Soil Survey of Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon, Including Parts of Deschutes, Jefferson, and Klamath Counties

United States In cooperation with Department of United States Department Agriculture of Agriculture, Forest Soil Survey of Service; United States Natural Department of the Interior, Upper Deschutes Resources Bureau of Land Conservation Management; and Oregon Service Agricultural Experiment River Area, Station Oregon, including parts of Deschutes, Jefferson, and Klamath Counties

How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1990. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1992. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1992. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Deschutes County, Jefferson County, and Klamath County Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Assistance was provided by the Board of Commissioners for Deschutes and Jefferson Counties. Since the publication of this survey, more information on soil properties may have been collected, new interpretations developed, or existing interpretive criteria modified. The most current soil information and interpretations for this survey are in the Field Office Technical Guide (FOTG) at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The soil maps in this publication may exist in digital form in a full quadrangle format. The digitizing of the maps is in accordance with the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database standards. During the digitizing process, changes or corrections to the maps may have occurred. These changes or corrections improve the matching of this survey to adjacent surveys and correct previous errors or omissions of map unit symbols or lines. If digital SSURGO-certified maps exist for this survey, they are considered the official maps for the survey area and are part of the FOTG at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250 or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or 202-720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

Cover: Riparian habitat and rangeland along the Crooked River.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 5A—Aquolls, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 36 How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 6A—Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 0 to Contents ...... 5 3 percent slopes ...... 36 Foreword ...... 11 7A—Bakeoven-Agency-Madras complex, 0 to General Nature of the County ...... 13 3 percent slopes ...... 37 History and Development ...... 13 8B—Beden sandy loam, dry, 1 to 8 percent Physiography and Drainage ...... 15 slopes ...... 38 Climate ...... 15 9C—Beden sandy loam, moist, 3 to How This Survey Was Made ...... 15 15 percent slopes ...... 38 Survey Procedures ...... 16 10E—Beden sandy loam, 30 to 50 percent General Soil Map Units ...... 19 north slopes ...... 39 1. Tutni-Sunriver-Cryaquolls ...... 19 11B—Beden stony sandy loam, 0 to 2. Shanahan-Steiger ...... 20 10 percent slopes ...... 39 3. Lapine ...... 20 12B—Beden-Ninemile complex, 0 to 4. Simas-Ruckles-Lickskillet ...... 20 10 percent slopes ...... 40 5. Deschutes-Stukel-Rock outcrop ...... 21 13C—Belrick fine sandy loam, 0 to 6. Gosney-Deskamp-Rock outcrop ...... 21 15 percent slopes ...... 41 7. Madras-Agency-Cullius ...... 22 13D—Belrick fine sandy loam, 15 to 8. Holmzie-Searles ...... 22 30 percent slopes ...... 41 9. Caphealy-Reuter ...... 23 14C—Belrick fine sandy loam, cool, 0 to 10. Lickskillet-Redcliff-Schrier ...... 23 15 percent slopes ...... 42 11. Dester-Gardone-Borobey ...... 24 15C—Belrick fine sandy loam, dry, 0 to 12. Beden-Ninemile ...... 24 15 percent slopes ...... 43 13. Stookmoor-Menbo ...... 24 16E—Belrick-Douthit complex, 30 to 14. Wanoga-Fremkle-Rock outcrop ...... 25 50 percent slopes ...... 43 15. Linksterly-Belrick-Douthit ...... 25 17A—Blayden loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent 16. Lundgren-Allingham-Circle ...... 26 slopes ...... 44 17. Tumalo-Plainview ...... 26 18D—Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 18. Sisters-Yapoah ...... 26 50 percent slopes ...... 45 19. Smiling-Windego-Parrego ...... 27 19A—Borobey sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent 20. Gap-Prairie ...... 27 slopes ...... 46 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 20A—Borobey gravelly sandy loam, hardpan 1A—Agency sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent substratum, 0 to 5 percent slopes ...... 46 slopes ...... 30 21C—Bott-Douthit complex, 0 to 15 percent 2A—Agency loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 31 slopes ...... 47 2B—Agency loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 32 21D—Bott-Douthit complex, 15 to 30 percent 2C—Agency loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 33 slopes ...... 47 3B—Agency-Madras complex, 0 to 8 percent 22E—Bott-Kweo complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes ...... 33 slopes ...... 48 3C—Agency-Madras complex, 8 to 23A—Buckbert sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 15 percent slopes ...... 34 slopes ...... 49 4C—Allingham-Circle complex, 0 to 15 percent 24A—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 0 to slopes ...... 34 3 percent slopes ...... 50 4D—Allingham-Circle complex, 15 to 24B—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes ...... 35 8 percent slopes ...... 50 6 Soil Survey

24C—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 8 to 46B—Era-Haystack complex, 0 to 8 percent 15 percent slopes ...... 51 slopes ...... 72 24D—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 15 to 47A—Ermabell loamy fine sand, 0 to 30 percent slopes ...... 52 3 percent slopes ...... 72 25C—Choptie-Westbutte complex, 5 to 48C—Flarm-Smiling complex, 0 to 15 percent 20 percent slopes ...... 53 slopes ...... 73 26A—Clinefalls sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 49A—Fluvents, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 74 slopes ...... 53 50C—Gap sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent 27A—Clovkamp loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 74 slopes ...... 54 51D—Gap-Glaze complex, 15 to 30 percent 28A—Clovkamp loamy sand, bedrock slopes ...... 75 substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 55 52B—Gardone sand, 3 to 10 percent slopes ...... 76 29A—Cryaquolls, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 55 53C—Gardone sand, hummocky, 3 to 30A—Cullius loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 56 15 percent slopes ...... 76 30B—Cullius loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 57 54C—Gardone sand, moist, 3 to 20 percent 30C—Cullius loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 57 slopes ...... 77 31A—Deschutes sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 55A—Gardone-Borobey complex, 0 to slopes ...... 58 5 percent slopes ...... 77 31B—Deschutes sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 56E—Glaze-Prairie-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 59 30 to 50 percent slopes ...... 78 32A—Deschutes sandy loam, dry, 0 to 57B—Gosney stony loamy sand, 3 to 3 percent slopes ...... 59 8 percent slopes ...... 79 33B—Deschutes-Houstake complex, 0 to 58C—Gosney-Rock outcrop-Deskamp 8 percent slopes ...... 60 complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 79 34C—Deschutes-Stukel complex, 0 to 59C—Gosney-Rock outcrop-Deskamp 15 percent slopes ...... 61 complex, dry, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 80 35B—Deschutes-Stukel complex, dry, 0 to 60C—Haynap very gravelly loamy coarse 8 percent slopes ...... 62 sand, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 81 36A—Deskamp loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent 60D—Haynap very gravelly loamy coarse slopes ...... 63 sand, 15 to 30 percent slopes ...... 82 36B—Deskamp loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent 60E—Haynap very gravelly loamy coarse slopes ...... 63 sand, 30 to 70 percent slopes ...... 82 37B—Deskamp sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 61C—Henkle-Fryrear-Lava flows complex, slopes ...... 64 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 83 38B—Deskamp-Gosney complex, 0 to 62D—Henkle-Lava flows-Fryrear complex, 8 percent slopes ...... 65 15 to 50 percent slopes ...... 84 39A—Dester gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 63C—Holmzie-Searles complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 66 15 percent slopes ...... 85 40B—Dester sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent 64C—Holmzie-Searles complex, moist, slopes ...... 66 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 86 41C—Douthit sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent 65A—Houstake sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 67 slopes ...... 87 41D—Douthit sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent 66A—Houstake sandy loam, dry, 0 to slopes ...... 68 3 percent slopes ...... 87 41E—Douthit sandy loam, 30 to 50 percent 67A—Houstake sandy loam, very gravelly slopes ...... 68 substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 88 42C—Douthit sandy loam, cool, 0 to 68A—Iris silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 88 15 percent slopes ...... 69 69D—Kweo gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 43A—Embal sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 50 percent slopes ...... 89 slopes ...... 70 70D—Kweo-Smiling complex, 8 to 50 percent 44B—Era sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 70 slopes ...... 90 45A—Era sandy loam, cobbly substratum, 71A—Lafollette sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 71 slopes ...... 91 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 7

71B—Lafollette sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 89A—Milcan gravelly sandy loam, 0 to slopes ...... 91 5 percent slopes ...... 110 72C—Laidlaw sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent 90C—Minkwell sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 92 slopes ...... 110 73C—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, 90D—Minkwell sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 92 slopes ...... 111 73D—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, 15 90E—Minkwell sandy loam, 30 to 50 percent to 30 percent slopes ...... 93 slopes ...... 112 73E—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, 30 91B—Ninemile sandy loam, 0 to 10 percent to 50 percent slopes ...... 94 slopes ...... 112 74C—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, high 92B—Ninemile very cobbly loam, 0 to elevation, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 95 10 percent slopes ...... 113 74D—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, high 93B—Ninemile-Dester complex, 1 to elevation, 15 to 30 percent slopes ...... 95 8 percent slopes ...... 113 74E—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, high 94A—Omahaling fine sandy loam, 0 to elevation, 30 to 60 percent slopes ...... 96 5 percent slopes ...... 114 75A—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, low, 95E—Parrego-Rock outcrop-Windego 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 97 complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes ...... 115 76F—Lapine-Rock outcrop complex, high 96D—Parrego-Thorn-Rock outcrop complex, elevation, 50 to 70 percent slopes ...... 97 15 to 50 percent slopes ...... 116 77—Lava flows ...... 98 97—Pits ...... 117 78C—Lickskillet-Deschutes complex, 0 to 15 98A—Plainview sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent percent slopes ...... 98 slopes ...... 117 79C—Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly loams, 98B—Plainview sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 99 slopes ...... 118 80D—Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly loams, 99C—Prairie-Gap complex, 0 to 15 percent 15 to 30 percent south slopes ...... 100 slopes ...... 118 80E—Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly loams, 99D—Prairie-Gap complex, 15 to 30 percent 30 to 60 percent south slopes ...... 101 slopes ...... 119 81F—Lickskillet-Rock outcrop complex, 45 100C—Redcliff-Lickskillet complex, 0 to to 80 percent slopes ...... 101 15 percent slopes ...... 120 82C—Linksterly sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent 101D—Redcliff-Lickskillet-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 102 complex, 15 to 30 percent south slopes ..... 120 82D—Linksterly sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent 101E—Redcliff-Lickskillet-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 102 complex, 30 to 50 percent south slopes ..... 121 82E—Linksterly sandy loam, 30 to 50 percent 102D—Redcliff-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to slopes ...... 103 30 percent slopes ...... 122 83C—Linksterly sandy loam, cool, 0 to 103E—Redcliff-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 15 percent slopes ...... 104 65 percent south slopes ...... 122 83D—Linksterly sandy loam, cool, 15 to 104A—Redmond sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 30 percent slopes ...... 104 slopes ...... 123 84C—Linksterly-Blowout complex, 0 to 105C—Redmond-Deschutes-Stukel complex, 15 percent slopes ...... 105 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 124 85A—Lundgren sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 106D—Redslide-Lickskillet complex, 15 to slopes ...... 105 30 percent north slopes ...... 124 86A—Madras sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 106E—Redslide-Lickskillet complex, 30 to slopes ...... 106 50 percent north slopes ...... 125 86B—Madras sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 107B—Reluctan sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes ...... 107 slopes ...... 126 87A—Madras loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 107 108C—Reluctan loam, 2 to 20 percent 87B—Madras loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 108 slopes ...... 126 87C—Madras loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 109 109—Rock outcrop ...... 127 88D—Menbo stony loam, 5 to 25 percent 110D—Schrier-Tub complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes ...... 109 north slopes ...... 127 8 Soil Survey

110E—Schrier-Tub complex, 30 to 60 percent 130E—Steiger loamy coarse sand, high north slopes ...... 128 elevation, 30 to 50 percent slopes ...... 147 111D—Searles-Holmzie complex, 15 to 131A—Steiger loamy coarse sand, low, 0 to 30 percent slopes ...... 129 3 percent slopes ...... 148 112D—Searles-Holmzie complex, moist, 15 132A—Stookmoor loamy sand, 1 to 3 percent to 30 percent slopes ...... 129 slopes ...... 148 113C—Searles-Statz complex, 0 to 133A—Stookmoor gravelly loamy sand, 15 percent slopes ...... 130 1 to 3 percent slopes ...... 149 114C—Shanahan loamy coarse sand, 0 to 134D—Stookmoor gravelly loamy sand, 20 15 percent slopes ...... 131 to 50 percent north slopes ...... 150 114D—Shanahan loamy coarse sand, 15 to 135C—Stookmoor-Beden complex, 1 to 30 percent slopes ...... 131 20 percent slopes ...... 150 115A—Shanahan loamy coarse sand, low, 136C—Stookmoor-Gardone-Rock outcrop 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 132 complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes ...... 151 116E—Shroyton loamy sand, 30 to 50 137E—Stookmoor-Westbutte complex, 25 to percent slopes ...... 133 50 percent north slopes ...... 152 117C—Simas silt loam, 0 to 15 percent 138A—Stukel sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 133 slopes ...... 153 118D—Simas-Ruckles complex, 15 to 138B—Stukel sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 40 percent north slopes ...... 134 slopes ...... 153 119D—Simas-Ruckles complex, 15 to 139A—Stukel sandy loam, dry, 0 to 3 percent 40 percent south slopes ...... 135 slopes ...... 154 120F—Simas-Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 139B—Stukel sandy loam, dry, 3 to 8 percent 40 to 80 percent north slopes ...... 135 slopes ...... 154 121F—Simas-Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 140B—Stukel-Deschutes complex, dry, 0 to 40 to 80 percent south slopes ...... 136 8 percent slopes ...... 155 122C—Sisters loamy sand, 0 to 15 percent 141C—Stukel-Deschutes-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 137 complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 156 123C—Sisters-Yapoah complex, 0 to 142B—Stukel-Rock outcrop-Deschutes 15 percent slopes ...... 137 complex, dry, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 156 123D—Sisters-Yapoah complex, 15 to 143B—Suilotem-Circle complex, 0 to 30 percent slopes ...... 138 8 percent slopes ...... 157 123E—Sisters-Yapoah complex, 30 to 144A—Sunriver sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 50 percent slopes ...... 139 slopes ...... 158 124C—Smiling sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent 145C—Suttle very gravelly loamy sand, 0 to slopes ...... 140 15 percent slopes ...... 158 125D—Smiling-Windego complex, 15 to 146C—Suttle very gravelly loamy sand, dry, 30 percent slopes ...... 141 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 159 126C—Smiling-Windego complex, cool, 0 to 147A—Swaler gravelly coarse sand, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 141 2 percent slopes ...... 160 126D—Smiling-Windego complex, cool, 15 to 148A—Swaler silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 30 percent slopes ...... 142 slopes ...... 160 127A—Statz sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 149A—Swalesilver loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 143 slopes ...... 161 128C—Statz-Deschutes complex, 0 to 150A—Tetherow sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 15 percent slopes ...... 144 slopes ...... 161 128D—Statz-Deschutes complex, 15 to 150B—Tetherow sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 30 percent slopes ...... 144 slopes ...... 162 129C—Steiger loamy coarse sand, 0 to 151D—Tetherow-Clovkamp complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 145 50 percent slopes ...... 163 130C—Steiger loamy coarse sand, high 152A—Tumalo sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent elevation, 3 to 15 percent slopes ...... 146 slopes ...... 164 130D—Steiger loamy coarse sand, high 152B—Tumalo sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent elevation, 15 to 30 percent slopes ...... 146 slopes ...... 164 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 9

153A—Tutni loamy coarse sand, 0 to 3 percent Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 193 slopes ...... 165 Woodland Understory Vegetation ...... 195 154A—Vergas loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 166 Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings ...... 196 155C—Wanoga sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent Recreation ...... 197 slopes ...... 166 Wildlife Habitat...... 198 155D—Wanoga sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent Habitat Types...... 198 slopes ...... 167 Fish and Wildlife Species ...... 200 155E—Wanoga sandy loam, 30 to 50 percent Engineering ...... 201 slopes ...... 168 Building Site Development ...... 201 156C—Wanoga-Fremkle-Henkle complex, 0 Sanitary Facilities ...... 202 to 15 percent slopes ...... 169 Construction Materials ...... 203 156D—Wanoga-Fremkle-Henkle complex, 15 Water Management ...... 204 to 30 percent slopes ...... 170 Soil Properties ...... 207 157C—Wanoga-Fremkle-Rock outcrop Engineering Index Properties ...... 207 complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...... 171 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 208 158A—Wickiup loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent Soil and Water Features ...... 209 slopes ...... 172 Classification of the Soils...... 211 159C—Wilt sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 211 slopes ...... 173 Agency Series ...... 211 160C—Windego-Parrego complex, 0 to Allingham Series ...... 212 15 percent slopes ...... 173 Aquolls ...... 213 160D—Windego-Parrego complex, 15 to Bakeoven Series ...... 213 30 percent slopes ...... 174 Beden Series ...... 214 161E—Windego-Smiling complex, 30 to Belrick Series ...... 214 50 percent slopes ...... 175 Blayden Series ...... 215 162E—Windego-Smiling complex, cool, 30 Bluesters Series ...... 216 to 50 percent slopes ...... 176 Borobey Series ...... 216 163D—Windego-Smiling-Rock outcrop Bott Series ...... 216 complex, 0 to 30 percent slopes ...... 176 Buckbert Series ...... 217 163E—Windego-Smiling-Rock outcrop Caphealy Series ...... 218 complex, 30 to 70 percent slopes ...... 177 Choptie Series ...... 218 164A—Wizard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent Circle Series ...... 219 slopes ...... 178 Clinefalls Series ...... 219 165C—Wizard-Allingham complex, 0 to Clovkamp Series ...... 220 15 percent slopes ...... 179 Cryaquolls ...... 221 166D—Xerolls, 5 to 50 percent slopes ...... 180 Cullius Series ...... 221 167E—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, 30 Deschutes Series ...... 222 to 65 percent north slopes ...... 180 Deskamp Series ...... 223 168E—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, 30 Dester Series ...... 223 to 65 percent south slopes ...... 181 Douthit Series ...... 224 169C—Yapoah-Rock outcrop complex, 0 Embal Series ...... 224 to 15 percent slopes ...... 181 Era Series ...... 225 169E—Yapoah-Rock outcrop complex, 15 Ermabell Series ...... 225 to 75 percent slopes ...... 182 Flarm Series ...... 226 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 185 Fluvents ...... 227 Crops and Pasture ...... 185 Fremkle Series ...... 227 Yields per Acre ...... 186 Fryrear Series ...... 227 Land Capability Classification ...... 187 Gap Series ...... 228 Prime Farmland ...... 187 Gardone Series ...... 229 Rangeland ...... 188 Glaze Series ...... 229 Importance and Uses of Rangeland ...... 188 Gosney Series...... 230 Broad Vegetative Zones ...... 189 Haynap Series ...... 230 Grazing Management ...... 191 Haystack Series ...... 231 Limitations for Use ...... 191 Henkle Series ...... 232 10 Soil Survey

Holmzie Series ...... 232 Tumalo Series...... 259 Houstake Series ...... 233 Tutni Series ...... 260 Iris Series ...... 233 Vergas Series ...... 260 Kweo Series ...... 234 Wanoga Series ...... 261 Lafollette Series ...... 234 Westbutte Series ...... 261 Laidlaw Series ...... 235 Wickiup Series ...... 262 Lapine Series ...... 235 Wilt Series ...... 262 Lickskillet Series ...... 236 Windego Series ...... 263 Linksterly Series ...... 237 Wizard Series ...... 264 Lundgren Series ...... 237 Xerolls ...... 264 Madras Series ...... 238 Yapoah Series ...... 265 Menbo Series ...... 238 Formation of the Soils ...... 267 Milcan Series ...... 239 Parent Material...... 267 Minkwell Series ...... 239 Climate ...... 269 Ninemile Series ...... 240 Time ...... 269 Omahaling Series ...... 241 Relief ...... 270 Parrego Series ...... 241 Plant and Animal Life ...... 270 Plainview Series ...... 242 References ...... 273 Prairie Series ...... 243 Glossary ...... 275 Redcliff Series ...... 243 Tables ...... 287 Redmond Series ...... 244 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation...... 288 Redslide Series ...... 244 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 290 Reluctan Series ...... 245 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 292 Reuter Series ...... 245 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Ruckles Series ...... 246 of the Soils ...... 293 Schrier Series ...... 246 Table 5.—Land Capability Classes and Yields Searles Series ...... 247 per Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 298 Shanahan Series ...... 248 Table 6.—Rangeland Productivity and Shroyton Series ...... 249 Characteristic Plant Communities ...... 309 Simas Series ...... 249 Table 7.—Woodland Management ...... 332 Sisters Series ...... 250 Table 8.—Woodland Productivity ...... 339 Smiling Series ...... 251 Table 9.—Windbreaks and Environmental Statz Series ...... 251 Plantings ...... 346 Steiger Series ...... 252 Table 10.—Recreational Development ...... 350 Stookmoor Series ...... 253 Table 11.—Building Site Development ...... 371 Stukel Series ...... 253 Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 391 Suilotem Series ...... 254 Table 13.—Construction Materials ...... 412 Sunriver Series ...... 254 Table 14.—Water Management ...... 432 Suttle Series ...... 255 Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 452 Swaler Series ...... 256 Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties Swalesilver Series ...... 257 of the Soils ...... 487 Tetherow Series ...... 257 Table 17.—Soil and Water Features ...... 504 Thorn Series ...... 258 Table 18.—Classification of the Soils ...... 514 Tub Series ...... 258

Issued 1999 11

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Bob Graham State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service 12

*Salem

Location of Upper Deschutes River Area in Oregon. 13 Soil Survey of Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon, including parts of Deschutes, Jefferson, and Klamath Counties

By Ron Myhrum and William Ferry, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by William Ferry, Mike Lamkin, Jerry Macdonald, Ron Myhrum, and Aimee Walker, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Terry Brock, Forest Service; and Larry Thomas, Bureau of Land Management

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; and Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station

The UPPER DESCHUTES RIVER AREA includes private and Recreation and tourism, wood products, farming and public land in parts of Deschutes, Jefferson, and ranching, and manufacturing are the main industries. Klamath Counties. The northern part of the survey area The survey area is adjacent to or very near three is comprised of the western part of Jefferson County wilderness areas, and there are two ski areas just to (excluding the Warm Springs Indian Reservation). The the west of the survey area. Several lakes, streams, central part of the survey area is in Deschutes County, and rivers are in or near the area. and it includes areas of land administered by the The major north-south highway on the eastern side Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. of the Cascade Mountains, U.S. Highway 97, passes The southern part of the survey area is an island through LaPine, Bend, Redmond, and Madras. A major comprised of the southern part of Deschutes County, east-west artery, U.S. Highway 20, passes through near LaPine, extending into the northern part of Bend and Sisters. A municipal airport is in Redmond, Klamath County and south to Crescent and Gilchrist. and airstrips with facilities are in Madras, Bend, and The survey area includes about 1,540,000 acres. Sunriver. The railroad transects the area, following A wide variety of landscapes make up the survey much the same route as U.S. Highway 97. area. In the north is the plateau known as the Agency This soil survey updates the survey of Deschutes Plains, adjacent to the Deschutes River canyon. To the Area, Oregon, published in 1958 (23) and the interim south are rolling hills and lava benches with deep survey of Brothers Area published in 1983 (28). It gorges incised by the Deschutes and Crooked Rivers. provides additional information and has larger maps, Farther to the south are pumice flats and basins with which show the soils in greater detail. scattered cinder cones. To the east are the basalt plateaus of the high desert. The western edge is made General Nature of the County up of the glaciated toe slopes and valleys of the Cascade Mountains. Elevation ranges from 1,295 feet This section briefly discusses the history and at the northernmost point in the survey area to 5,545 development, physiography and drainage, and climate feet at Three Creek Butte. The average annual of the survey area. precipitation is about 8 to 70 inches. The survey area includes almost all of the cultivated History and Development land in Jefferson and Deschutes Counties and the major population centers in these counties. Bend and When Europeans first saw the area of the Upper Madras, the county seats of Deschutes and Jefferson Deschutes River, it was occupied by the Warm Springs Counties, respectively, are in the survey area. and Northern Paiute Tribes. Long before that time, 14 Soil Survey

Klamath Lakes Indians had occupied much of what is The Homestead Act of 1862 drew many optimists to now the southern part of the survey area. The Molalla the area, and even the high desert to the east was Indians from the Willamette Valley area west of the scattered with homesteaders. One by one, however, Cascade Mountains seasonally traveled into central these would-be ranchers and farmers surrendered the Oregon and the Deschutes River area to gather food. land back to the sagebrush and moved on. The Cayuse and Sahaptin Indians also seasonally The Madras area was settled in the late 1860’s. migrated into the area from the region that is now There was a rumor that a railroad was coming to this northeastern Oregon (30). area, and settlers were drawn to the area because the A treaty was signed in 1955 that brought the Warm soil was more fertile than that near Bend and Springs, Paiute, and Wasco Tribes together on the Redmond. Warm Springs Indian Reservation. The Warm Springs Irrigation had several small beginnings in the 1870’s and Wasco Indians had been neighbors (the Wasco in the Sisters, Bend, Redmond, and Madras areas. Indians occupied the region around The Dalles), had Rights to water from the Deschutes River were filed in similar cultures, and often intermarried. Both tribes the 1890’s. fished, hunted, and gathered roots and berries for The ill-fated Tumalo Irrigation District was sustenance. established in 1893, the Swalley Brothers Irrigation The pursuit of beaver pelts brought the first white District in 1899, and the Arnold Irrigation District in men to the area of the Deschutes River. “Deschutes” is 1904. The Pilot Butte Canal started carrying water in from the French “Riviere des Chutes,” which means the 1904, and it became part of the Central Oregon river of the falls. The first white man to see the Upper Irrigation District in 1910. In 1912 the North Canal Deschutes River and central Oregon was Peter Skene began transporting water northward to Redmond. The Ogden of the Hudson’s Bay Company. He and his party Redmond area received irrigation water in 1906 and the set out from the Columbia River late in 1825 and Madras area in 1946. Presently, six irrigation districts headed up the Deschutes River, trapping as they went. use water from the Deschutes River. When they came to what is now known as the Crooked Alfalfa, barley, oats, and potatoes were all grown in River, they ventured upriver, eventually arriving in the the earlier days in Deschutes and Jefferson Counties. John Day River area. They returned in 1826, heading Presently in Deschutes County, alfalfa is the main crop down the White River and crossing the Deschutes and there are relatively few acres of potatoes and mint. River at Sherar’s Falls. Again they headed up the Almost all other irrigated land in the county is pasture. Deschutes River to the Crooked River, and after In Jefferson County, alfalfa, potatoes (mostly seed following that channel, ventured into southeastern potatoes), grass seed, carrot seed, mint, and garlic are Oregon. On their return, they became the first white grown, making it a diverse and significant agricultural men to see what later became known as Newberry area. Crater, East Lake, and Paulina Lake (6). Livestock in the survey area historically An exploration party under the command of Lt. included only cattle and sheep. Today the livestock Robert Williamson was sent west in 1855 to find the operations are comprised of cattle, llamas, horses, and best route for a railroad to extend from the Mississippi sheep. River to the Pacific Ocean. Included in the party was Timber land in the area has been bought since as John Strong Newberry, a physician and naturalist, early as 1898; however, until the railway was whose name was given to the crater discovered in completed, the importance of lumber to the economy 1826. The expedition came from San Francisco by way was limited. In 1916 the Shevlin-Hixon Mill was of Klamath Falls. Their trek led them through the established, and the Brooks-Scanlon Mill was Deschutes River area, and they continued on to the established soon after. According to Phil Brogan, by Metolius River and Black Butte areas. They followed the late 1920’s these mills were producing 500 million the Metolius River to the Cove Palisades and then board feet of lumber annually and they employed about crossed the Cascade Mountains. 2,000 workers. This helped to establish the economic Settlement in the area was discouraged, and in 1856 base for Bend and the rest of central Oregon (7). In it was even forbidden by the Federal government spite of reduced timber harvesting, the wood products because of resistance to the presence of white men. industry is still important to the economy of Deschutes The area to the north and east was settled first, and Jefferson Counties. particularly that near Shaniko, which was the end of The survey area is known for its recreational appeal. the line for the railroad. Central Oregon offers opportunities for world-class Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 15

downhill and cross-county skiing, golfing, fishing, and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on hunting, whitewater rafting, rock climbing, and hiking. length of the growing season. The average monthly temperature at Madras, Bend, Physiography and Drainage and Chemult is 48, 46, and 42 degrees F, respectively. The average temperature in summer (June, July, and The approximately 1.5 million acres comprising the August) is 64, 60, and 53 degrees, respectively. The survey area includes parts of three major land resource average temperature in winter (December, January, and areas—the Upper Snake River Lava Plains and Hills, February) is 34, 33, and 28 degrees, respectively. The the Eastern Slope of the Cascade Mountains, and the extreme temperatures at all three stations were about Malheur High Plateau (27). 102 degrees for the high and -27 degrees for the low. Relief is moderate throughout the survey area. The Growing degree days, shown in table 1, are topography of the Upper Snake River Lava Plains and equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing Hills resource area is nearly level to rolling except for degree days accumulate by the amount that the the deeply incised canyons of the Deschutes and average temperature each day exceeds a base Crooked Rivers and several widely scattered cinder temperature (40 degrees). The normal monthly cones. With the exception of the Deschutes and accumulation is used to schedule single or successive Crooked Rivers, perennial and intermittent plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring drainageways are lacking because of the limited and the first freeze in fall. precipitation and runoff. The average annual precipitation is 11 inches at The topography of the Eastern Slope of the Madras and Bend and 24 inches at Chemult. Most of Cascade Mountains resource area is nearly level to the precipitation, about 70 percent, falls during steep. Perennial and intermittent drainageways are November through April. During the driest months, numerous because of the precipitation that falls in which are July, August, and September, the average spring and fall and the continuous runoff from monthly precipitation is less than 1 inch. The amount snowmelt. and duration of snowfall in winter is variable, but the The topography of the Malheur High Plateau southern part of the area receives the highest amounts resource area is nearly level to rolling except for the for the longest duration. numerous cinder cones that dot the landscape. Perennial and intermittent drainageways are lacking in How This Survey Was Made this resource area because of limited precipitation and runoff. This survey was made to provide information about Most of the survey area is drained by the Deschutes the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. River and its tributaries, which include the Little The information includes a description of the soils and Deschutes River, Tumalo Creek, Dry River, Squaw miscellaneous areas and their location and a Creek, Metolius River, Crooked River, and Willow discussion of their suitability, limitations, and Creek. Water is a limited resource in the agricultural management for specified uses. Soil scientists areas of the survey area because of the limited observed the steepness, length, and shape of the precipitation, high infiltration rate, and moderate or slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of rapid permeability of the soils. Water from snowmelt is crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They stored in Crane Prairie and Wickiup Reservoirs and is dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the used for irrigation. sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface down into the Climate unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other In this survey area, temperature and precipitation living organisms and has not been changed by other are related to changes in elevation. Elevation increases biological activity. from the northern part of the area near Madras to the The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey southern part near LaPine. The climate for the area area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the was recorded at Madras, Bend, and Chemult during the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural period 1952 to 1990. The weather station at Chemult is vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and outside the survey area, but the climate is miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind representative of the LaPine area. of landform or with a segment of the landform. By Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation. observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the Table 2 shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall survey area and relating their position to specific 16 Soil Survey

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, given soil will have a high water table within certain during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind high water table will always be at a specific level in the of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on soil on a specific date. the landscape. After soil scientists located and identified the Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, into one another as their characteristics gradually they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. soil scientists must determine the boundaries between Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, the soils. They can observe only a limited number of and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, accurately. supplemented by an understanding of the soil- vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to Survey Procedures verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries. The general procedures followed in making this Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the survey are described in the National Soil Survey soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, Handbook of the Natural Resources Conservation texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and Service. Source material used in the development of amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, the survey includes the soil survey of the Deschutes reaction, and other features that enable them to Area, Oregon, published in 1958 (23); the interim soil identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey survey of the Brothers Area published in 1983 (28); area and determining their properties, the soil U.S. Geological Survey geologic maps; and the scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes National Cooperative Soil Survey memorandum of (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each understanding between the Natural Resources taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with Conservation Service, the Forest Service, the Bureau precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a of Land Management, and the Oregon Agricultural basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Experiment Station. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification By separating the landscapes into discrete used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind landforms and identifying the dominant soil-forming and character of soil properties and the arrangement of properties on each landform, predictable soil-landform horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists models became apparent and were the basis for the classified and named the soils in the survey area, they soil maps and the development of the soil series and compared the individual soils with similar soils in the map unit descriptions. The soil-landform relationships same taxonomic class in other areas so that they for this survey area are discussed under the heading could confirm data and assemble additional data based “Formation of the Soils.” on experience and research. The survey area was mapped at two levels of While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some intensity. At the less detailed level, map units are of the soils in the area generally are collected for mainly associations and complexes. The average size laboratory analyses. Soil scientists interpret the data of the delineations for most management purposes from these analyses and tests as well as the field- was 160 acres. Most of the land mapped at this level is observed characteristics and the soil properties to used as woodland and rangeland. At the more detailed determine the expected behavior of the soils under level, map units are mainly consociations and different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are complexes. The average size of the delineations for field tested through observation of the soils in different purposes of management was 40 acres, and the uses and under different levels of management. Data minimum size was 5 acres. Most of the land mapped are assembled from other sources, such as research at the more detailed level is used as irrigated and information, production records, and field experience of nonirrigated cropland. Spot symbols were used for specialists. contrasting soil types and miscellaneous areas that are Predictions about soil behavior are based not only too small to be mapped at the same intensity as the on soil properties but also on such variables as climate surrounding land. Inclusions of contrasting soils or and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable miscellaneous areas are described in the map unit if over long periods of time, but they are not predictable they are a significant component of the unit. from year to year. For example, soil scientists can Soil mapping in the high desert of eastern Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 17

Deschutes County and around the Cline Buttes Oregon State University laboratory. The analyses area of western Deschutes County was completed provided data used in soil classification and in making by the Bureau of Land Management in the period interpretations for fertility and erodibility and for 1978 to 1980. Some revision of the original series engineering and land use planning. and map units occurred during this survey to reflect Productivity estimates were made for timber a better understanding of the soils. The Forest production, rangeland, and crop production. Woodland Service assisted in the soil mapping of the Sisters and productivity was estimated by the National Resources Bend Ranger Districts in the Deschutes National Conservation Service and the Forest Service from data Forest. gathered at selected forested sites. Rangeland Samples for chemical and physical analysis were productivity was estimated for plots inside and outside taken from typical pedons of the major soils in the the survey area. Agricultural crop yield data was survey area. The analyses were made at the National estimated by the Cooperative Extension Service, Farm Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska, and at the Services Agency, and individual farmers.

