana (72%), and Tristaniopsis burmanica (Griff) A.DC. (5.70%), and /LWKRFDUSXV¿QHWLLA. Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. (70%). These Camus (3.62%), with the remaining species trees were found distributed throughout the having low values. forest and were the common species. Other less Importance value index (IVI): common species were: Vaccinium sprengelii Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. (G. Don) Sleumer (68%), Gluta usitata (Wall) had the highest IVI (12.25% of all species), Ding Hou and Helicia nilagirica Bedd. (64%), followed by Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) Viburnum sambucinum Blume var.tomentosum DC. (6.01%), Gluta usitata (Wall) Ding (58%), Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Wight & Hou (4.46%), Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon Arn) (56%), and Quercus brandisiana Kurz (4.45%), Quercus helferiana A.DC. (4.28%), (52%). Tristaniopsis burmanica (Griff) Peter G. Wilson Tree density: The average tree & J.T. Waterh. (3.85%), Aporosa villosa density was 1,817.00+846.89 trees ha-1. Two (Wall. ex Lindl.) Baill. (3.83%), Quercus species had a high density (158.63-160.88 brandisiana Kurz (2.32%), Anneslea fragrans trees ha-1) being Aporosa villosa (Wall. ex Wall. (2.27%),/LWKRFDUSXV¿QHWLLA. Camus Lindl.) Baill and Tristaniopsis burmanica (2.18%), and Styrax benzoides Craib (2.15%), (Griff) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. Other respectively. species with high density were Wendlandia Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016) 91

Table 1 Quantitative characteristic of tree species near Thung Luang Royal Project Center.

