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Accelerated the Industrialization and Commercialization of ESS Through a Series of Long-Term Development Plans Together with a List of R&D and Investment Projects

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Accelerated the Industrialization and Commercialization of ESS Through a Series of Long-Term Development Plans Together with a List of R&D and Investment Projects Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK GROUP KOREA OFFICE INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY NOTES KOREA’S ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: THE SYNERGY OF PUBLIC PULL AND PRIVATE PUSH INCHUL HWANG, SENIOR ENERGY SPECIALIST, ENERGY GLOBAL PRACTICE, WORLD BANK GROUP KOREA OFFICE YONGHUN JUNG, ADJUNCT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEM, AJOU UNIVERSITY Public Disclosure Authorized Korea's battery storage industry has experienced remarkable growth for the past years, with two Korean companies accounting for more than 80% of the total lithium-ion battery (hereinafter, LiB) Energy Storage System (ESS) market. Korea's LiB ESS market size reached about 50% of the global market in 2018. The expansion of the LiB ESS industry in Korea has benefited from government’s support. The government accelerated the industrialization and commercialization of ESS through a series of long-term development plans together with a list of R&D and investment projects. Notably, the government shifted government policy towards so-called Green Growth in 2009, which was a turning point in government policy toward sustainable development prompting the surge in green R&D expenditure. The ESS-specific national strategy called K-ESS in 2011 set LiB ESS at the center of the strategy to maximize Korean battery producers’ competitive edge. Based on the strategy, strong incentives and regulations such as a higher Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) weight of 5.0 to PV and wind-connected ESS system, ESS-specific power rate, and the mandatory ESS installation in public buildings were implemented and contributed to the impressive growth of Korean ESS market. Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) has helped the growth with its utility-scale frequency regulation (FR) ESS demonstration projects. Also, private companies set ESS as a target for the next generation export product, building on the experience and know-how in Public Disclosure Authorized Lithium-ion batteries accumulated over more than a decade. They have proactively engaged in R&D projects as well as domestic and overseas demonstration projects aiming at the early commercialization. Along the way, various challenges have emerged, such as ESS facility fires and the absence of international standards and interoperability for major components. Nevertheless, prospects for Korea's ESS market seem relatively bright, thanks to the accumulated know-how on operating utility-scale ESS, lessons learned from dealing with ESS facility fires, and continuous growth of global ESS market. Korea’s LiB ESS development is a good example of the impact of both public pull and private push factors. ESS deployment in developing countries is expected to increase with the rapid LiB ESS cost decline, exceeding the pace of PV. The World Bank also support this expansion of ESS systems, through its global Battery Storage Investment Program. JANUARY 2020, NOTE SERIES NUMBER 1 PAGE | 02 KOREA’S ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) DEVELOPMENT This report aims to identify and examine the key Introduction success factors of Korea's energy storage industry, including government policies, roles of private companies, and global market factors. It aims to share lessons learned from the country’s rapid development of LiB ESS. Throughout the report, ESS, LiB ESS, and battery storage are used Since the first oil crisis in the 1970s, countries interchangeably, according to the reference have recognized the need for energy conservation sources. Globally, the most commonly adopted and alternative energy development. Renewables battery storage system is currently LiB ESS. have emerged as alternatives to fossil fuels to play a vital role in expanding energy supply in a In recognition of the importance of ESS for the sustainable manner. Globally, electricity development of the energy sector in developing consumption has grown substantially. While countries, the World Bank launched a global electricity generation from renewables is taking a Battery Storage Investment Program in 2018. In growing share in the energy supply mix, their May 2019, Energy Storage Partnership (ESP) inherent intermittency poses economic and comprising WB Group and 29 organizations was technical challenges. Energy Storage System (ESS) announced, to support the development of energy has emerged as the most viable technology option storage solutions in developing countries. Two to deal with this intermittency problem. ESS is a Korean entities, KIAT (Korea Institute for device used to store energy produced, to use Advancement of Technology) and K-BIA (Korea later. Battery Industry Association), have joined ESP. There are various types of ESS, including pumped hydro storage, flywheel, compressed air system, battery storage (mostly Lithium-ion battery). Among them, Lithium-ion battery (LiB) is most Understanding LiB ESS widely adopted ESS in the world. It is used as a backup power and for load leveling and frequency TECHNOLOGY and voltage regulation, to stabilize power supply and to help integrate renewable energy. Korea is one of the global leaders in developing and distributing LiB ESS and three Korean companies, Samsung SDI, LG Chem, and SK Innovation, are ESS originated from a simple concept in which the among the leading global suppliers of LiB. Korea's generated power is stored and used when LiB ESS market has grown to occupy nearly half of needed. In short, ESS is a device that can help the global LiB ESS market in 2018.[1] overcome the time difference in its production and consumption, either chemically or physically. // [1] Ryu J., et al. (2019) estimated that Korean domestic market will share almost 47% of the global ESS market. KOREA OFFICE INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY NOTE SERIES PAGE | 03 There is a wide range of energy storage thermal power plant in ramp rate, which enables technologies available today. ESS technologies quick dispatch. Also, ESS could function as an include electrochemical storages such as a LiB, a emergency power source for safeguarding lead-acid battery, and hydrogen, and physical uninterruptible power supply in case of natural storages such as flywheel and pumped disasters and unexpected power failures. Korea hydropower station. For example, most Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), a smartphones use a small LiB ESS, while a pumped monopolistic transmission and distribution hydro is ESS for large-scale power. operator in Korea, carried out initially a frequency regulation ESS demonstration project for 376MW ESS offers three main functions: load shifting or between 2014 and 2017 and has begun to apply demand response (DR), stabilization of output ESS systems for capacity firming for renewable from renewable power sources (renewable energy power generators and peak shaving in recent integration), and frequency regulation (FR) for years. stabilization of the power supply system. With regards to load shifting or DR, batteries are The most common LiB ESS consists of 3 main charged when electricity demand (and tariff) is low parts: a storage device, usually a battery with a and discharged when it is high. By enabling battery management system (BMS), a power consumers to change the load pattern, an ESS conditioning system (PCS), energy management system could help lower the maximum load. ESS system (EMS). A battery is a device that stores, and helps stabilize power output from renewable charges electric energy received from a power energy sources such as solar and wind power as system, or a PCS and discharges stored electrical their outputs are difficult to predict due to their energy to a network depending on demand and intermittency. ESS may well serve to mitigate the supply. BMS enables users to monitor voltage and output fluctuation and intermittency of power temperature in real-time, calculate the state of generation from changes in weather conditions. charge (SOC), and to predict battery capacity and ESS is also used to adjust the power frequency by life span, and communicate information with PCS way of charging and discharging ESS to maintain or EMS. Also, a PCS converts electric energy stored power quality. When the power demand and in a battery to power ensuring a standard voltage supply balance are unmatched, the electric and frequency, or conversely, converts power with frequency could fluctuate significantly such that // the power quality could deteriorate quite seriously. Thus, power system operators must Figure 1. Components and Functions of LiB ESS keep the frequency within a specific range to provide and ensure high-quality power to consumers. In Korea, to prepare for the unanticipated mismatch in demand and supply balance, the power system operators often call on thermal power generators to perform cutback operations with 5% capacity reserved. ESS could replace such reserve capacity as LiB ESS is superior to a ////////// PAGE | 04 KOREA’S ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) DEVELOPMENT equivalent voltage and frequency into direct expanded from 265MWh in 2016, to 1.2GWh in current. The PMS or the EMS is a device that 2017, and to nearly 4.8GWh in total in 2018 (see monitors and regulates energy consumption in the Figure 3). Korea’s market accounted for almost energy storage device and has a power 50% of the global market in 2018. management function. The primary purpose of the system is to follow the energy storage device and According to a Hana Financial Group 2018 report, controlling the system based on the information two Korean battery producers, Samsung SDI and received from PCS and other peripherals. LG Chem accounted for 43%
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