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication Tutni soils are on stream terraces. These soils are shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of more than 60 inches deep to bedrock and are soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the somewhat poorly drained. They have a very dark general soil map is a unique natural landscape. grayish brown loamy coarse sand surface layer; a Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or mottled, dark grayish brown very gravelly coarse sand miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or substratum; and a very dark grayish brown sandy loam miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or buried layer. Depth to a seasonal high water table is 18 miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit to 48 inches. can occur in another but in a different pattern. Sunriver soils are on stream terraces. These soils The general soil map can be used to compare the are more than 60 inches deep to bedrock and are suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of somewhat poorly drained. They have a very dark gray suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, sandy loam surface layer; a mottled, light brownish areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. gray coarse sand subsoil; and a mottled, very dark Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable gray sandy loam buried layer. Depth to a seasonal high for planning the management of a farm or field or for water table is 24 to 48 inches. selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. Cryaquolls are on flood plains. These soils are more The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place than 60 inches deep to bedrock and are poorly drained in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that and very poorly drained. They have a dark brown silt, affect management. silt loam, or gravelly loamy sand surface layer; a very dark gray, mottled sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or Soils on Pumice-Mantled Stream Terraces loamy sand subsoil; and a very dark gray sand and Flood Plains substratum. A seasonal high water table is at the surface to a depth of 24 inches below the surface. This group consists of one map unit. It makes up These soils are subject to rare flooding. about 3 percent of the survey area. Of minor extent in this unit are Wickiup soils on stream terraces. This unit is used mainly as wildlife habitat and 1. Tutni-Sunriver-Cryaquolls pasture and for timber production. The cold climate of the LaPine Basin and a Very deep, somewhat poorly drained to very poorly seasonal high water table restrict these soils for most drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium high in uses. Lodgepole pine is the principal tree species on content of ash and in ash and pumice over older the Tutni and Sunriver soils. The seasonal high water alluvium table restricts equipment use to summer and increases This map unit is on stream terraces and flood plains the risk of windthrow. Designated skid trails should be in LaPine Basin. Elevation ranges from 4,000 to 5,000 established to minimize soil compaction. Seedlings feet. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. The mean adapted to droughtiness in summer should be planted. annual precipitation is 18 to 25 inches, the mean Soil displacement should be minimized because annual air temperature is 40 to 44 degrees F, and the fertility is highest in the organic layer and the upper frost-free period is 10 to 50 days. mineral layers. Cryaquolls support lush wetland This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey vegetation and are primarily used as wildlife habitat. area. It is about 40 percent Tutni soils, 30 percent Some areas are used as native pasture. Sunriver soils, and 20 percent Cryaquolls. The rest is The soils in this unit are poorly suited to use as soils of minor extent. building sites. The seasonal high water table restricts 20 Soil Survey

the installation of standard septic systems. Because of compaction, and erosion should be used, especially in the cold soil temperatures and the coarse texture of the steeper areas. the soil material, morphological evidence of seasonal wetness is minimal. 3. Lapine Soils on Pumice-Mantled Lava Plains and Very deep, excessively drained soils that formed in Hills pumice and ash This map unit is on lava plains and hills in the This group consists of two map units. It makes up LaPine Basin. Elevation ranges from 4,200 to 6,000 about 15 percent of the survey area. feet. Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent, but they dominantly are less than 15 percent. The mean annual 2. Shanahan-Steiger precipitation is 18 to 25 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 40 to 44 degrees F, and the frost-free Very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that period is 10 to 50 days. formed in ash and pumice over colluvium and older This unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey alluvium area. It is about 90 percent Lapine soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. This map unit is on lava plains and hills in the Lapine soils are more than 60 inches deep to LaPine Basin. Elevation ranges from 4,000 to 6,000 bedrock and are excessively drained. These soils have feet. Slopes range from 0 to 50 percent, but they a very dark grayish brown and dark brown gravelly dominantly are less than 15 percent. The mean annual loamy coarse sand surface layer and a very pale brown precipitation is 18 to 25 inches, the mean annual air and light gray gravelly to extremely gravelly coarse temperature is 40 to 44 degrees F, and the frost free sand substratum. period is 10 to 50 days. Of minor extent in this unit are Wickiup soils in This unit makes up about 7 percent of the survey depressions on stream terraces. area. It is about 50 percent Shanahan soils and 45 This unit is used mainly for timber production. percent Steiger soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. Lodgepole pine is the dominant tree species in the Shanahan soils are more than 60 inches deep to low, nearly level positions on lava plains, where frost bedrock and are somewhat excessively drained. These pockets occur. Ponderosa pine is dominant in the soils have a dark brown loamy coarse sand surface higher positions, where the risk of frost is lower. Mixed layer, a yellowish brown and brown loamy coarse sand conifers, including ponderosa pine, sugar pine, white and coarse sand substratum, and a dark brown sandy fir, and Douglas fir, make up the overstory vegetation loam and gravelly sandy loam buried layer. Depth to on the sloping uplands along the western margin of the the buried layer is 20 to 40 inches. basin and on Walker Rim. Windthrow is a concern Steiger soils are more than 60 inches deep to because of the coarse texture of the ash and pumice. bedrock and are somewhat excessively drained. These Practices that limit soil displacement, compaction, and soils have a dark grayish brown loamy coarse sand erosion should be used, especially in the steeper surface layer, a pale yellow gravelly coarse sand areas. Dry ravel on the steeper slopes may damage substratum, and a dark yellowish brown loam buried seedlings. layer. Depth to the buried layer is 40 to 60 inches or more. Of minor extent in this unit are Sunriver and Tutni Soils on Canyonsides soils on pumice-mantled stream terraces. This unit is used mainly for timber production and as This group consists of one map unit. It makes up wildlife habitat. about 4 percent of the survey area. Lodgepole pine is the dominant tree species in the low, nearly level positions on lava plains, where frost pockets occur. Ponderosa pine is dominant in the 4. Simas-Ruckles-Lickskillet higher positions on lava plains, where the risk of frost Very deep and shallow, well drained soils that formed in is lower. Mixed conifers, including ponderosa pine, loess and colluvium sugar pine, white fir, and Douglas fir, are on the hills along the western margin of the basin. Windthrow is a This map unit is on canyonsides of the Deschutes, hazard because of the coarse texture of the ash and Crooked, and Metolius Rivers. Elevation ranges from pumice. Practices that minimize soil displacement, 1,400 to 3,500 feet. Slopes range from 15 to 80 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 21

percent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 12 annual air temperature is 47 to 52 degrees F, and the inches, the mean annual air temperature is 47 to 52 frost free period is 70 to 100 days. degrees F, and the frost-free period is 110 to 140 days. This unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area. It is about 30 percent Deschutes soils, 30 area. It is about 40 percent Simas soils, 30 percent percent Stukel soils, and 15 percent Rock outcrop. The Ruckles soils, and 15 percent Lickskillet soils. The rest rest is soils of minor extent. is soils of minor extent. Deschutes soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to Simas soils are more than 60 inches deep to bedrock and are well drained. They are in depressions bedrock and are well drained. They typically are on toe among numerous lava blisters on lava plains. These slopes and are associated with tuff. These soils have a soils have a grayish brown sandy loam surface layer dark grayish brown cobbly loam surface layer and a and a light grayish brown sandy loam subsoil. yellowish brown gravelly clay, cobbly clay, and clay Stukel soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock subsoil. and are well drained. They are along the margins of Ruckles soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock depressions and on lava blisters. These soils have a and are well drained. They typically are on middle and grayish brown sandy loam and brown cobbly sandy upper side slopes and are associated with basalt. loam surface layer and a pale brown gravelly sandy These soils have a dark grayish brown extremely loam subsoil. cobbly loam surface layer and a brown extremely Of minor extent in this unit are Houstake, cobbly clay and cobbly clay subsoil. Lickskillet, Redcliff, Redmond, Redslide, Searles, Lickskillet soils are 12 to 20 inches deep to bedrock Statz, and Tetherow soils. and are well drained. They typically are in the steepest This unit is used for irrigated cropland and livestock areas of middle and upper side slopes and are grazing. associated with basalt. These soils have a dark grayish Most of this unit is on young lava flows that are brown very gravelly loam or very stony sandy loam characterized by lava blisters, depressions, and rock surface layer and a brown extremely gravelly loam or outcroppings, which restrict irrigation systems and very cobbly sandy loam subsoil. farming operations. There are significant areas that are Of minor extent in this unit are Clinefalls and Era not restricted by Rock outcrop and can be managed soils, Fluvents, Redcliff and Redslide soils, and Rock effectively. The sandy loam surface layer is outcrop. susceptible to wind erosion and should not be left This unit is used as wildlife habitat and for livestock unprotected. The low available water capacity and grazing. moderately rapid permeability should be considered in The main limitations of this unit are slope and irrigation water management. To minimize runoff and aspect. In areas that have slopes of more than 30 erosion, sprinkler irrigation should be used in areas that percent, range seeding with ground equipment is have slopes of more than 3 percent. The soils in this impractical and livestock distribution is restricted. The unit are very sensitive to overgrazing, and recovery south-facing slopes are less suited to grazing during rates can be slow. Pond development is limited by the hot periods in summer. The shallow depth and rock depth to bedrock and risk of seepage. fragments in the soils reduce available soil moisture. 6. Gosney-Deskamp-Rock outcrop Warm Soils on Lava Plains and Hills Moderately deep and shallow, somewhat excessively This group consists of six map units. It makes up drained, stony loamy sand and loamy sand that formed about 31 percent of the survey area. in ash; on lava plains This map unit is on lava plains east of Bend. It 5. Deschutes-Stukel-Rock outcrop includes areas near Alfalfa that are underlain by alluvium and are used as irrigated cropland. Elevation Moderately deep and shallow, well drained, sandy loam ranges from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 that formed in volcanic ash; on lava plains to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 8 to 12 This map unit is on lava plains in the area north of inches, the mean annual air temperature is 47 to 52 Bend to Juniper Butte. Elevation ranges from 2,500 to degrees F, and the frost-free period is 70 to 100 days. 4,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. The This unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey mean annual precipitation is 8 to 12 inches, the mean area. It is about 40 percent Gosney soils, 35 percent 22 Soil Survey

Deskamp soils, and 15 percent Rock outcrop. The rest Agency soils are 22 to 40 inches deep to bedrock is soils of minor extent. and are well drained. These soils have a grayish brown Gosney soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock sandy loam or loam surface layer and a pale brown and are somewhat excessively drained. They are along loam subsoil. the margins of depressions. These soils have a grayish Cullius soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock brown stony loamy sand surface layer and a grayish and are well drained. These soils have a grayish brown brown loamy sand subsoil. loam surface layer and a grayish brown clay and clay Deskamp soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock loam subsoil. and are somewhat excessively drained. They are in Of minor extent in this unit are Bakeoven, Era, Iris, depressions among numerous lava blisters. These Lickskillet, and Redcliff soils. soils have a brown loamy sand surface layer and a This unit is used mainly as irrigated cropland and pale brown gravelly loamy sand subsoil. pasture and for livestock grazing (fig. 1). Of minor extent in this unit are Clovkamp soils. This unit is used for livestock grazing and irrigated cropland. The main limitations of this unit are the loamy sand texture and the depth to bedrock. The soils in this unit are subject to wind erosion if they are left unprotected when applying range improvement practices. They are very sensitive to overgrazing, and recovery rates can be slow. Pond development is limited by the rapid permeability, depth to bedrock, and risk of seepage. Productivity is low because of the shallow depth of the Gosney soils and the very low available water capacity; therefore, careful management and range seeding with drought-tolerant species are needed. Most of this unit is on young lava flows that are characterized by lava blisters, depressions, and rock outcroppings, which restrict irrigation systems and Figure 1.—Winter wheat on Madras and Agency soils in an farming operations. The very rapid intake rate, very low area of general soil map unit 7. The shallow and steeper available water capacity, and rapid permeability should areas are used for livestock grazing. Mt. Jefferson is in be considered in irrigation water management. background.

This unit is limited mainly by slope and the hazard 7. Madras-Agency-Cullius of wind erosion. To minimize runoff and erosion, sprinkler irrigation should be used in areas that have Moderately deep and shallow, well drained soils that slopes of more than 3 percent. In areas that have a formed in loess over volcaniclastic material of the sandy loam surface layer, wind erosion is a concern if Deschutes Formation; on lava plains and hills the soils are left unprotected. Pond development is This map unit is on nearly level to sloping lava limited by the depth to bedrock. plains and hills in Jefferson County. Elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,200 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 8 to 12 8. Holmzie-Searles inches, the mean annual air temperature is 47 to 52 Moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in degrees F, and the frost-free period is 100 to 140 days. volcanic ash over residuum; on hills This unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey area. It is about 50 percent Madras soils, 25 percent This map unit is on nearly level to sloping hills east Agency soils, and 15 percent Cullius soils. The rest is of Sisters. Elevation ranges from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. soils of minor extent. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual Madras soils are 22 to 40 inches deep to bedrock precipitation is 9 to 12 inches, the mean annual air and are well drained. These soils have a brown sandy temperature is 47 to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free loam or loam surface layer and a yellowish brown clay period is 70 to 90 days. loam subsoil. This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 23

area. It is about 40 percent Holmzie soils and 30 surface layer, wind erosion is a concern if the soils are percent Searles soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. left unprotected. The soils are very sensitive to Holmzie soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock overgrazing, and recovery rates can be slow. Pond and are well drained. They have a dark grayish brown development is limited by the depth to bedrock. The loam surface layer and a reddish brown gravelly clay very low available water capacity and the shallow subsoil. depth of the Reuter soil limit the choice of species for Searles soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock range seeding to those that are drought-tolerant. The and are well drained. They have a grayish brown sandy very low available water capacity and moderately rapid loam surface layer and yellowish brown very gravelly permeability should be considered in irrigation water clay loam subsoil. management. To minimize runoff and erosion, sprinkler Of minor extent in this unit are Buckbert, Lafollette, irrigation should be used in areas that have slopes of Redcliff, Redslide, Lickskillet, Deschutes, and Statz more than 3 percent. soils. This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing, but the Lower Bridge area west of Terrebonne is used as 10. Lickskillet-Redcliff-Schrier irrigated cropland. Shallow, moderately deep, and very deep, well drained The main limitation of this unit for range soils that formed in colluvium; on hills management is the influence of surface ash. The soils are subject to wind erosion if they are left unprotected This map unit is on rolling to steep hills north and when applying range improvement practices. The soils east of Smith Rock. Elevation ranges from 2,600 to are very sensitive to overgrazing, and recovery rates 4,500 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. The can be slow. Pond development is limited by the depth mean annual precipitation is 10 to 14 inches, the mean to bedrock. annual air temperature is 47 to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 70 to 140 days. This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey 9. Caphealy-Reuter area. It is about 35 percent Lickskillet soils, 30 percent Redcliff soils, and 20 percent Schrier soils. The rest is Moderately deep and shallow, well drained soils that soils of minor extent. formed in colluvium over volcaniclastic material of the Lickskillet soils are 12 to 20 inches deep to bedrock Deschutes Formation; on hills and are well drained. They are on south-facing slopes. This map unit is on rolling hills east of Madras. These soils have a dark grayish brown very gravelly Elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,200 feet. Slopes loam surface layer and a brown extremely gravelly range from 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual loam subsoil. precipitation is 8 to 11 inches, the mean annual air Redcliff soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock temperature is 47 to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free and are well drained. They are on south-facing slopes. period is 110 to 140 days. These soils have a brown very gravelly loam surface The unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey layer and a dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly area. It is about 45 percent Caphealy soils and 45 clay loam subsoil. percent Reuter soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. Schrier soils are more than 60 inches deep to Caphealy soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock bedrock and are well drained. They are on north-facing and are well drained. These soils have a brown sandy slopes. These soils have a very dark grayish brown silt loam surface layer and a brown coarse sandy loam and loam surface layer, a dark brown silt loam and very gravelly coarse sand subsoil. gravelly silt loam subsoil, and a dark brown extremely Reuter soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock gravelly fine sand substratum. and are well drained. These soils have a grayish brown Of minor extent in this unit are Era, Haystack, and sandy loam surface layer and a brown sandy loam Simas on south-facing slopes and Tub soils on north- subsoil. facing slopes. Of minor extent in this unit are Era, Lickskillet, and This unit is used for livestock grazing. Redcliff soils. Most of this unit is in the Crooked River National This unit is used for livestock grazing and irrigated Grasslands. The main limitations are slope and aspect. cropland. In areas that have slopes of more than 30 percent, The main limitations of this unit are slope, the very range seeding with ground equipment is impractical low available water capacity, and the hazard of wind and livestock distribution is restricted. The south-facing erosion. Because of the sandy loam texture of the slopes are less suited to grazing during hot periods in 24 Soil Survey

summer. The north-facing slopes have more effective 12. Beden-Ninemile soil moisture in summer for plant growth. Shallow, well drained soils that formed in residuum with ash on the surface; on lava plains Cool Soils On Lava Plains and Hills This map unit is on lava plains southeast of Bend, This group consists of four map units. It makes up from Horse Ridge to Hampton. Elevation ranges from about 32 percent of the survey area. 4,100 to 5,500 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 9 to 14 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 43 to 45 degrees F, and 11. Dester-Gardone-Borobey the frost-free period is 50 to 90 days. This unit makes up about 9 percent of the survey Moderately deep and very deep, excessively drained to area. It is about 55 percent Beden soils and 25 percent well drained soils that formed in ash; in basins on lava Ninemile soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. plains Beden soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock This map unit is on lava plains southeast of Bend, and are well drained. They have a grayish brown stony from Horse Ridge to Hampton. Elevation ranges from sandy loam surface layer and a brown loam and clay 4,000 to 4,800 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. loam subsoil. The mean annual precipitation is 10 to 12 inches, the Ninemile soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock mean annual air temperature is 43 to 45 degrees F, and and are well drained. They have a grayish brown sandy the frost free period is 50 to 90 days. loam surface layer and a pale brown clay and gravelly This unit makes up about 11 percent of the survey clay subsoil. area. It is about 40 percent Dester soils, 20 percent Of minor extent in this unit are Embal, Reluctan, Gardone soils, and 15 percent Borobey soils. The rest Swaler, Swalesilver, and Vergas soils, Xerolls, and is soils of minor extent. Rock outcrop. Dester soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock This unit is used for livestock grazing. and are well drained. They have slopes of 0 to 8 The main limitations of this unit are the shallow soil percent. These soils have a grayish brown sandy loam depth and cool temperatures. The shallow soil depth surface layer and a brown clay loam and gravelly clay and low precipitation limit productivity. The cool soil loam subsoil. temperature in spring delays plant growth. The shallow Gardone soils are more than 60 inches deep to depth to bedrock limits pond development. Wind bedrock and are excessively drained. They have erosion can be a concern if the soils are left slopes of 0 to 20 percent. These soils have a dark unprotected when applying range improvement grayish brown sand surface layer and a light brownish practices. gray loamy sand substratum. Borobey soils are more than 60 inches deep to bedrock and are somewhat excessively drained. They 13. Stookmoor-Menbo have slopes of 0 to 5 percent. These soils have a Moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained and brown sandy loam surface layer and a pale brown well drained soils that formed in ash and colluvium; on sandy loam subsoil. Below this is a pale brown clay hills loam buried layer. Of minor extent in this unit are Blayden, Milcan, This map unit is on hills southeast of Bend, from Ninemile, Stookmoor, Swaler, and Swalesilver soils. Horse Ridge to Hampton. Elevation ranges from 4,300 This unit is used for livestock grazing. to 5,500 feet. Slopes range from 1 to 50 percent. The The main limitations of this unit are the cool mean annual precipitation is 10 to 14 inches, the mean temperatures and the sandy loam to sand texture of annual air temperature is 43 to 45 degrees F, and the the surface layer. The cool soil temperature in spring frost-free period is 50 to 90 days. delays plant growth. Wind erosion is a concern if the This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey soils are left unprotected when applying range area. It is about 40 percent Stookmoor soils and 30 improvement practices. The soils are very sensitive to percent Menbo soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. overgrazing, and natural revegetation can be slow. Stookmoor soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. bedrock and are somewhat excessively drained. They Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 25

have a grayish brown loamy sand surface layer and a temperature in spring delays plant growth. The pale brown sandy loam subsoil. restricted soil depth and risk of seepage limit pond Menbo soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock development. Wind erosion can be a concern if the and are well drained. They have a grayish brown stony soils are left unprotected when applying range loam surface layer and a brown very cobbly clay loam improvement practices. Survival of ponderosa pine subsoil. seedlings is limited because of the low precipitation. Of minor extent in this unit are Beden, Choptie, Windthrow is a hazard because of the shallow rooting Ninemile, Redcliff, Reluctan, and Westbutte soils and depth and areas of Rock outcrop. The thin organic layer Rock outcrop. and sandy loam surface layer are susceptible to This unit is used for livestock grazing. compaction, displacement, and erosion in the steeper The main limitations are steepness of slope and the areas. cool temperatures. The low precipitation limits productivity. The cool soil temperature in spring delays plant growth. The restricted soil depth and the slope Soils on Glacial Moraines and Outwash limit pond development. Wind erosion can be a concern Plains if the Stookmoor soils are left unprotected when This group consists of three map units. It makes up applying range improvement practices. about 6 percent of the survey area.

14. Wanoga-Fremkle-Rock outcrop 15. Linksterly-Belrick-Douthit

Moderately deep and shallow, well drained soils that Very deep, well drained, cold soils that formed in ash formed in ash; on hills over glacial till; on glacial moraines This map unit is on nearly level to steep hills west This map unit is on glacial moraines on the foot of Bend and north of Sisters. It is a transition zone slopes of the Cascade Mountains, north of Sisters. from the dry range plant communities to the more Elevation ranges from 3,700 to 5,200 feet. Slopes moist forested plant communities. Elevation ranges range from 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual from 2,800 to 4,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 50 precipitation is 50 to 70 inches, the mean annual air percent, but most are less than 15 percent. The mean temperature is 35 to 44 degrees F, and the frost-free annual precipitation is 12 to 18 inches, the mean period is 10 to 50 days. annual air temperature is 42 to 47 degrees F, and the This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey frost-free period is 60 to 90 days. area. It is about 35 percent Linksterly soils, 25 percent This unit makes up about 7 percent of the survey Belrick soils, and 20 percent Douthit soils. The rest is area. It is about 35 percent Wanoga soils, 25 percent soils of minor extent. Fremkle soils, and 20 percent Rock outcrop. The rest is Linksterly soils are more than 60 inches deep to soils of minor extent. bedrock and are well drained. They have a very dark Wanoga soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock grayish brown sandy loam surface layer and a and are well drained. They have a dark brown sandy substratum that is black and very dark brown loamy loam surface layer and a dark brown sandy loam fine sand in the upper part and dark reddish brown very subsoil. cobbly sandy loam in the lower part. Fremkle soils are 10 to 20 inches deep to bedrock Belrick soils are more than 60 inches deep to and are well drained. They have a dark brown sandy bedrock and are well drained. These soils are on north- loam surface layer and a dark brown sandy loam facing slopes. They have a very dark brown fine sandy subsoil. loam surface layer and a dark yellowish brown Of minor extent in this unit are Bluesters, Fryrear, extremely stony sandy loam subsoil. Henkle, Laidlaw, Omahaling, and Wilt soils. Douthit soils are more than 60 inches deep to This unit is used mainly for livestock grazing and bedrock and are well drained. These soils are on south- timber production. facing slopes. They have a very dark grayish brown The main limitations of this unit are the soil depth sandy loam surface layer and a dark brown extremely and cool temperatures. The shallow depth of the stony sandy loam subsoil. Fremkle soil and the areas of Rock outcrop limit Of minor extent in this unit are Bott, Haynap, Kweo, productivity. Seeding with ground equipment is and Minkwell soils. impractical in most areas because of the steepness of This unit is used mainly for timber production and slope and the areas of Rock outcrop. The cool soil wildlife habitat. 26 Soil Survey

The main limitations of this unit are the cold 17. Tumalo-Plainview temperatures, slope, and the sandy loam texture of the surface layer. The thin organic layer and sandy loam Warm soils that are moderately deep to a duripan or to surface layer are susceptible to compaction, glacial outwash, are well drained, and formed in ash displacement, and erosion in the steeper areas. At over glacial outwash; on outwash plains elevations of more than about 4,400 feet, severe frost This map unit is on outwash plains east of Sisters. heaving or frost can damage or kill conifer seedlings. Elevation ranges from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual 16. Lundgren-Allingham-Circle precipitation is 10 to 12 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 47 to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free Cool soils that are moderately deep and deep to glacial period is 70 to 100 days. outwash, are well drained, and formed in ash over This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey glacial outwash; on outwash plains area. It is about 50 percent Tumalo soils and 40 percent Plainview soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. This map unit is on outwash plains in and around Tumalo soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to a duripan Sisters and in the Metolius Basin. Elevation ranges and are well drained. They have a grayish brown sandy from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 30 loam surface layer and a pale brown very gravelly percent, but most are less than 15 percent. The mean sandy loam subsoil. Below this is a very pale brown annual precipitation is 12 to 35 inches, the mean duripan over glacial outwash. annual air temperature is 40 to 47 degrees F, and the Plainview soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to glacial frost-free period is 50 to 90 days. outwash and more than 60 inches deep to bedrock and This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey are well drained. They have a dark grayish brown sandy area. It is about 40 percent Lundgren soils, 15 percent loam surface layer, a pale brown and light brownish Allingham soils, and 15 percent Circle soils. The rest is gray very gravelly sandy loam subsoil, and a pale soils of minor extent. brown and light brownish gray extremely gravelly sandy Lundgren soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to glacial loam and very gravelly loamy sand substratum. A outwash and are well drained. Slopes are 0 to 3 duripan is at a depth of 50 to 65 inches. percent. They have a very dark grayish brown sandy Of minor extent in this unit are Deschutes and loam surface layer, a brown gravelly sandy loam Stukel soils. subsoil, and a dark brown and brown very gravelly This unit is used for irrigated cropland and livestock loam and extremely gravelly sandy loam substratum. grazing. Allingham soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to glacial The main limitations of this unit are the sandy loam outwash and are well drained. Slopes are 0 to 30 texture of the surface layer and the risk of seepage. percent. They have a dark brown gravelly sandy loam The sandy loam surface layer is susceptible to wind surface layer and a dark brown and dark yellowish erosion if it is left unprotected. To reduce runoff and brown loam, very gravelly clay loam, and very cobbly erosion, sprinkler irrigation should be used in areas that clay loam subsoil. have slopes of more than 3 percent. These soils are Circle soils are 40 to 60 inches deep to glacial very sensitive to overgrazing, and recovery rates can outwash and are well drained. Slopes are 0 to 30 be slow. Pond development is limited by the risk of percent. They have a dark brown sandy loam surface seepage. layer and a dark brown and dark yellowish brown loam, gravelly loam, and very gravelly clay loam subsoil. Of minor extent in this unit are Cryaquolls, and Soils on Mountains Ermabell, Omahaling, Suilotem, Suttle, and Wizard soils. This group consists of three map units. It makes up This unit is used mainly for timber production and about 9 percent of the survey area. wildlife habitat. The main limitation of this unit is the sandy loam texture of the surface layer. The thin organic layer and 18. Sisters-Yapoah sandy loam surface layer are susceptible to compaction, displacement, and erosion in the steeper Very deep, well drained and somewhat excessively areas. drained, cool soils that formed in colluvium that is high Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 27

in content of ash or in ash over colluvium and bedrock and are well drained. They have a dark brown residuum sandy loam surface layer and a dark brown very cobbly clay loam subsoil. This map unit is on nearly level to very steep Parrego soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to soft uplands. Elevation ranges from 3,200 to 5,000 feet. bedrock and are well drained. They have a dark brown Slopes range from 0 to 75 percent. The mean annual sandy loam surface layer and a brown clay loam precipitation is 18 to 30 inches, the mean annual air subsoil. temperature is 40 to 47 degrees F, and the frost-free Of minor extent in this unit are Flarm and Thorn period is 50 to 90 days. soils. This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey This unit is used mainly for timber production and area. It is about 50 percent Sisters soils and 35 wildlife habitat. percent Yapoah soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. The main limitations of this unit are slope and the Sisters soils are more than 60 inches deep to sandy loam texture of the surface layer. The thin bedrock and are well drained. They have a dark brown organic layer and sandy loam surface layer are loamy sand surface layer and a dark reddish brown susceptible to compaction, displacement, and erosion clay loam and loam subsoil. in the steeper areas. Yapoah soils are more than 60 inches deep to bedrock and are somewhat excessively drained. They have a dark brown very cobbly loamy sand surface 20. Gap-Prairie layer and a dark yellowish brown extremely flaggy loamy sand subsoil. Deep and moderately deep, well drained, cold soils that Of minor extent in this unit are Shroyton soils. formed in ash over colluvium and residuum This unit is used mainly for timber production and This map unit is on the higher eastern slopes of wildlife habitat. Green Ridge. Elevation ranges from 4,000 to 5,000 The main limitations of this unit are slope and the feet. Slopes range from 0 to 50 percent. The mean loamy sand texture of the surface layer. The thin annual precipitation is 25 to 35 inches, the mean organic layer and the sandy surface layer are annual air temperature is 40 to 44 degrees F, and the susceptible to compaction, displacement, and erosion frost-free period is 10 to 50 days. in the steeper areas. This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey area. It is about 50 percent Gap soils and 35 percent 19. Smiling-Windego-Parrego Prairie soils. The rest is soils of minor extent. Gap soils are 40 to 60 inches deep to soft bedrock and are well drained. They have a reddish brown sandy Very deep and moderately deep, well drained, cool loam surface layer and a dark brown gravelly and soils that formed in ash over colluvium and residuum cobbly loam subsoil. This map unit is on the eastern slopes and western Prairie soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to soft scarp of Green Ridge. Elevation ranges from 2,500 to bedrock and are well drained. They have a dark brown 4,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. The sandy loam surface layer and a dark brown gravelly mean annual precipitation is 15 to 50 inches, the mean and cobbly loam subsoil. annual air temperature is 40 to 47 degrees F, and the Of minor extent in this unit are Bott, Glaze, and frost-free period is 50 to 90 days. Kweo soils. This unit makes up about 6 percent of the survey This unit is used mainly for timber production and area. It is about 40 percent Smiling soils, 25 percent wildlife habitat. Windego soils, and 25 percent Parrego soils. The rest The main limitations of this unit are slope, the sandy is soils of minor extent. loam texture of the surface layer, and the cold Smiling soils are more than 60 inches deep to temperatures. Severe frost heaving or frost can kill or bedrock and are well drained. They have a dark brown damage conifer seedlings. The thin organic layer and sandy loam surface layer and a dark brown loam and sandy loam surface layer are susceptible to clay loam subsoil. compaction, displacement, and erosion in the steeper Windego soils are more than 60 inches deep to areas.

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at descriptions, especially where the pattern was so the back of this survey represent the soils or complex that it was impractical to make enough miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can areas on the landscape. be used to determine the suitability and potential of a The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The the management needed for those uses. More objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic information about each map unit is given under the classes but rather to separate the landscape into heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” landforms or landform segments that have similar use A map unit delineation on a map represents an area and management requirements. The delineation of such dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or segments on the map provides sufficient information miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and for the development of resource plans, but if intensive named according to the taxonomic classification of the use of small areas is planned, onsite investigation is dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a needed to define and locate the soils and taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for miscellaneous areas. the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability general facts about the unit and gives the principal of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for observed properties may extend beyond the limits specific uses. defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some arrangement. “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of Most included soils have properties similar to those erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus On the basis of such differences, a soil series is they do not affect use and management. These are divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, that affects use or management. For example, Agency however, have properties and behavioral sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, is a phase of the characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to Agency series. require different management. These are called Some map units are made up of two or more major contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are in small areas and could not be mapped separately complexes. because of the scale used. Some small areas of A complex consists of two or more soils or strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in identified by a special symbol on the maps. The such small areas that they cannot be shown separately included areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneous on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or areas are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. few included areas may not have been observed, and Allingham-Circle complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes, is an consequently they are not mentioned in the example. 30 Soil Survey

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such an effort has been made to give the specific position of areas have little or no soil material and support little or the component rather than a general position that could no vegetation. Lava flows is an example. encompass other components. For some landforms, Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent distinctive landscape positions cannot be described of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the and thus are not given. soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for Landform refers to the dominant three-dimensional many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms part or parts of the land surface on which the used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. component is located. In naming landforms, an In the map unit descriptions that follow, a effort has been made to name the specific landform on semitabular format is used. In this format a boldface which the component occurs. In some instances, heading (for example, Composition) is used to identify however, the component may occur on more than one the kind of information grouped directly below it. landform. Introducing each item of information under the heading Typical profile is a vertical, two-dimensional section is an italicized term or phrase (for example, Landscape of the soil extending from the surface to a restrictive position:) that identifies or describes the information. layer or to a depth of 60 inches or more. Many of the boldface headings and introductory terms Permeability is the quality of the soil that enables or phrases are self-explanatory; however, some of water to move downward through the profile. them need further explanation. These explanations are Permeability is measured as the number of inches per provided in the following paragraphs, generally in the hour that water moves downward through the saturated order in which they are used in the map unit soil. descriptions. Available water capacity is the capacity of the soil Composition is given for the components identified to hold water available for use by most plants. It in the name of the map unit as well as for the commonly is expressed as inches of water per inch of contrasting inclusions. soil (see “Glossary”). Inclusions are areas of components (soils or Major uses are the dominant uses at the time the miscellaneous areas) that differ from the components major part of the fieldwork for this survey was for which the unit is named. Inclusions can be either completed. similar or contrasting. Similar inclusions are Major management limitations are those factors that components that differ from the components for which affect the use of the soils for the major uses. The the unit is named but that for purposes of use and major management limitations may apply to the entire management can be considered to be the same as the unit or to a given component of the unit. named components. Note that in the “Composition” General management considerations provide paragraph a single percentage is provided for a named additional perspective on the suitability and limitations soil and the similar inclusions because their use and of the unit for the major uses. They may apply to the management are similar. entire unit or to a given component of the unit. Contrasting inclusions are components that differ sufficiently from the components for which the unit is named that they would have different use and 1A—Agency sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent management if they were extensive enough to be slopes managed separately. For most uses, contrasting inclusions have limited effect on use and management. Composition Inclusions generally are in small areas, and they could not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Agency soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Some small areas of strongly contrasting inclusions Contrasting inclusions—15 percent are identified by a special symbol on the detailed soil Setting maps. A few inclusions may not have been observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the Landform: Lava plains descriptions, especially where the pattern was so Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment complex that it was impractical to make enough Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet observations to identify all the inclusions on the Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, landscape. antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho Landscape position refers to the dominant position fescue or positions on the landform or landforms on which the Climatic factors: component is located. In naming landscape positions, Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 31

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of degrees F species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Range Site Typical Profile Droughty Loam 8-10pz 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 8 to 24 inches—brown loam 24 to 29 inches—pale brown cobbly loam 2A—Agency loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 29 to 33 inches—weathered tuff 33 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Composition Soil Properties and Qualities Agency soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Lava plains Available water capacity: About 4 inches Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, • Era soils in swales antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho • Cullius soils on lava plains fescue • Caphealy and Reuter soils on adjacent hills Climatic factors: • Soils that have stones on the surface Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Major Uses Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Typical Profile Major Management Limitations 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam Surface texture, soil depth, permeability, climate 8 to 24 inches—brown loam General Management Considerations 24 to 29 inches—pale brown cobbly loam 29 to 33 inches—weathered tuff Irrigated cropland 33 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, Soil Properties and Qualities this soil is subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderate • Care should be taken to protect the soil from Available water capacity: About 4 inches wind erosion when applying range improvement Contrasting Inclusions practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • Era soils in swales reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if • Cullius soils on lava plains the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Caphealy and Reuter soils on adjacent hills • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and • Soils that have stones on the surface risk of seepage. • Soils that have a silt loam surface layer 32 Soil Survey

Major Uses Setting Irrigated cropland (fig. 2), livestock grazing Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Typical Profile 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam 8 to 24 inches—brown loam 24 to 29 inches—pale brown cobbly loam 29 to 33 inches—weathered tuff 33 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Figure 2.—Onions in an area of Agency loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Mt. Jefferson in the Cascade Range in Soil Properties and Qualities background. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 4 inches Soil depth, permeability, climate Contrasting Inclusions General Management Considerations • Era soils in swales Irrigated cropland • Caphealy and Reuter soils on adjacent hills • This soil is well suited to irrigated crops. • Soils that have stones on the surface • Soils that have a silt loam surface layer Livestock grazing Major Uses • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and risk of seepage. Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Major Management Limitations species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Slope, soil depth, permeability, climate Range Site General Management Considerations Droughty Loam 8-10pz Irrigated cropland • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler 2B—Agency loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes irrigation systems should be used to reduce runoff and erosion. Composition Livestock grazing Agency soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent risk of seepage. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 33

• The low annual precipitation limits the choice of irrigation systems should be used to reduce runoff and species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. erosion. Range Site Livestock grazing Droughty Loam 8-10pz • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, steepness of slope, and risk of seepage. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of 2C—Agency loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Range Site Composition Droughty Loam 8-10pz Agency soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Setting 3B—Agency-Madras complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Composition Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, Agency soil and similar inclusions—45 percent antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho Madras soil and similar inclusions—40 percent fescue Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Climatic factors: Setting Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Landform: Hills Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Elevation: 2,700 to 3,200 feet Typical Profile Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch 8 to 24 inches—brown loam wheatgrass, Idaho fescue 24 to 29 inches—pale brown cobbly loam Climatic factors: 29 to 33 inches—weathered tuff Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 33 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 130 days Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile of the Agency Soil Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam Permeability: Moderate 8 to 24 inches—brown loam Available water capacity: About 4 inches 24 to 29 inches—pale brown cobbly loam 29 to 33 inches—weathered tuff Contrasting Inclusions 33 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation • Era soils in swales Properties and Qualities of the Agency Soil • Caphealy and Reuter soils on adjacent hills • Soils that have stones on the surface Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches • Soils that have a silt loam surface layer Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Major Uses Available water capacity: About 4 inches Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Madras Soil Major Management Limitations Slope, soil depth, permeability, climate 0 to 10 inches—brown loam 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay loam General Management Considerations 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the Irrigated cropland Deschutes Formation • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation 34 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Madras Soil Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Available water capacity: About 4 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Typical Profile of the Madras Soil Available water capacity: About 4 inches 0 to 10 inches—brown loam Contrasting Inclusions 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay loam 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment • Bakeoven soils in intermound areas consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the • Deep, silty soils on mounds Deschutes Formation Major Use 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Madras Soil Major Management Limitations Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Soil depth, permeability Permeability: Moderately slow General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Contrasting Inclusions risk of seepage. • Bakeoven soils in intermound areas Range Site • Deep, silty soils on mounds Loamy 10-12pz Major Use Livestock grazing 3C—Agency-Madras complex, 8 to 15 Major Management Limitations percent slopes Soil depth, permeability, slope Composition General Management Considerations Agency soil and similar inclusions—45 percent • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, Madras soil and similar inclusions—40 percent steepness of slope, and risk of seepage. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Range Site Setting Loamy 10-12pz Landform: Hills Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Elevation: 2,700 to 3,200 feet 4C—Allingham-Circle complex, 0 to 15 Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big percent slopes sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Composition Climatic factors: Allingham soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Circle soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 130 days Setting Typical Profile of the Agency Soil Landform: Outwash plains 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash 8 to 24 inches—brown loam Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet 24 to 29 inches—pale brown cobbly loam Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, 29 to 33 inches—weathered tuff greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue 33 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—20 to 35 inches Properties and Qualities of the Agency Soil Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 35