Basal Frequency Density Abundance Relative IVI No Species Areas (%) Trees ha-1 cm2/plot Freq. Den. Dom. 300 % 1 Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. 92.00 71.88 162.02 12,684.46 2.19 6.96 27.61 36.76 12.25 2 Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) DC. 92.00 130.88 78.13 5,276.31 2.59 3.96 11.48 18.03 6.01 3 Gluta usitata (Wall) Ding Hou 64.00 37.63 226.61 1,234.03 1.97 8.73 2.69 13.39 4.46 4 Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon 78.00 126.38 178.75 898.65 2.53 8.85 1.96 13.34 4.45 5 Quercus helferiana A.DC. 42.00 22.75 198.08 2,620.99 1.46 5.67 5.70 12.84 4.28 6 Tristaniopsis burmanica (Griff) Peter 70.00 158.63 142.26 809.73 2.59 7.20 1.76 11.55 3.85 G.Wilson & J.T. Waterh. 7 Aporosa villosa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Baill. 90.00 160.88 53.86 2,781.87 2.64 2.79 6.06 11.49 3.83 8 Quercus brandisiana Kurz 52.00 103.00 55.09 886.39 2.42 2.61 1.93 6.96 2.32 9 Anneslea fragrans Wall. 76.00 45.50 93.92 484.91 2.03 3.72 1.06 6.80 2.27 10 Lithocarpus garrettianus (Craib) A. Camus 30.00 15.63 81.88 1,665.32 1.13 1.80 3.62 6.55 2.18 11 Styrax benzoides Craib 72.00 67.63 59.87 832.64 2.14 2.50 1.81 6.45 2.15 12 Viburnum sambucinum Blume 58.00 35.63 58.79 664.15 1.80 2.07 1.45 5.32 1.77 var.tomentosum 13 Phyllanthus emblica L. 76.00 20.25 60.42 1,013.15 1.35 1.60 2.21 5.15 1.72 14 Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. 14.00 19.00 54.17 1,139.02 1.18 1.25 2.48 4.91 1.64 15 Vaccinium sprengelii (G.Don) Sleumer 68.00 37.50 55.15 171.59 1.91 2.06 0.37 4.35 1.45 16 Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King 40.00 32.75 30.27 537.18 1.80 1.07 1.17 4.04 1.35 17 Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth 94.00 50.63 31.41 188.11 2.14 1.31 0.41 3.86 1.29 18 Castanopsis sp.1 48.00 29.00 61.42 52.61 1.63 1.96 0.11 3.71 1.24 19 Dalbergia cultrata Graham ex Benth. 86.00 47.38 26.64 167.93 2.14 1.11 0.37 3.62 1.21 20 Engelhardtia spicata Blume var. 20.00 3.75 135.71 924.16 0.39 1.05 2.01 3.45 1.15 colebrookeana (Lindl. ex. Wall.) Kuntze 21 Glochidion sphaerogynum (Mull.Arg) Kurz 76.00 23.88 27.23 443.25 1.58 0.84 0.96 3.38 1.13 22 Lithocarpus fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehder 26.00 17.88 47.32 393.37 1.18 1.09 0.86 3.13 1.04 23 Dalbergia oliveri Gamble 8.00 14.13 37.83 548.23 1.07 0.79 1.19 3.05 1.02 24 Craibiodendron stellatum (Pierre) W.W.Sm 40.00 15.75 31.25 488.81 1.18 0.72 1.06 2.97 0.99 25 Dillenia obovata Hoogl. 38.00 10.50 52.08 378.87 0.84 0.86 0.82 2.53 0.84 26 Diospyros glandulosa Lace 34.00 8.63 68.75 356.67 0.73 0.98 0.78 2.49 0.83 27 6\]\JLXPDOELÀRUXP (Duthie & Kurz) 42.00 19.88 27.86 168.94 1.35 0.74 0.37 2.45 0.82 Bahadur & R.C. 28 Lithocarpus glandifolius (D.Don) Bigwood 42.00 13.13 27.63 357.64 1.07 0.58 0.78 2.43 0.81 29 Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) A.DC. 14.00 7.88 33.33 600.18 0.68 0.44 1.31 2.42 0.81 30 Phoebe lanceolata (Wall. ex Nees) Nees 28.00 19.13 27.84 220.31 1.24 0.67 0.48 2.39 0.80 31 Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Wight & Arn) 56.00 15.25 39.38 92.88 1.13 0.87 0.20 2.19 0.73 32 Helicia nilagirica Bedd. 64.00 19.38 25.82 81.69 1.29 0.65 0.18 2.13 0.71 33 Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. 48.00 13.38 30.92 113.22 1.07 0.65 0.25 1.96 0.65 34 Rapanea porteriana (A.DC.) Mez 22.00 9.00 68.30 51.78 0.79 1.05 0.11 1.95 0.65 35 Memecylon celastrinum Kurz 20.00 4.38 64.58 306.62 0.51 0.64 0.67 1.81 0.60 36 Shorea obtusa Wall. Ex Blume 14.00 9.75 40.00 129.34 0.84 0.66 0.28 1.79 0.60 37 Aeschynanthus superbus C.B.Clarke 14.00 3.63 53.57 435.91 0.39 0.41 0.95 1.76 0.59 38 Shorea roxburghii G.Don 22.00 12.50 11.18 199.98 1.07 0.23 0.44 1.74 0.58 39 Turpinia cochichinensis Merr. 30.00 12.00 25.37 105.67 0.96 0.47 0.23 1.66 0.55 40 Eurya nitida Korth. 46.00 11.88 22.27 146.79 0.90 0.39 0.32 1.61 0.54 41 Lithocarpus sootepensis A. Camus 38.00 14.38 19.06 17.25 1.13 0.42 0.04 1.58 0.53 42 Rhus javanica L. var. chienesis (Mill) T. Yama 36.00 6.75 56.82 115.43 0.62 0.69 0.25 1.56 0.52 43 Lithocarpus echinops Hjelmqvist. 18.00 11.63 12.50 135.64 0.90 0.22 0.30 1.42 0.47 44 Phoebe paniculata (Nees) Nees 44.00 12.25 18.75 8.19 1.01 0.37 0.02 1.40 0.47 45 *DUGHQLDREWXVLÀOLD Roxb. Ex Kurz 24.00 4.50 13.13 269.93 0.56 0.14 0.59 1.29 0.43 46 Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz) Sleumer 20.00 1.63 176.56 127.63 0.23 0.78 0.28 1.28 0.43 47 Protium serratum Engl. 24.00 3.63 56.25 206.05 0.39 0.43 0.45 1.28 0.43 48 Engelhardtia serrata Blume 38.00 11.75 14.45 49.51 0.90 0.25 0.11 1.26 0.42 49 &KLRQDQWKXVUDPLÀRUXV Roxb. 26.00 8.13 31.25 28.12 0.73 0.45 0.06 1.24 0.41 50 Glochidion hirsutum (Roxb.) Voigt 24.00 5.25 11.93 214.55 0.62 0.14 0.47 1.23 0.41 Total (1-50 species) 2,238.00 1,558.38 3,017.66 41,825.65 65.00 85.92 91.04 241.96 80.65 Total (51-210 species) 1,316.00 258.63 3,264.57 4,116.74 35.00 14.08 8.96 58.04 19.35 Total 3,554.00 1,817.00 6,282.23 45,942.39 100 100 100 300 100 92 Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016)