Typical Profile of the Allingham Soil 4D—Allingham-Circle complex, 15 to 30 1 inch to 0—organic mat percent slopes 0 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark brown gravelly sandy loam Composition 16 to 28 inches—dark brown loam Allingham soil and similar inclusions—50 percent 28 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly Circle soil and similar inclusions—50 percent and very cobbly clay loam Setting Properties and Qualities of the Allingham Soil Landform: Outwash plains Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet Drainage class: Well drained Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Permeability: Moderate greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue Available water capacity: About 8 inches Climatic factors: Typical Profile of the Circle Soil Mean annual precipitation—20 to 35 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F 1 inch to 0—organic mat Frost-free period—50 to 90 days 0 to 16 inches—dark brown sandy loam 16 to 42 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown Typical Profile of the Allingham Soil loam and gravelly loam 1 inch to 0—organic mat 42 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly 0 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark clay loam brown gravelly sandy loam Properties and Qualities of the Circle Soil 16 to 28 inches—dark brown loam 28 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 40 to 50 inches; and very cobbly clay loam bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Properties and Qualities of the Allingham Soil Permeability: Moderate Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Available water capacity: About 9 inches bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Use Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Woodland Available water capacity: About 8 inches Major Management Limitations Typical Profile of the Circle Soil Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 1 inch to 0—organic mat General Management Considerations 0 to 16 inches—dark brown sandy loam 16 to 42 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, loam and gravelly loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 42 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical clay loam treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Properties and Qualities of the Circle Soil displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; compaction, designated skid trails should be used. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Forest Service Plant Association Permeability: Moderate CP-S2-17 Available water capacity: About 9 inches 36 Soil Survey

Major Use 20 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown, mottled silty clay Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities Major Management Limitations Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Drainage class: Poorly drained General Management Considerations Depth to water table: 6 to 12 inches below the surface in April through June • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Permeability: Slow undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Available water capacity: About 12 inches • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Contrasting Inclusions • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; • Deep, moderately well drained soils along the however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs margins of basins the soil less. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Major Use seeding with grass and mulching. Livestock grazing • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Major Management Limitations crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. High water table, climate • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and General Management Considerations temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. • If seeding is needed, select plants that tolerate • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, seasonal wetness. displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction and displacement and damage plants. compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Forest Service Plant Association growth of forage and shorten the growing season. CP-S2-17 Range Site Wet Meadow 5A—Aquolls, 0 to 1 percent slopes 6A—Bakeoven very cobbly loam, 0 to 3 Composition percent slopes Aquolls—95 percent Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Composition Setting Bakeoven soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Landform: Closed basins Slope: 0 to 1 percent Setting Parent material: Lacustrine sediment Landform: Lava plains Elevation: 2,800 to 2,900 feet Parent material: Residuum Native plants: Quaking aspen, willow, sedges Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Climatic factors: Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches bluebunch wheatgrass, bottlebrush squirreltail Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Climatic factors: Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches Representative Profile Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 140 days 0 to 3 inches—black loam Typical Profile 3 to 11 inches—black silt loam 11 to 20 inches—very dark gray, mottled silt loam 0 to 2 inches—brown very cobbly loam Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 37

2 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly loam Climatic factors: 6 inches—basalt Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Soil Properties and Qualities Frost-free period—110 to 130 days Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Typical Profile of the Bakeoven Soil Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow 0 to 2 inches—brown very cobbly loam Available water capacity: About 1 inch 2 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly loam 6 inches—basalt Contrasting Inclusions Properties and Qualities of the Bakeoven Soil • Soils that are moderately deep to bedrock • Areas of exposed bedrock Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Major Use Permeability: Moderately slow Livestock grazing Available water capacity: About 1 inch Major Management Limitations Typical Profile of the Agency Soil Soil depth, rock fragments in surface layer, available 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown loam water capacity 8 to 24 inches—brown loam 24 to 29 inches—pale brown cobbly loam General Management Considerations 29 to 33 inches—weathered tuff • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. 33 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation • The low available water capacity and restricted soil Properties and Qualities of the Agency Soil depth limit productivity and limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Drainage class: Well drained the rock fragments on the surface. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 4 inches Range Site Typical Profile of the Madras Soil Very Shallow Loam 10-14pz 0 to 10 inches—brown loam 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay 7A—Bakeoven-Agency-Madras complex, loam 0 to 3 percent slopes 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the Composition Deschutes Formation 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation Bakeoven soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Agency soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Properties and Qualities of the Madras Soil Madras soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches Landscape position: Bakeoven soil—intermounds; Agency and Madras soils—mounds Contrasting Inclusions Landform: Lava plains • Deep, silty soils on mounds Parent material: Bakeoven soil—residuum; Agency and Madras soils—loess over semiconsolidated Major Use sediment Livestock grazing Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Bakeoven soil—stiff sagebrush, Major Management Limitations Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, bottlebrush squirreltail; Agency and Madras soils— Bakeoven soil—soil depth, rock fragments in surface western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope layer, available water capacity bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Agency and Madras soils—soil depth 38 Soil Survey

General Management Considerations Major Management Limitations • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Climate, soil depth, surface texture • The low available water capacity and restricted depth General Management Considerations of the Bakeoven soil limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by growth of forage and shorten the growing season. the rock fragments on the surface of the Bakeoven • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind soil. erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because this soil is influenced by pumice ash, Range Site reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Bakeoven soil—Very Shallow Loam 10-14pz the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Agency and Madras soils—Loamy 10-12pz • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth limit productivity and limit the choice of species for 8B—Beden sandy loam, dry, 1 to 8 percent range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. slopes Range Site Composition Shallow Pumice 9-11pz Beden soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 9C—Beden sandy loam, moist, 3 to 15 Setting percent slopes Landform: Lava plains Composition Parent material: Ash over residuum derived from basalt or welded tuff Beden soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Elevation: 4,100 to 4,800 feet Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch Setting wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Landform: Lava plains Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Parent material: Ash over residuum derived from basalt Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F or welded tuff Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Elevation: 4,100 to 4,800 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Typical Profile sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass 0 to 11 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam Climatic factors: 11 to 15 inches—brown loam Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches 15 to 18 inches—brown clay loam Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 18 inches—basalt Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches 0 to 11 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam Permeability: Moderately slow 11 to 15 inches—brown loam Available water capacity: About 3 inches 15 to 18 inches—brown clay loam 18 inches—basalt Contrasting Inclusions Soil Properties and Qualities • Reluctan and Ninemile soils on lava plains • Embal soils in drainageways Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Major Use Permeability: Moderately slow Livestock grazing Available water capacity: About 3 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 39

Contrasting Inclusions 15 to 18 inches—brown clay loam 18 inches—basalt • Stookmoor soils on ridgetops • Rock outcrop Soil Properties and Qualities Major Use Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderately slow Major Management Limitations Available water capacity: About 3 inches Climate, surface texture, soil depth Contrasting Inclusions General Management Considerations • Ninemile soils on lava plains • Westbutte soils on hillsides • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Rock outcrop on knolls growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Major Use erosion when applying range improvement practices. Livestock grazing • Because this soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Major Management Limitations the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Climate, soil depth, surface texture, slope • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth General Management Considerations limit productivity and limit the choice of species for • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by erosion when applying range improvement practices. livestock. • Because this soil is influenced by pumice ash, Range Site reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Shallow Pumice Hills 9-11pz • Pond development is limited by the steepness of slope and soil depth. 10E—Beden sandy loam, 30 to 50 percent • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth north slopes limit productivity and limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Composition suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Beden soil and similar inclusions—85 percent livestock. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The steepness of slope restricts livestock distribution and makes range seeding with ground Setting equipment impractical. Landscape position: North-facing slopes Range Site Landform: Hills Parent material: Ash over residuum derived from basalt North Slopes 10-12pz or welded tuff Elevation: 4,200 to 5,000 feet Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, 11B—Beden stony sandy loam, 0 to 10 bluebunch wheatgrass percent slopes Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Composition Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Beden soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Typical Profile Setting 0 to 11 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam Landform: Lava plains 11 to 15 inches—brown loam Parent material: Ash over residuum derived from basalt 40 Soil Survey

or welded tuff 12B—Beden-Ninemile complex, 0 to 10 Elevation: 4,100 to 4,800 feet percent slopes Native plants: Western juniper, low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass Composition Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Beden soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Typical Profile Setting 0 to 11 inches—grayish brown and brown stony sandy Landform: Lava plains loam Parent material: Ash over residuum 11 to 15 inches—brown loam Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet 15 to 18 inches—brown clay loam Native plants: Beden soil—western juniper, low 18 inches—basalt sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass; Ninemile soil—low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Soil Properties and Qualities Sandberg bluegrass Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Climatic factors: Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Available water capacity: About 3 inches Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Beden Soil • Ninemile soils on lava plains 0 to 11 inches—grayish brown and brown stony sandy • Embal soils in drainageways loam 11 to 15 inches—brown loam Major Use 15 to 18 inches—brown clay loam Livestock grazing 18 inches—basalt Major Management Limitations Properties and Qualities of the Beden Soil Climate, soil depth, surface texture, rock fragments in Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches surface layer Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Typical Profile of the Ninemile Soil growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam erosion when applying range improvement practices. 7 to 19 inches—pale brown clay and gravelly clay • Because this soil is influenced by pumice ash, 19 inches—basalt reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Properties and Qualities of the Ninemile Soil the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth Drainage class: Well drained limit productivity and limit the choice of species for Permeability: Ver y slow range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Contrasting Inclusions the rock fragments on the surface. • Very shallow soils that have a very stony surface Range Site layer and are along bedrock escarpments Juniper Lava Benches 9-12pz • Embal and Dester soils in drainageways Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 41

• Choptie soils on hills 24 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony • Reluctan soils on lava plains sandy loam Major Use Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Climate, soil depth, surface texture, rock fragments in Permeability: Moderately rapid surface layer Available water capacity: About 6 inches General Management Considerations Contrasting Inclusions • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Douthit soils on side slopes growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Soils that have glacial till at a depth of 40 inches or • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind more erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Soils that flood in spring and are adjacent to creeks • Because the soils in this unit are influenced by Major Use pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or Woodland deteriorated. Major Management Limitations • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction limit productivity and limit the choice of species for General Management Considerations range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, the rock fragments on the surface. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Range Site or chemical treatment or by livestock grazing. Beden soil—Juniper Lava Benches 9-12pz • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Ninemile soil—Pumice Claypan 9-11pz displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the susceptibility to compaction, all ground operations, including tractor skidding, 13C—Belrick fine sandy loam, 0 to 15 mechanical harvesting, and machine piling, should be percent slopes avoided unless the surface layer is frozen or covered with snow. Subsoiling can be used to loosen the Composition compacted layer. Belrick soil and similar inclusions—95 percent Forest Service Plant Association Contrasting inclusions—5 percent CW-C2-12 Setting Landform: Moraines 13D—Belrick fine sandy loam, 15 to 30 Parent material: Ash over glacial till percent slopes Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, snowbrush, Composition chinkapin, pinegrass Climatic factors: Belrick soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Setting Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Landform: Moraines Typical Profile Parent material: Ash over glacial till 1 inch to 0—organic mat Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, snowbrush, 16 to 24 inches—very dark brown and black loamy fine chinkapin, pinegrass sand and fine sand Climatic factors: 42 Soil Survey

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches 14C—Belrick fine sandy loam, cool, 0 to 15 Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F percent slopes Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Typical Profile Composition 1 inch to 0—organic mat Belrick soil and similar inclusions—90 percent 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 16 to 24 inches—very dark brown and black loamy fine Setting sand and fine sand 24 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony Landform: Moraines sandy loam Parent material: Ash over glacial till Elevation: 4,400 to 5,200 feet Soil Properties and Qualities Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; snowberry, forbs bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Climatic factors: Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation—60 to 70 inches Permeability: Moderately rapid Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F Available water capacity: About 6 inches Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile • Douthit soils on side slopes 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Linksterly soils on side slopes 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam • Rock outcrop on ridges 16 to 24 inches—very dark brown and black loamy fine sand and fine sand Major Use 24 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony Woodland sandy loam Major Management Limitations Soil Properties and Qualities Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more General Management Considerations Drainage class: Well drained • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Permeability: Moderately rapid undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Contrasting Inclusions or chemical treatment or by livestock grazing. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; • Douthit soils on side slopes and ridges however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs • Linksterly soils on side slopes the soil less. Major Use • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Woodland subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Major Management Limitations • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Frost heaving, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction • Because of the susceptibility to compaction, all ground operations, including tractor skidding, General Management Considerations mechanical harvesting, and machine piling, should be avoided unless the surface layer is frozen or covered • Severe frost or frost heaving can damage or kill with snow. Subsoiling can be used to loosen the seedlings. compacted layer. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Forest Service Plant Association • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical CW-C2-12 or chemical treatment or by livestock grazing. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 43

• Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Major Management Limitations displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction • Because of the susceptibility to compaction, all ground operations, including tractor skidding, General Management Considerations mechanical harvesting, and machine piling, should be • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, avoided unless the surface layer is frozen or covered undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. with snow. Subsoiling can be used to loosen the • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical compacted layer. or chemical treatment or by livestock grazing. Forest Service Plant Association • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. CD-S6-13 • Because of the susceptibility to compaction, all ground operations, including tractor skidding, 15C—Belrick fine sandy loam, dry, 0 to 15 mechanical harvesting, and machine piling, should be percent slopes avoided unless the surface layer is frozen or covered with snow. Subsoiling can be used to loosen the compacted layer. Composition Forest Service Plant Association Belrick soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent CP-G2-12

Setting 16E—Belrick-Douthit complex, 30 to 50 Landform: Moraines percent slopes Parent material: Ash over glacial till Elevation: 3,700 to 4,000 feet Composition Native plants: Ponderosa pine, sedges, Idaho fescue, Belrick soil and similar inclusions—45 percent peavine Douthit soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Climatic factors: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Setting Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Typical Profile Landscape position: Belrick soil—north-facing slopes; Douthit soil—south-facing slopes 1 inch to 0—organic mat Landform: Moraines 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam Parent material: Ash over glacial till 16 to 24 inches—very dark brown and black loamy fine Elevation: 3,700 to 5,200 feet sand and fine sand Native plants: Belrick soil—ponderosa pine, white fir, 24 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony snowbrush, chinkapin, pinegrass; Douthit soil— sandy loam ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common snowberry, Soil Properties and Qualities forbs Climatic factors: Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 6 inches Typical Profile of the Belrick Soil Contrasting Inclusions 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Douthit soils on side slopes 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam • Linksterly soils on side slopes 16 to 24 inches—very dark brown and black loamy fine sand and fine sand Major Use 24 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely stony Woodland sandy loam 44 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Belrick Soil with snow. Subsoiling can be used to loosen the compacted layer. Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Forest Service Plant Association Drainage class: Well drained Belrick soil—CW-C2-12 Permeability: Moderately rapid Douthit soil—CD-S6-13 Available water capacity: About 6 inches Typical Profile of the Douthit Soil 17A—Blayden loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent 2 inches to 0—organic mat slopes 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy Composition loam 12 to 62 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy Blayden soil and similar inclusions—85 percent loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Properties and Qualities of the Douthit Soil Setting Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; Landform: Lava plains bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Parent material: Old alluvium derived from basalt with Drainage class: Well drained ash on the surface Permeability: Moderately rapid Elevation: 4,100 to 4,800 feet Available water capacity: About 5 inches Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, western needlegrass, Thurber needlegrass, Indian Contrasting Inclusions ricegrass • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Climatic factors: • Linksterly soils on side slopes Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Rock outcrop on ridges Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Major Use Typical Profile Woodland 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loamy sand Major Management Limitations 3 to 15 inches—brown and pale brown gravelly loam Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 15 to 60 inches—indurated duripan General Management Considerations Soil Properties and Qualities • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Depth: Duripan at a depth of 12 to 20 inches; bedrock or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less at a depth of 60 inches or more damaging to the soil surface. Drainage class: Well drained • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Permeability: Moderate above the duripan seeding with grass and mulching. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Contrasting Inclusions bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and • Menbo soils on toe slopes of hills undulating road grades. • Stookmoor soils along adjacent lava plains • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and • Borobey and Gardone soils in drainageways temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Major Use subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Livestock grazing displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Major Management Limitations • Machinery should be used only in areas covered with logging slash or brush to reduce soil displacement. Climate, surface texture, soil depth • Because of the susceptibility to compaction, all General Management Considerations ground operations, including tractor skidding, mechanical harvesting, and machine piling, should be • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the avoided unless the surface layer is frozen or covered growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 45

• Care should be taken to protect the soil from Major Uses wind erosion when applying range improvement Livestock grazing, woodland practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Major Management Limitations reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Climate, permeability, slope, aspect, rooting depth, low the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. fertility, susceptibility to compaction • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth General Management Considerations limit productivity and limit the choice of species for Livestock grazing range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Range Site growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Gravelly Terrace 9-11pz • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage and steepness of slope. • The steepness of slope restricts the distribution of 18D—Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 15 to livestock and limits range seeding with ground 50 percent slopes equipment. • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to Composition grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Bluesters soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Woodland Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The seedling survival rate is poor because of the low Setting precipitation and low available water capacity. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Landform: North- and south-facing slopes of cinder undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. cones • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Parent material: Ash over cinders treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Elevation: 3,000 to 5,500 feet • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient Native plants: Western juniper, ponderosa pine, anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less Climatic factors: damaging to the soil surface. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F seeding with grass and mulching. Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Typical Profile bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and 0 to 16 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam undulating road grades. 16 to 60 inches—black and reddish brown cinders • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Soil Properties and Qualities temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Depth: Cinders at a depth of 14 to 30 inches; bedrock • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, at a depth of 60 inches or more displacement of the surface layer should be Drainage class: Excessively drained minimized. Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Available water capacity: About 2 inches compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Fryrear soils on side slopes • Rock outcrop Juniper-Pine-Fescue 46 Soil Survey

19A—Borobey sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent Range Site slopes Pumice 8-10pz

Composition 20A—Borobey gravelly sandy loam, Borobey soil and similar inclusions—85 percent hardpan substratum, 0 to 5 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent slopes Setting Composition Landform: Lava plains Borobey soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Setting Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass Landform: Lava plains Climatic factors: Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, western Frost-free period—50 to 90 days needlegrass, Ross sedge, bottlebrush squirreltail Typical Profile Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 0 to 21 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 21 to 51 inches—pale brown sandy loam degrees F 51 to 60 inches—pale brown clay loam Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown gravelly sandy loam Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 8 to 24 inches—pale brown loamy sand Permeability: Moderately slow 24 to 45 inches—pale brown sandy loam Available water capacity: About 5 inches 45 to 60 inches—indurated duripan Contrasting Inclusions Soil Properties and Qualities • Reluctan soils on higher toe slopes Depth: Duripan at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; bedrock • Ninemile soils on lava plains at a depth of 60 inches or more • Stookmoor soils along adjacent lava plains Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Gardone and Dester soils in drainageways Permeability: Moderately slow above the duripan Major Use Available water capacity: About 4 inches Livestock grazing Contrasting Inclusions Major Management Limitations • Ninemile soils on lava plains • Stookmoor soils along adjacent lava plains Climate, surface texture, permeability • Gardone and Dester soils in drainageways General Management Considerations Major Use • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Livestock grazing growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Major Management Limitations erosion when applying range improvement practices. Climate, surface texture, soil depth • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if General Management Considerations the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of the growth of forage and shorten the growing species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. season. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 47

• Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind 12 to 62 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy erosion when applying range improvement practices. loam • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Properties and Qualities of the Douthit Soil reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Drainage class: Well drained species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Available water capacity: About 5 inches Range Site Contrasting Inclusions Pumice Flat 9-11pz • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Minkwell soils on side slopes and toe slopes 21C—Bott-Douthit complex, 0 to 15 • Rock outcrop on ridges percent slopes Major Use Composition Woodland Bott soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Major Management Limitations Douthit soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Contrasting inclusions—10 percent General Management Considerations Setting • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Landform: Bott soil—mountains; Douthit soil—moraines undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Parent material: Bott soil—ash over colluvium; Douthit • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical soil—ash over glacial till treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Elevation: 3,700 to 5,000 feet • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Native plants: Bott soil—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. snowbrush, chinkapin, brackenfern; Douthit soil— • Because of the moderate susceptibility to ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common snowberry, compaction, designated skid trails should be used. forbs Climatic factors: Forest Service Plant Association Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches Bott soil—CW-C2-11 Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F Douthit soil—CD-S6-13 Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Typical Profile of the Bott Soil 21D—Bott-Douthit complex, 15 to 30 1 inch to 0—organic mat percent slopes 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Composition 10 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam 23 to 62 inches—dark brown very stony loam Bott soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Douthit soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Properties and Qualities of the Bott Soil Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Setting Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Landform: Bott soil—mountains; Douthit soil—moraines Available water capacity: About 8 inches Parent material: Bott soil—ash over colluvium; Douthit soil—ash over glacial till Typical Profile of the Douthit Soil Elevation: 3,700 to 5,000 feet 2 inches to 0—organic mat Native plants: Bott soil—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam snowbrush, chinkapin, brackenfern; Douthit soil— 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common snowberry, loam forbs 48 Soil Survey

Climatic factors: • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches seeding with grass and mulching. Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Frost-free period—10 to 50 days bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Typical Profile of the Bott Soil undulating road grades. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, loam subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 10 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 23 to 62 inches—dark brown very stony loam displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Properties and Qualities of the Bott Soil compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; Forest Service Plant Association bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Bott soil—CW-C2-11 Permeability: Moderate Douthit soil—CD-S6-13 Available water capacity: About 8 inches Typical Profile of the Douthit Soil 22E—Bott-Kweo complex, 30 to 50 2 inches to 0—organic mat percent slopes 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy Composition loam Bott soil and similar inclusions—55 percent 12 to 62 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy Kweo soil and similar inclusions—35 percent loam Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Properties and Qualities of the Douthit Soil Setting Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; Landform: Bott soil—mountains; Kweo soil—cinder bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more cones Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Bott soil—ash over colluvium; Kweo Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid soil—ash over cinders Available water capacity: About 5 inches Elevation: 3,700 to 5,000 feet Contrasting Inclusions Native plants: Bott soil—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush, chinkapin, brackenfern; Kweo soil— • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common snowberry, • Minkwell soils on side slopes and toe slopes forbs • Rock outcrop on ridges Climatic factors: Major Use Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Woodland Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Major Management Limitations Typical Profile of the Bott Soil Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 1 inch to 0—organic mat General Management Considerations 0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 10 to 23 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 23 to 62 inches—dark brown very stony loam • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Properties and Qualities of the Bott Soil treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more the soil less. Drainage class: Well drained Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 49

Permeability: Moderate • To minimize soil displacement, machinery should be Available water capacity: About 8 inches used only in areas covered with logging slash or brush. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Typical Profile of the Kweo Soil compaction, designated skid trails should be used. 1 inch to 0—organic mat Forest Service Plant Association 0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam 13 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly Bott soil—CW-C2-11 sandy loam Kweo soil—CD-S6-13 25 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown cinders Properties and Qualities of the Kweo Soil 23A—Buckbert sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent Depth: Cinders at a depth of 20 to 35 inches; bedrock slopes at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Excessively drained Composition Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Buckbert soil and similar inclusions—95 percent Available water capacity: About 3 inches Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Landform: Hills • Rock outcrop on ridges Parent material: Ash over alluvium Major Use Elevation: 2,500 to 2,800 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Woodland sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread Major Management Limitations Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Bott and Kweo soils—slope, low fertility, susceptibility Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F to compaction Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Kweo soil—rooting depth, rock fragments in surface layer Typical Profile General Management Considerations 0 to 21 inches—brown sandy loam 21 to 52 inches—pale brown loam • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 52 to 60 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Soil Properties and Qualities treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Because the coarse-textured Kweo soil has Drainage class: Well drained insufficient anchoring capability, trees on this soil are Permeability: Moderate subject to windthrow. Available water capacity: About 9 inches • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less Contrasting Inclusions damaging to the soil surface. • Redmond soils on side slopes • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by seeding with grass and mulching. Major Uses • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Major Management Limitations undulating road grades. Surface texture, permeability • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, General Management Considerations subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Irrigated cropland • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is minimized. subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. 50 Soil Survey

Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Reuter Soil • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches erosion when applying range improvement practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Permeability: Moderately rapid reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Available water capacity: About 1 inch the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Contrasting Inclusions • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • Lickskillet soils on hills Range Site • Era soils in swales Pumice Flat 10-12pz Major Uses Livestock grazing, irrigated cropland 24A—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Surface texture, soil depth, available water capacity Composition General Management Considerations Caphealy soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Livestock grazing Reuter soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Setting • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Landform: Hills reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Parent material: Colluvium over semiconsolidated the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. sediment • The low available water capacity of the soils and the Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet restricted depth of the Reuter soil limit productivity and Native plants: Caphealy soil—western juniper, basin big limit the choice of species for range seeding to sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch drought-tolerant varieties. wheatgrass, Idaho fescue; Reuter soil—Wyoming Irrigated cropland big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, these soils Climatic factors: are subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches • Because of the low available water capacity of these Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F soils, intensive irrigation water management is needed. Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Range Site Typical Profile of the Caphealy Soil Caphealy soil—Droughty Loam 8-10pz 0 to 16 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam Reuter soil—Droughty 8-12pz 16 to 19 inches—brown coarse sandy loam 19 to 23 inches—brown gravelly coarse sand 23 to 26 inches—weathered, fractured tuff 24B—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 3 to 8 26 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation percent slopes Properties and Qualities of the Caphealy Soil Composition Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 38 inches Caphealy soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Drainage class: Well drained Reuter soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Available water capacity: About 2 inches Setting Typical Profile of the Reuter Soil Landform: Hills 0 to 12 inches—brown sandy loam Parent material: Colluvium over semiconsolidated 12 to 24 inches—weathered, fractured tuff sediment 24 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 51

Native plants: Caphealy soil—western juniper, basin big limit the choice of species for range seeding to sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch drought-tolerant varieties. wheatgrass, Idaho fescue; Reuter soil—Wyoming Irrigated cropland big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, these soils Climatic factors: are subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches • Because of the low available water capacity of these Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F soils, intensive irrigation water management is needed. Frost-free period—110 to 140 days • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Typical Profile of the Caphealy Soil Range Site 0 to 16 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam 16 to 19 inches—brown coarse sandy loam Caphealy soil—Droughty Loam 8-10pz 19 to 23 inches—brown gravelly coarse sand Reuter soil—Droughty 8-12pz 23 to 26 inches—weathered, fractured tuff 26 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation 24C—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 8 to 15 Properties and Qualities of the Caphealy Soil percent slopes Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 38 inches Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderately rapid Caphealy soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Available water capacity: About 2 inches Reuter soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Typical Profile of the Reuter Soil Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 0 to 12 inches—brown sandy loam Setting 12 to 24 inches—weathered, fractured tuff Landform: Hills 24 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Parent material: Colluvium over semiconsolidated Properties and Qualities of the Reuter Soil sediment Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Native plants: Caphealy soil—western juniper, basin big Drainage class: Well drained sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Permeability: Moderately rapid wheatgrass, Idaho fescue; Reuter soil—Wyoming Available water capacity: About 1 inch big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber Contrasting Inclusions needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: • Lickskillet soils on hills Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches • Era soils in swales Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Major Uses Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Livestock grazing, irrigated cropland Typical Profile of the Caphealy Soil Major Management Limitations 0 to 16 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam 16 to 19 inches—brown coarse sandy loam Surface texture, soil depth, available water capacity, 19 to 23 inches—brown gravelly coarse sand slope 23 to 26 inches—weathered, fractured tuff General Management Considerations 26 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Caphealy Soil • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 38 inches erosion when applying range improvement practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Permeability: Moderately rapid reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Available water capacity: About 2 inches the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Typical Profile of the Reuter Soil • The low available water capacity of the soils and the restricted depth of the Reuter soil limit productivity and 0 to 12 inches—brown sandy loam 52 Soil Survey

12 to 24 inches—weathered, fractured tuff Reuter soil and similar inclusions—45 percent 24 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Properties and Qualities of the Reuter Soil Setting Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Landform: Hills Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Colluvium over semiconsolidated Permeability: Moderately rapid sediment Available water capacity: About 1 inch Elevation: 2,000 to 3,200 feet Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big Contrasting Inclusions sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch • Lickskillet soils on hills wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass • Era soils in swales Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches Major Uses Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Livestock grazing, irrigated cropland Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Major Management Limitations Typical Profile of the Caphealy Soil Surface texture, soil depth, available water capacity, 0 to 16 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam slope 16 to 19 inches—brown coarse sandy loam 19 to 23 inches—brown gravelly coarse sand 23 to 26 inches—weathered, fractured tuff General Management Considerations 26 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Caphealy Soil • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 38 inches erosion when applying range improvement practices. Drainage class: Well drained • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Permeability: Moderately rapid reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Available water capacity: About 2 inches the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • The low available water capacity of the soils and the Typical Profile of the Reuter Soil restricted depth of the Reuter soil limit productivity and 0 to 12 inches—brown sandy loam limit the choice of species for range seeding to 12 to 24 inches—weathered, fractured tuff drought-tolerant varieties. 24 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation • Pond development is limited by the steepness of slope. Properties and Qualities of the Reuter Soil Irrigated cropland Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, these soils Permeability: Moderately rapid are subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • Intensive irrigation water management is needed because of the low available water capacity. Contrasting Inclusions • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler • Lickskillet soils on hills irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. • Era soils in swales Range Site Major Use Caphealy soil—Droughty Loam 8-10pz Livestock grazing Reuter soil—Droughty 8-12pz Major Management Limitations 24D—Caphealy-Reuter complex, 15 to 30 Surface texture, soil depth, available water capacity, percent slopes slope General Management Considerations Composition • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Caphealy soil and similar inclusions—45 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 53

• Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Properties and Qualities of the Westbutte Soil reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Drainage class: Well drained • The low available water capacity of the soils and the Permeability: Moderate restricted depth of the Reuter soil limit productivity and Available water capacity: About 4 inches limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Contrasting Inclusions • Pond development is limited by the steepness of • Very shallow soils slope. • Rock outcrop on knolls Range Site Major Use South 9-12pz Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations 25C—Choptie-Westbutte complex, 5 to 20 percent slopes Climate, soil depth, rock fragments in surface layer, slope Composition General Management Considerations Choptie soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—40 percent growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and steepness of slope. Setting • Shallow rooting depth of the Choptie soil limits the Landform: Hills choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from varieties. basalt or welded tuff with ash on the surface • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Elevation: 4,000 to 5,500 feet the rock fragments on the surface. Native plants: Antelope bitterbrush, mountain big • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas sagebrush, common snowberry, Idaho fescue, suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by bluebunch wheatgrass livestock. Climatic factors: Range Site Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Shrubby Mountain Clayey 12-16pz Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Typical Profile of the Choptie Soil 26A—Clinefalls sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 0 to 15 inches—grayish brown and brown loam slopes 15 to 19 inches—brown gravelly loam 19 inches—welded tuff Composition Properties and Qualities of the Choptie Soil Clinefalls soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Stream terraces Available water capacity: About 3 inches Parent material: Ash over alluvium Typical Profile of the Westbutte Soil Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, 9 to 21 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam needleandthread 21 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Climatic factors: 30 inches—welded tuff Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 54 Soil Survey

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F 27A—Clovkamp loamy sand, 0 to 3 Frost-free period—70 to 100 days percent slopes Typical Profile Composition 0 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown and grayish brown sandy loam Clovkamp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 15 to 20 inches—grayish brown gravelly sandy loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 20 to 25 inches—brown very gravelly loamy sand Setting 25 to 60 inches—dark gray, stratified extremely gravelly sand and sand Landform: Old stream terraces on lava plains Parent material: Ash over alluvium Soil Properties and Qualities Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Depth: Stratified sand and gravel at a depth of 20 to 40 Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Drainage class: Well drained needleandthread Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Climatic factors: Available water capacity: About 3 inches Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—70 to 100 days • Deschutes soils in swales Typical Profile • Lafollette soils on terraces • Poorly drained soils along drainageways 0 to 12 inches—grayish brown and brown loamy sand 12 to 24 inches—brown loamy sand 24 to 40 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy fine sand Major Uses 40 to 60 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly sand Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Soil Properties and Qualities Major Management Limitations Depth: Extremely gravelly layer at a depth of 35 to 50 Surface texture, permeability inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained General Management Considerations Permeability: Rapid over moderate Irrigated cropland Available water capacity: About 5 inches • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Contrasting Inclusions subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Deskamp soils on side slopes • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached and ground water may be contaminated because of the Major Uses very rapid permeability of the substratum. Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Surface texture, permeability • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, General Management Considerations reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Irrigated cropland • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • Because the surface layer is loamy sand, this soil is Range Site subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Because of the surface texture, the water infiltration Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 55

rate is high, which limits the type of irrigation system Major Management Limitations that can be used. Surface texture, permeability Livestock grazing General Management Considerations • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Irrigated cropland erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • Because the surface layer is loamy sand, this soil is reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Because of the surface texture, the water infiltration • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. rate is high, which limits the type of irrigation system that can be used. Range Site Livestock grazing Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. 28A—Clovkamp loamy sand, bedrock • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Composition • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Clovkamp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Range Site Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Pumice Flat 10-12pz Setting Landform: Old stream terraces on lava plains 29A—Cryaquolls, 0 to 3 percent slopes Parent material: Ash over alluvium Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Composition Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Cryaquolls and similar inclusions—85 percent needleandthread Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Climatic factors: Setting Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Landform: Pumice-mantled flood plains Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Parent material: Mixed alluvium Elevation: 3,000 to 4,500 feet Typical Profile Native plants: Willow, birch, sedges, rushes 0 to 12 inches—grayish brown and brown loamy sand Climatic factors: 12 to 24 inches—brown loamy sand Mean annual precipitation—15 to 35 inches 24 to 40 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy fine sand Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F 40 to 50 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly sand Frost-free period—10 to 50 days 50 inches—basalt Representative Profile Soil Properties and Qualities 1 inch to 0—organic mat Depth: Extremely gravelly layer at a depth of 35 to 50 0 to 2 inches—dark brown silt loam inches; bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 2 to 14 inches—very dark gray loam Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 14 to 18 inches—very dark gray sandy loam Permeability: Rapid over moderate 18 to 60 inches—very dark gray loamy sand and sand Available water capacity: About 4 inches Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting Inclusions Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Deskamp soils on side slopes Drainage class: Very poorly drained and poorly drained Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24 Major Uses inches below the surface in November through August Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Permeability: Moderate over rapid 56 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: About 7 inches semiconsolidated sediment Flooding: Rare Elevation: 2,500 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, Contrasting Inclusions antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho • Soils that are somewhat poorly drained and fescue moderately well drained Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches Major Uses Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 Livestock grazing, riparian habitat (fig. 3) degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Typical Profile 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loam 6 to 9 inches—grayish brown clay loam 9 to 17 inches—grayish brown clay 17 to 18 inches—weathered, fractured tuff 18 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Soil Properties and Qualities Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Figure 3.—Riparian habitat in an area of Cryaquolls, 0 to 3 Contrasting Inclusions percent slopes. This area is used for grazing. • Era soils in swales • Madras soils on lava plains Major Management Limitations • Soils that are similar to this Cullius soil but are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock High water table, climate • Soils that are similar to this Cullius soil but have a General Management Considerations silt loam surface layer Livestock grazing Major Uses • If seeding is needed, select plants that tolerate Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing seasonal wetness. Major Management Limitations • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil compaction and displacement and damage plants. Soil depth, permeability, climate, available water • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the capacity growth of forage and shorten the growing season. General Management Considerations Range Site Irrigated cropland Cold Wet Meadow • Because this soil is shallow, intensive irrigation water management is needed for crop production. 30A—Cullius loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes • Because water-soluble chemicals can be carried in the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive irrigation rates that result in overland flow. Composition Livestock grazing Cullius soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation, low available water Setting capacity, and restricted soil depth limit productivity and Landform: Lava plains limit the choice of species for range seeding to Parent material: Loess over colluvium and drought-tolerant varieties. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 57

Range Site General Management Considerations Droughty Loam 8-10pz Irrigated cropland • Because this soil is shallow, intensive irrigation water 30B—Cullius loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes management is needed for crop production. • Because water-soluble chemicals can be carried in the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive Composition irrigation rates that result in overland flow. Cullius soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler Contrasting inclusions—15 percent irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Setting Livestock grazing Landform: Lava plains • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Parent material: Loess over colluvium and • The low annual precipitation, low available water semiconsolidated sediment capacity, and restricted soil depth limit productivity and Elevation: 2,500 to 3,000 feet limit the choice of species for range seeding to Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, drought-tolerant varieties. antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho Range Site fescue Climatic factors: Droughty Loam 8-10pz Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 140 days 30C—Cullius loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Typical Profile Composition 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loam Cullius soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 6 to 9 inches—grayish brown clay loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 9 to 17 inches—grayish brown clay 17 to 18 inches—weathered, fractured tuff Setting 18 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Landform: Lava plains Soil Properties and Qualities Parent material: Loess over colluvium and semiconsolidated sediment Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Elevation: 2,500 to 3,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, Permeability: Slow antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches fescue Contrasting Inclusions Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches • Era soils in swales Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F • Madras soils on lava plains Frost-free period—110 to 140 days • Soils that are similar to this Cullius soil but are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock Typical Profile • Soils that are similar to this Cullius soil but have a 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loam silt loam surface layer 6 to 9 inches—grayish brown clay loam Major Uses 9 to 17 inches—grayish brown clay 17 to 18 inches—weathered, fractured tuff Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing 18 inches—welded tuff of the Deschutes Formation Major Management Limitations Soil Properties and Qualities Soil depth, permeability, slope, climate, available water Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches capacity Drainage class: Well drained 58 Soil Survey

Permeability: Slow Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread Contrasting Inclusions Climatic factors: • Era soils in swales Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Madras soils on lava plains Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Soils that are similar to this Cullius soil but are 20 to Frost-free period—70 to 90 days 40 inches deep to bedrock Typical Profile • Soils that are similar to this Cullius soil but have a silt loam surface layer 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Major Uses 31 inches—basalt Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Soil Properties and Qualities Major Management Limitations Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Soil depth, permeability, slope, climate, available water Drainage class: Well drained capacity Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 4 inches General Management Considerations Contrasting Inclusions Irrigated cropland • Soils that have a loamy sand or gravelly sandy loam • Because this soil is shallow, intensive irrigation water surface layer management is needed for crop production. • Redmond soils in swales • Because water-soluble chemicals can be carried in • Stukel soils on ridges the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive • Rock outcrop irrigation rates that result in overland flow. • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler Major Uses irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Soil depth, surface texture, permeability steepness of slope. • The low annual precipitation, low available water General Management Considerations capacity, and restricted soil depth limit productivity and Irrigated cropland limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Range Site • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Droughty Loam 8-10pz subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. 31A—Deschutes sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Livestock grazing • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Composition erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—85 percent reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Contrasting inclusions—15 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Setting risk of seepage. Landform: Lava plains • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Parent material: Ash suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet livestock. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 59

Range Site • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. 31B—Deschutes sandy loam, 3 to 8 Livestock grazing percent slopes • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Composition • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—85 percent reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Contrasting inclusions—15 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Setting risk of seepage. Landform: Lava plains • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Parent material: Ash suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet livestock. Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Range Site sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread Pumice Flat 10-12pz Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F 32A—Deschutes sandy loam, dry, 0 to 3 Frost-free period—70 to 90 days percent slopes Typical Profile Composition 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 31 inches—basalt Setting Soil Properties and Qualities Landform: Lava plains Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Parent material: Ash Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Permeability: Moderately rapid Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Available water capacity: About 4 inches sagebrush, needleandthread, Idaho fescue, Contrasting Inclusions western needlegrass Climatic factors: • Soils that have a loamy sand or gravelly sandy loam Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches surface layer Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F • Redmond soils in swales Frost-free period—80 to 100 days • Stukel soils on ridges • Rock outcrop Typical Profile Major Uses 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing 31 inches—basalt Major Management Limitations Soil Properties and Qualities Soil depth, surface texture, permeability, slope Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches General Management Considerations Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Irrigated cropland Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for Contrasting Inclusions deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is • Soils that have a loamy sand or gravelly sandy loam subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. surface layer 60 Soil Survey

• Redmond soils in swales • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of • Stukel soils on ridges species for range seeding to drought-tolerant • Rock outcrop varieties. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Major Uses suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing (fig. 4) livestock. Range Site Pumice Flat 8-10pz

33B—Deschutes-Houstake complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes

Composition Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Houstake soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Setting Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Ash Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, needleandthread, Idaho fescue, western needlegrass Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Figure 4.—Irrigated pasture and rangeland in an area of Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Deschutes sandy loam, dry, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in Frost-free period—80 to 100 days foreground. Lickskillet and Redcliff soils in background. Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Major Management Limitations 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam 31 inches—basalt Soil depth, surface texture, climate Properties and Qualities of the General Management Considerations Deschutes Soil Irrigated cropland Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for Drainage class: Well drained deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Available water capacity: About 4 inches subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Typical Profile of the Houstake Soil • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. 0 to 5 inches—brown sandy loam 5 to 22 inches—brown sandy loam Livestock grazing 22 to 60 inches—light brownish gray and brown sandy • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind loam erosion when applying range improvement practices. Properties and Qualities of the Houstake Soil • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Drainage class: Well drained • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Permeability: Moderate risk of seepage. Available water capacity: About 7 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 61

Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Redmond soils in swales Landform: Lava plains • Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer Parent material: Ash • Rock outcrop Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Deschutes soil—western juniper, Major Uses mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Idaho fescue, needleandthread; Stukel soil— western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, Major Management Limitations antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho Deschutes and Houstake soils—surface texture, fescue permeability, slope, climate Climatic factors: Deschutes soil—soil depth Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 General Management Considerations degrees F Irrigated cropland Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • On the Deschutes soil, well-managed irrigation Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil systems are needed for deep-rooted crops such as 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam alfalfa. 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, the soils in loam this unit are subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. 31 inches—basalt • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Properties and Qualities of the • Because of the steepness of slope and undulating Deschutes Soil topography, sprinkler irrigation systems are best suited Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches to this unit. Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Typical Profile of the Stukel Soil • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and loam risk of seepage. 18 inches—basalt • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Properties and Qualities of the Stukel Soil • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Drainage class: Well drained livestock. Permeability: Moderately rapid Range Site Available water capacity: About 2 inches Pumice Flat 8-10pz Contrasting Inclusions • Redmond soils in swales 34C—Deschutes-Stukel complex, 0 to 15 • Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer percent slopes • Rock outcrop Major Uses Composition Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Major Management Limitations Stukel soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Soil depth, surface texture, permeability, slope 62 Soil Survey

General Management Considerations wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass Irrigated cropland Climatic factors: • Because the Stukel soil is shallow, intensive Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches irrigation water management is needed for crop Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F production. Frost-free period—80 to 100 days • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, these soils 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam are subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas 31 inches—basalt suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Properties and Qualities of the • Because of the steepness of slope and undulating Deschutes Soil topography, sprinkler irrigation systems are best suited to this unit. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderately rapid • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Available water capacity: About 4 inches erosion when applying range improvement practices. Typical Profile of the Stukel Soil • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam risk of seepage, and the steepness of slope in some 18 inches—basalt areas. Properties and Qualities of the Stukel Soil • Shallow rooting depth of the Stukel soil limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches varieties. Drainage class: Well drained • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Permeability: Moderately rapid suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Available water capacity: About 2 inches livestock. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Redmond soils in swales Deschutes soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer Stukel soil—Lava Blisters 10-12pz • Rock outcrop Major Uses 35B—Deschutes-Stukel complex, dry, 0 to Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing 8 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Soil depth, surface texture, slope, permeability, climate Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—50 percent General Management Considerations Stukel soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Irrigated cropland Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Because the Stukel soil is shallow, intensive Setting irrigation water management is needed for crop Landform: Lava plains production. Parent material: Ash • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Native plants: Deschutes soil—western juniper, • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, these soils mountain big sagebrush, needleandthread, Idaho are subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. fescue, western needlegrass; Stukel soil—western • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas juniper, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 63

• Because of the steepness of slope and undulating Contrasting Inclusions topography, sprinkler irrigation systems are best suited • Clovkamp soils in swales to this unit. • Gosney soils on ridges Livestock grazing • Rock outcrop • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Major Uses erosion when applying range improvement practices. Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Major Management Limitations the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Soil depth, surface texture, permeability • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and risk of seepage. General Management Considerations • The low annual precipitation and restricted depth of Irrigated cropland the Stukel soil limit productivity and limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by • Because the surface layer is loamy sand, this soil is livestock. subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Because of the surface texture, the water infiltration Range Site rate is high, which restricts the type of irrigation Deschutes soil—Pumice Flat 8-10pz system that can be used. Stukel soil—Lava Blisters 8-10pz • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached and ground water may be contaminated because of the rapid permeability of the soil. 36A—Deskamp loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas slopes suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Livestock grazing Composition • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Deskamp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Setting reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Landform: Lava plains • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Parent material: Ash risk of seepage. Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, livestock. needleandthread Climatic factors: Range Site Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Pumice Flat 10-12pz Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical Profile 36B—Deskamp loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes 0 to 17 inches—brown loamy sand 17 to 32 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy sand Composition 32 inches—basalt Deskamp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Setting Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Rapid Landform: Lava plains Available water capacity: About 3 inches Parent material: Ash Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet 64 Soil Survey

Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if needleandthread the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Climatic factors: • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches risk of seepage. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Frost-free period—70 to 90 days suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Typical Profile Range Site 0 to 17 inches—brown loamy sand 17 to 32 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy sand Pumice Flat 10-12pz 32 inches—basalt Soil Properties and Qualities 37B—Deskamp sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches slopes Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Rapid Composition Available water capacity: About 3 inches Deskamp soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Clovkamp soils in swales Setting • Gosney soils on ridges Landform: Lava plains • Rock outcrop Parent material: Ash Major Uses Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Major Management Limitations needleandthread Climatic factors: Soil depth, surface texture, permeability, slope Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches General Management Considerations Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Irrigated cropland Typical Profile • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. 0 to 17 inches—brown sandy loam • Because the surface layer is loamy sand, this soil is 17 to 32 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy sand subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. 32 inches—basalt • Because of the surface texture, the water infiltration Soil Properties and Qualities rate is high, which restricts the type of irrigation system that can be used. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained and ground water may be contaminated because of the Permeability: Rapid rapid permeability of the soil. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Contrasting Inclusions suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler • Soils that have a loamy sand or loamy coarse sand irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. surface layer • Gosney soils on ridges Livestock grazing • Rock outcrop • Care should be taken to protect the soil from Major Uses wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 65

Major Management Limitations Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Soil depth, surface texture, permeability, slope Frost-free period—70 to 90 days General Management Considerations Typical Profile of the Deskamp Soil Irrigated cropland 0 to 17 inches—brown loamy sand • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for 17 to 32 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy sand deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. 32 inches—basalt • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Properties and Qualities of the Deskamp Soil subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches and ground water may be contaminated because of the Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained rapid permeability of the soil. Permeability: Rapid • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Available water capacity: About 3 inches suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Typical Profile of the Gosney Soil • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. 0 to 2 inches—grayish brown stony loamy sand 2 to 14 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy Livestock grazing sand • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind 14 inches—basalt erosion when applying range improvement practices. Properties and Qualities of the Gosney Soil • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Permeability: Rapid risk of seepage. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Contrasting Inclusions suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • Clovkamp soils in swales • Soils that are very shallow to bedrock and are on Range Site ridges Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Rock outcrop Major Uses 38B—Deskamp-Gosney complex, 0 to 8 Livestock grazing, irrigated cropland percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Deskamp and Gosney soils—surface texture, soil depth, permeability, slope, available water capacity Deskamp soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Gosney soil—rock fragments in surface layer Gosney soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General Management Considerations Setting Livestock grazing Landscape position: Deskamp soil—swales; Gosney • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind soil—mounds erosion when applying range improvement practices. Landform: Lava plains • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Parent material: Ash reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Native plants: Deskamp soil—western juniper, • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, risk of seepage. Idaho fescue, needleandthread; Gosney soil— • Shallow rooting depth of the Gosney soil limits the western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue varieties. Climatic factors: • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by 66 Soil Survey

the rock fragments on the surface of the Gosney soil. Soil Properties and Qualities • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Drainage class: Well drained livestock. Permeability: Moderately slow Irrigated cropland Available water capacity: About 5 inches • Because the surface layer is loamy sand, these soils Contrasting Inclusions are subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Ninemile soils on lava plains • Because of the surface texture, the water infiltration • Borobey soils in small basins and along rate is high, which restricts the type of irrigation drainageways system that can be used. • Choptie soils on knolls and hills • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached and ground water may be contaminated because of the Major Use rapid permeability of the soils. Livestock grazing • Because of the low available water capacity, intensive irrigation water management is needed. Major Management Limitations • The rock fragments on the surface of the Gosney Climate, surface texture, soil depth soil interfere with farming operations. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas General Management Considerations suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Because of the steepness of slope and undulating growth of forage and shorten the growing season. topography, sprinkler irrigation systems are best suited • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind to this unit. erosion when applying range improvement practices. Range Site • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Deskamp soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Gosney soil—Lava Blisters 10-12pz • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of 39A—Dester gravelly loamy sand, 0 to 3 species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. percent slopes Range Site Pumice Flat 9-11pz Composition Dester soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 40B—Dester sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Setting Landform: Lava plains Composition Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Dester soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, western Contrasting inclusions—15 percent needlegrass, Ross sedge, bottlebrush squirreltail Climatic factors: Setting Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Landform: Lava plains Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Typical Profile Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy sand Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass 17 to 24 inches—brown clay loam Climatic factors: 24 to 34 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches loam Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 34 inches—basalt Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 67

Typical profile Setting 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Landform: Moraines 17 to 24 inches—brown clay loam Parent material: Ash over glacial till 24 to 34 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet loam Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, snowbrush, 34 inches—basalt chinkapin, pinegrass Climatic factors: Soil Properties and Qualities Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Permeability: Moderately slow Typical Profile Available water capacity: About 5 inches 2 inches to 0—organic mat Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam • Ninemile soils on lava plains 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy • Borobey soils in small basins and along loam drainageways 12 to 62 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy • Choptie soils on knolls and hills loam Major Use Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Climate, surface texture, soil depth Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Available water capacity: About 5 inches General Management Considerations Contrasting Inclusions • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind • Belrick soils that are south of Canyon Creek erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Bott soils on side slopes • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • Kweo soils on cinder cones reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Major Use the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Woodland • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Major Management Limitations species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Range Site General Management Considerations Pumice 8-10pz • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 41C—Douthit sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. slopes • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Composition displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Douthit soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Contrasting inclusions—15 percent compaction, designated skid trails should be used. 68 Soil Survey

Forest Service Plant Association General Management Considerations CW-C2-12 • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 41D—Douthit sandy loam, 15 to 30 treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. percent slopes • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Composition the soil less. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Douthit soil and similar inclusions—85 percent seeding with grass and mulching. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Setting crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. Landform: Moraines • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Parent material: Ash over glacial till temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, snowbrush, • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, chinkapin, pinegrass displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Climatic factors: • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Forest Service Plant Association Typical Profile CW-C2-12 2 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam 41E—Douthit sandy loam, 30 to 50 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy percent slopes loam 12 to 62 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy Composition loam Douthit soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; Setting bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Moraines Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Parent material: Ash over glacial till Available water capacity: About 5 inches Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, snowbrush, Contrasting Inclusions chinkapin, pinegrass • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Climatic factors: • Belrick soils that are south of Canyon Creek Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches • Bott soils on side slopes and ridges Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F • Kweo soils on cinder cones Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Rock outcrop on ridges Typical Profile Major Use 2 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam Woodland 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy Major Management Limitations loam 12 to 62 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction loam Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 69

Soil Properties and Qualities 42C—Douthit sandy loam, cool, 0 to 15 Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; percent slopes bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Douthit soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Available water capacity: About 5 inches Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Landform: Moraines • Belrick soils that are south of Canyon Creek Parent material: Ash over glacial till • Bott soils on side slopes and ridges Elevation: 4,400 to 5,200 feet • Kweo soils on cinder cones Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common • Rock outcrop on ridges snowberry, forbs Major Use Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—60 to 70 inches Woodland Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F Major Management Limitations Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Typical profile General Management Considerations 2 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 3 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. loam • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 12 to 62 inches—dark brown extremely stony sandy treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. loam • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Soil Properties and Qualities the soil less. Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more seeding with grass and mulching. Drainage class: Well drained • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Available water capacity: About 5 inches crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. Contrasting Inclusions • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, • Kweo soils on cinder cones subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Major Use displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Woodland compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Major Management Limitations Forest Service Plant Association CW-C2-12 Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 70 Soil Survey

General Management Considerations Major Management Limitations • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Climate, surface texture, permeability undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. General Management Considerations • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, growth of forage and shorten the growing season. displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind • Because of the moderate susceptibility to erosion when applying range improvement practices. compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Forest Service Plant Association the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. CD-S6-13 • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Range Site 43A—Embal sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent Swale 10-14pz slopes

Composition 44B—Era sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Embal soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Composition Setting Era soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Landform: Alluvial fans, narrow flood plains Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Parent material: Alluvium derived from basalt, welded Setting tuff, and ash Elevation: 4,000 to 4,600 feet Landscape position: Foot slopes Native plants: Basin big sagebrush, basin wildrye, Landform: Hills bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Climatic factors: Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F antelope bitterbrush, needleandthread, Indian Frost-free period—50 to 90 days ricegrass Climatic factors: Typical Profile Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches 0 to 20 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F 20 to 30 inches—brown sandy loam Frost-free period—110 to 140 days 30 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly sandy loam Typical Profile Soil Properties and Qualities 0 to 10 inches—brown sandy loam Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 10 to 60 inches—pale brown sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Soil Properties and Qualities Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 6 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 7 inches • Ninemile soils on lava plains • Beden soils along drainageways and on side slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Reluctan soils on toe slopes • Soils that are similar to this Era soil but have a very Major Use cobbly substratum • Era soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent Livestock grazing • Caphealy and Reuter soils Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 71

Major Uses Soil Properties and Qualities Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Moderately rapid Surface texture, slope, permeability, climate Available water capacity: About 7 inches General Management Considerations Contrasting Inclusions Irrigated cropland • Soils that are similar to this Era soil but have a very cobbly substratum at a depth of less than 40 inches • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Major Uses • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler Irrigated cropland (fig. 5), livestock grazing irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Livestock grazing • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Range Site Pumice Hills 8-10pz

45A—Era sandy loam, cobbly substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition Figure 5.—Mint in an area of Era sandy loam, cobbly Era soil and similar inclusions—90 percent substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Major Management Limitations Setting Surface texture, permeability, climate Landscape position: Swales Landform: Hills General Management Considerations Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Irrigated cropland Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is antelope bitterbrush, needleandthread, Indian subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. ricegrass Livestock grazing Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F erosion when applying range improvement practices. Frost-free period—110 to 140 days • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Typical Profile the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 0 to 10 inches—brown sandy loam • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. 10 to 42 inches—pale brown sandy loam • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of 42 to 60 inches—pale brown very cobbly sandy loam species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 72 Soil Survey

Range Site Major Use Pumice Hills 8-10pz Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations 46B—Era-Haystack complex, 0 to 8 Surface texture, permeability, climate percent slopes General Management Considerations Composition • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Era soil and similar inclusions—45 percent • Because the Era soil is influenced by pumice ash, Haystack soil and similar inclusions—40 percent reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Contrasting inclusions—15 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Setting • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Landform: Alluvial fans species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Parent material: Era soil—ash over old alluvium; Haystack soil—colluvium Range Site Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet Era soil—Pumice Hills 8-10pz Native plants: Era soil—western juniper, basin big Haystack soil—Droughty 8-12pz sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, needleandthread, Indian ricegrass; Haystack soil—Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber 47A—Ermabell loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass percent slopes Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches Composition Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Ermabell soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Typical Profile of the Era Soil Setting 0 to 10 inches—brown sandy loam 10 to 42 inches—pale brown sandy loam Landform: Stream terraces 42 to 60 inches—pale brown very cobbly sandy loam Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet Properties and Qualities of the Era Soil Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Drainage class: Well drained Idaho fescue, Ross sedge Permeability: Moderately rapid Climatic factors: Available water capacity: About 7 inches Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Typical Profile of the Haystack Soil Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 0 to 11 inches—dark grayish brown and brown loam Typical Profile 11 to 26 inches—brown very gravelly and extremely gravelly loam 0 to 31 inches—grayish brown loamy fine sand 26 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly loamy sand 31 to 41 inches—grayish brown fine sand 41 to 60 inches—grayish brown very gravelly sand Properties and Qualities of the Haystack Soil Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 40 inches or Available water capacity: About 3 inches more; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Rapid • Soils that are very cobbly throughout Available water capacity: About 5 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 73

Contrasting Inclusions Depth to water table: 6 to 24 inches below the surface in April through May • Lundgren soils on outwash plains Permeability: Moderately slow • Omahaling soils on flood plains Available water capacity: About 10 inches • Poorly drained soils on bottoms Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil Major Use 1 inch to 0—organic mat Livestock grazing 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy Major Management Limitations loam 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam Climate, permeability 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam General Management Considerations Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; growth of forage and shorten the growing season. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Drainage class: Well drained Range Site Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 10 inches Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue Contrasting Inclusions 48C—Flarm-Smiling complex, 0 to 15 • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches percent slopes • Soils that are poorly drained or moderately well drained Composition Major Use Flarm soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Woodland Smiling soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Major Management Limitations Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Flarm and Smiling soils—low fertility, susceptibility to Setting compaction Landform: Mountains Flarm soil—wetness Parent material: Ash over colluvium General Management Considerations Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Flarm soil—ponderosa pine, white fir, • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, common snowberry, twinflower; Smiling soil— undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical manzanita, Idaho fescue treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Climatic factors: • The seasonal high water table in the Flarm soil Mean annual precipitation—15 to 25 inches restricts the use of equipment to midsummer when the Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F soil is dry or to midwinter when the soil is frozen. Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Typical Profile of the Flarm Soil • Because of the susceptibility to compaction, all 4 inches to 0—organic mat ground operations, including tractor skidding, 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loam mechanical harvesting, and machine piling, should be 4 to 42 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown avoided on the Flarm soil unless the surface layer is clay loam and gravelly clay loam frozen or covered with snow. Subsoiling can be used to 42 to 56 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam loosen the compacted layer. 56 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Properties and Qualities of the Flarm Soil Forest Service Plant Association Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 4 to 7 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Flarm soil—CD-S6-12 Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Smiling soil—CP-S2-17 74 Soil Survey

49A—Fluvents, 0 to 1 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Gravel bars Composition • Soils that are poorly drained Fluvents—90 percent Major Use Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Wildlife habitat Setting Major Management Limitation Landform: Flood plains (fig. 6) Rare flooding Range Site Loamy Bottom

50C—Gap sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes

Composition Gap soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Setting Landform: Mountains Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet Figure 6.—Area of Fluvents, 0 to 1 percent slopes, along the Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, white fir, Crooked River. Smith Rock on right in background. common snowberry, pinegrass Climatic factors: Parent material: Recent alluvium Mean annual precipitation—25 to 35 inches Elevation: 1,200 to 1,500 feet Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Native plants: Willow, reeds, gray rabbitbrush, green Frost-free period—10 to 50 days rabbitbrush, big sagebrush Climatic factors: Typical profile: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 4 inches to 0—organic mat Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F 0 to 14 inches—dark brown and reddish brown sandy Frost-free period—110 to 140 days loam Representative profile 14 to 18 inches—reddish brown loam 18 to 47 inches—dark brown and reddish brown clay 0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy sand loam 4 to 26 inches—very dark grayish brown sand 47 inches—weathered tuff 26 to 35 inches—dark grayish brown very fine sand 35 to 60 inches—dark brown coarse sand Soil Properties and Qualities Soil Properties and Qualities Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained to Permeability: Moderately slow excessively drained Available water capacity: About 8 inches Permeability: Rapid Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: About 5 inches Flooding: Rare because of upstream flood control • Glaze soils on side slopes Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 75

• Prairie soils on side slopes and ridges Properties and Qualities of the Gap Soil • Poorly drained soils in depressions Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft • Rock outcrop on ridges bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Major Use Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Woodland Available water capacity: About 8 inches Major Management Limitations Typical Profile of the Glaze Soil Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 3 inches to 0—organic mat General Management Considerations 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam 4 to 19 inches—dark brown cobbly sandy loam • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 19 to 54 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 54 inches—weathered tuff • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Properties and Qualities of the Glaze Soil • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Drainage class: Well drained compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Permeability: Moderate Forest Service Plant Association Available water capacity: About 5 inches CD-S6-14 Contrasting Inclusions • Prairie soils on side slopes and ridges 51D—Gap-Glaze complex, 15 to 30 • Rock outcrop percent slopes Major Use Woodland Composition Major Management Limitations Gap soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Glaze soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General Management Considerations Setting Landform: Mountains • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Native plants: Gap soil—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. white fir, common snowberry, pinegrass; Glaze • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; soil—ponderosa pine, white fir, snowbrush, however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs chinkapin, pinegrass the soil less. Climatic factors: • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Mean annual precipitation—25 to 35 inches seeding with grass and mulching. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Frost-free period—10 to 50 days bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Typical Profile of the Gap Soil undulating road grades. 4 inches to 0—organic mat • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and 0 to 14 inches—dark brown and reddish brown sandy temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, loam subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 14 to 18 inches—reddish brown loam • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 18 to 47 inches—dark brown and reddish brown clay displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. loam • Because of the moderate susceptibility to 47 inches—weathered tuff compaction, designated skid trails should be used. 76 Soil Survey

Forest Service Plant Association • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement Gap soil—CD-S6-14 practices. Glaze soil—CW-C2-12 • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if 52B—Gardone sand, 3 to 10 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. slopes • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Composition varieties. Gardone soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Range Site Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Pumice 8-10pz Setting Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Ash 53C—Gardone sand, hummocky, 3 to 15 Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet percent slopes Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass Composition Climatic factors: Gardone soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Setting Typical Profile Landform: Dunes on lava plains Parent material: Ash 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown sand Elevation: 4,000 to 4,800 feet 10 to 60 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, sand Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass Soil Properties and Qualities Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Drainage class: Excessively drained Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Permeability: Rapid Available water capacity: About 6 inches Typical Profile Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown sand 10 to 60 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy • Areas of moderately deep and deep ash deposits sand over a buried soil on basalt pressure ridges • Choptie soils on knolls and hills Soil Properties and Qualities • Borobey soils along drainageways Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Use Drainage class: Excessively drained Permeability: Rapid Livestock grazing Available water capacity: About 6 inches Major Management Limitations Contrasting Inclusions Climate, surface texture, permeability • Borobey soils along drainageways General Management Considerations • Areas of moderately deep and deep ash deposits over a buried soil on basalt pressure ridges • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Stookmoor soils along adjacent lava plains growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Blayden soils along drainageways Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 77

Major Use Contrasting Inclusions Livestock grazing • Borobey and Blayden soils along drainageways • Areas of moderately deep ash deposits over a buried Major Management Limitations soil on basalt pressure ridges Climate, surface texture, permeability • Stookmoor soils along adjacent lava plains General Management Considerations Major Use • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Livestock grazing growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Major Management Limitations • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Climate, surface texture, permeability • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, General Management Considerations reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Range Site reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Pumice 8-10pz the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage and the steepness of slope in some areas. 54C—Gardone sand, moist, 3 to 20 percent slopes Range Site Pumice 10-12pz Composition Gardone soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 55A—Gardone-Borobey complex, 0 to 5 Contrasting inclusions—15 percent percent slopes Setting Composition Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Ash over buried soil material Gardone soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 4,800 feet Borobey soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, antelope Contrasting inclusions—10 percent bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, Setting western needlegrass Climatic factors: Landform: Lava plains Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Parent material: Ash Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass Typical Profile Climatic factors: 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown sand Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 10 to 41 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F sand Frost-free period—50 to 90 days 41 to 60 inches—pale brown loam Typical Profile of the Gardone Soil Soil Properties and Qualities 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown sand 10 to 60 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy Depth: Buried soil material at a depth of 40 to 60 sand inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Excessively drained Properties and Qualities of the Gardone Soil Permeability: Rapid over moderate Available water capacity: About 6 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 78 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Excessively drained Rock outcrop—15 percent Permeability: Rapid Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 6 inches Setting Typical Profile of the Borobey Soil Landform: Mountains 0 to 21 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum 21 to 51 inches—pale brown sandy loam Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet 51 to 60 inches—pale brown clay loam Native plants: Glaze soil—ponderosa pine, white fir, snowbrush, chinkapin, pinegrass; Prairie soil— Properties and Qualities of the Borobey Soil ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, white fir, common Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more snowberry, pinegrass Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Climatic factors: Permeability: Moderately slow Mean annual precipitation—25 to 35 inches Available water capacity: About 5 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Glaze Soil • Blayden soils along drainageways 3 inches to 0—organic mat • Rock outcrop along pressure ridges and fault 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam escarpments 4 to 19 inches—dark brown cobbly sandy loam 19 to 54 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam Major Use 54 inches—weathered tuff Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Glaze Soil Major Management Limitations Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft Climate, surface texture, permeability bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Drainage class: Well drained General Management Considerations Permeability: Moderate • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Available water capacity: About 5 inches growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Typical Profile of the Prairie Soil • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. 3 inches to 0—organic mat • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, 0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown reestablishment of the native vegetation is very sandy loam slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 16 to 22 inches—dark brown gravelly loam • Pond development is limited by the risk of 22 to 37 inches—dark brown cobbly loam seepage. 37 inches—weathered basalt • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Properties and Qualities of the Prairie Soil species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches livestock. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Range Site Available water capacity: About 5 inches Pumice 8-10pz Contrasting Inclusions • Gap soils on ridges 56E—Glaze-Prairie-Rock outcrop Major Use complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes Woodland Composition Major Management Limitations Glaze soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Rock outcrop, slope, low fertility, susceptibility to Prairie soil and similar inclusions—35 percent compaction Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 79

General Management Considerations Soil Properties and Qualities • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Permeability: Rapid treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Available water capacity: About 1 inch • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Contrasting Inclusions or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less damaging to the soil surface. • Deskamp soils in swales • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by • Rock outcrop seeding with grass and mulching. Major Use • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Livestock grazing crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Major Management Limitations undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Surface texture, soil depth, rock fragments in surface temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, layer subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. General Management Considerations • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind • Because of the steepness of slope, machinery erosion when applying range improvement practices. should be used only in areas covered with logging • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, slash or brush to minimize soil displacement. reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if • Because of the moderate susceptibility to the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The restricted soil depth limits the choice of species Forest Service Plant Association for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Glaze soil—CW-C2-12 • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Prairie soil—CD-S6-14 the rock fragments on the surface. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by 57B—Gosney stony loamy sand, 3 to 8 livestock. percent slopes Range Site Composition Lava Blisters 10-12pz Gosney soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 58C—Gosney-Rock outcrop-Deskamp Setting complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes Landform: Lava plains Composition Parent material: Ash Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Gosney soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Rock outcrop—25 percent sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Deskamp soil and similar inclusions—20 percent wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Climatic factors: Setting Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Landscape position: Gosney soil—mounds; Deskamp Frost-free period—70 to 90 days soil—swales Landform: Lava plains Typical Profile Parent material: Ash 0 to 2 inches—grayish brown stony loamy sand Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet 2 to 14 inches—grayish brown loamy sand Native plants: Gosney soil—western juniper, mountain 14 inches—basalt big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch 80 Soil Survey

wheatgrass, Idaho fescue; Deskamp soil—western • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope the rock fragments on the surface of the Gosney soil. bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for Climatic factors: grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Range Site Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Gosney soil—Lava Blisters 10-12pz Deskamp soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz Typical Profile of the Gosney Soil 0 to 2 inches—grayish brown stony loamy sand 2 to 14 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy 59C—Gosney-Rock outcrop-Deskamp sand complex, dry, 0 to 15 percent slopes 14 inches—basalt Composition Properties and Qualities of the Gosney Soil Gosney soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Rock outcrop—25 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Deskamp soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Permeability: Rapid Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Available water capacity: About 1 inch Setting Typical Profile of the Deskamp Soil Landscape position: Gosney soil—mounds; Deskamp 0 to 17 inches—brown loamy sand soil—swales 17 to 32 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy sand Landform: Lava plains 32 inches—basalt Parent material: Ash Properties and Qualities of the Deskamp Soil Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Gosney soil—western juniper, mountain Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass; Deskamp soil— Permeability: Rapid western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, Available water capacity: About 3 inches needleandthread, Idaho fescue, western Contrasting Inclusions needlegrass Climatic factors: • Clovkamp soils in swales Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Soils that are very shallow to bedrock Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—80 to 100 days Livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Gosney Soil Major Management Limitations 0 to 2 inches—grayish brown stony loamy sand 2 to 14 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy Rock outcrop, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, sand rock fragments in surface layer 14 inches—basalt General Management Considerations Properties and Qualities of the Gosney Soil • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches erosion when applying range improvement practices. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Permeability: Rapid reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Available water capacity: About 1 inch the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Typical Profile of the Deskamp Soil seepage, and steepness of slope. • The restricted depth of the Gosney soil limits the 0 to 17 inches—brown loamy sand choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant 17 to 32 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy sand varieties. 32 inches—basalt Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 81

Properties and Qualities of the Deskamp Soil Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common snowberry, forbs Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Climatic factors: Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches Permeability: Rapid Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F Available water capacity: About 3 inches Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile • Clovkamp soils in swales 2 inches to 0—organic mat • Soils that are very shallow to bedrock 0 to 15 inches—black and dark brown very gravelly Major Use loamy coarse sand 15 to 29 inches—black extremely gravelly loamy Livestock grazing coarse sand Major Management Limitations 29 to 49 inches—very dark gray and black loamy fine sand Rock outcrop, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, 49 to 62 inches—dark brown sandy loam rock fragments in surface layer, climate Soil Properties and Qualities General Management Considerations Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained erosion when applying range improvement practices. Permeability: Very rapid over moderately rapid • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Available water capacity: About 5 inches reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Contrasting Inclusions • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges seepage, and steepness of slope in some areas. • Linksterly soils on side slopes • The restricted depth of the Gosney soil limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Major Use varieties. Woodland • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by the rock fragments on the surface of the Gosney soil. Major Management Limitations • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for Available water capacity, rock fragments in surface grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. layer, low fertility • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant General Management Considerations varieties. • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Range Site the low available water capacity of the soil. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Gosney soil—Lava Blisters 8-10pz undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Deskamp soil—Pumice Flat 8-10pz • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. 60C—Haynap very gravelly loamy coarse • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water sand, 0 to 15 percent slopes repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Composition detrimental impacts to the soil. Haynap soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • The rock fragments in the surface layer restrict the Setting planting of seedlings. Landform: Moraines Forest Service Plant Association Parent material: Ash and scoria Elevation: 3,500 to 5,200 feet CD-S6-13 82 Soil Survey

60D—Haynap very gravelly loamy coarse or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less sand, 15 to 30 percent slopes damaging to the soil surface. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Composition fireline intensity. Haynap soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Contrasting inclusions—15 percent detrimental impacts to the soil. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Setting seeding with grass and mulching. Landform: Moraines • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Parent material: Ash and scoria bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Elevation: 3,500 to 5,200 feet crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common undulating road grades. snowberry, forbs • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Climatic factors: displacement of the surface layer should be Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches minimized. Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F • The rock fragments in the surface layer restrict the Frost-free period—10 to 50 days planting of seedlings. Typical Profile Forest Service Plant Association 2 inches to 0—organic mat CD-S6-13 0 to 15 inches—black and dark brown very gravelly loamy coarse sand 15 to 29 inches—black extremely gravelly loamy 60E—Haynap very gravelly loamy coarse coarse sand sand, 30 to 70 percent slopes 29 to 49 inches—very dark gray and black loamy fine sand Composition 49 to 62 inches—dark brown sandy loam Haynap soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Setting Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Landform: Moraines Permeability: Very rapid over moderately rapid Parent material: Ash and scoria Available water capacity: About 5 inches Elevation: 3,500 to 5,200 feet Contrasting Inclusions Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common snowberry, forbs • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges Climatic factors: • Linksterly soils on side slopes Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches Major Use Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Woodland Typical Profile Major Management Limitations 2 inches to 0—organic mat Available water capacity, rock fragments in surface 0 to 15 inches—black and dark brown very gravelly layer, slope, low fertility loamy coarse sand General Management Considerations 15 to 29 inches—black extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of 29 to 49 inches—very dark gray and black loamy fine the low available water capacity of the soil. sand • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 49 to 62 inches—dark brown sandy loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Soil Properties and Qualities • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 83