3. Carbon and Nutrient Storage in Plant higher values have been reported for coastal Biomass redwood forests in northern California, where 3.1 Plant Biomass a stand that exceeded 1,000 years in age had a Table 2 present the amounts of plant stem biomass alone of 3,461 Mg ha-1 (Waring biomass which totaled 237.27+89.10 Mg and Franklin, 1979). ha-1, separated into stem branch leaf and In other locations in Thailand, Khamyong root components of 153.97+58.57 Mg ha-1 (2009) reported that the pine-montane and (64.89%), 48.16+20.05 Mg ha-1 (20.30%), montane forests (altitude 1000-1500 m m.s.l.) 3.92+1.03 Mg ha-1 (1.65%) and 31.21+9.90 in the Doi Suthep-Pui National Park in Chiang Mg ha-1 (13.15%), respectively. Mai province had total plant biomass of 223.39 Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon had the and 301.03 Mg ha-1, respectively. This natural highest biomass (77.73 Mg ha-1) amounting to forest might have been disturbed through tree 32.80% of all species followed by Castanopsis cutting by hill-tribes in the past. Nongnuang acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. (26.69 Mg  IRXQGWKDW¿YHIUDJPHQWVRISLQH ha-1, 11.25%), Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth montane forest had plant biomass between (15.75 Mg ha-1, 6.64%), Quercus brandisiana 117.30 and 253.30 Mg ha-1. These forests had Kurz (11.04 Mg ha-1, 4.65%), Castanopsis been disturbed by selective tree cutting. The diversifolia (Kurz) King (9.54 Mg ha-1, 4.02%), montane forest (altitude, 1,700 m m.s.l.) in and Quercus helferiana A.DC. (6.47 Mg ha-1, the Doi Inthanon National Park had a higher 2.73%). amount of 376.33 Mg ha-1 (Satienperakul, Maximum amounts of aboveground 2013). This forest was thought to be undisturbed biomass (422, 575 and 415 Mg ha-1) have been forest. Other researchers have reported on reported for temperate deciduous, temperate carbon storage including Vannaprasert (1996), evergreen hardwood, and tropical forests, Khuncharoensri et al. (2013), Suanpaga et al. respectively, whereas the biomass of cool (2015), and Wannalangka et al. (2015). temperate coniferous forests in Japan and the northeastern United States can exceed 600 Mg 3.2 Amount of Carbon Storage in ha-1 (Art and Marks, 1971). An old-growth Plant Biomass subalpine forest in southwestern British Columbia Carbon storage in plant biomass was was reported to have an aboveground biomass 117.22+44.04 Mg ha-1, divided into stem branch of 731 Mg ha-1 (Krumlik, 1979), whereas the leaf, and root organs with 76.83+29.22 Mg DERYHJURXQGELRPDVVLQ'RXJODV¿UZHVWHUQ ha-1 (65.55%), 23.45+9.77 Mg ha-1 (20.01%), KHPORFNDQGQREOH¿UIRUHVWVLQWKH2UHJRQ 1.89+0.50 Mg ha-1 (1.61%) and 15.04+4.77 Cascade Mountains was reported to vary from Mg ha-1 (12.83%), respectively (Table 2 and 734 to 1,773 Mg ha-1 (Zobel et al., 1974). Even Figure 1). Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016) 93

Table 2 Biomass amount in natural forest near Thung Luang Royal Project Center.