Permeability: Very rapid over moderately rapid Lava flows—15 percent Available water capacity: About 5 inches Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges Landform: Hills • Linksterly soils on side slopes Parent material: Ash Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet Major Use Native plants: Western juniper, ponderosa pine, Woodland mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass Major Management Limitations Climatic factors: Available water capacity, rock fragments in surface Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches layer, slope, low fertility Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days General Management Considerations Typical Profile of the Henkle Soil • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of the low available water capacity of the soil. 0.5 inch to 0—organic mat on surface • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 0 to 17 inches—very dark brown and dark brown very undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. cobbly sandy loam • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 17 inches—basalt treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Properties and Qualities of the Henkle Soil • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches damaging to the soil surface. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Permeability: Moderately rapid repellency may result from fires that have moderate Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches fireline intensity. Typical Profile of the Fryrear Soil • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. 0.5 inch to 0—organic mat on surface • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by 0 to 3 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam seeding with grass and mulching. 3 to 18 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water 18 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown very stony bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or sandy loam crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and 27 inches—basalt undulating road grades. Properties and Qualities of the Fryrear Soil • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Permeability: Moderately rapid displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches • The rock fragments in the surface layer restrict the Contrasting Inclusions planting of seedlings. • Fremkle soils on ridges Forest Service Plant Association • Laidlaw soils in swales CD-S6-13 • Wanoga soils on side slopes and ridges Major Uses 61C—Henkle-Fryrear-Lava flows complex, Livestock grazing, woodland 0 to 15 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Climate, soil depth, available water capacity, Henkle soil and similar inclusions—40 percent permeability, rock fragments in surface layer, low Fryrear soil and similar inclusions—35 percent fertility, susceptibility to compaction, Lava flows 84 Soil Survey

General Management Considerations Fryrear soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Livestock grazing Setting • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Landform: Hills • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Parent material: Ash seepage, and steepness of slope in some areas. Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet • The restricted depth of the Henkle soil limits the Native plants: Western juniper, ponderosa pine, choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, varieties. Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Climatic factors: the rock fragments on the surface. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches • The areas of Lava flows limit the areas suitable for Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Woodland Typical Profile of the Henkle Soil • Seedlings have a poor survival rate because of the 0.5 inch to 0—organic mat on surface low precipitation and low available water capacity. 0 to 17 inches—very dark brown and dark brown very • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, cobbly sandy loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 17 inches—basalt • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Properties and Qualities of the Henkle Soil treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • The rock fragments on the surface and the areas of Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Lava flows can interfere with felling, yarding, and other Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained operations involving equipment use. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because roots are restricted by the limited depth of Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches the Henkle soil, trees are subject to windthrow. Typical Profile of the Fryrear Soil • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate 0.5 inch to 0—organic mat on surface fireline intensity. 0 to 3 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize 3 to 18 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam detrimental impacts to the soils. 18 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown very stony • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and sandy loam temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 27 inches—basalt subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Properties and Qualities of the Fryrear Soil • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • The areas of Lava flows force yarding and skidding Drainage class: Well drained paths to converge, which increases the risks of Permeability: Moderately rapid compaction and erosion throughout the unit. Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Contrasting Inclusions compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Fremkle soils on ridges Range Site • Laidlaw soils in swales Juniper-Pine-Fescue • Wanoga soils on side slopes and ridges Major Uses 62D—Henkle-Lava flows-Fryrear complex, Livestock grazing, woodland 15 to 50 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Climate, soil depth, available water capacity, permeability, rock fragments in surface layer, Henkle soil and similar inclusions—35 percent slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction, Lava flows—30 percent Lava flows Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 85

General Management Considerations paths to converge, which increases the risks of compaction and erosion throughout the unit. Livestock grazing • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Range Site • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Juniper-Pine-Fescue seepage, and steepness of slope. • The restricted depth of the Henkle soil limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant 63C—Holmzie-Searles complex, 0 to 15 varieties. percent slopes • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by the rock fragments on the surface. Composition • The areas of Lava flows limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Holmzie soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • The steepness of slope restricts livestock Searles soil and similar inclusions—35 percent distribution and limits range seeding with ground Contrasting inclusions—15 percent equipment. Setting Woodland Landform: Hills Parent material: Ash over residuum • Seedlings have a poor survival rate because of the Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet low precipitation and low available water capacity. Native plants: Holmzie soil—western juniper, mountain • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. needleandthread; Searles soil—Wyoming big • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass • The rock fragments on the surface and the areas of Climatic factors: Lava flows can interfere with felling, yarding, and other Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches operations involving equipment use. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F • Because roots are restricted by the limited rooting Frost-free period—70 to 90 days depth of the Henkle soil, trees are subject to Typical Profile of the Holmzie Soil windthrow. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam repellency may result from fires that have moderate 7 to 19 inches—brown clay loam fireline intensity. 19 to 29 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize 29 inches—weathered tuff detrimental impacts to the soils. Properties and Qualities of the Holmzie Soil • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by seeding with grass and mulching. Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Drainage class: Well drained bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Permeability: Slow crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Available water capacity: About 5 inches undulating road grades. Typical Profile of the Searles Soil • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 7 to 13 inches—brown loam • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 13 to 24 inches—brown and yellowish brown very displacement of the surface layer should be gravelly loam and very gravelly clay loam minimized. 24 inches—basalt • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Properties and Qualities of the Searles Soil slash or brush reduces soil displacement. • The areas of Lava flows force yarding and skidding Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 86 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Permeability: Moderately slow Idaho fescue, Ross sedge Available water capacity: About 3 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Soils that are on ridges and have bedrock at a depth Frost-free period—70 to 90 days of 10 to 20 inches Typical Profile of the Holmzie Soil • Soils that are in swales and have a clay or clay loam subsoil over a strongly cemented duripan at a depth of 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam 20 to 40 inches 7 to 19 inches—brown clay loam • Rock outcrop 19 to 29 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay 29 inches—weathered tuff Major Use Properties and Qualities of the Holmzie Soil Livestock grazing Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Holmzie soil—soil depth, climate Permeability: Slow Searles soil—soil depth, climate, surface texture Available water capacity: About 5 inches General Management Considerations Typical Profile of the Searles Soil • Care should be taken to protect the Searles soil from 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam wind erosion when applying range improvement 7 to 13 inches—brown loam practices. 13 to 24 inches—brown and yellowish brown very • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, gravelly loam and very gravelly clay loam reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if 24 inches—basalt the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Properties and Qualities of the Searles Soil • Pond development on these soils is limited by the soil depth and the steepness of slope in some areas. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • The low annual precipitation limits productivity and Drainage class: Well drained limits the choice of species for range seeding to Permeability: Moderately slow drought-tolerant varieties. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Contrasting Inclusions suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • Soils that are on ridges and have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Range Site • Soils that have a stony or very stony surface layer Holmzie soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Rock outcrop Searles soil—Droughty 8-12pz Major Use Livestock grazing 64C—Holmzie-Searles complex, moist, 0 to 15 percent slopes Major Management Limitation Soil depth Composition General Management Considerations Holmzie soil and similar inclusions—50 percent • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Searles soil and similar inclusions—35 percent the steepness of slope in some areas. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Setting suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Landform: Hills Parent material: Ash over residuum Range Site Elevation: 3,500 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 87

65A—Houstake sandy loam, 0 to 3 • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, percent slopes reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Composition • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Houstake soil and similar inclusions—85 percent suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Contrasting inclusions—15 percent livestock. Setting Range Site Landform: Lava plains Pumice Flat 10-12pz Parent material: Ash Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big 66A—Houstake sandy loam, dry, 0 to 3 sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, and percent slopes needleandthread Climatic factors: Composition Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Houstake soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Setting Typical Profile Landform: Lava plains 0 to 5 inches—brown sandy loam Parent material: Ash 5 to 22 inches—brown sandy loam Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet 22 to 60 inches—light brownish gray and brown sandy Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big loam sagebrush, needleandthread, Idaho fescue, and Soil Properties and Qualities western needlegrass Climatic factors: Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Permeability: Moderate Frost-free period—80 to 100 days Available water capacity: About 7 inches Typical Profile Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 5 inches—brown sandy loam • Stukel soils on ridges 5 to 22 inches—brown sandy loam • Redmond and Statz soils in swales 22 to 60 inches—light brownish gray and brown sandy • Rock outcrop loam Major Uses Soil Properties and Qualities Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Surface texture, permeability Available water capacity: About 7 inches General Management Considerations Contrasting Inclusions Irrigated cropland • Stukel soils on ridges • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is • Redmond and Statz soils in swales subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Rock outcrop • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Major Uses suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Surface texture, permeability, climate 88 Soil Survey

General Management Considerations Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 5 inches Irrigated cropland Contrasting Inclusions • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Stukel soils on ridges • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas • Redmond and Statz soils in swales suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. • Rock outcrop Livestock grazing Major Uses • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing erosion when applying range improvement practices. Major Management Limitations • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Surface texture, permeability the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. General Management Considerations • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Irrigated cropland species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas livestock. suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. Range Site Livestock grazing Pumice Flat 8-10pz • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement 67A—Houstake sandy loam, very gravelly practices. substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Composition • Pond development is limited by the risk of Houstake soil and similar inclusions—85 percent seepage. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Setting livestock. Landform: Lava plains Range Site Parent material: Ash Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Pumice Flat 10-12pz Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, and needleandthread 68A—Iris silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Composition Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Iris soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Typical Profile Setting 0 to 6 inches—brown sandy loam 6 to 22 inches—brown loamy sand Landscape position: Lake basins 22 to 41 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Landform: Lava plains 41 to 60 inches—light grayish brown very gravelly Parent material: Alluvium derived from loess sandy loam Elevation: 2,500 to 3,000 feet Climatic factors: Soil Properties and Qualities Mean annual precipitation—8 to 11 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 89

Typical profile Soil Properties and Qualities 0 to 14 inches—brown silt loam Depth: Cinders at a depth of 20 to 35 inches; bedrock 14 to 34 inches—pale brown silt loam at a depth of 60 inches or more 34 to 60 inches—pale brown silt loam Drainage class: Excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Soil Properties and Qualities Available water capacity: About 3 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow • Soils that are similar to the Kweo soil but have Available water capacity: About 11.5 inches cinders at a depth of more than 35 inches • Linksterly soils on toe slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Rock outcrop on ridges • Agency soils adjacent to basins Major Use Major Use Woodland Irrigated cropland Major Management Limitations Major Management Limitation Slope, rooting depth, rock fragments in surface layer, Surface texture low fertility, susceptibility to compaction General Management Considerations General Management Considerations • The silt loam surface layer is subject to compaction • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, from excessive tillage. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 69D—Kweo gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 50 treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. percent slopes • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Composition or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less Kweo soil and similar inclusions—85 percent damaging to the soil surface. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result from fires of moderate Setting fireline intensity on south-facing slopes. Landform: Cinder cones • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Parent material: Ash over cinders detrimental impacts to the soil. Elevation: 3,200 to 5,200 feet • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common seeding with grass and mulching. snowberry, forbs • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Climatic factors: bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Mean annual precipitation—25 to 35 inches crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F undulating road grades. Frost-free period—10 to 50 days • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Typical Profile subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam displacement of the surface layer should be 13 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly minimized. sandy loam • Because of the moderate susceptibility to 25 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown cinders compaction, designated skid trails should be used. 90 Soil Survey

Forest Service Plant Association Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 10 inches CD-S6-13 Contrasting Inclusions 70D—Kweo-Smiling complex, 8 to 50 • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches percent slopes • Bott and Windego soils on side slopes • Rock outcrop on ridges Composition Major Use Kweo soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Woodland Smiling soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Major Management Limitations Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Kweo and Smiling soils—slope, low fertility, Setting susceptibility to compaction Landform: Kweo soil—cinder cones; Smiling soil— Kweo soil—rooting depth, rock fragments in surface mountains layer Parent material: Kweo soil—ash over cinders; Smiling General Management Considerations soil—ash over colluvium Elevation: 3,200 to 4,000 feet • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Native plants: Kweo soil—ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. common snowberry, forbs; Smiling soil—ponderosa • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical pine, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Idaho fescue • Because the coarse-textured Kweo soil has Climatic factors: insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to Mean annual precipitation—25 to 35 inches windthrow. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Frost-free period—20 to 50 days or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less damaging to the soil surface. Typical Profile of the Kweo Soil • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 1 inch to 0—organic mat repellency may result from fires of moderate fireline 0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam intensity on the Kweo soil. 13 to 25 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize sandy loam detrimental impacts to the soil. 25 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown cinders • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by seeding with grass and mulching. Properties and Qualities of the Kweo Soil • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Depth: Cinders at a depth of 20 to 35 inches; bedrock bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or at a depth of 60 inches or more crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Drainage class: Excessively drained undulating road grades. Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Available water capacity: About 3 inches temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 1 inch to 0—organic mat displacement of the surface layer should be 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy minimized. loam • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam slash or brush reduces soil displacement. 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Forest Service Plant Association Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Kweo soil—CD-S6-13 Drainage class: Well drained Smiling soil—CP-S2-17 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 91

71A—Lafollette sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. slopes • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Range Site Composition Pumice Flat 10-12pz Lafollette soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 71B—Lafollette sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent Setting slopes Landform: Stream terraces Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Composition Elevation: 2,500 to 2,800 feet Lafollette soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Contrasting inclusions—15 percent sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, and needleandthread Setting Climatic factors: Landform: Stream terraces Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Elevation: 2,500 to 2,800 feet Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Typical Profile sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread 0 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam Climatic factors: 24 to 42 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy loam Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 42 to 60 inches—dark gray extremely gravelly loamy Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F coarse sand Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Depth: Very gravelly substratum at a depth of 20 to 40 0 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 24 to 42 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid 42 to 60 inches—dark gray extremely gravelly loamy Available water capacity: About 4 inches coarse sand Contrasting Inclusions Soil Properties and Qualities • Soils that have weathered tuffaceous rock at a depth Depth: Very gravelly substratum at a depth of 20 to 40 of 30 to 60 inches inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Uses Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Available water capacity: About 4 inches Major Management Limitations Contrasting Inclusions Surface texture, permeability • Soils that have weathered tuffaceous rock at a depth General Management Considerations of 30 to 60 inches Irrigated cropland Major Uses • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Major Management Limitations Livestock grazing Surface texture, slope, permeability • Care should be taken to protect the soil from General Management Considerations wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Irrigated cropland • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is 92 Soil Survey

subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Major Management Limitations • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler Climate, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction, irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. surface texture, permeability Livestock grazing General Management Considerations • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Woodland erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the low precipitation. the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Range Site treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to 72C—Laidlaw sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent compaction, designated skid trails should be used. slopes Livestock grazing Composition • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Laidlaw soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Contrasting inclusions—15 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. Setting • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Landscape position: Swales the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Landform: Hills • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage Parent material: Ash over old alluvium and the steepness of slope in some areas. Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, livestock. Idaho fescue, Ross sedge Climatic factors: Range Site Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Typical Profile 73C—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, 0 to 15 percent slopes 0 to 15 inches—dark brown sandy loam 15 to 38 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam Composition 38 to 60 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam and loamy fine sand Lapine soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Setting Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains Available water capacity: About 8 inches Parent material: Ash and pumice Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet Contrasting Inclusions Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • Fryrear and Wanoga soils on side slopes needlegrasses • Rock outcrop Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Major Uses Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Woodland, livestock grazing Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 93

Typical Profile 73D—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, 1 inch to 0—organic mat 15 to 30 percent slopes 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray Composition extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly Lapine soil and similar inclusions—90 percent loamy coarse sand Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand Setting Soil Properties and Qualities Landform: Pumice-mantled hills Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Parent material: Ash and pumice Drainage class: Excessively drained Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet Permeability: Very rapid Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Available water capacity: About 9 inches needlegrasses Contrasting Inclusions Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches • Soils that are moderately well drained or somewhat Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F poorly drained Frost-free period—20 to 50 days • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Steiger soils that generally are north of Little River Typical Profile Major Use 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand Woodland 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray Major Management Limitations extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly loamy coarse sand Soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, susceptibility to 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand compaction Soil Properties and Qualities General Management Considerations Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Drainage class: Excessively drained undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Permeability: Very rapid • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Available water capacity: About 9 inches treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient Contrasting Inclusions anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • Soils that are moderately well drained or somewhat • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water poorly drained repellency may result from fires that have moderate • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches fireline intensity. • Steiger soils that generally are north of Little River • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. Major Use • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Woodland displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Major Management Limitations compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Slope, soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, • The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low susceptibility to compaction fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root development. General Management Considerations Forest Service Plant Association • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. CP-S2-12 94 Soil Survey

• Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; loamy coarse sand however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand the soil less. Soil Properties and Qualities • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Drainage class: Excessively drained repellency may result from fires that have moderate Permeability: Very rapid fireline intensity. Available water capacity: About 9 inches • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Contrasting Inclusions detrimental impacts to the soil. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches seeding with grass and mulching. • Steiger soils that generally are north of Little River • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Major Use bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Woodland undulating road grades. Major Management Limitations • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Slope, soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. susceptibility to compaction • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, General Management Considerations displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • Loose soil material moving downslope can cover and compaction, designated skid trails should be used. damage seedlings. • The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. development. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Forest Service Plant Association treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient CP-S2-12 anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully 73E—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less 30 to 50 percent slopes damaging to the soil surface. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Composition fireline intensity. Lapine soil and similar inclusions—90 percent • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Contrasting inclusions—10 percent detrimental impacts to the soil. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Setting seeding with grass and mulching. Landform: Pumice-mantled hills • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Parent material: Ash and pumice bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Elevation: 4,500 to 5,000 feet crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, undulating road grades. greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Climatic factors: temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Frost-free period—20 to 50 days displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Typical Profile slash or brush reduces soil displacement. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Because of the moderate susceptibility to 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 95

• The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient development. anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Forest Service Plant Association repellency may result from fires that have moderate CP-S2-17 fireline intensity. • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. 74C—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, high elevation, 0 to 15 percent slopes displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Composition compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low Lapine soil and similar inclusions—90 percent fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root Contrasting inclusions—10 percent development. Setting Forest Service Plant Association Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains CW-H1-11 Parent material: Ash and pumice Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, Douglas fir, 74D—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, snowbrush, chinkapin high elevation, 15 to 30 percent slopes Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Composition Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—10 to 40 days Lapine soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Typical Profile Setting 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand Landform: Pumice-mantled hills 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray Parent material: Ash and pumice extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet loamy coarse sand Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, Douglas fir, 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand snowbrush, chinkapin Climatic factors: Soil Properties and Qualities Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Drainage class: Excessively drained Frost-free period—10 to 40 days Permeability: Very rapid Typical Profile Available water capacity: About 9 inches 1 inch to 0—organic mat Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly Major Use loamy coarse sand Woodland 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand Major Management Limitations Soil Properties and Qualities Soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, susceptibility to Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more compaction Drainage class: Excessively drained Permeability: Very rapid General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 9 inches • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Contrasting Inclusions undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 96 Soil Survey

Major Use Parent material: Ash and pumice Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Woodland Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, Douglas fir, Major Management Limitations snowbrush, and chinkapin Climatic factors: Soil depth, slope, soil texture, low fertility, Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches susceptibility to compaction Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F General Management Considerations Frost-free period—10 to 40 days • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Typical Profile undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. loamy coarse sand • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Soil Properties and Qualities • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more repellency may result from fires that have moderate Drainage class: Excessively drained fireline intensity. Permeability: Very rapid • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Available water capacity: About 9 inches detrimental impacts to the soil. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Contrasting Inclusions seeding with grass and mulching. • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Major Use crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Woodland undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Major Management Limitations temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Soil depth, slope, soil texture, low fertility, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. susceptibility to compaction • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. General Management Considerations • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • Loose soil material moving downslope can cover and compaction, designated skid trails should be used. damage seedlings. • The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. development. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Forest Service Plant Association treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient CW-H1-11 anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully 74E—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less high elevation, 30 to 60 percent slopes damaging to the soil surface. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Composition fireline intensity. Lapine soil and similar inclusions—90 percent • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Contrasting inclusions—10 percent detrimental impacts to the soil. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Setting seeding with grass and mulching. • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Landform: Pumice-mantled hills bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 97

crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Contrasting Inclusions undulating road grades. • Soils that are moderately well drained or somewhat • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and poorly drained temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Major Use • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Woodland displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Major Management Limitations slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Frost hazard, soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, • Because of the moderate susceptibility to susceptibility to compaction compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low General Management Considerations fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root • Severe frost or frost heaving can damage or kill development. seedlings. Forest Service Plant Association • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. CW-H1-11 • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock 75A—Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, grazing. low, 0 to 3 percent slopes • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Composition repellency may result from fires that have moderate Lapine soil and similar inclusions—90 percent fireline intensity. Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. Setting • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Landscape position: Depressions displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Parent material: Ash and pumice compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Elevation: 4,200 to 4,500 feet • The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low Native plants: Lodgepole pine, antelope bitterbrush, fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root sedges development. Climatic factors: Forest Service Plant Association Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F CL-S2-12 Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Typical Profile 1 inch to 0—organic mat 76F—Lapine-Rock outcrop complex, high 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand elevation, 50 to 70 percent slopes 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly Composition loamy coarse sand Lapine soil and similar inclusions—75 percent 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand Rock outcrop—15 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Setting Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Excessively drained Landform: Pumice plains Permeability: Very rapid Parent material: Volcanic ash and pumice Available water capacity: About 9 inches Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet 98 Soil Survey

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, Douglas fir, • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and snowbrush, chinkapin temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Climatic factors: subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Frost-free period—10 to 40 days • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Typical Profile • The coarse texture of the soil and the inherent low 1 inch to 0—organic mat fertility of the subsoil and substratum restrict root 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loamy coarse sand development. 7 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light gray Forest Service Plant Association extremely gravelly coarse sand and very gravelly loamy coarse sand CW-H1-11 37 to 60 inches—light gray gravelly coarse sand Soil Properties and Qualities 77—Lava flows Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Excessively drained Composition Permeability: Very rapid Lava flows—85 percent Available water capacity: About 9 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting Inclusions Setting • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Slope: 0 to 50 percent Major Use Elevation: 3,200 to 5,200 feet Climatic factors: Woodland Mean annual precipitation—30 to 50 inches Major Management Limitations Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Rock outcrop, soil depth, slope, soil texture, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Description of Lava flows General Management Considerations Lateral hardened rock consisting of cooled molten lava • Loose soil material moving downslope can cover and Contrasting Inclusions damage seedlings. • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 1 inch to 20 • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, inches undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Major Use treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Wildlife habitat • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully 78C—Lickskillet-Deschutes complex, 0 to or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less 15 percent slopes damaging to the soil surface. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Composition repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—45 percent • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—40 percent detrimental impacts to the soil. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Setting seeding with grass and mulching. • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Landform: Lickskillet soil—hills; Deschutes soil—lava bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or plains crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Parent material: Lickskillet soil—colluvium; Deschutes undulating road grades. soil—ash Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 99

Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Native plants: Lickskillet soil—Wyoming big the steepness of slope in some areas. sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass; Deschutes choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant soil—western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, varieties. antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by needleandthread the rock fragments on the surface. Climatic factors: Range Site Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Lickskillet soil—Droughty 8-12pz Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Deschutes soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam 79C—Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly 7 to 14 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam loams, 0 to 15 percent slopes 14 inches—tuff Composition Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 1 inch Setting Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil Landscape position: Lickskillet soil—knobs and ridges; Redcliff soil—side slopes 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Landform: Hills 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Parent material: Colluvium 31 inches—basalt Elevation: 2,600 to 4,500 feet Properties and Qualities of the Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch Deschutes Soil wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Climatic factors: Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Permeability: Moderately rapid Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Available water capacity: About 4 inches Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil • Houstake soils in swales 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly loam Major Use 9 to 13 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam 13 inches—fractured rhyolite Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil Major Management Limitations Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches Surface texture, soil depth, rock fragments in surface Drainage class: Well drained layer Permeability: Moderate General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 1 inch • Care should be taken to protect these soils from Typical Profile of the Redcliff Soil wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. 0 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly loam • Because the Deschutes soil is influenced by pumice 19 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very gravelly clay loam slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 25 inches—fractured rhyolite 100 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Redcliff Soil Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly Drainage class: Well drained loam Permeability: Moderate 9 to 13 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam Available water capacity: About 2 inches 13 inches—fractured rhyolite Contrasting Inclusions Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil • Madras and Agency soils on toe slopes Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches • Era soils on north aspects Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Major Use Available water capacity: About 1 inch Livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Redcliff Soil Major Management Limitations 0 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly loam Soil depth, permeability 19 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly clay loam General Management Considerations 25 inches—fractured rhyolite • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the Properties and Qualities of the Redcliff Soil risk of seepage, and the steepness of slope in some areas. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the Drainage class: Well drained choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Permeability: Moderate varieties. Available water capacity: About 2 inches Range Site Contrasting Inclusions Droughty 8-12pz • Simas soils that are on side slopes and ridges and support low sagebrush • Era soils in swales 80D—Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly • Rock outcrop loams, 15 to 30 percent south slopes Major Use Composition Livestock grazing Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Major Management Limitations Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Soil depth, permeability, slope Setting General Management Considerations Landscape position: Lickskillet soil—knobs and ridges; • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Redcliff soil—side slopes seepage, and steepness of slope. Landform: Hills • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the Parent material: Colluvium choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Elevation: 2,600 to 4,500 feet varieties. Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass livestock. Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Range Site Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 140 days South 9-12pz Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 101

80E—Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly Major Management Limitations loams, 30 to 60 percent south slopes Soil depth, permeability, slope General Management Considerations Composition • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—45 percent seepage, and steepness of slope. Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Setting varieties. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Landscape position: Lickskillet soil—knobs and ridges; suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Redcliff soil—side slopes livestock. Landform: Hills • The steepness of slope restricts livestock Parent material: Colluvium distribution and limits range seeding with ground Elevation: 2,600 to 4,500 feet equipment. Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Range Site Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches South 9-12pz Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil 81F—Lickskillet-Rock outcrop complex, 45 to 80 percent slopes 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly loam 9 to 13 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam Composition 13 inches—fractured rhyolite Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil Rock outcrop—35 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 1 inch Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes Landform: Canyonsides Typical Profile of the Redcliff Soil Parent material: Colluvium 0 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly loam Elevation: 2,000 to 4,500 feet 19 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big gravelly clay loam sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch 25 inches—fractured rhyolite wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Properties and Qualities of the Redcliff Soil Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Permeability: Moderate Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil Available water capacity: About 2 inches 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 7 to 14 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam • Simas soils that are on side slopes and ridges and 14 inches—tuff support low sagebrush Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil • Era soils in swales • Rock outcrop Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Major Use Permeability: Moderate Livestock grazing Available water capacity: About 1 inch 102 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions Soil Properties and Qualities • Deep soils that are sandy throughout Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Use Drainage class: Well drained Livestock grazing Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 7 inches Major Management Limitations Contrasting Inclusions Rock outcrop, soil depth, climate, surface stones, slope • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges • Douthit soils on ridges General Management Considerations • Haynap soils that are south of Round Lake and are • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth on side slopes limit productivity and limit the choice of species for Major Use range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for Woodland grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Major Management Limitations • The steepness of slope, areas of Rock outcrop, and stones on the surface restrict livestock distribution and Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction restrict range seeding with ground equipment. General Management Considerations • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Range Site • Competing vegetation can be reduced by South 9-12pz mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 82C—Linksterly sandy loam, 0 to 15 displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. percent slopes • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Composition Forest Service Plant Association Linksterly soil and similar inclusions—85 percent CD-S6-13 Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Setting 82D—Linksterly sandy loam, 15 to 30 Landform: Moraines percent slopes Parent material: Ash over glacial till Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet Composition Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common snowberry, forbs Linksterly soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Climatic factors: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches Setting Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Landform: Moraines Parent material: Ash over glacial till Typical Profile Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet 3 inches to 0—organic mat Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam snowberry, and forbs 14 to 41 inches—black and very dark grayish brown Climatic factors: loamy fine sand Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches 41 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F sandy loam Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 103

Typical Profile Setting 3 inches to 0—organic mat Landform: Moraines 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam Parent material: Ash over glacial till 14 to 41 inches—black and very dark grayish brown Elevation: 3,700 to 4,400 feet loamy fine sand Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, common 41 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly snowberry, forbs sandy loam Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches Soil Properties and Qualities Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; Frost-free period—20 to 50 days bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Typical Profile Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid 3 inches to 0—organic mat Available water capacity: About 7 inches 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam 14 to 41 inches—black and very dark grayish brown Contrasting Inclusions loamy fine sand • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges 41 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly • Douthit soils on ridges sandy loam • Haynap soils that are south of Round Lake and are Soil Properties and Qualities on side slopes Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; Major Use bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Major Management Limitations Available water capacity: About 7 inches Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Contrasting Inclusions General Management Considerations • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, • Douthit soils on ridges undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Haynap soils that are south of Round Lake and are • Competing vegetation can be reduced by on side slopes mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock Major Use grazing. • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; Woodland however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Major Management Limitations the soil less. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. General Management Considerations • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Forest Service Plant Association undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical CD-S6-13 treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully 82E—Linksterly sandy loam, 30 to 50 or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less percent slopes damaging to the soil surface. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by seeding with grass and mulching. Composition • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using Linksterly soil and similar inclusions—85 percent water bars and relief culverts; insloping, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using 104 Soil Survey

sediment traps; and undulating road grades. Major Use • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Woodland temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Major Management Limitations • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Frost hazard, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging General Management Considerations slash or brush reduces soil displacement. • Severe frost or frost heaving can damage or kill • Because of the moderate susceptibility to seedlings. compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Forest Service Plant Association displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. CD-S6-13 • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. 83C—Linksterly sandy loam, cool, 0 to 15 Forest Service Plant Association percent slopes CL-M4-11 Composition Linksterly soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 83D—Linksterly sandy loam, cool, 15 to 30 Contrasting inclusions—15 percent percent slopes Setting Composition Landform: Moraines Linksterly soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Parent material: Ash over glacial till Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 5,200 feet Native plants: Lodgepole pine, beargrass Setting Climatic factors: Landform: Moraines Mean annual precipitation—60 to 70 inches Parent material: Ash over glacial till Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F Elevation: 4,400 to 5,200 feet Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Native plants: Lodgepole pine and beargrass Typical Profile Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—60 to 70 inches 3 inches to 0—organic mat Mean annual air temperature—35 to 42 degrees F 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam Frost-free period—10 to 30 days 14 to 41 inches—black and very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand Typical Profile 41 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly 3 inches to 0—organic mat sandy loam 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam Soil Properties and Qualities 14 to 41 inches—black and very dark grayish brown loamy fine sand Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; 41 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Soil Properties and Qualities Available water capacity: About 7 inches Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; Contrasting Inclusions bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges Drainage class: Well drained • Douthit soils on ridges Permeability: Moderately rapid • Rock outcrop on ridges Available water capacity: About 7 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 105

Contrasting Inclusions 41 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly sandy loam • Belrick soils on side slopes and ridges • Douthit soils on ridges Properties and Qualities of the Linksterly Soil • Rock outcrop on ridges Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; Major Use bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderately rapid Major Management Limitations Available water capacity: About 7 inches Frost hazard, slope, low fertility, susceptibility to Description of Blowout compaction Nonvegetated depressions where the soil material has General Management Considerations been removed by wind • Severe frost or frost heaving can damage or kill Contrasting Inclusions seedlings. • Belrick soils on ridges • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; • Haynap soils that are north and east of Blue Lake however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. Major Use • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Woodland displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Major Management Limitations compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction, wind erosion Forest Service Plant Association General Management Considerations CL-M4-11 • This unit is susceptible to wind erosion if the vegetation is removed. 84C—Linksterly-Blowout complex, 0 to 15 • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, percent slopes undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Composition • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Linksterly soil and similar inclusions—65 percent displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Blowout—20 percent • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Contrasting inclusions—15 percent compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Setting Forest Service Plant Association Landform: Moraines CL-M4-11 Parent material: Ash over glacial till Elevation: 4,400 to 5,200 feet Native plants: Lodgepole pine, beargrass 85A—Lundgren sandy loam, 0 to 3 Climatic factors: percent slopes Mean annual precipitation—60 to 70 inches Mean annual air temperature—35 to 40 degrees F Composition Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Lundgren soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Typical Profile of the Linksterly Soil Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Setting 3 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam Landform: Outwash plains 14 to 41 inches—black and very dark grayish brown Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash loamy fine sand Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet 106 Soil Survey

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Range Site wax currant, Idaho fescue, western needlegrass Pine-Bitterbrush-Fescue Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F 86A—Madras sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent Frost-free period—60 to 90 days slopes Typical Profile Composition 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam 14 to 23 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam Madras soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 23 to 38 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 38 to 60 inches—brown extremely gravelly sandy Setting loam Landform: Lava plains Soil Properties and Qualities Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, Drainage class: Well drained antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho Permeability: Moderately rapid fescue Available water capacity: About 5 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Omahaling soils on flood plains Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Major Uses Typical Profile Woodland, livestock grazing 0 to 10 inches—brown sandy loam 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay loam Major Management Limitations 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment Climate, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction, consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the surface texture, permeability Deschutes Formation 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation General Management Considerations Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Drainage class: Well drained the low precipitation. Permeability: Moderately slow • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Contrasting Inclusions treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Era soils in swales • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, • Cullius soils on lava plains displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Caphealy and Reuter soils on hills • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Major Uses Livestock grazing Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Major Management Limitations growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Soil depth, surface texture, permeability, climate • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. General Management Considerations • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Irrigated cropland reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 107

• Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Contrasting Inclusions subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Era soils in swales • Because water soluble chemicals may be carried in • Cullius soils on lava plains the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive • Caphealy and Reuter soils on hills irrigation rates that may result in overland flow. Major Uses Livestock grazing Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Major Management Limitations • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Soil depth, surface texture, permeability, slope, climate reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. General Management Considerations • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Irrigated cropland • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Range Site • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Droughty Loam 8-10pz subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Because water soluble chemicals may be carried in the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive 86B—Madras sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. slopes • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Composition Livestock grazing Madras soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Contrasting inclusions—15 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. Setting • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Landform: Lava plains the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Range Site Climatic factors: Droughty Loam 8-10pz Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—120 to 140 days 87A—Madras loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Typical Profile Composition 0 to 10 inches—brown sandy loam 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay loam Madras soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment Contrasting inclusions—15 percent consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the Setting Deschutes Formation 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Soil Properties and Qualities Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, Drainage class: Well drained antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho Permeability: Moderately slow fescue Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches Climatic factors: 108 Soil Survey

Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches General Management Considerations Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Irrigated cropland Typical Profile • Because water soluble chemicals may be carried in the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive 0 to 10 inches—brown loam irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay loam 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment Livestock grazing consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Deschutes Formation • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Soil Properties and Qualities Range Site Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Droughty Loam 8-10pz Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches 87B—Madras loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Era soils in swales • Cullius soils on lava plains Madras soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Soils that have a silt loam surface layer Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Major Uses Setting Irrigated cropland (fig. 7), livestock grazing Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Typical Profile 0 to 10 inches—brown loam 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay loam 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the Deschutes Formation 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation Soil Properties and Qualities Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Figure 7.—Area of Madras loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, used Available water capacity: About 4 inches for production of grass seed. Mt. Jefferson is in background. Contrasting Inclusions

Major Management Limitations • Era soils in swales • Cullius soils on lava plains Permeability, climate, soil depth • Soils that have a silt loam surface layer Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 109

Major Uses Soil Properties and Qualities Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 22 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability, slope, climate, soil depth Available water capacity: About 4 inches General Management Considerations Contrasting Inclusions Irrigated cropland • Era soils in swales • Cullius soils on lava plains • Because water soluble chemicals may be carried in • Soils that have a silt loam surface layer the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. Major Uses • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Major Management Limitations Livestock grazing Permeability, slope, climate, soil depth • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. General Management Considerations • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Irrigated cropland species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Because water soluble chemicals may be carried in Range Site the runoff, care should be taken to prevent excessive Droughty Loam 8-10pz irrigation rates that may lead to overland flow. • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. 87C—Madras loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Livestock grazing Composition • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Madras soil and similar inclusions—85 percent species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Range Site Setting Droughty Loam 8-10pz Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Loess over semiconsolidated sediment Elevation: 2,000 to 3,000 feet 88D—Menbo stony loam, 5 to 25 percent Native plants: Western juniper, basin big sagebrush, slopes antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Composition Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Menbo soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—120 to 140 days Setting Typical Profile Landform: Hills 0 to 10 inches—brown loam Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt and 10 to 23 inches—yellowish brown loam and clay loam welded tuff with ash on the surface 23 to 27 inches—semiconsolidated sediment Elevation: 4,400 to 5,500 feet consisting of gravel, cobbles, and sand of the Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, antelope Deschutes Formation bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, 27 inches—basalt of the Deschutes Formation Thurber needlegrass 110 Soil Survey