Biomass (Mg ha-1) No Species Stem Branch Leaf Root Total % 1 P. kesiya 50.87 16.66 1.00 9.30 77.83 32.80 2 C. acuminatissima 17.37 5.45 0.41 3.46 26.69 11.25 3 S. wallichii 10.26 3.25 0.24 2.01 15.75 6.64 4 Q. brandisiana 7.11 2.08 0.23 1.63 11.04 4.65 5 C. diversifolia 6.20 1.95 0.15 1.24 9.54 4.02 6 Q. helferiana 4.21 1.35 0.09 0.81 6.47 2.73 7 Castanopsis sp.1 3.00 0.90 0.09 0.65 4.64 1.95 8 T. burmanica 2.84 0.82 0.11 0.68 4.45 1.88 9 L. thomsonii 2.85 0.87 0.07 0.59 4.39 1.85 10 D. cultrata 2.79 0.85 0.08 0.60 4.32 1.82 Total (1-10 species) 107.50 34.19 2.48 20.96 165.12 69.59 Total (11-210 species) 46.48 13.97 1.44 10.25 72.15 30.41 Total 153.97 48.16 3.92 31.21 237.27

350 180 160 300 Biomass Carbon 140 250

) 120 ) -1 -1 200 100 150 80 (Mg ha (Mg ha 60 100 40 50 20 0 0 Stem Branch Leaf Root Total Stem Branch Leaf Root Total Plant organs Plant organs 2,000 300 1,800 Nitrogen Phosphorus 1,600 250 1,400 200 ) )

-1 1,200 -1 1,000 150

(kg ha (kg 800 ha (kg 600 100 400 50 200 0 0 Stem Branch Leaf Root Total Stem Branch Leaf Root Total Plant organs Plant organs 3,000 1,400 Calcium 1,200 Potassium 2,500

1,000 2,000 ) ) -1 -1 800 1,500

600 ha (kg (kg ha (kg 1,000 400 500 200 0 0 Stem Branch Leaf Root Total Stem Branch Leaf Root Total Plant organs Plant organs 700 Magnesium 600 500 )

-1 400 300 (kg ha (kg 200 100 0 Stem Branch Leaf Root Total Plant organs

Figure 1 Amounts of biomass and nutrient storages in different organs. 94 Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016)