Climatic factors: Parent material: Ash over old alluvium Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Elevation: 4,300 to 4,800 feet Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass Climatic factors: Typical Profile Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown stony loam Frost-free period—50 to 90 days 3 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam 8 to 26 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Typical Profile 26 inches—basalt 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown gravelly sandy loam Soil Properties and Qualities 8 to 17 inches—brown loamy sand 17 to 38 inches—pale brown sandy loam Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 38 to 60 inches—indurated duripan Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Soil Properties and Qualities Available water capacity: About 5 inches Depth: Duripan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; bedrock Contrasting Inclusions at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Ninemile soils on lava plains and toe slopes Permeability: Moderately slow • Westbutte soils on steep hillsides Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Rock outcrop on knolls Contrasting Inclusions Major Use • Stookmoor soils on terraces Livestock grazing • Borobey soils along drainageways Major Management Limitations Major Use Climate, soil depth, rock fragments Livestock grazing General Management Considerations Major Management Limitations • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and by General Management Considerations the steepness of slope in some areas. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by growth of forage and shorten the growing season. the rock fragments on the surface. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas erosion when applying range improvement practices. suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, livestock. reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Range Site the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Stony Loam 10-12pz risk of seepage. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of 89A—Milcan gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 5 species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. percent slopes Range Site Pumice 8-10pz Composition Milcan soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 90C—Minkwell sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes Setting Composition Landscape position: Basins Landform: Lava plains Minkwell soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 111

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 90D—Minkwell sandy loam, 15 to 30 Setting percent slopes Landform: Moraines Composition Parent material: Ash over glacial till Elevation: 3,700 to 5,000 feet Minkwell soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent greenleaf manzanita Setting Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches Landform: Moraines Mean annual air temperature—35 to 44 degrees F Parent material: Ash over glacial till Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Elevation: 3,700 to 5,000 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush, Typical Profile greenleaf manzanita 1 inch to 0—organic mat Climatic factors: 0 to 23 inches—dark brown sandy loam Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches 23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown cobbly loam Mean annual air temperature—35 to 44 degrees F 34 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown and dark brown Frost-free period—10 to 50 days cobbly clay loam Typical Profile Soil Properties and Qualities 1 inch to 0—organic mat Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; 0 to 23 inches—dark brown sandy loam bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown cobbly loam Drainage class: Well drained 34 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown and dark brown Permeability: Moderate cobbly clay loam Available water capacity: About 8 inches Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting Inclusions Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; • Bott and Douthit soils on ridges bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Major Use Permeability: Moderate Woodland Available water capacity: About 8 inches Major Management Limitations Contrasting Inclusions Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction • Bott and Douthit soils on ridges General Management Considerations Major Use • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Woodland undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Major Management Limitations • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, General Management Considerations displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, compaction, designated skid trails should be used. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Forest Service Plant Association treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. CW-S1-12 • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; 112 Soil Survey

however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. the soil less. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully • Because of the moderate susceptibility to or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less compaction, designated skid trails should be used. damaging to the soil surface. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Forest Service Plant Association repellency may result from fires that have moderate CW-S1-12 fireline intensity. • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. 90E—Minkwell sandy loam, 30 to 50 • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by percent slopes seeding with grass and mulching. • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Composition bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Minkwell soil and similar inclusions—85 percent undulating road grades. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Setting temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Landform: Moraines • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Parent material: Ash over glacial till displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Elevation: 3,700 to 5,000 feet • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush, slash or brush reduces soil displacement. and greenleaf manzanita • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Climatic factors: compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Mean annual precipitation—50 to 70 inches Mean annual air temperature—35 to 44 degrees F Forest Service Plant Association Frost-free period—10 to 50 days CW-S1-12 Typical Profile 1 inch to 0—organic mat 91B—Ninemile sandy loam, 0 to 10 0 to 23 inches—dark brown sandy loam percent slopes 23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly loam 34 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown and dark brown Composition cobbly clay loam Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Glacial till at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; Setting bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Lava plains Permeability: Moderate Parent material: Residuum derived from basalt with ash Available water capacity: About 8 inches on the surface Elevation: 4,200 to 4,800 feet Contrasting Inclusions Native plants: Low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Thurber • Bott and Douthit soils on ridges needlegrass, western needlegrass Climatic factors: Major Use Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Woodland Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Major Management Limitations Typical Profile Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam General Management Considerations 7 to 19 inches—pale brown clay and gravelly clay • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 19 inches—basalt Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 113

Soil Properties and Qualities 7 to 19 inches—pale brown clay and gravelly clay 19 inches—basalt Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Soil Properties and Qualities Permeability: Very slow Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Available water capacity: About 3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Very shallow soils that have a very stony surface layer and are along bedrock escarpments Contrasting Inclusions • Embal and Dester soils along drainageways • Very shallow soils that have a very stony surface • Choptie soils on hills layer and are along bedrock escarpments Major Use • Embal and Dester soils along drainageways • Choptie soils on hills Livestock grazing • Reluctan soils on lava plains Major Management Limitations Major Use Climate, surface texture, soil depth Livestock grazing General Management Considerations Major Management Limitations • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Climate, soil depth, rock fragments in surface layer growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from General Management Considerations wind erosion when applying range improvement • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the practices. growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. the rock fragments on the surface. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Range Site Range Site Claypan 12-16pz Pumice Claypan 9-11pz

92B—Ninemile very cobbly loam, 0 to 10 93B—Ninemile-Dester complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes percent slopes Composition Composition Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Ninemile soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Dester soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Setting Setting Landform: Lava plains Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Residuum derived from basalt Parent material: Ninemile soil—residuum with ash on Elevation: 4,200 to 5,500 feet the surface; Dester soil—ash over residuum Native plants: Low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Sandberg Elevation: 4,200 to 4,500 feet bluegrass Native plants: Ninemile soil—low sagebrush, Idaho Climatic factors: fescue, Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass; Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Dester soil—mountain big sagebrush, Idaho Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F fescue, Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Climatic factors: Typical Profile Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown very cobbly loam Frost-free period—50 to 90 days 114 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Ninemile Soil 94A—Omahaling fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam percent slopes 7 to 19 inches—pale brown clay and gravelly clay 19 inches—basalt Composition Properties and Qualities of the Ninemile Soil Omahaling soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Very slow Landform: Flood plains (fig. 8) Available water capacity: About 3 inches Typical Profile of the Dester Soil 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 17 to 24 inches—brown clay loam 24 to 34 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay loam 34 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Dester Soil Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches Contrasting Inclusions Figure 8.—Typical area of Omahaling fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 • Soils that have a stony surface layer and are along percent slopes. Three Sisters Mountains in background. bedrock escarpments • Borobey soils along drainageways Parent material: Ash over old alluvium • Choptie soils on hills Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet Major Use Native plants: Quaking aspen, willow, sedges Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Major Management Limitations Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Climate, surface texture, soil depth Frost-free period—60 to 90 days General Management Considerations Typical Profile • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the 0 to 19 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy growth of forage and shorten the growing season. loam • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind 19 to 23 inches—grayish brown silt loam erosion when applying range improvement practices. 23 to 29 inches—dark gray gravelly sand • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, 29 to 48 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if 48 to 60 inches—dark gray extremely gravelly coarse the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. sand • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Soil Properties and Qualities Range Site Ninemile soil—Pumice Claypan 9-11pz Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Dester soil—Pumice 8-10pz Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 115

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches below the surface greenleaf manzanita, needlegrasses in April through June Climatic factors: Permeability: Moderate over very rapid Mean annual precipitation—20 to 40 inches Available water capacity: About 8 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Parrego Soil • Soils that are poorly drained • Soils that have a loam surface layer and a gravelly 3 inches to 0—organic mat clay loam subsoil 0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam • Soils that have slopes of more than 5 percent 5 to 13 inches—brown loam • Gravel deposits 13 to 24 inches—brown clay loam 24 inches—weathered tuff Major Uses Properties and Qualities of the Parrego Soil Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 4 to 7 inches; soft Major Management Limitations bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Permeability, slope, high water table, climate Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 4 inches Irrigated cropland Typical Profile of the Windego Soil • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached 1 inch to 0—organic mat and ground water may be contaminated because of the 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam very rapid permeability of the substratum. 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam • Care should be taken when using flood irrigation on 30 to 60 inches—brown and yellowish brown very slopes of more than 3 percent. cobbly clay loam Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil • If seeding is needed, select plants that tolerate Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; seasonal wetness. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Drainage class: Well drained compaction and displacement and damage plants. Permeability: Moderate • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Available water capacity: About 6 inches growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Smiling soils on side slopes • Thorn soils on ridges Wet Meadow Major Use 95E—Parrego-Rock outcrop-Windego Woodland complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Rock outcrop, climate, slope, low fertility, susceptibility Composition to compaction Parrego soil and similar inclusions—35 percent General Management Considerations Rock outcrop—25 percent Windego soil and similar inclusions—25 percent • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent the low precipitation. Setting • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Landform: Mountains • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less 116 Soil Survey

damaging to the soil surface. Permeability: Moderate • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Available water capacity: About 4 inches seeding with grass and mulching. Typical Profile of the Thorn Soil • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or 1 inch to 0—organic mat crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and 0 to 4 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam undulating road grades. 4 to 8 inches—dark brown loam • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and 8 to 16 inches—dark brown extremely stony loam temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 16 inches—andesite subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Properties and Qualities of the Thorn Soil • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Drainage class: Well drained slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Permeability: Moderate • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Available water capacity: About 2 inches compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Contrasting Inclusions Forest Service Plant Association • Smiling soils on side slopes CP-S2-13 • Windego soils on ridges Major Use 96D—Parrego-Thorn-Rock outcrop Woodland complex, 15 to 50 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Parrego and Thorn soils—Rock outcrop, climate, slope, low fertility Parrego soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Thorn soil—soil depth, susceptibility to compaction Thorn soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Rock outcrop—25 percent General Management Considerations Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Setting the low precipitation. Landform: Mountains • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Native plants: Parrego soil—ponderosa pine, antelope treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, needlegrasses; • Because roots are restricted by the shallow depth of Thorn soil—ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, the Thorn soil, trees are subject to windthrow. greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Climatic factors: repellency may result from fires that have moderate Mean annual precipitation—15 to 25 inches fireline intensity. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Frost-free period—50 to 90 days detrimental impacts to the soil. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Typical Profile of the Parrego Soil or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less 3 inches to 0—organic mat damaging to the soil surface. 0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by 5 to 13 inches—brown loam seeding with grass and mulching. 13 to 24 inches—brown clay loam • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water 24 inches—weathered tuff bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Properties and Qualities of the Parrego Soil undulating road grades. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 4 to 7 inches; soft • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Drainage class: Well drained subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 117

• Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 55 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown indurated displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. duripan • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Soil Properties and Qualities slash or brush reduces soil displacement. • Because of the moderate susceptibility of the Thorn Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; soil to compaction, designated skid trails should be duripan at a depth of 50 to 65 inches; bedrock at a used. depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Forest Service Plant Association Permeability: Moderately rapid Parrego soil—CP-S2-13 Available water capacity: About 5 inches Thorn soil—CP-S2-17 Contrasting Inclusions • Tumalo soils on outwash plains 97—Pits • Soils that have a duripan at a depth of more than 60 inches Setting Major Uses Landform: Cinder cones Slope: 0 to 65 percent Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Elevation: 2,500 to 5,000 feet Major Management Limitations Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 25 inches Surface texture, permeability Mean annual air temperature—41 to 52 degrees F General Management Considerations Frost-free period—50 to 140 days Irrigated cropland Major Use • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Source of road paving material subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Livestock grazing 98A—Plainview sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Composition reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Plainview soil and similar inclusions—85 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Setting

Landform: Outwash plains (fig. 9) Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Typical Profile 0 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown and brown sandy loam 23 to 39 inches—pale brown very gravelly and extremely gravelly sandy loam Figure 9.—Typical area of Plainview sandy loam, 0 to 3 39 to 55 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly percent slopes, in foreground. Three Sisters Mountains loamy sand in background. 118 Soil Survey

Range Site subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler Pumice Flat 10-12pz irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Livestock grazing 98B—Plainview sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Composition reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Plainview soil and similar inclusions—85 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Setting Range Site Landform: Outwash plains Pumice Flat 10-12pz Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big 99C—Prairie-Gap complex, 0 to 15 percent sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, slopes needleandthread Climatic factors: Composition Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Prairie soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Gap soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Typical Profile Setting 0 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown and brown sandy Landform: Mountains loam Parent material: Ash over residuum and colluvium 23 to 39 inches—pale brown very gravelly and Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet extremely gravelly sandy loam Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, white fir, 39 to 55 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly common snowberry, pinegrass loamy sand Climatic factors: 55 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown indurated Mean annual precipitation—25 to 35 inches duripan Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Soil Properties and Qualities Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Typical Profile of the Prairie Soil duripan at a depth of 50 to 65 inches; bedrock at a 3 inches to 0—organic mat depth of 60 inches or more 0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown Drainage class: Well drained sandy loam Permeability: Moderately rapid 16 to 22 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Available water capacity: About 5 inches 22 to 37 inches—dark brown cobbly loam Contrasting Inclusions 37 inches—weathered basalt • Tumalo soils on outwash plains Properties and Qualities of the Prairie Soil Major Uses Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 5 inches Surface texture, permeability, slope Typical Profile of the Gap Soil General Management Considerations 4 inches to 0—organic mat Irrigated cropland 0 to 14 inches—dark brown and reddish brown sandy • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is loam Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 119

14 to 18 inches—reddish brown loam common snowberry, pinegrass 18 to 47 inches—dark brown and reddish brown clay Climatic factors: loam Mean annual precipitation—25 to 35 inches 47 inches—weathered tuff Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Properties and Qualities of the Gap Soil Typical Profile of the Prairie Soil Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches 3 inches to 0—organic mat Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown Permeability: Moderately slow sandy loam Available water capacity: About 8 inches 16 to 22 inches—dark brown gravelly loam 22 to 37 inches—dark brown cobbly loam Contrasting Inclusions 37 inches—weathered tuff • Glaze soils on ridges Properties and Qualities of the Prairie Soil Major Use Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft Woodland bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Moderately rapid Prairie and Gap soils—low fertility, susceptibility to Available water capacity: About 5 inches compaction Typical Profile of the Gap Soil Prairie soil—soil depth 4 inches to 0—organic mat General Management Considerations 0 to 14 inches—dark brown and reddish brown sandy • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 14 to 18 inches—reddish brown loam • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 18 to 47 inches—dark brown and reddish brown clay treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. loam • On the Prairie soil, reduce the risk of erosion on 47 inches—weathered tuff tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, Properties and Qualities of the Gap Soil installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 20 inches; soft • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches or more displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Permeability: Moderately slow compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Available water capacity: About 8 inches Forest Service Plant Association Contrasting Inclusions CD-S6-14 • Glaze soils on ridges Major Use 99D—Prairie-Gap complex, 15 to 30 Woodland percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Prairie and Gap soils—slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Prairie soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Prairie soil—soil depth Gap soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent General Management Considerations Setting • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Landform: Mountains undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Parent material: Ash over residuum and colluvium • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, white fir, • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; 120 Soil Survey

however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil the soil less. 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by 7 to 14 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam seeding with grass and mulching. 14 inches—tuff • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches undulating road grades. Drainage class: Well drained • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Permeability: Moderate temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Available water capacity: About 1 inch subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Contrasting Inclusions displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Deep soils that are sandy loam and are on north- and • Because of the moderate susceptibility to south-facing slopes compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Major Use Forest Service Plant Association Livestock grazing CD-S6-14 Major Management Limitations 100C—Redcliff-Lickskillet complex, 0 to 15 Soil depth, permeability, rock fragments in surface percent slopes layer General Management Considerations Composition • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—60 percent seepage, and steepness of slope in some areas. Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—25 percent • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the Contrasting inclusions—15 percent choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Setting • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Landscape position: Toe slopes the rock fragments on the surface. Landform: Hills Range Site Parent material: Colluvium Elevation: 2,000 to 4,500 feet Droughty 8-12pz Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass 101D—Redcliff-Lickskillet-Rock outcrop Climatic factors: complex, 15 to 30 percent south slopes Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Composition Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Typical Profile of the Redcliff Soil Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Rock outcrop—15 percent 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown cobbly sandy loam Contrasting inclusions—5 percent 10 to 25 inches—pale brown very cobbly sandy loam 25 to 34 inches—pale brown extremely cobbly sandy Setting loam Landscape position: Redcliff soil—toe slopes; 34 inches—basalt Lickskillet soil—upper slopes Properties and Qualities of the Redcliff Soil Landform: Canyonsides Parent material: Colluvium Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Elevation: 2,000 to 4,500 feet Drainage class: Well drained Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big Permeability: Moderate sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Available water capacity: About 2 inches wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 121

Climatic factors: 101E—Redcliff-Lickskillet-Rock outcrop Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches complex, 30 to 50 percent south slopes Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Composition Typical Profile of the Redcliff Soil Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—60 percent 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown cobbly sandy loam Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—20 percent 10 to 25 inches—pale brown very cobbly sandy loam Rock outcrop—15 percent 25 to 34 inches—pale brown extremely cobbly sandy Contrasting inclusions—5 percent loam Setting 34 inches—basalt Landscape position: Redcliff soil—toe slopes; Properties and Qualities of the Redcliff Soil Lickskillet soil—upper slopes Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Landform: Canyonsides Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Colluvium Permeability: Moderate Elevation: 2,000 to 4,500 feet Available water capacity: About 2 inches Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam Climatic factors: 7 to 14 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 14 inches—tuff Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil Typical Profile of the Redcliff Soil Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown cobbly sandy loam Permeability: Moderate 10 to 25 inches—pale brown very cobbly sandy loam Available water capacity: About 1 inch 25 to 34 inches—pale brown extremely cobbly sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 34 inches—basalt • Soils that are deep sandy loam Properties and Qualities of the Redcliff Soil Major Use Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Major Management Limitations Available water capacity: About 2 inches Rock outcrop, soil depth, permeability, rock fragments Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil in surface layer, slope 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam General Management Considerations 7 to 14 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of loam seepage, and steepness of slope. 14 inches—tuff • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Drainage class: Well drained the rock fragments on the surface. Permeability: Moderate • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for Available water capacity: About 1 inch grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Soils that are deep sandy loam South 9-12pz 122 Soil Survey

Major Use Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Major Management Limitations Permeability: Moderate Rock outcrop, soil depth, permeability, rock fragments Available water capacity: About 2 inches in surface layer, slope, aspect Contrasting Inclusions General Management Considerations • Westbutte soils on steep, north-facing hillsides • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of • Stookmoor soils on hillsides seepage, and steepness of slope. • Lickskillet soils near areas of Rock outcrop • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the Major Use choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Livestock grazing • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Major Management Limitations the rock fragments on the surface, the steepness of slope, and the areas of Rock outcrop. Rock outcrop, climate, soil depth • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for General Management Considerations grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • The steepness of slope restricts livestock • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and distribution and limits range seeding with ground the steepness of slope in some areas. equipment. • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to the areas of Rock outcrop. grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Range Site • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of South 9-12pz species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Range Site 102D—Redcliff-Rock outcrop complex, 5 South 9-12pz to 30 percent slopes

Composition 103E—Redcliff-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 65 percent south slopes Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—60 percent Rock outcrop—25 percent Composition Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Redcliff soil and similar inclusions—65 percent Setting Rock outcrop—20 percent Landform: Hills Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Parent material: Colluvium Setting Elevation: 3,000 to 4,500 feet Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big Landform: Hills sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Parent material: Colluvium wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Elevation: 3,000 to 5,500 feet Climatic factors: Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Mean annual air temperature—46 to 48 degrees F wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches Typical Profile Mean annual air temperature—46 to 48 degrees F 0 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly loam Frost-free period—50 to 90 days 19 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Typical Profile of the Redcliff Soil gravelly clay loam 25 inches—fractured rhyolite 0 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly loam Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 123

19 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F gravelly clay loam Frost-free period—80 to 100 days 25 inches—fractured rhyolite Typical Profile Properties and Qualities of the Redcliff Soil 0 to 12 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 12 to 21 inches—grayish brown loam Drainage class: Well drained 21 inches—basalt Permeability: Moderate Soil Properties and Qualities Available water capacity: About 2 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained • Westbutte soils on steep, north-facing hillsides Permeability: Moderate • Stookmoor soils on hillsides Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Lickskillet soils near areas of Rock outcrop Contrasting Inclusions Major Use • Buckbert, Deschutes, and Houstake soils in swales Livestock grazing • Stukel soils on ridges Major Management Limitations Major Uses Rock outcrop, climate, soil depth, slope Irrigated cropland (fig. 10), livestock grazing General Management Considerations • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and steepness of slope. • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • The steepness of slope restricts livestock distribution and limits range seeding with ground equipment. • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Range Site South 9-12pz Figure 10.—Irrigated pasture in an area of Redmond sandy 104A—Redmond sandy loam, 0 to 3 loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Soil depth, surface texture, permeability, climate Redmond soil and similar inclusions—85 percent General Management Considerations Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Irrigated cropland Setting • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for Landform: Lava plains deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Parent material: Ash • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Livestock grazing sagebrush, needleandthread, Idaho fescue, western needlegrass • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Climatic factors: erosion when applying range improvement practices. Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, 124 Soil Survey

reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Drainage class: Well drained the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Available water capacity: About 4 inches risk of seepage. Typical Profile of the Stukel Soil • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam Range Site 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Pumice Flat 8-10pz 18 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Stukel Soil 105C—Redmond-Deschutes-Stukel Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Composition Available water capacity: About 2 inches Redmond soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting Inclusions Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—30 percent • Soils that have a gravelly substratum Stukel soil and similar inclusions—20 percent • Rock outcrop Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Major Use Setting Livestock grazing Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Ash Major Management Limitations Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Surface texture, soil depth, permeability Native plants: Redmond and Deschutes soils—western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope General Management Considerations bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread; Stukel • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind soil—western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, erosion when applying range improvement practices. antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, fescue reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Climatic factors: the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F risk of seepage. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • The restricted depth of the Stukel soil limits the Typical Profile of the Redmond Soil choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 0 to 12 inches—grayish brown sandy loam • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas 12 to 21 inches—grayish brown loam suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by 21 inches—basalt livestock. Properties and Qualities of the Redmond Soil Range Site Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Redmond and Deschutes soils—Pumice Flat 10-12pz Permeability: Moderate Stukel soil—Lava Blisters 10-12pz Available water capacity: About 4 inches Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil 106D—Redslide-Lickskillet complex, 15 to 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 30 percent north slopes 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam 31 inches—basalt Composition Properties and Qualities of the Redslide soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Deschutes Soil Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 125

Setting choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Landscape position: Redslide soil—toe slopes; • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Lickskillet soil—upper slopes the rock fragments on the surface. Landform: Canyonsides • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Parent material: Colluvium suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Elevation: 2,000 to 4,000 feet livestock. Native plants: Redslide soil—western juniper, antelope bitterbrush, mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Range Site bluebunch wheatgrass; Lickskillet soil—western Redslide soil—Sandy North 9-14pz juniper, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Lickskillet soil—Shallow North 9-12pz wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 106E—Redslide-Lickskillet complex, 30 to Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F 50 percent north slopes Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Typical Profile of the Redslide Soil Composition 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown stony sandy loam Redslide soil and similar inclusions—50 percent 4 to 21 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam Lickskillet soil and similar inclusions—35 percent 21 to 34 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 34 inches—fractured rhyolite Setting Properties and Qualities of the Redslide Soil Landscape position: Redslide soil—toe slopes; Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Lickskillet soil—upper slopes Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Canyonsides Permeability: Moderately rapid Parent material: Colluvium Available water capacity: About 2 inches Elevation: 2,000 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Redslide soil—western juniper, antelope Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil bitterbrush, mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam bluebunch wheatgrass; Lickskillet soil—western 7 to 14 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam juniper, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch 14 inches—tuff wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Permeability: Moderate Typical Profile of the Redslide Soil Available water capacity: About 1 inch 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown stony sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 4 to 21 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam • Soils that are deep sandy loam 21 to 34 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy loam • Rock outcrop 34 inches—fractured rhyolite Major Use Properties and Qualities of the Redslide Soil Livestock grazing Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Soil depth, permeability, rock fragments in surface Available water capacity: About 2 inches layer, slope Typical Profile of the Lickskillet Soil General Management Considerations • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very stony sandy loam seepage, and steepness of slope. 7 to 14 inches—dark brown very cobbly sandy loam • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the 14 inches—tuff 126 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Lickskillet Soil Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 12 to 20 inches Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Typical Profile Available water capacity: About 1 inch 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 4 to 10 inches—brown sandy loam 10 to 35 inches—brown and pale brown gravelly clay • Soils that are deep sandy loam loam • Rock outcrop 35 inches—basalt Major Use Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Soil depth, permeability, rock fragments in surface Available water capacity: About 4 inches layer, slope Contrasting Inclusions General Management Considerations • Shallow soils that have a duripan over bedrock • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of • Ninemile soils on lava plains seepage, and steepness of slope. • Beden soils on lower toe slopes • The restricted depth of the Lickskillet soil limits the • Swaler soils in basins choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant • Rock outcrop varieties. • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Major Use the rock fragments on the surface and the steepness Livestock grazing of slope. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Major Management Limitations suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Climate, surface texture, soil depth livestock. • The steepness of slope restricts livestock General Management Considerations distribution and makes range seeding with ground • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the equipment impractical. growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Range Site • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Redslide soil—Sandy North 9-14pz • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Lickskillet soil—Shallow North 9-12pz reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 107B—Reluctan sandy loam, 1 to 8 • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. percent slopes • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Composition Range Site Reluctan soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Droughty Pumice 9-12pz Setting Landform: Lava plains 108C—Reluctan loam, 2 to 20 percent Parent material: Residuum derived from basalt and slopes welded tuff with ash on the surface Elevation: 4,100 to 5,000 feet Composition Native plants: Stiff sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, bottlebrush squirreltail Reluctan soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Climatic factors: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 127

Setting Setting Landform: Lava plains Slope: 20 to 65 percent Parent material: Residuum derived from basalt and Elevation: 2,500 to 5,000 feet welded tuff Climatic factors: Elevation: 4,100 to 5,000 feet Mean annual precipitation—10 to 15 inches Native plants: Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Mean annual air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F basin big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Climatic factors: Description of Rock outcrop Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Outcroppings of volcanic rock Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 1 inch to 20 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown loam inches 10 to 25 inches—brown clay loam Major Use 25 inches—basalt Wildlife habitat Soil Properties and Qualities Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained 110D—Schrier-Tub complex, 15 to 30 Permeability: Moderately slow percent north slopes Available water capacity: About 4 inches Composition Contrasting Inclusions Schrier soil and similar inclusions—45 percent • Shallow soils that have a duripan over bedrock Tub soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Beden soils on lower toe slopes Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Rock outcrop Setting Major Use Landscape position: Side slopes Livestock grazing Landform: Hills Major Management Limitations Parent material: Loess over colluvium Elevation: 2,600 to 4,500 feet Climate, soil depth Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, General Management Considerations bluebunch wheatgrass Climatic factors: • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and by Frost-free period—110 to 130 days the steepness of slope in some areas. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Typical Profile of the Schrier Soil suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by 0 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam livestock. 16 to 21 inches—dark brown very gravelly silt loam Range Site 21 to 42 inches—dark brown silt loam 42 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly fine Droughty Loam 11-13pz sand

109—Rock outcrop Properties and Qualities of the Schrier Soil

Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Composition Drainage class: Well drained Rock outcrop—85 percent Permeability: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 10 inches 128 Soil Survey

Typical Profile of the Tub Soil Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 130 days 0 to 14 inches—dark grayish brown loam 14 to 24 inches—brown clay loam Typical Profile of the Schrier Soil 24 to 28 inches—brown very cobbly clay 0 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam 28 to 41 inches—brown cobbly clay 16 to 21 inches—dark brown very gravelly silt loam 41 inches—rhyolite 21 to 42 inches—dark brown silt loam Properties and Qualities of the Tub Soil 42 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly fine sand Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Drainage class: Well drained Properties and Qualities of the Schrier Soil Permeability: Slow Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Available water capacity: About 6 inches Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 10 inches • Simas soils that are on side slopes and ridges and support low sagebrush Typical Profile of the Tub Soil • Era soils in swales 0 to 14 inches—dark grayish brown loam • Rock outcrop 14 to 24 inches—brown clay loam Major Use 24 to 28 inches—brown very cobbly clay 28 to 41 inches—brown cobbly clay Livestock grazing 41 inches—rhyolite Major Management Limitation Properties and Qualities of the Tub Soil Slope Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches General Management Considerations Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow • Pond development is limited by the steepness of Available water capacity: About 6 inches slope. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Contrasting Inclusions suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by • Simas soils that are on side slopes and ridges and livestock. support low sagebrush Range Site • Era soils in swales • Rock outcrop Droughty North 9-12pz Major Use 110E—Schrier-Tub complex, 30 to 60 Livestock grazing percent north slopes Major Management Limitation Slope Composition General Management Considerations Schrier soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Tub soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Pond development is limited by the steepness of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent slope. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Setting suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Landscape position: Side slopes livestock. Landform: Hills • The steepness of slope restricts livestock Parent material: Loess over colluvium distribution and limits range seeding with ground Elevation: 2,600 to 4,500 feet equipment. Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass Range Site Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—12 to 14 inches Droughty North 9-12pz Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 129

111D—Searles-Holmzie complex, 15 to 30 Major Use percent slopes Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations Composition Searles and Holmzie soils—soil depth, climate, slope Searles soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Searles soil—surface texture Holmzie soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General Management Considerations Setting • Care should be taken to protect the Searles soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement Landform: Hills practices. Parent material: Ash over residuum • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Elevation: 3,000 to 3,500 feet reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass steepness of slope. Climatic factors: • The low annual precipitation limits productivity and Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches limits the choice of species for range seeding to Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F drought-tolerant varieties. Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Typical Profile of the Searles Soil suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 7 to 13 inches—brown loam Range Site 13 to 24 inches—brown and yellowish brown very South 9-12pz gravelly loam and very gravelly clay loam 24 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Searles Soil 112D—Searles-Holmzie complex, moist, 15 to 30 percent slopes Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 3 inches Searles soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Holmzie soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Typical Profile of the Holmzie Soil Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam Setting 7 to 19 inches—brown clay loam 19 to 29 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay Landform: Hills 29 inches—weathered tuff Parent material: Ash over residuum Elevation: 3,500 to 4,000 feet Properties and Qualities of the Holmzie Soil Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Drainage class: Well drained Idaho fescue, Ross sedge Permeability: Slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: About 5 inches Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical Profile of the Searles Soil • Soils that are on ridges and have bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam • Soils that are in swales and have a clay or clay loam 7 to 13 inches—brown loam subsoil over a strongly cemented layer at a depth of 20 13 to 24 inches—brown and yellowish brown very to 40 inches gravelly loam and very gravelly clay loam • Rock outcrop 24 inches—basalt 130 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Searles Soil Native plants: Searles soil—Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Sandberg bluegrass; Statz soil—western juniper, Drainage class: Well drained mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Permeability: Moderately slow bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Available water capacity: About 3 inches Climatic factors: Typical Profile of the Holmzie Soil Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam Frost-free period—70 to 100 days 7 to 19 inches—brown clay loam 19 to 29 inches—reddish brown gravelly clay Typical Profile of the Searles Soil 29 inches—weathered tuff 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Properties and Qualities of the Holmzie Soil 7 to 13 inches—brown loam 13 to 24 inches—brown and yellowish brown very Depth: Soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches gravelly loam and very gravelly clay loam Drainage class: Well drained 24 inches—basalt Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 5 inches Properties and Qualities of the Searles Soil Contrasting Inclusions Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that are on ridges and have bedrock at a depth Permeability: Moderately slow of 10 to 20 inches Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Soils that have a stony or very stony surface layer • Rock outcrop Typical Profile of the Statz Soil Major Use 0 to 14 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 14 to 20 inches—brown sandy loam Livestock grazing 20 to 25 inches—indurated duripan Major Management Limitations 25 inches—basalt Soil depth, slope Properties and Qualities of the Statz Soil General Management Considerations Depth: Duripan at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Drainage class: Well drained steepness of slope. Permeability: Moderately rapid • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Available water capacity: About 2 inches suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Rock outcrop • Lickskillet soils Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue Major Use 113C—Searles-Statz complex, 0 to 15 Livestock grazing percent slopes Major Management Limitations Surface texture, soil depth Composition General Management Considerations Searles soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Statz soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Contrasting inclusions—15 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Setting reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Landform: Hills the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Parent material: Searles soil—ash over residuum; Statz • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and soil—ash the steepness of slope in some areas. Elevation: 2,000 to 4,000 feet • The restricted depth to the duripan in the Statz soil Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 131

limits the choice of species for range seeding to Major Use drought-tolerant varieties. Woodland • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Major Management Limitations livestock. Rooting depth, surface texture, low fertility, Range Site susceptibility to compaction Searles soil—Droughty 8-12pz General Management Considerations Statz soil—Lava Blisters 10-12pz • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 114C—Shanahan loamy coarse sand, 0 to • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 15 percent slopes treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Composition • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Shanahan soil and similar inclusions—90 percent repellency may result from fires that have moderate Contrasting inclusions—10 percent fireline intensity. • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Setting detrimental impacts to the soil. Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Parent material: Ash over old alluvium displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Elevation: 4,500 to 6,000 feet • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Idaho fescue Forest Service Plant Association Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches CP-S2-11 Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—20 to 50 days 114D—Shanahan loamy coarse sand, 15 Typical Profile to 30 percent slopes 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 8 inches—brown loamy coarse sand Composition 8 to 26 inches—very pale brown and light yellowish Shanahan soil and similar inclusions—90 percent brown gravelly loamy coarse sand, loamy coarse Contrasting inclusions—10 percent sand, and coarse sand 26 to 44 inches—brown and yellowish brown sandy Setting loam and gravelly sandy loam Landform: Pumice-mantled hills 44 to 61 inches—very dark gray very gravelly coarse Parent material: Ash over colluvium sand Elevation: 4,500 to 6,000 feet Soil Properties and Qualities Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Climatic factors: Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Available water capacity: About 7 inches Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile • Sunriver soils in depressions 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Cryaquolls in depressions 0 to 8 inches—brown loamy coarse sand • Steiger soils south of LaPine 8 to 26 inches—very pale brown and light yellowish 132 Soil Survey

brown gravelly loamy coarse sand, loamy coarse 115A—Shanahan loamy coarse sand, low, sand, and coarse sand 0 to 3 percent slopes 26 to 61 inches—brown and yellowish brown sandy loam and gravelly sandy loam Composition Soil Properties and Qualities Shanahan soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Setting Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 7 inches Landscape position: Depressions Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Ash over old alluvium • Sunriver soils in depressions Elevation: 4,000 to 4,500 feet • Steiger soils south of LaPine Native plants: Lodgepole pine, antelope bitterbrush, and Idaho fescue Major Use Climatic factors: Woodland Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Major Management Limitations Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Rooting depth, slope, surface texture, low fertility, Typical Profile susceptibility to compaction 1 inch to 0—organic mat General Management Considerations 0 to 8 inches—brown loamy coarse sand • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 8 to 26 inches—very pale brown and light yellowish undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. brown loamy coarse sand and coarse sand • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 26 to 44 inches—brown and yellowish brown sandy treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. loam and gravelly sandy loam • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; 44 to 61 inches—very dark gray very gravelly coarse however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs sand the soil less. Soil Properties and Qualities • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained repellency may result from fires that have moderate Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid fireline intensity. Available water capacity: About 7 inches • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Contrasting Inclusions detrimental impacts to the soil. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by • Sunriver soils in depressions seeding with grass and mulching. • Cryaquolls in depressions • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water • Steiger soils south of LaPine bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Major Use crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. Woodland • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Major Management Limitations temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Frost heaving, rooting depth, surface texture, low • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, fertility, susceptibility to compaction displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. General Management Considerations • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Severe frost or frost heaving can damage or kill seedlings. Forest Service Plant Association • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. CP-S2-11 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 133

• Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Major Use treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Woodland • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Major Management Limitations • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. General Management Considerations • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, detrimental impacts to the soil. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully compaction, designated skid trails should be used. or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less Forest Service Plant Association damaging to the soil surface. • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by CL-S2-14 seeding with grass and mulching. • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water 116E—Shroyton loamy sand, 30 to 50 bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or percent slopes crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Composition temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Shroyton soil and similar inclusions—85 percent subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Setting • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Landform: Mountains slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Parent material: Ash • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Elevation: 4,500 to 6,400 feet compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, white fir, Forest Service Plant Association common snowberry, pinegrass Climatic factors: CD-S6-14 Mean annual precipitation—30 to 50 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—10 to 50 days 117C—Simas silt loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes Typical Profile 2 inches to 0—organic mat Composition 0 to 15 inches—brown loamy sand Simas soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 15 to 31 inches—brown gravelly coarse sandy loam Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 31 to 55 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam 55 inches—andesite Setting Soil Properties and Qualities Landform: Hills Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Parent material: Loess over colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 2,600 to 3,500 feet Permeability: Rapid Native plants: Western juniper, low sagebrush, Available water capacity: About 6 inches antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass Contrasting Inclusions Climatic factors: • Sisters and Yapoah soils at lower elevations Mean annual precipitation—9 to 12 inches • Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly subsoil Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F • Rock outcrop Frost-free period—110 to 140 days 134 Soil Survey

Typical Profile 12 to 37 inches—dark grayish brown and brown cobbly clay and clay 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam 37 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay 5 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly clay 21 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil Soil Properties and Qualities Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Permeability: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: About 7 inches Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 7 inches Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown extremely cobbly loam • Soils that do not have an abrupt clay increase in the 9 to 14 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam subsoil 14 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown cobbly Major Use clay 18 to 19 inches—weathered tuff Livestock grazing 19 inches—welded tuff Major Management Limitation Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil Depth to claypan Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches General Management Considerations Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow • Shallow rooting depth limits the choice of species for Available water capacity: About 1 inch range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Soils that are similar to the Simas soil but are more Droughty Claypan 10-12pz than 35 percent rock fragments throughout • Very shallow soils associated with exposed bedrock 118D—Simas-Ruckles complex, 15 to 40 Major Use percent north slopes Livestock grazing Composition Major Management Limitations Simas soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Simas and Ruckles soils—rock fragments in surface Ruckles soil and similar inclusions—35 percent layer, slope Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Ruckles soil—soil depth, available water capacity Setting General Management Considerations Landscape position: Simas soil—toe slopes; Ruckles • Pond development is limited by the steepness of soil—midslopes slope. Landform: Canyons • The low available water capacity and the restricted Parent material: Colluvium depth of the Ruckles soil limit productivity and limit the Elevation: 1,400 to 2,600 feet choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch varieties. wheatgrass, Idaho fescue • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Climatic factors: the rock fragments on the surface. Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches • The steepness of slope restricts livestock Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F distribution and limits range seeding with ground Frost-free period—110 to 140 equipment. Typical Profile of the Simas Soil Range Site 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam Droughty North 9-12pz Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 135

119D—Simas-Ruckles complex, 15 to 40 Major Use percent south slopes Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations Composition Simas and Ruckles soils—rock fragments in surface Simas soil and similar inclusions—50 percent layer, slope, aspect Ruckles soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Ruckles soil—soil depth, available water capacity Contrasting inclusions—15 percent General Management Considerations Setting • Pond development is limited by the steepness of Landscape position: Simas soil—toe slopes; Ruckles slope. soil—midslopes • The low available water capacity and the restricted Landform: Canyons depth of the Ruckles soil limit productivity and limit the Parent material: Colluvium choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Elevation: 1,400 to 2,600 feet varieties. Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch the rock fragments on the surface. wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass • The steepness of slope restricts livestock Climatic factors: distribution and limits range seeding with ground Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches equipment. Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F • The steep, south-facing slopes are less Frost-free period—110 to 140 days suited to grazing in hot periods during the grazing Typical Profile of the Simas Soil season. 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam Range Site 12 to 37 inches—dark grayish brown and brown cobbly Droughty South 9-12pz clay and clay 37 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil 120F—Simas-Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 80 percent north slopes Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Composition Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: About 7 inches Simas soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Ruckles soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil Rock outcrop—10 percent 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown extremely cobbly Contrasting inclusions—5 percent loam Setting 9 to 14 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam 14 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown cobbly clay Landscape position: Simas soil—toe slopes; Ruckles 18 to 19 inches—weathered tuff soil—midslopes; Rock outcrop—upper slopes 19 inches—welded tuff Landform: Canyons Parent material: Colluvium Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil Elevation: 1,400 to 2,600 feet Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Native plants: Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch Drainage class: Well drained wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Permeability: Slow Climatic factors: Available water capacity: About 1 inch Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—110 to 140 • Soils that are similar to the Simas soil but are more Typical Profile of the Simas Soil than 35 percent rock fragments throughout • Very shallow soils associated with exposed bedrock 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam 136 Soil Survey

12 to 37 inches—dark grayish brown and brown cobbly 121F—Simas-Ruckles-Rock outcrop clay and clay complex, 40 to 80 percent south slopes 37 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil Composition Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Simas soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Drainage class: Well drained Ruckles soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Permeability: Slow Rock outcrop—10 percent Available water capacity: About 7 inches Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil Setting 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown extremely cobbly Landscape position: Simas soil—toe slopes; Ruckles loam soil—midslopes; Rock outcrop—upper slopes 9 to 14 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam Landform: Canyons 14 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown cobbly clay Parent material: Colluvium 18 to 19 inches—weathered tuff Elevation: 1,400 to 2,600 feet 19 inches—welded tuff Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Climatic factors: Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches Permeability: Slow Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Available water capacity: About 1 inch Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Contrasting Inclusions Typical Profile of the Simas Soil • Soils that are similar to the Simas soil but are more 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown cobbly loam than 35 percent rock fragments throughout 12 to 37 inches—dark grayish brown and brown cobbly • Very shallow soils associated with exposed bedrock clay and clay 37 to 60 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay Major Use Properties and Qualities of the Simas Soil Livestock grazing Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Simas and Ruckles soils—Rock outcrop, rock Permeability: Slow fragments in surface layer, slope Available water capacity: About 7 inches Ruckles soil—soil depth, available water Typical Profile of the Ruckles Soil capacity 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown extremely cobbly General Management Considerations loam • Pond development is limited by the steepness of 9 to 14 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam slope. 14 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown cobbly clay • The low available water capacity and the restricted 18 to 19 inches—weathered tuff depth of the Ruckles soil limit productivity and limit the 19 inches—welded tuff choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Properties and Qualities of the Ruckles Soil varieties. • The steepness of slope restricts livestock Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches distribution and limits range seeding with ground Drainage class: Well drained equipment. Permeability: Slow • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for Available water capacity: About 1 inch grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Soils that are similar to the Simas soil but are more Droughty North 9-12pz than 35 percent rock fragments throughout Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 137

• Very shallow soils associated with exposed 35 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown and dark brown bedrock clay loam and loam Major Use Soil Properties and Qualities Livestock grazing Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 20 to 35 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Well drained Simas and Ruckles soils—Rock outcrop, rock Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow fragments in surface layer, slope, aspect Available water capacity: About 8 inches Ruckles soil—soil depth, available water capacity Contrasting Inclusions General Management Considerations • Fryrear and Wanoga soils on side slopes and ridges • Pond development is limited by the steepness of • Yapoah soils on side slopes slope. • Rock outcrop • The low available water capacity and the restricted Major Use depth of the Ruckles soil limit productivity and limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Woodland varieties. Major Management Limitations • The steepness of slope restricts livestock distribution and restricts range seeding with ground Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction equipment. General Management Considerations • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Range Site • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Droughty South 9-12pz repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize 122C—Sisters loamy sand, 0 to 15 percent detrimental impacts to the soil. slopes • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Composition • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Sisters soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Forest Service Plant Association Setting CP-S2-17 Landform: Mountains Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum 123C—Sisters-Yapoah complex, 0 to 15 Elevation: 3,200 to 5,000 feet percent slopes Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue Composition Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 30 inches Sisters soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Yapoah soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Typical Profile Setting

2 inches to 0—organic mat Landform: Mountains 0 to 23 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown Parent material: Sisters soil—ash over colluvium and loamy sand residuum; Yapoah soil—ash and colluvium 23 to 35 inches—dark brown sandy loam Elevation: 3,200 to 5,000 feet 138 Soil Survey

Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, repellency may result from fires that have moderate greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue fireline intensity. Climatic factors: • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Mean annual precipitation—18 to 30 inches detrimental impacts to the soil. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil in the Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Sisters soil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Typical Profile of the Sisters Soil • Because of the moderate susceptibility of the Sisters 2 inches to 0—organic mat soil to compaction, designated skid trails should be 0 to 23 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown used. loamy sand • Seedlings on the Yapoah soil have a poor survival 23 to 35 inches—dark brown sandy loam rate because of the low available water capacity. 35 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown and dark brown • Rock fragments in the Yapoah soil restrict the clay loam and loam planting of seedlings. Properties and Qualities of the Sisters Soil Forest Service Plant Association Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 20 to 35 inches; CP-S2-17 bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow 123D—Sisters-Yapoah complex, 15 to 30 Available water capacity: About 8 inches percent slopes Typical Profile of the Yapoah Soil Composition 2 inches to 0—organic mat Sisters soil and similar inclusions—50 percent 0 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly loamy sand Yapoah soil and similar inclusions—35 percent 12 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Contrasting inclusions—15 percent flaggy loamy sand Setting Properties and Qualities of the Yapoah Soil Landform: Mountains Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Parent material: Sisters soil—ash over colluvium and Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained residuum; Yapoah soil—ash and colluvium Permeability: Rapid Elevation: 3,200 to 5,000 feet Available water capacity: About 2 inches Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Contrasting Inclusions greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue Climatic factors: • Fryrear soils on side slopes and ridges Mean annual precipitation—18 to 30 inches • Wanoga soils on side slopes Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F • Rock outcrop Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Major Use Typical Profile of the Sisters Soil Woodland 2 inches to 0—organic mat Major Management Limitations 0 to 23 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown loamy sand Sisters soil—low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 23 to 35 inches—dark brown sandy loam Yapoah soil—rock fragments, available water capacity 35 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown and dark brown General Management Considerations clay loam and loam • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Properties and Qualities of the Sisters Soil undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 20 to 35 inches; treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Drainage class: Well drained Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 139

Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow Sisters soil, displacement of the surface layer should Available water capacity: About 8 inches be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility of the Sisters Typical Profile of the Yapoah Soil soil to compaction, designated skid trails should be 2 inches to 0—organic mat used. 0 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly loamy sand • Seedlings on the Yapoah soil have a poor survival 12 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely rate because of the low available water capacity. flaggy loamy sand • Rock fragments in the Yapoah soil restrict the planting of seedlings. Properties and Qualities of the Yapoah Soil Forest Service Plant Association Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained CP-S2-17 Permeability: Rapid Available water capacity: About 2 inches 123E—Sisters-Yapoah complex, 30 to 50 Contrasting Inclusions percent slopes • Fryrear soils on side slopes and ridges • Wanoga soils on side slopes Composition • Rock outcrop Sisters soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Major Use Yapoah soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Woodland Setting Major Management Limitations Landform: Mountains Sisters soil—slope, low fertility, susceptibility to Parent material: Sisters soil—ash over colluvium and compaction residuum; Yapoah soil—ash and colluvium Yapoah soil—slope, rock fragments, available water Elevation: 3,200 to 5,000 feet capacity Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, General Management Considerations greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue Climatic factors: • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Mean annual precipitation—18 to 30 inches undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Frost-free period—50 to 90 days treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Typical Profile of the Sisters Soil • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs 2 inches to 0—organic mat the soil less. 0 to 23 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water loamy sand repellency may result from fires that have moderate 23 to 35 inches—dark brown sandy loam fireline intensity. 35 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown and dark brown • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize clay loam and loam detrimental impacts to the soil. Properties and Qualities of the Sisters Soil • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by seeding with grass and mulching. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 20 to 35 inches; • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Drainage class: Well drained crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow undulating road grades. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Typical Profile of the Yapoah Soil temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 2 inches to 0—organic mat • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil in the 0 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly loamy sand 140 Soil Survey

12 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Seedlings on the Yapoah soil have a poor survival flaggy loamy sand rate because of the low available water capacity. • Rock fragments in the Yapoah soil restrict the Properties and Qualities of the Yapoah Soil planting of seedlings. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Forest Service Plant Association Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Rapid CP-S2-17 Available water capacity: About 2 inches Contrasting Inclusions 124C—Smiling sandy loam, 0 to 15 • Fryrear soils on side slopes and ridges percent slopes • Wanoga soils on side slopes • Rock outcrop Composition Major Use Smiling soil and similar inclusions—90 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Woodland Setting Major Management Limitations Landform: Mountains Sisters soil—slope, low fertility, susceptibility to Parent material: Ash over colluvium compaction Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet Yapoah soil—slope, rock fragments, available water Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, capacity greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue General Management Considerations Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—20 to 40 inches • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Typical Profile treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully 1 inch to 0—organic mat or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy damaging to the soil surface. loam • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam repellency may result from fires that have moderate 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam fireline intensity. Soil Properties and Qualities • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more seeding with grass and mulching. Drainage class: Well drained • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Permeability: Moderately slow bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Available water capacity: About 10 inches crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Contrasting Inclusions undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, • Windego soils on side slopes subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Major Use • Because of the susceptibility to compaction, all ground operations, including tractor skidding, Woodland mechanical harvesting, and machine piling, should be Major Management Limitations avoided unless the surface layer is frozen or covered with snow. Subsoiling can be used to loosen the Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction compacted layer. General Management Considerations • Because of the moderate susceptibility of the Sisters soil to compaction, designated skid trails should be • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, used. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 141

• Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Permeability: Moderate compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Available water capacity: About 6 inches Forest Service Plant Association Contrasting Inclusions CP-S2-17 • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Rock outcrop on ridges 125D—Smiling-Windego complex, 15 to 30 Major Use percent slopes Woodland Composition Major Management Limitations Smiling soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Windego soil and similar inclusions—35 percent General Management Considerations Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Setting undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Landform: Mountains • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Parent material: Ash over colluvium treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; Native plants: Smiling soil—ponderosa pine, antelope however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue; the soil less. Windego soil—ponderosa pine, antelope • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, needlegrasses seeding with grass and mulching. Climatic factors: • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Mean annual precipitation—20 to 40 inches bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Frost-free period—60 to 90 days undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 1 inch to 0—organic mat subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, loam displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam • Because of the moderate susceptibility to 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Forest Service Plant Association Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; Smiling soil—CP-S2-17 bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Windego soil—CP-S2-13 Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 10 inches 126C—Smiling-Windego complex, cool, 0 to 15 percent slopes Typical Profile of the Windego Soil 1 inch to 0—organic mat Composition 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam Smiling soil and similar inclusions—65 percent 30 to 60 inches—brown and yellowish brown very Windego soil and similar inclusions—25 percent cobbly clay loam Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 142 Soil Survey

Setting treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Landform: Mountains displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Parent material: Ash over colluvium • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Elevation: 3,500 to 4,000 feet compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush, chinkapin, brackenfern Forest Service Plant Association Climatic factors: CW-C2-11 Mean annual precipitation—30 to 50 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 126D—Smiling-Windego complex, cool, 15 Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil to 30 percent slopes 1 inch to 0—organic mat Composition 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy loam Smiling soil and similar inclusions—65 percent 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam Windego soil and similar inclusions—25 percent 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Setting Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; Landform: Mountains bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Parent material: Ash over colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,500 to 4,000 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush, Available water capacity: About 10 inches chinkapin, brackenfern Climatic factors: Typical Profile of the Windego Soil Mean annual precipitation—30 to 50 inches 1 inch to 0—organic mat Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam Frost-free period—50 to 70 days 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil 30 to 60 inches—brown and yellowish brown very cobbly clay loam 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil loam Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 6 inches Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Permeability: Moderately slow • Rock outcrop on ridges Available water capacity: About 10 inches • Bott soils on ridges Typical Profile of the Windego Soil Major Use 1 inch to 0—organic mat Woodland 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam Major Management Limitations 30 to 60 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown very Low fertility, susceptibility to compaction cobbly clay loam General Management Considerations Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Drainage class: Well drained Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 143

Permeability: Moderate sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Available water capacity: About 6 inches wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Climatic factors: Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F • Rock outcrop on ridges Frost-free period—70 to 100 days • Bott soils on ridges Typical Profile Major Use 0 to 14 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Woodland 14 to 20 inches—brown sandy loam 20 to 25 inches—indurated duripan Major Management Limitations 25 inches—basalt Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Soil Properties and Qualities General Management Considerations Depth: Duripan at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; bedrock • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, at a depth of 20 to 40 inches undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Drainage class: Well drained • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Permeability: Moderately rapid treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Available water capacity: About 2 inches • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; Contrasting Inclusions however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soil less. • Houstake, Deschutes, and Redmond soils in swales • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by • Rock outcrop seeding with grass and mulching. Major Uses • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Livestock grazing, irrigated cropland crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Major Management Limitations undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Surface texture, soil depth, permeability, available temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, water capacity subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. General Management Considerations • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Livestock grazing • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind compaction, designated skid trails should be used. erosion when applying range improvement practices. Forest Service Plant Association • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if CW-C2-11 the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and 127A—Statz sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent risk of seepage. slopes • The restricted soil depth limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Composition suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Statz soil and similar inclusions—85 percent livestock. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Irrigated cropland Setting • Because of the restricted soil depth and the low Landform: Lava plains available water capacity, intensive irrigation water Parent material: Ash management is needed for crop production. Elevation: 2,000 to 4,000 feet • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. 144 Soil Survey

• The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Contrasting Inclusions suitable for crops and restrict farming operations. • Redmond soils in swales Range Site • Stukel soils on ridges Lava Blisters 10-12pz Major Use Livestock grazing 128C—Statz-Deschutes complex, 0 to 15 Major Management Limitations percent slopes Statz and Deschutes soils—surface texture, soil depth Deschutes soil—permeability Composition General Management Considerations Statz soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Contrasting inclusions—15 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Setting reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Landform: Lava plains the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Parent material: Ash • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet risk of seepage in the Deschutes soil, and the Native plants: Statz soil—western juniper, mountain big steepness of slope in some areas. sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch • The restricted depth of the Statz soil limits the wheatgrass, Idaho fescue; Deschutes soil— choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope varieties. bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread Range Site Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Statz soil—Lava Blisters 10-12pz Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Deschutes soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical Profile of the Statz Soil 128D—Statz-Deschutes complex, 15 to 30 0 to 14 inches—grayish brown sandy loam percent slopes 14 to 20 inches—brown sandy loam 20 to 25 inches—indurated duripan Composition 25 inches—basalt Statz soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Properties and Qualities of the Statz Soil Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Duripan at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Lava plains Permeability: Moderately slow Parent material: Ash Available water capacity: About 2 inches Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil Native plants: Statz soil—western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Sandberg bluegrass; Deschutes soil—western 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam juniper, antelope bitterbrush, mountain big 31 inches—basalt sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass Properties and Qualities of the Climatic factors: Deschutes Soil Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Typical Profile of the Statz Soil Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 4 inches 0 to 14 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 145

14 to 20 inches—brown sandy loam 129C—Steiger loamy coarse sand, 0 to 15 20 to 25 inches—indurated duripan percent slopes 25 inches—basalt Properties and Qualities of the Statz Soil Composition Depth: Duripan at a depth of 10 to 20 inches; bedrock Steiger soil and similar inclusions—85 percent at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 2 inches Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains Parent material: Ash and pumice over colluvium and Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil old alluvium 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Elevation: 4,200 to 4,500 feet 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, 31 inches—basalt needlegrasses Climatic factors: Properties and Qualities of the Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Deschutes Soil Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Frost-free period—20 to 50 days Drainage class: Well drained Typical Profile Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 4 inches 3 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown loamy coarse sand Contrasting Inclusions 2 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly coarse sand • Redmond soils in swales 18 to 28 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly • Stukel soils on ridges coarse sand 28 to 49 inches—pale yellow gravelly coarse sand Major Use 49 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Livestock grazing Soil Properties and Qualities Major Management Limitations Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; Statz and Deschutes soils—surface texture, soil depth bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Deschutes soil—permeability Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Rapid over moderate General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 11 inches • Care should be taken to protect the soils from Contrasting Inclusions wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Shanahan soils north of LaPine • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, • Tutni soils in depressions reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if • Poorly drained soils in depressions the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Major Use • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the risk of seepage in the Deschutes soil, and the Woodland steepness of slope. Major Management Limitations • The restricted depth of the Statz soil limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, susceptibility to varieties. compaction Range Site General Management Considerations Statz soil—Shallow North 9-12pz • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Deschutes soil—Sandy North 9-14pz undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 146 Soil Survey

• Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Contrasting Inclusions treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Shanahan soils north of LaPine • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Major Use • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Woodland repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. Major Management Limitations • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, susceptibility to detrimental impacts to the soil. compaction • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. General Management Considerations • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, compaction, designated skid trails should be used. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Forest Service Plant Association • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. CP-S2-12 • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. 130C—Steiger loamy coarse sand, high • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water elevation, 3 to 15 percent slopes repellency may result from fires that have moderate fireline intensity. • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Composition detrimental impacts to the soil. Steiger soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Setting compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains Forest Service Plant Association Parent material: Ash and pumice over colluvium and old alluvium CW-S1-12 Elevation: 4,500 to 6,000 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, Douglas fir, snowbrush, manzanita 130D—Steiger loamy coarse sand, high Climatic factors: elevation, 15 to 30 percent slopes Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Composition Frost-free period—10 to 40 days Steiger soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 3 inches to 0—organic mat Setting 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown loamy coarse sand Landform: Pumice-mantled hills 2 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly coarse sand Parent material: Ash and pumice over colluvium 18 to 28 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly Elevation: 4,500 to 6,000 feet coarse sand Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, Douglas fir, 28 to 49 inches—pale yellow gravelly coarse sand snowbrush, manzanita 49 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam Climatic factors: Soil Properties and Qualities Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; Frost-free period—10 to 40 days bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Typical Profile Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Rapid over moderate 3 inches to 0—organic mat Available water capacity: About 11 inches 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown loamy coarse sand Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 147

2 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly coarse sand Forest Service Plant Association 18 to 28 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly CW-S1-12 coarse sand 28 to 49 inches—pale yellow gravelly coarse sand 49 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam 130E—Steiger loamy coarse sand, high Soil Properties and Qualities elevation, 30 to 50 percent slopes Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; Composition bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Steiger soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Permeability: Rapid over moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: About 11 inches Setting Contrasting Inclusions Landform: Pumice-mantled hills • Shanahan soils north of LaPine Parent material: Ash and pumice over colluvium Elevation: 4,500 to 6,000 feet Major Use Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, Douglas fir, Woodland snowbrush, manzanita Climatic factors: Major Management Limitations Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Soil depth, slope, soil texture, low fertility, Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F susceptibility to compaction Frost-free period—10 to 40 days General Management Considerations Typical Profile • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 3 inches to 0—organic mat undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown loamy coarse sand • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 2 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly coarse sand treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. 18 to 28 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient coarse sand anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. 28 to 49 inches—pale yellow gravelly coarse sand • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; 49 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Soil Properties and Qualities the soil less. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; repellency may result from fires that have moderate bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more fireline intensity. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Permeability: Rapid over moderate detrimental impacts to the soil. Available water capacity: About 11 inches • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Contrasting Inclusions seeding with grass and mulching. • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water • Shanahan soils north of LaPine bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Major Use crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. Woodland • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Major Management Limitations temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Soil depth, slope, soil texture, low fertility, • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, susceptibility to compaction displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. General Management Considerations • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging slash or brush reduces soil displacement. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, • Because of the moderate susceptibility to undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 148 Soil Survey

treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. 0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown loamy coarse sand • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient 2 to 18 inches—dark brown gravelly coarse sand anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. 18 to 28 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully coarse sand or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less 28 to 49 inches—pale yellow gravelly coarse sand damaging to the soil surface. 49 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam • Restrict the use of prescribed burning to periods Soil Properties and Qualities when logging slash or natural fuel has a moderate to high moisture content or consider alternative disposal Depth: Old alluvium at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; techniques. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained detrimental impacts to the soil. Permeability: Rapid over moderate • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Available water capacity: About 11 inches seeding with grass and mulching. Contrasting Inclusions • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or • Shanahan soils north of LaPine crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and • Tutni soils in depressions undulating road grades. • Poorly drained soils in depressions • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Major Use temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Woodland • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Major Management Limitations displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Frost heaving, soil depth, soil texture, low fertility, slash or brush reduces soil displacement. susceptibility to compaction • Because of the moderate susceptibility to General Management Considerations compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Severe frost or frost heaving can damage or kill Forest Service Plant Association seedlings. CW-S1-12 • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 131A—Steiger loamy coarse sand, low, 0 treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. to 3 percent slopes • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Composition • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Steiger soil and similar inclusions—85 percent fireline intensity. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Setting detrimental impacts to the soil. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Landscape position: Depressions displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Landform: Pumice-mantled lava plains • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Parent material: Ash and pumice over old alluvium and compaction, designated skid trails should be used. colluvium Elevation: 4,200 to 4,500 feet Forest Service Plant Association Native plants: Lodgepole pine, antelope bitterbrush, CL-S2-14 Idaho fescue Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches 132A—Stookmoor loamy sand, 1 to 3 Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F percent slopes Frost-free period—10 to 30 days Typical Profile Composition 3 inches to 0—organic mat Stookmoor soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 149

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 133A—Stookmoor gravelly loamy sand, Setting 1 to 3 percent slopes Landform: Lava plains Composition Parent material: Ash Elevation: 4,300 to 4,800 feet Stookmoor soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass Setting Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Landform: Lava plains Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Parent material: Ash Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Elevation: 4,300 to 4,800 feet Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, western Typical Profile needlegrass, Ross sedge, bottlebrush squirreltail 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loamy sand Climatic factors: 6 to 24 inches—grayish brown and pale brown sandy Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches loam Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 24 inches—basalt Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy sand Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 6 to 24 inches—grayish brown and pale brown sandy Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow loam Available water capacity: About 4 inches 24 inches—basalt Contrasting Inclusions Soil Properties and Qualities • Ninemile and Dester soils on lava plains Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Choptie soils on knolls Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Gardone soils on toe slopes Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow • Borobey soils along drainageways Available water capacity: About 4 inches Major Use Contrasting Inclusions Livestock grazing • Ninemile and Dester soils on lava plains • Choptie soils on knolls Major Management Limitations • Gardone soils toe slopes Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability • Borobey soils along drainageways General Management Considerations Major Use • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Livestock grazing growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Major Management Limitations • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, General Management Considerations reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and growth of forage and shorten the growing season. risk of seepage. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of erosion when applying range improvement practices. species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Range Site the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Pumice 8-10pz risk of seepage. 150 Soil Survey

• The low annual precipitation limits the choice of • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Range Site reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Pumice Flat 9-11pz the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of seepage, and steepness of slope. 134D—Stookmoor gravelly loamy sand, • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of 20 to 50 percent north slopes species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The steepness of slope restricts livestock Composition distribution and limits range seeding with ground equipment. Stookmoor soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Range Site Setting Pumice North 9-12pz Landscape position: Side slopes Landform: Hills 135C—Stookmoor-Beden complex, 1 to Parent material: Ash 20 percent slopes Elevation: 4,300 to 4,800 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Composition sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass Climatic factors: Stookmoor soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Beden soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Setting Typical Profile Landform: Lava plains 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown gravelly loamy sand Parent material: Stookmoor soil—ash; Beden soil— 6 to 24 inches—grayish brown and pale brown sandy residuum derived from basalt with ash on the loam surface 24 inches—basalt Elevation: 4,300 to 4,800 feet Native plants: Stookmoor soil—mountain big Soil Properties and Qualities sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Thurber needlegrass, Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches western needlegrass; Beden soil—western juniper, Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Thurber Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow needlegrass Available water capacity: About 4 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Contrasting Inclusions Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Choptie soils on knolls and hills Frost-free period—50 to 90 days • Gardone soils on toe slopes Typical Profile of the Stookmoor Soil • Westbutte soils on steep hillsides • Redcliff soils along drainageways of rocky ravines 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loamy sand 6 to 24 inches—grayish brown and pale brown sandy Major Use loam Livestock grazing 24 inches—basalt Major Management Limitations Properties and Qualities of the Stookmoor Soil Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, slope Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches General Management Considerations Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Available water capacity: About 4 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 151

Typical Profile of the Beden Soil 136C—Stookmoor-Gardone-Rock outcrop 0 to 11 inches—grayish brown and brown sandy loam complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes 11 to 15 inches—brown loam 15 to 18 inches—brown clay loam Composition 18 inches—basalt Stookmoor soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Properties and Qualities of the Beden Soil Gardone soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Rock outcrop—10 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: About 3 inches Landform: Lava plains Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Ash Elevation: 4,300 to 4,800 feet • Borobey soils in small basins and along narrow Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, drainageways Thurber needlegrass, western needlegrass • Gardone soils on toe slopes Climatic factors: • Dester soils on lava plains Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Rock outcrop on basalt pressure ridges Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Major Use Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Livestock grazing Typical Profile of the Stookmoor Soil Major Management Limitations 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loamy sand 6 to 24 inches—grayish brown and pale brown sandy Climate, surface texture, soil depth loam General Management Considerations 24 inches—basalt • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Properties and Qualities of the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Stookmoor Soil • Care should be taken to protect the soil from Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches wind erosion when applying range improvement Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained practices. Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Available water capacity: About 4 inches reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Typical Profile of the Gardone Soil • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and by 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown sand the steepness of slope in some areas. 10 to 60 inches—grayish brown and pale brown loamy • The low annual precipitation and the restricted depth sand of the Beden soil limit productivity and limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant Properties and Qualities of the Gardone Soil varieties. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Drainage class: Excessively drained suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Permeability: Rapid livestock. Available water capacity: About 6 inches Range Site Contrasting Inclusions Stookmoor soil—Pumice 8-10pz • Borobey soils in small basins and along narrow Beden soil—Shallow Pumice Hills 9-11pz drainageways 152 Soil Survey

• Moderately deep and deep ash deposits over a Typical Profile of the Stookmoor Soil buried soil 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loamy sand • Blayden soils on terraces 6 to 24 inches—grayish brown and pale brown sandy Major Use loam 24 inches—basalt Livestock grazing Properties and Qualities of the Major Management Limitations Stookmoor Soil Rock outcrop, climate, surface texture, soil depth, Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches permeability Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained General Management Considerations Permeability: Rapid over moderately slow Available water capacity: About 4 inches • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Typical Profile of the Westbutte Soil • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown stony loam erosion when applying range improvement practices. 9 to 21 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, 21 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if 30 inches—welded tuff the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the Properties and Qualities of the Westbutte Soil risk of seepage, and the steepness of slope in some Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches areas. Drainage class: Well drained • The low annual precipitation limits the choice of Permeability: Moderate species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Menbo soils on ridges • Choptie soils near areas of Rock outcrop Pumice 8-10pz • Rock outcrop that occurs as ridges of basalt or welded tuff 137E—Stookmoor-Westbutte complex, 25 • Gardone soils to 50 percent north slopes Major Use Livestock grazing Composition Major Management Limitations Stookmoor soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Westbutte soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, rock Contrasting inclusions—15 percent fragments in surface layer, slope Setting General Management Considerations Landscape position: North-facing slopes • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Landform: Hills growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Parent material: Stookmoor soil—ash; Westbutte soil— • Care should be taken to protect the Stookmoor soil colluvium derived from basalt or tuff with ash on from wind erosion when applying range improvement the surface practices. Elevation: 4,300 to 4,800 feet • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Climatic factors: • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches seepage, and steepness of slope. Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • The low annual precipitation and the restricted soil Frost-free period—50 to 90 days depth limit productivity and limit the choice of species Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 153

for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Major Management Limitations • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Surface texture, soil depth the rock fragments on the surface of the Westbutte soil. General Management Considerations • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by erosion when applying range improvement practices. livestock. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • The steepness of slope restricts livestock reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if distribution and limits range seeding with ground the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. equipment. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Range Site • The restricted soil depth limits the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Pumice North 9-12pz • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by 138A—Stukel sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent livestock. slopes Range Site Lava Blisters 10-12pz Composition Stukel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 138B—Stukel sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Setting Landform: Lava plains Composition Parent material: Ash Stukel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Setting wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Landform: Lava plains Climatic factors: Parent material: Ash Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Frost-free period—70 to 90 days sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Typical Profile wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Climatic factors: 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Frost-free period—70 to 90 days 18 inches—basalt Typical Profile Soil Properties and Qualities 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Permeability: Moderately rapid 18 inches—basalt Available water capacity: About 2 inches Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting Inclusions Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches • Deschutes and Houstake soils in swales Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer Permeability: Moderately rapid • Rock outcrop Available water capacity: About 2 inches Major Use Contrasting Inclusions Livestock grazing • Deschutes and Houstake soils in swales 154 Soil Survey

• Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer Permeability: Moderately rapid • Rock outcrop Available water capacity: About 2 inches Major Use Contrasting Inclusions Livestock grazing • Deschutes and Houstake soils in swales • Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer Major Management Limitations • Rock outcrop Surface texture, soil depth Major Use General Management Considerations Livestock grazing • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Major Management Limitations erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Surface texture, soil depth, climate reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if General Management Considerations the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind • The restricted soil depth limits the choice of species erosion when applying range improvement practices. for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. livestock. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth Range Site limit productivity and limit the choice of species for Lava Blisters 10-12pz range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by 139A—Stukel sandy loam, dry, 0 to 3 livestock. percent slopes Range Site Composition Lava Blisters 8-10pz Stukel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 139B—Stukel sandy loam, dry, 3 to 8 Setting percent slopes Landform: Lava plains Composition Parent material: Ash Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Stukel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Contrasting inclusions—15 percent sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber Setting needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass Climatic factors: Landform: Lava plains Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Parent material: Ash Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Frost-free period—80 to 100 days Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber Typical Profile needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Climatic factors: 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F 18 inches—basalt Frost-free period—80 to 100 days Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 155

11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg 18 inches—basalt bluegrass Climatic factors: Soil Properties and Qualities Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—80 to 100 days Permeability: Moderately rapid Typical Profile of the Stukel Soil Available water capacity: About 2 inches 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam • Deschutes and Houstake soils in swales 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam • Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer 18 inches—basalt • Rock outcrop Properties and Qualities of the Stukel Soil Major Use Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Livestock grazing Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Major Management Limitations Available water capacity: About 2 inches Surface texture, soil depth, climate Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil General Management Considerations 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam erosion when applying range improvement practices. 31 inches—basalt • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Properties and Qualities of the reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Deschutes Soil the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth Drainage class: Well drained limit productivity and limit the choice of species for Permeability: Moderately rapid range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Contrasting Inclusions suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • Redmond soils in swales • Soils that have a loamy sand surface layer Range Site • Rock outcrop Lava Blisters 8-10pz Major Use Livestock grazing 140B—Stukel-Deschutes complex, dry, 0 to 8 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Surface texture, soil depth, permeability, climate Composition General Management Considerations Stukel soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—35 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Contrasting inclusions—15 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Setting reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Landform: Lava plains the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Parent material: Ash • Pond development on these soils is limited by the Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet soil depth and risk of seepage. Native plants: Stukel soil—western juniper, mountain • The low annual precipitation and restricted depth of big sagebrush, needleandthread, Idaho fescue, the Stukel soil limit productivity and limit the choice of western needlegrass; Deschutes soil—western species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. juniper, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas 156 Soil Survey

suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Permeability: Moderately rapid livestock. Available water capacity: About 4 inches Range Site Contrasting Inclusions Stukel soil—Lava Blisters 8-10pz • Redmond soils in swales Deschutes soil—Pumice Flat 8-10pz Major Use Livestock grazing 141C—Stukel-Deschutes-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Rock outcrop, surface texture, soil depth, permeability Composition General Management Considerations Stukel soil and similar inclusions—40 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—25 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. Rock outcrop—20 percent • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Contrasting inclusions—15 percent reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Setting the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the Landform: Lava plains risk of seepage, and the steepness of slope in some Parent material: Ash areas. Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet • The restricted depth of the Stukel soil limits the Native plants: Stukel soil—western juniper, mountain choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch varieties. wheatgrass, Idaho fescue; Deschutes soil— • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, needleandthread Climatic factors: Range Site Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Stukel soil—Lava Blisters 10-12pz Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Deschutes soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical Profile of the Stukel Soil 142B—Stukel-Rock outcrop-Deschutes 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam complex, dry, 0 to 8 percent slopes 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Composition 18 inches—basalt Stukel soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Properties and Qualities of the Stukel Soil Rock outcrop—30 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Deschutes soil and similar inclusions—20 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Setting Available water capacity: About 2 inches Landform: Lava plains Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil Parent material: Ash 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Native plants: Stukel soil—western juniper, mountain 31 inches—basalt big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass; Deschutes Properties and Qualities of the soil—western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, Deschutes Soil needleandthread, Idaho fescue, western Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches needlegrass Drainage class: Well drained Climatic factors: Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 157