The carbon storage in plant biomass forest (altitude, 1,700 m m.s.l.) in the Doi showed the same trend as the amounts of plant Inthanon National Park had a higher amount biomass. Other researchers have reported on (2,057.32 Mg ha-1) according to Satienperakul carbon storage including Jundang et al. (2010), (2013). Nongnuang et al. (2012), Bendem-Ahlee Phosphorus (P): The total amount of (2014), and Ounkerd et al. (2015). P storage in plant biomass was 182.68+69.90 kg ha-1, divided into stem, branch leaf, and root 3.3 Amounts of Nutrient Storage in components of 123.18+46.85 kg ha-1 (67.43%), Plant Biomass 48.16+20.05 kg ha-1 (26.36%), 5.09+1.34 kg Tables 3-5 and Figure 1 show the ha-1 (2.79%), and 6.24+1.98 kg ha-1 (3.42%), nutrient amount in plant biomass. respectively. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon Nitrogen (N): The N amount had the highest P storage (60.52 kg ha-1) was 1,299.04+481.57 kg ha-1, mostly stored representing 33.13% of all species, followed in the stem (816.07+310.39 kg ha-1, 62%), by nine species: Castanopsis acuminatissima followed by branches (255.26+106.29 kg (Blume) A.DC.(20.57 kg ha-1, 11.26%), -1 -1 ha , 19.65%), roots (165.42+52.49 kg ha , Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth (12.17 kg ha-1, -1 12.73%), and leaves (62.30+16.33 kg ha , 6.66%), Quercus brandisiana Kurz (8.39 kg 4.80%). Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon had ha-1, 4.59%), Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) -1 the highest N storage (423.16 kg ha ) being King (7.35 kg ha-1, 4.02%), Quercus helferiana 32.58% of all species, followed by Castanopsis A.DC. 5.01 kg ha-1, 2.74%), Castanopsis sp.1 acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. (145.81 kg (3.54 kg ha-1, 1.94%), Tristaniopsis burmanica -1 ha , 11.22%), Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth (Griff) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. (3.37 -1 (85.98 kg ha , 6.62%), Quercus brandisiana kg ha-1, 1.85%), Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. -1 Kurz (60.98 kg ha , 4.69%), Castanopsis (3.37 kg ha-1, 1.84%), and Dalbergia cultrata -1 diversifolia (Kurz) King (52.13 kg ha , Graham ex Benth. (3.31 kg ha-1, 1.81%), 4.01%), Quercus helferiana A.DC. (35.28 kg respectively. Nongnuang (2012) found that -1 -1 ha , 2.72%), Castanopsis sp.1 (25.50 kg ha , ¿YHIUDJPHQWVRISLQHPRQWDQHIRUHVWKDG3 1.96%), and Tristaniopsis burmanica (Griff) biomass between 151.0 and 182.0 kg ha-1. This Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. (24.77 kg ha-1, natural forest had been higher. However, the 1.91%), respectively. The amounts of nitrogen montane forest in the Doi Inthanon National biomass in this forest were in the same range as Park had a higher amount (278.54 Mg ha-1) for other locations. Nongnuang (2012) found according to Satienperakul (2013). WKDW¿YHIUDJPHQWVRISLQHPRQWDQHIRUHVW Potassium (K): The stored K plant had N biomass between 1,083.0 and 1,312.0 biomass was 889.72+332.37 kg ha-1, separated kg ha-1. These forests had been disturbed by into stem, branch, leaf, and root components selective tree cutting. However, the montane with 569.71+216.69 kg ha-1 (64.03%), Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016) 95

192.65+80.22 kg ha-1 (21.65%), 43.10+11.30 Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King (75.85 kg ha-1 (4.84%), and 84.27+26.74 kg ha-1 kg ha-1, 4.02%), and Quercus helferiana (9.47%), respectively. The highest K storage A.DC. (51.37 kg ha-1, 2.72%). Other species was in Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (291.02 had lower values. Nongnuang (2012) reported kg ha-1, 32.71% of all species) followed by WKDW¿YHIUDJPHQWVRISLQHPRQWDQHIRUHVWKDG ¿YHVSHFLHVZLWKKLJK.DPRXQWVCastanopsis Ca biomass between 1,574.0 and 1,907.0 kg acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. (99.93 kg ha-1, representing a similar range to the current ha-1, 11.23%), Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth study. However, the montane forest in the Doi (58.97 kg ha-1, 6.63%), Quercus brandisiana Inthanon National Park had a higher amount Kurz (41.54 kg ha-1, 4.67%), Castanopsis of 3002.04 Mg ha-1 (Satienperakul, 2013). diversifolia (Kurz) King (35.73 kg ha-1, 4.02%), Magnesium (Mg): There was and Quercus helferiana A.DC. (24.22 kg ha-1, 424.56+157.08 kg ha-1 of stored Mg divided into  2WKHUVSHFLHVKDGORZHUYDOXHV,Q¿YH stem, branch, leaf, and root components with fragments of pine-montane forest, Nongnuang 261.76+99.56 kg ha-1 (61.65%), 96.32+40.11 (2012) found that the K biomass was between kg ha-1 (22.69%), 35.27+9.24 kg ha-1 (8.31%), 740.0 and 896.0 kg ha-1. These forests had been and 31.21+9.90 kg ha-1 (7.35%), respectively. disturbed by selective tree cutting. However, Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon had the highest the montane forest in the Doi Inthanon National amount (138.14 kg ha-1, 32.54% of all species), Park had a higher amount of 1,390.26 Mg ha-1 followed by Castanopsis acuminatissima (Satienperakul, 2013) (Blume) A.DC. (47.59 kg ha-1, 11.21%), Calcium (Ca): The total amount of Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth (28.07 kg ha-1, Ca was 1,888.93+703.32 kg ha-1, divided into 6.61%), Quercus brandisiana Kurz (19.94 kg stem, branch, leaf, and root components with ha-1, 4.70%), Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) 1,170.21+445.09 kg ha-1 (61.95%), 385.29+160.44 King, (17.03 kg ha-1, 4.01%), and Quercus kg ha-1 (20.40%), 58.78+15.41 kg ha-1 (3.11%), helferiana A.DC. (11.53 kg ha-1, 2.71%), and 274.65+87.16 kg ha-1 (14.54%) kg ha-1, respectively. Nongnuang (2012) found that respectively. Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon ¿YHIUDJPHQWVRISLQHPRQWDQHIRUHVWKDG had the highest amount of Ca storage (616.79 Mg biomass between 353.0 and 428.0 kg ha-1, kg ha-1, 32.65% of all species), followed by: representing a similar range to the current study, Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. with a higher level reported in the montane (212.20 kg ha-1, 11.23%), Schima wallichii forest in the Doi Inthanon National Park of (DC.) Korth (125.16 kg ha-1, 6.63%), Quercus 652.86 Mg ha-1 (Satienperakul, 2013). brandisiana Kurz (88.42 kg ha-1, 4.68%), 96 Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016)

Table 3 Amounts of biomass carbon and nitrogen in natural forest near Thung Luang Royal Project Center.

Amounts of Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen No Species Carbon (Mg ha-1) Nitrogen (kg ha-1) Stem Branch Leaf Root Total % Stem Branch Leaf Root Total % 1 P. kesiya 25.38 8.12 0.49 4.48 38.46 32.81 269.60 88.32 15.97 49.27 423.16 32.58 2 C. acuminatissima 8.67 2.65 0.20 1.67 13.19 11.25 92.08 28.87 6.54 18.31 145.81 11.22 3 S. wallichii 5.12 1.58 0.11 0.97 7.78 6.64 54.37 17.23 3.75 10.63 85.98 6.62 4 Q. brandisiana 3.55 1.01 0.11 0.78 5.45 4.65 37.67 11.02 3.66 8.62 60.98 4.69 5 C. diversifolia 3.09 0.95 0.07 0.60 4.71 4.02 32.85 10.32 2.39 6.57 52.13 4.01 6 Q. helferiana 2.10 0.66 0.05 0.39 3.20 2.73 22.32 7.18 1.50 4.28 35.28 2.72 7 Castanopsis sp.1 1.50 0.44 0.04 0.31 2.29 1.95 15.89 4.77 1.38 3.46 25.50 1.96 8 T. burmanica 1.42 0.40 0.05 0.33 2.20 1.88 15.04 4.36 1.74 3.63 24.77 1.91 9 L. thomsonii 1.42 0.43 0.04 0.28 2.17 1.85 15.10 4.64 1.17 3.13 24.03 1.85 10 D. cultrata 1.39 0.41 0.04 0.29 2.13 1.82 14.79 4.50 1.28 3.17 23.75 1.83 Total (1-10 species) 53.64 16.65 1.20 10.10 81.59 69.60 569.73 181.20 39.40 111.06 901.40 69.39

Total (11-210 species) 23.19 6.80 0.70 4.94 35.64 30.40 246.33 74.06 22.90 54.35 397.64 30.61 Total 76.83 23.45 1.89 15.04 117.22 816.07 255.26 62.30 165.42 1,299.04 Table 4 Amounts of biomass phosphorus and potassium in natural forest near Thung Luang Royal Project Center.

Amounts of Biomass Phosphorus and Potassium (kg ha-1) No Species Phosphorus Potassium Stem Branch Leaf Root Total % Stem Branch Leaf Root Total % 1 P. kesiya 40.69 16.66 1.31 1.86 60.52 33.13 188.21 66.65 11.05 25.10 291.02 32.71 2 C. acuminatissima 13.90 5.45 0.54 0.69 20.57 11.26 64.29 21.79 4.53 9.33 99.93 11.23 3 S. wallichii 8.21 3.25 0.31 0.40 12.17 6.66 37.96 13.00 2.59 5.42 58.97 6.63 4 Q. brandisiana 5.69 2.08 0.30 0.33 8.39 4.59 26.30 8.32 2.53 4.39 41.54 4.67 5 C. diversifolia 4.96 1.95 0.20 0.25 7.35 4.02 22.94 7.79 1.66 3.35 35.73 4.02 6 Q. helferiana 3.37 1.35 0.12 0.16 5.01 2.74 15.58 5.42 1.04 2.18 24.22 2.72 7 Castanopsis sp.1 2.40 0.90 0.11 0.13 3.54 1.94 11.09 3.60 0.96 1.76 17.41 1.96 8 T. burmanica 2.27 0.82 0.14 0.14 3.37 1.85 10.50 3.29 1.20 1.85 16.84 1.89 9 L. thomsonii 2.28 0.87 0.10 0.12 3.37 1.84 10.54 3.50 0.81 1.59 16.44 1.85 10 D. cultrata 2.23 0.85 0.11 0.12 3.31 1.81 10.33 3.40 0.89 1.62 16.23 1.82

Total (1-10 species) 86.00 34.19 3.22 4.19 127.60 69.85 397.74 136.75 27.26 56.58 618.33 69.50

Total (11-210 species) 37.18 13.97 1.87 2.05 55.08 30.15 171.97 55.89 15.84 27.69 271.39 30.50 Total 123.18 48.16 5.09 6.24 182.68 569.71 192.65 43.10 84.27 889.72 Thai J. For. 35 (3) : 86-99 (2016) 97

Table 5 Amounts of biomass calcium and magnesium in natural forest near Thung Luang Royal Project Center.

Amounts of Biomass Calcium and Magnesium (kg ha-1) No Species Calcium Magnesium Stem Branch Leaf Root Total % Stem Branch Leaf Root Total % 1 P. kesiya 386.60 133.31 15.07 81.81 616.79 32.65 86.48 33.33 9.04 9.30 138.14 32.54 2 C. acuminatissima 132.04 43.58 6.17 30.40 212.20 11.23 29.54 10.89 3.70 3.46 47.59 11.21 3 S. wallichii 77.97 26.01 3.54 17.65 125.16 6.63 17.44 6.50 2.12 2.01 28.07 6.61 4 Q. brandisiana 54.02 16.64 3.46 14.31 88.42 4.68 12.08 4.16 2.07 1.63 19.94 4.70 5 C. diversifolia 47.11 15.58 2.26 10.91 75.85 4.02 10.54 3.89 1.35 1.24 17.03 4.01 6 Q. helferiana 32.01 10.83 1.42 7.11 51.37 2.72 7.16 2.71 0.85 0.81 11.53 2.71 7 Castanopsis sp.1 22.79 7.20 1.30 5.74 37.03 1.96 5.10 1.80 0.78 0.65 8.33 1.96 8 T. burmanica 21.57 6.58 1.64 6.02 35.81 1.90 4.82 1.64 0.99 0.68 8.14 1.92 9 L. thomsonii 21.65 7.00 1.10 5.19 34.95 1.85 4.84 1.75 0.66 0.59 7.84 1.85 10 D. cultrata 21.21 6.80 1.21 5.27 34.49 1.83 4.74 1.70 0.73 0.60 7.77 1.83

Total (1-10 species) 816.98 273.51 37.17 184.41 1,312.06 69.46 182.74 68.38 22.30 20.96 294.38 69.34

Total (11-210 species) 353.23 111.79 21.60 90.24 576.87 30.54 79.01 27.95 12.96 10.25 130.18 30.66 Total 1,170.21 385.29 58.78 274.65 1,888.93 261.76 96.32 35.27 31.21 424.56

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