Mean annual precipitation—8 to 10 inches Range Site Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F Stukel soil—Lava Blisters 8-10pz Frost-free period—80 to 100 days Deschutes soil—Pumice Flat 8-10pz Typical Profile of the Stukel Soil 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 143B—Suilotem-Circle complex, 0 to 8 4 to 11 inches—brown cobbly sandy loam percent slopes 11 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam 18 inches—basalt Composition Properties and Qualities of the Stukel Soil Suilotem soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Circle soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Setting Available water capacity: About 2 inches Landform: Outwash plains Typical Profile of the Deschutes Soil Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash 0 to 17 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet 17 to 31 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Native plants: Suilotem soil—ponderosa pine, white fir, 31 inches—basalt common snowberry, twinflower; Circle soil— ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf Properties and Qualities of the manzanita, Idaho fescue Deschutes Soil Climatic factors: Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Mean annual precipitation—20 to 35 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Permeability: Moderately rapid Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Available water capacity: About 4 inches Typical Profile of the Suilotem Soil Contrasting Inclusions 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Redmond and Houstake soils in swales 0 to 27 inches—dark brown sandy loam 27 to 51 inches—very dark brown and black fine sandy Major Use loam and loamy fine sand Livestock grazing 51 to 60 inches—dark brown very fine sandy loam Major Management Limitations Properties and Qualities of the Suilotem Soil Rock outcrop, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; climate bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained General Management Considerations Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24 inches below the surface in April through June • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Permeability: Moderately rapid erosion when applying range improvement practices. Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Typical Profile of the Circle Soil reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and 0 to 16 inches—dark brown sandy loam risk of seepage. 16 to 42 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown • The low annual precipitation and the restricted depth loam and gravelly loam of the Stukel soil limit productivity and limit the choice 42 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant clay loam varieties. Properties and Qualities of the Circle Soil • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 40 to 50 inches; 158 Soil Survey

bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Typical Profile Drainage class: Well drained 2 inches to 0—organic mat Permeability: Moderate 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray sandy loam Available water capacity: About 9 inches 5 to 20 inches—dark gray loamy coarse sand Contrasting Inclusions 20 to 29 inches—light brownish gray coarse sand 29 to 60 inches—very dark gray sandy loam • Allingham soils in higher positions • Suttle and Wizard soils in swales Soil Properties and Qualities • Poorly drained soils in swales Depth: Old alluvium at a depth of 25 to 35 inches; Major Use bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Woodland Depth to water table: 24 to 48 inches below the surface Major Management Limitations in April through June Permeability: Moderately rapid Suilotem and Circle soils—low fertility, susceptibility to Available water capacity: About 7 inches compaction Suilotem soil—wetness Contrasting Inclusions General Management Considerations • Cryaquolls adjacent to streams and rivers • Well drained and moderately well drained soils in • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, slightly higher areas undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by Major Use mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock Woodland grazing. • The seasonal high water table in the Suilotem soil Major Management Limitations restricts the use of equipment to midsummer when the Soil depth, wetness, low fertility, susceptibility to soil is dry or to midwinter when the soil is frozen. compaction • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. General Management Considerations • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, compaction, designated skid trails should be used. undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Forest Service Plant Association • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Suilotem soil—CD-S6-12 • Because this coarse-textured soil has insufficient Circle soil—CP-S2-17 anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. • The seasonal high water table restricts the use of 144A—Sunriver sandy loam, 0 to 3 equipment to midsummer when the soil is dry or to percent slopes midwinter when the soil is frozen. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Composition • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Sunriver soil and similar inclusions—85 percent compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Forest Service Plant Association Setting CL-M3-11 Landform: Stream terraces Parent material: Ash over old alluvium 145C—Suttle very gravelly loamy sand, 0 Elevation: 4,000 to 4,300 feet to 15 percent slopes Native plants: Lodgepole pine, blueberry, forbs Climatic factors: Composition Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Suttle soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Frost-free period—10 to 50 days Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 159

Setting • Because the surface layer is coarse textured, the available water capacity is low and the seedling Landform: Outwash plains mortality rate is severe. Parent material: Ash and scoria over glacial outwash Elevation: 3,000 to 3,500 feet Forest Service Plant Association Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, common CD-S6-12 snowberry, twinflower Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—30 to 40 inches 146C—Suttle very gravelly loamy sand, Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F dry, 0 to 15 percent slopes Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Typical Profile Composition 1 inch to 0—organic mat Suttle soil and similar inclusions—85 percent 0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loamy sand Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 10 to 22 inches—black and dark brown very gravelly Setting coarse sand 22 to 37 inches—dark brown and black gravelly sandy Landform: Outwash plains loam and loamy fine sand Parent material: Ash and scoria over glacial outwash 37 to 60 inches—dark brown sandy loam Elevation: 2,500 to 3,000 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Soil Properties and Qualities greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; Climatic factors: bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual precipitation—20 to 30 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24 Frost-free period—50 to 90 days inches below the surface in April through June Typical Profile Permeability: Very rapid over moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 5 inches 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loamy sand Contrasting Inclusions 10 to 22 inches—black and dark brown very gravelly • Allingham and Circle soils on outwash plains in coarse sand slightly higher positions 22 to 37 inches—dark brown and black gravelly sandy • Suilotem soils in swales and channels loam and loamy fine sand • Poorly drained soils in swales 37 to 60 inches—dark brown sandy loam Major Use Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 30 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Management Limitation Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Surface texture Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24 inches below the surface in April through June General Management Considerations Permeability: Very rapid over moderately rapid • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Available water capacity: About 5 inches undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Contrasting Inclusions • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Allingham and Circle soils on outwash plains in • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water slightly higher positions repellency may result from fires that have moderate • Suilotem soils in swales and channels fireline intensity. Major Use • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. Woodland 160 Soil Survey

Major Management Limitation Ponding: 12 inches above the surface to a depth of 12 inches below the surface in March through May Surface texture Permeability: Ver y slow General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 8 inches • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Contrasting Inclusions undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Dester soils near terrace escarpments • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical • Ninemile soils on lava plains treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Choptie soils on knolls and hills • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water • Borobey soils in small basins and along repellency may result from fires that have moderate drainageways fireline intensity. • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Major Use detrimental impacts to the soil. Livestock grazing • Because the surface layer is coarse textured, the available water capacity is low and the seedling Major Management Limitations mortality rate is severe. Wetness, climate, surface texture Forest Service Plant Association General Management Considerations CP-S2-17 • If seeding is needed, select plants that tolerate seasonal wetness. 147A—Swaler gravelly coarse sand, 0 to 2 • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil percent slopes compaction and displacement and damage plants. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Composition growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Swaler soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Contrasting inclusions—15 percent erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Setting reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Landform: Lake terraces the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Parent material: Lacustrine sediment with ash on the Range Site surface Elevation: 4,100 to 4,600 feet Pumice Flat 9-11pz Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, western needlegrass, Ross sedge, bottlebrush squirreltail Climatic factors: 148A—Swaler silt loam, 0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches slopes Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Composition Typical Profile Swaler soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 0 to 7 inches—light gray and light brownish gray gravelly coarse sand Setting 7 to 10 inches—light gray silt loam Landform: Lake terraces 10 to 26 inches—brown and pale brown clay and silty Parent material: Lacustrine sediment clay loam Elevation: 4,100 to 4,600 feet 26 to 60 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Native plants: Mountain big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, Soil Properties and Qualities Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, basin wildrye Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Climatic factors: Drainage class: Moderately well drained Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 161

Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,300 to 4,600 feet Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Native plants: Silver sagebrush, mat muhly, Nevada bluegrass, creeping wildrye Typical Profile Climatic factors: 0 to 10 inches—light gray and light brownish gray silt Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches loam Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 10 to 26 inches—brown and pale brown clay and silty Frost-free period—50 to 90 days clay loam Typical Profile 26 to 60 inches—pale brown and brown silty clay loam 0 to 3 inches—light gray loam Soil Properties and Qualities 3 to 5 inches—light gray silt loam Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 5 to 18 inches—light brownish gray clay Drainage class: Moderately well drained 18 to 40 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam Ponding: 12 inches above the surface to a depth of 12 40 to 50 inches—pale brown clay loam inches below the surface in March through May 50 to 60 inches—light olive brown loam Permeability: Very slow Soil Properties and Qualities Available water capacity: About 8 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained • Reluctan and Ninemile soils on lava plains Ponding: 12 inches above the surface to a depth of 12 • Borobey soils in small basins and along inches below the surface in November through drainageways May • Swalesilver soils in closed basins Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: About 11 inches Major Use Contrasting Inclusions Livestock grazing • Reluctan soils on lava plains Major Management Limitations • Swaler soils on drier edges of basins Wetness, climate Major Use General Management Considerations Livestock grazing • If seeding is needed, select plants that tolerate Major Management Limitations seasonal wetness. • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Wetness, climate compaction and displacement and damage plants. General Management Considerations • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • If seeding is needed, select plants that tolerate seasonal wetness. Range Site • Grazing during wet periods can cause soil Dry Lakebed 10-12pz compaction and displacement and damage plants. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. 149A—Swalesilver loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Range Site Ponded Clay Composition Swalesilver soil and similar inclusions—90 percent 150A—Tetherow sandy loam, 0 to 3 Contrasting inclusions—10 percent percent slopes Setting Composition Landscape position: Closed basins Landform: Lava plains Tetherow soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Parent material: Lacustrine sediment Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 162 Soil Survey

Setting Range Site Landform: Lava plains Pumice Flat 10-12pz Parent material: Ash over cinders Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big 150B—Tetherow sandy loam, 3 to 8 sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, percent slopes needleandthread Climatic factors: Composition Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Tetherow soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 Contrasting inclusions—15 percent degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Setting Typical Profile Landform: Lava plains Parent material: Ash over cinders 0 to 19 inches—brown sandy loam Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet 19 to 24 inches—pale brown cobbly sandy loam Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big 24 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown cinders sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Soil Properties and Qualities needleandthread Climatic factors: Depth: Cinders at a depth of 14 to 28 inches; bedrock Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Drainage class: Excessively drained Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Available water capacity: About 3 inches Typical Profile Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 19 inches—brown sandy loam 19 to 24 inches—pale brown cobbly sandy loam • Soils that are deep to cinders 24 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown cinders Major Uses Soil Properties and Qualities Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing Depth: Cinders at a depth of 14 to 28 inches; bedrock Major Management Limitations at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Excessively drained Surface texture, permeability Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid General Management Considerations Available water capacity: About 3 inches Irrigated cropland Contrasting Inclusions • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is • Soils that are deep to cinders subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Major Uses • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached and ground water may be contaminated because of the Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing very rapid permeability of the substratum. Major Management Limitations Livestock grazing Surface texture, permeability, slope • Care should be taken to protect the soil from General Management Considerations wind erosion when applying range improvement Irrigated cropland practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Applied fertilizers and chemicals may be leached • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. and ground water may be contaminated because of the Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 163

very rapid permeability of the substratum. bluegrass; Clovkamp soil—western juniper, • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. Idaho fescue, needleandthread Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F erosion when applying range improvement practices. Frost-free period—70 to 100 days • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Typical Profile of the Tetherow Soil reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 0 to 7 inches—brown sandy loam • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. 7 to 14 inches—brown sandy loam 14 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown cinders Range Site Properties and Qualities of the Tetherow Soil Pumice Flat 10-12pz Depth: Cinders at a depth of 14 to 28 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more 151D—Tetherow-Clovkamp complex, 8 to Drainage class: Excessively drained 50 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid over very rapid Available water capacity: About 2 inches Composition Typical Profile of the Clovkamp Soil Tetherow soil and similar inclusions—55 percent 0 to 12 inches—grayish brown and brown loamy sand Clovkamp soil and similar inclusions—30 percent 12 to 24 inches—brown loamy sand Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 24 to 40 inches—pale brown gravelly loamy fine sand Setting 40 to 60 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly sand Landform: Cinder cones Properties and Qualities of the Clovkamp Soil Slope range: Tetherow soil—8 to 50 percent; Clovkamp Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more soil—8 to 25 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Parent material: Tetherow soil—ash over cinders (fig. Permeability: Moderate 11); Clovkamp soil—ash Available water capacity: About 5 inches Contrasting Inclusions • Soils that have a weakly cemented layer at a depth of 10 to 40 inches • Rock outcrop Major Use Livestock grazing Major Management Limitations Surface texture, permeability, slope General Management Considerations • Care should be taken to protect these soils from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Figure 11.—Gravel pit used as a source of cinders in an area reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if of Tetherow-Clovkamp complex, 8 to 50 percent slopes. the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. Elevation: 2,500 to 4,000 feet • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Native plants: Tetherow soil—western juniper, Wyoming suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg livestock. 164 Soil Survey

• The steepness of slope restricts livestock Major Management Limitations distribution and limits range seeding with ground Soil depth, surface texture, permeability equipment. • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to General Management Considerations grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Irrigated cropland Range Site • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for Tetherow soil—Cindery Hills 10-12pz deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Clovkamp soil—Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. 152A—Tumalo sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent Livestock grazing slopes • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Composition • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Tumalo soil and similar inclusions—85 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Setting risk of seepage. Landform: Outwash plains Range Site Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash Pumice Flat 10-12pz Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, 152B—Tumalo sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent needleandthread slopes Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Composition Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 100 days Tumalo soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Typical Profile Setting 0 to 18 inches—grayish brown sandy loam 18 to 32 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy loam Landform: Outwash plains 32 to 44 inches—very pale brown indurated duripan Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash 44 to 90 inches—black and very pale brown extremely Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet gravelly sand Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Soil Properties and Qualities needleandthread Depth: Duripan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; bedrock Climatic factors: at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F Permeability: Moderately rapid above the duripan and Frost-free period—70 to 100 days very rapid below the duripan Typical Profile Available water capacity: About 4 inches 0 to 18 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 18 to 32 inches—pale brown very gravelly sandy loam • Soils that have a loamy sand or gravelly sandy loam 32 to 44 inches—very pale brown indurated duripan surface layer 44 to 90 inches—black and very pale brown extremely • Deschutes and Plainview soils in swales gravelly sand Soil Properties and Qualities Major Uses Depth: Duripan at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; bedrock Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing at a depth of more than 60 inches Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 165

Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,100 to 4,400 feet Permeability: Moderately rapid above the duripan and Native plants: Lodgepole pine, bearberry very rapid below the duripan Climatic factors: Available water capacity: About 4 inches Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—10 to 50 days • Soils that have a loamy sand or gravelly sandy loam Typical Profile surface layer • Deschutes and Plainview soils in swales 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 10 inches—pale brown loamy coarse sand Major Uses 10 to 43 inches—light yellowish brown very gravelly Irrigated cropland, livestock grazing coarse sand 43 to 60 inches—brown sandy loam Major Management Limitations Soil Properties and Qualities Soil depth, surface texture, slope, permeability Depth: Old alluvium at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more General Management Considerations Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Irrigated cropland Depth to water table: 18 to 48 inches below the surface in April through June • Well-managed irrigation systems are needed for Permeability: Rapid over moderately rapid deep-rooted crops such as alfalfa. Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches • Because the surface layer is sandy loam, this soil is subject to wind erosion if left unprotected. Contrasting Inclusions • Because of the steepness of slope, sprinkler • Soils that are very poorly drained or moderately well irrigation systems should be used to minimize runoff. drained Livestock grazing • Lapine soils in higher positions • Care should be taken to protect the soil from Major Use wind erosion when applying range improvement Woodland practices. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Major Management Limitations reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Frost potential, wetness, rooting depth, low fertility, the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. susceptibility to compaction • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and risk of seepage. General Management Considerations Range Site • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of the frost potential. Pumice Flat 10-12pz • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 153A—Tutni loamy coarse sand, 0 to 3 • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical percent slopes treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because roots are restricted by the seasonal high water table and the coarse-textured soil has insufficient Composition anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Tutni soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The seasonal high water table restricts the use of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent equipment to midsummer when the soil is dry or to midwinter when the soil is frozen. Setting • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Landform: Pumice-mantled stream terraces displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Parent material: Ash and pumice over old alluvium and • Because of the moderate susceptibility to colluvium compaction, designated skid trails should be used. 166 Soil Survey

Forest Service Plant Association 155C—Wanoga sandy loam, 0 to 15 CL-M2-11 percent slopes

Composition 154A—Vergas loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Wanoga soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Composition Setting Vergas soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Landform: Hills Parent material: Ash Setting Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet Landform: Lake terraces Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, Parent material: Old alluvium mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Elevation: 4,200 to 4,600 feet Idaho fescue, Ross sedge Native plants: Basin big sagebrush, basin wildrye, Climatic factors: bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Climatic factors: Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Mean annual precipitation—10 to 12 inches Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Typical Profile Frost-free period—50 to 90 days 1 inch to 0—organic mat Typical Profile 0 to 12 inches—brown sandy loam 0 to 10 inches—light brownish gray and grayish brown 12 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam loam 24 to 34 inches—weathered tuff 10 to 25 inches—pale brown clay loam 34 inches—unweathered tuff 25 to 29 inches—pale brown gravelly loam Soil Properties and Qualities 29 to 60 inches—pale brown, hard and brittle extremely gravelly loamy sand Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Soil Properties and Qualities Permeability: Moderately rapid Depth: Hard, brittle layer at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Available water capacity: About 4 inches bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow • Fremkle and Henkle soils on ridges Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Rock outcrop Contrasting Inclusions Major Uses • Reluctan soils on higher toe slopes Livestock grazing, woodland • Swaler and Swalesilver soils in depressions Major Management Limitations Major Use Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, low Livestock grazing fertility, susceptibility to compaction Major Management Limitations General Management Considerations Climate, permeability Livestock grazing General Management Considerations • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind growth of forage and shorten the growing season. erosion when applying range improvement practices. • Pond development is limited by the risk of seepage. • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Range Site reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Swale 10-14pz • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 167

risk of seepage, and the steepness of slope in some Permeability: Moderately rapid areas. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Contrasting Inclusions suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • Fremkle and Henkle soils on ridges • Rock outcrop Woodland Major Uses • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of the low precipitation. Livestock grazing, woodland • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Major Management Limitations undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and General Management Considerations temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Livestock grazing • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind compaction, designated skid trails should be used. erosion when applying range improvement practices. Range Site • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of 155D—Wanoga sandy loam, 15 to 30 seepage, and steepness of slope. percent slopes • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Composition Woodland Wanoga soil and similar inclusions—85 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of the low precipitation. Setting • Unless the site is properly prepared and Landform: Hills maintained, undesirable plants may compete with Parent material: Ash reforestation. Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; Idaho fescue, Ross sedge however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Climatic factors: the soil less. Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F seeding with grass and mulching. Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Typical Profile crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and 1 inch to 0—organic mat undulating road grades. 0 to 12 inches—dark brown sandy loam • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads 12 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam and temporary roads by seeding, installing water 24 to 34 inches—weathered tuff bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the 34 inches—unweathered tuff surface. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Soil Properties and Qualities displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Drainage class: Well drained compaction, designated skid trails should be used. 168 Soil Survey

Range Site General Management Considerations Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue Livestock grazing • The cold climate and soil temperature delay 155E—Wanoga sandy loam, 30 to 50 the growth of forage and shorten the growing percent slopes season. • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind erosion when applying range improvement practices. Composition • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Wanoga soil and similar inclusions—85 percent reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if Contrasting inclusions—15 percent the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Setting seepage, and steepness of slope. Landform: Hills • The included areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas Parent material: Ash suitable for grazing and restrict accessibility by Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet livestock. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, • The steepness of slope restricts livestock mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, distribution and limits range seeding with ground Idaho fescue, Ross sedge equipment. Climatic factors: Woodland Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Frost-free period—60 to 90 days the low precipitation. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Typical Profile undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 0 to 12 inches—dark brown sandy loam treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. 12 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully 24 to 34 inches—weathered tuff or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less 34 inches—unweathered tuff damaging to the soil surface. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Soil Properties and Qualities repellency may result from fires that have moderate Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches fireline intensity. Drainage class: Well drained • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Permeability: Moderately rapid detrimental impacts to the soil. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by seeding with grass and mulching. Contrasting Inclusions • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water • Fremkle and Henkle soils on ridges bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or • Rock outcrop crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. Major Uses • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Livestock grazing, woodland temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Major Management Limitations • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Climate, surface texture, soil depth, permeability, displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 169

slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Properties and Qualities of the Fremkle Soil • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Depth: Bedrock at depth of 10 to 20 inches compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Drainage class: Well drained Range Site Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 2 inches Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue Typical Profile of the Henkle Soil 156C—Wanoga-Fremkle-Henkle complex, 0.5 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 15 percent slopes 0 to 17 inches—very dark brown and dark brown very cobbly sandy loam 17 inches—basalt Composition Properties and Qualities of the Henkle Soil Wanoga soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Fremkle soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Henkle and similar inclusions—20 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches Setting Contrasting Inclusions Landform: Hills Parent material: Ash • Laidlaw soils in swales Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet • Fryrear soils on side slopes and ridges Native plants: Wanoga soil—ponderosa pine, Major Uses western juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Ross sedge; Livestock grazing, woodland Fremkle and Henkle soils—western juniper, Major Management Limitations ponderosa pine, mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch Wanoga, Fremkle, and Henkle soils—climate, surface wheatgrass texture, permeability, soil depth, low fertility, Climatic factors: susceptibility to compaction Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Henkle soil—rock fragments in surface layer Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F General Management Considerations Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Typical Profile of the Wanoga Soil Livestock grazing 1 inch to 0—organic mat • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the 0 to 12 inches—dark brown sandy loam growth of forage and shorten the growing season. 12 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam • Care should be taken to protect the soils from 24 to 34 inches—weathered tuff wind erosion when applying range improvement 34 inches—unweathered tuff practices. • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Properties and Qualities of the Wanoga Soil reestablishment of the native vegetation is very Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. Drainage class: Well drained • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the Permeability: Moderately rapid risk of seepage, and the steepness of slope in some Available water capacity: About 4 inches areas. • The restricted depth of the Fremkle and Henkle soils Typical Profile of the Fremkle Soil limits the choice of species for range seeding to 1 inch to 0—organic mat drought-tolerant varieties. 0 to 14 inches—dark brown sandy loam • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by 14 inches—tuff the rock fragments on the surface of the Henkle soil. 170 Soil Survey

Woodland Properties and Qualities of the Wanoga Soil • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches the low precipitation. Drainage class: Well drained • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Permeability: Moderately rapid undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Typical Profile of the Fremkle Soil treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because roots are restricted by the shallow depth of 1 inch to 0—organic mat the Fremkle and Henkle soils, trees are subject to 0 to 14 inches—dark brown sandy loam windthrow. 14 inches—tuff • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Properties and Qualities of the Fremkle Soil temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Depth: Bedrock at depth of 10 to 20 inches • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Drainage class: Well drained displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Available water capacity: About 2 inches compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Typical Profile of the Henkle Soil Range Site 0.5 inch to 0—organic mat Wanoga soil—Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue 0 to 17 inches—very dark brown and dark brown very Fremkle and Henkle soils—Juniper-Pine-Fescue cobbly sandy loam 17 inches—basalt 156D—Wanoga-Fremkle-Henkle complex, Properties and Qualities of the Henkle Soil 15 to 30 percent slopes Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Composition Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches Wanoga soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Fremkle soil and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting Inclusions Henkle soil and similar inclusions—20 percent • Laidlaw soils in swales Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Fryrear soils on side slopes and ridges Setting Major Uses Landform: Hills Livestock grazing, woodland Parent material: Ash Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet Major Management Limitations Native plants: Wanoga soil—ponderosa pine, western Wanoga, Fremkle, and Henkle soils—climate, surface juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope texture, permeability, soil depth, slope, low fertility, bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Ross sedge; Fremkle susceptibility to compaction and Henkle soils—western juniper, ponderosa pine, Henkle soil—rock fragments in surface layer mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass General Management Considerations Climatic factors: Livestock grazing Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Frost-free period—60 to 90 days growth of forage and shorten the growing season. • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Typical Profile of the Wanoga Soil erosion when applying range improvement practices. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, 0 to 12 inches—dark brown sandy loam reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if 12 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 24 to 34 inches—weathered tuff • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of 34 inches—unweathered tuff seepage, and steepness of slope. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 171

• The restricted depth of the Fremkle and Henkle soils Climatic factors: limits the choice of species for range seeding to Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches drought-tolerant varieties. Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F • Range seeding with ground equipment is limited by Frost-free period—60 to 90 days the rock fragments on the surface of the Henkle soil. Typical Profile of the Wanoga Soil Woodland 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of 0 to 12 inches—dark brown sandy loam the low precipitation. 12 to 24 inches—brown sandy loam • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 24 to 34 inches—weathered tuff undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 34 inches—unweathered tuff • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Properties and Qualities of the Wanoga Soil treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because roots are restricted by the shallow depth of Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches the Fremkle and Henkle soils, trees are subject to Drainage class: Well drained windthrow. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Available water capacity: About 4 inches seeding with grass and mulching. Typical Profile of the Fremkle Soil • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or 1 inch to 0—organic mat crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and 0 to 14 inches—dark brown sandy loam undulating road grades. 14 inches—tuff • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Properties and Qualities of the Fremkle Soil temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Depth: Bedrock at depth of 10 to 20 inches • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Drainage class: Well drained displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Available water capacity: About 2 inches compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Contrasting Inclusions Range Site • Henkle soils on ridges Wanoga soil—Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue • Laidlaw soils in swales Fremkle and Henkle soils—Juniper-Pine-Fescue • Fryrear soils on side slopes and ridges Major Uses 157C—Wanoga-Fremkle-Rock outcrop Livestock grazing, woodland complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes Major Management Limitations Composition Rock outcrop, climate, surface texture, permeability, soil depth, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Wanoga soil and similar inclusions—35 percent Fremkle soil and similar inclusions—30 percent General Management Considerations Rock outcrop—20 percent Livestock grazing Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the Setting growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Landform: Hills • Care should be taken to protect the soils from wind Parent material: Ash erosion when applying range improvement practices. Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet • Because the soils are influenced by pumice ash, Native plants: Wanoga soil—ponderosa pine, western reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if juniper, mountain big sagebrush, antelope the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, Ross sedge; Fremkle • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, the soil—western juniper, ponderosa pine, mountain risk of seepage, and the steepness of slope in some big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, areas. bluebunch wheatgrass • The restricted depth of the Fremkle soil limits the 172 Soil Survey

choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant 4 to 10 inches—very pale brown very gravelly coarse varieties. sand • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for 10 to 60 inches—white extremely gravelly coarse sand grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Drainage class: Poorly drained the low precipitation. Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 30 • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, inches below the surface from March through undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. October • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Permeability: Rapid treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Available water capacity: About 3 inches • Because roots are restricted by the shallow depth of Contrasting Inclusions the Fremkle soil, trees are subject to windthrow. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and • Soils that are moderately well drained or poorly temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, drained subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Lapine soils in higher positions • The areas of Rock outcrop force yarding and Major Use skidding paths to converge, which increases the risks of compaction and erosion throughout the unit. Woodland • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Major Management Limitations displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Wetness, frost potential, soil texture, low fertility, compaction, designated skid trails should be used. susceptibility to compaction Range Site General Management Considerations Wanoga soil—Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Fremkle soil—Juniper-Pine-Fescue the seasonal high water table and frost potential. • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 158A—Wickiup loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical slopes treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because roots are restricted by the seasonal high Composition water table and the coarse-textured soil has insufficient anchoring capability, trees are subject to windthrow. Wickiup soil and similar inclusions—85 percent • The seasonal high water table restricts the use of Contrasting inclusions—15 percent equipment to midsummer when the soil is dry or to Setting midwinter when the soil is frozen. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Landscape position: Swales and depressions repellency may result from fires that have moderate Landform: Stream terraces fireline intensity. Parent material: Volcanic ash and pumice • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Elevation: 4,300 to 5,000 feet detrimental impacts to the soil. Native plants: Lodgepole pine, sedges, and grasses • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Climatic factors: displacement of the surface layer should be Mean annual precipitation—18 to 25 inches minimized. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Frost-free period—10 to 50 days compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Typical Profile Forest Service Plant Association 4 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 4 inches—light brownish gray loamy sand CL-M1-11 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 173

159C—Wilt sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and by slopes the steepness of slope in some areas. Woodland Composition • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Wilt soil and similar inclusions—85 percent the low precipitation. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Setting • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Landform: Hills treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Parent material: Ash over residuum • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Native plants: Ponderosa pine, western juniper, • Because of the moderate susceptibility to mountain big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Idaho fescue, Ross sedge Range Site Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—12 to 18 inches Pine-Juniper-Bitterbrush-Fescue Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 160C—Windego-Parrego complex, 0 to 15 Typical Profile percent slopes 0 to 13 inches—dark brown sandy loam 13 to 26 inches—dark brown cobbly loam Composition 26 to 33 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam Windego soil and similar inclusions—45 percent 33 inches—andesite Parrego soil and similar inclusions—40 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Depth: Residuum at a depth of 7 to 14 inches; bedrock Setting at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Contrasting Inclusions greenleaf manzanita, needlegrasses Climatic factors: • Soils that have a very cobbly clay loam or clay Mean annual precipitation—15 to 25 inches subsoil Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F • Fryrear soils on side slopes Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Major Uses Typical Profile of the Windego Soil Livestock grazing, woodland 1 inch to 0—organic mat Major Management Limitations 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam Climate, surface texture, soil depth, low fertility, 30 to 60 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown very susceptibility to compaction cobbly clay loam General Management Considerations Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil Livestock grazing Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; • The cold climate and soil temperature delay the bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more growth of forage and shorten the growing season. Drainage class: Well drained • Care should be taken to protect the soil from wind Permeability: Moderate erosion when applying range improvement practices. Available water capacity: About 6 inches • Because the soil is influenced by pumice ash, Typical Profile of the Parrego Soil reestablishment of the native vegetation is very slow if the vegetation is removed or deteriorated. 3 inches to 0—organic mat 174 Soil Survey

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam greenleaf manzanita, needlegrasses 5 to 13 inches—brown loam Climatic factors: 13 to 24 inches—brown clay loam Mean annual precipitation—15 to 25 inches 24 inches—weathered tuff Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Properties and Qualities of the Parrego Soil Typical Profile of the Windego Soil Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 4 to 7 inches; soft bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches 1 inch to 0—organic mat Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam Permeability: Moderate 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam Available water capacity: About 4 inches 30 to 60 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown very cobbly clay loam Contrasting Inclusions Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil • Smiling soils on side slopes Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; Major Use bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Woodland Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Major Management Limitations Available water capacity: About 6 inches Climate, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Typical Profile of the Parrego Soil General Management Considerations 3 inches to 0—organic mat • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of 0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam the low precipitation. 5 to 13 inches—brown loam • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 13 to 24 inches—brown clay loam undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 24 inches—weathered tuff • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Properties and Qualities of the Parrego Soil treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 4 to 7 inches; soft temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Permeability: Moderate displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Available water capacity: About 4 inches • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Contrasting Inclusions compaction, designated skid trails should be used. • Smiling soils on side slopes Forest Service Plant Association Major Use CP-S2-13 Woodland 160D—Windego-Parrego complex, 15 to Major Management Limitations 30 percent slopes Climate, slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Composition General Management Considerations Windego soil and similar inclusions—45 percent • Seedlings have a moderate survival rate because of Parrego soil and similar inclusions—40 percent the low precipitation. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Setting undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Landform: Mountains treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Parent material: Ash over colluvium and residuum • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, the soil less. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 175

• Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil seeding with grass and mulching. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or loam crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam undulating road grades. 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Drainage class: Well drained • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Permeability: Moderately slow compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Available water capacity: About 10 inches Forest Service Plant Association Contrasting Inclusions CP-S2-13 • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches • Rock outcrop on ridges 161E—Windego-Smiling complex, 30 to 50 Major Use percent slopes Woodland Composition Major Management Limitations Windego soil and similar inclusions—55 percent Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Smiling soil and similar inclusions—30 percent General Management Considerations Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Setting undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Landform: Mountains • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Parent material: Ash over colluvium treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Native plants: Windego soil—ponderosa pine, antelope or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, needlegrasses; damaging to the soil surface. Smiling soil—ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue seeding with grass and mulching. Climatic factors: • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Mean annual precipitation—20 to 40 inches bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Frost-free period—60 to 90 days undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Typical Profile of the Windego Soil temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 1 inch to 0—organic mat subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam displacement of the surface layer should be 30 to 60 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown very minimized. cobbly clay loam • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging slash or brush reduces soil displacement. Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; compaction, designated skid trails should be used. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Forest Service Plant Association Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Windego soil—CP-S2-13 Available water capacity: About 6 inches Smiling soil—CP-S2-17 176 Soil Survey

162E—Windego-Smiling complex, cool, 30 Major Use to 50 percent slopes Woodland Major Management Limitations Composition Slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction Windego soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Smiling soil and similar inclusions—35 percent General Management Considerations Contrasting inclusions—15 percent • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, Setting undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Landform: Mountains treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Parent material: Ash over colluvium • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully Elevation: 3,500 to 4,000 feet or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less Native plants: Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, snowbrush, damaging to the soil surface. chinkapin, brackenfern • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Climatic factors: seeding with grass and mulching. Mean annual precipitation—30 to 50 inches • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Frost-free period—50 to 70 days crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Typical Profile of the Windego Soil undulating road grades. • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and 1 inch to 0—organic mat temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 30 to 60 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown very displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. cobbly clay loam • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil slash or brush reduces soil displacement. • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; compaction, designated skid trails should be used. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Drainage class: Well drained Forest Service Plant Association Permeability: Moderate CW-C2-11 Available water capacity: About 6 inches Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil 163D—Windego-Smiling-Rock outcrop 1 inch to 0—organic mat complex, 0 to 30 percent slopes 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy loam Composition 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam Windego soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Smiling soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Rock outcrop—20 percent Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; Contrasting inclusions—5 percent bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Setting Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Mountains Available water capacity: About 10 inches Parent material: Ash over colluvium Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet Contrasting Inclusions Native plants: Windego soil—ponderosa pine, • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, • Rock outcrop on ridges needlegrasses; Smiling soil—ponderosa pine, Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 177

antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, Idaho treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. fescue • Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used; Climatic factors: however, cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs Mean annual precipitation—20 to 40 inches the soil less. Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by Frost-free period—60 to 90 days seeding with grass and mulching. • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Typical Profile of the Windego Soil bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or 1 inch to 0—organic mat crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam undulating road grades. 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and 30 to 60 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown very temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, cobbly clay loam subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; • Because of the moderate susceptibility to bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Drainage class: Well drained Forest Service Plant Association Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 6 inches Windego soil—CP-S2-13 Smiling soil—CP-S2-17 Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy 163E—Windego-Smiling-Rock outcrop loam complex, 30 to 70 percent slopes 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam Composition Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Windego soil and similar inclusions—50 percent Smiling soil and similar inclusions—25 percent Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; Rock outcrop—20 percent bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: About 10 inches Landform: Mountains Contrasting Inclusions Parent material: Ash over colluvium Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Native plants: Windego soil—ponderosa pine, antelope • Parrego soils on side slopes of Green Ridge bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, needlegrasses; Major Use Smiling soil—ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue Woodland Climatic factors: Major Management Limitations Mean annual precipitation—20 to 40 inches Mean annual air temperature—42 to 47 degrees F Rock outcrop, slope, low fertility, susceptibility to Frost-free period—60 to 90 days compaction Typical Profile of the Windego Soil General Management Considerations • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, 1 inch to 0—organic mat undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. 0 to 19 inches—dark brown and brown sandy loam • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical 19 to 30 inches—brown very cobbly loam 178 Soil Survey

temporary roads by seeding, installing water bars, 30 to 60 inches—dark brown and yellowish brown very subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the surface. cobbly clay loam • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Properties and Qualities of the Windego Soil displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 25 inches; slash or brush reduces soil displacement. bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more • Because of the moderate susceptibility to Drainage class: Well drained compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: About 6 inches Forest Service Plant Association Typical Profile of the Smiling Soil Windego soil—CP-S2-13 Smiling soil—CP-S2-17 1 inch to 0—organic mat 0 to 16 inches—very dark brown and dark brown sandy loam 164A—Wizard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent 16 to 39 inches—dark brown loam slopes 39 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam Properties and Qualities of the Smiling Soil Composition Depth: Colluvium at a depth of 14 to 33 inches; Wizard soil and similar inclusions—85 percent bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: About 10 inches Landform: Outwash plains Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash Contrasting Inclusions Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches Native plants: Ponderosa pine, white fir, common • Parrego soils on side slopes of Green Ridge snowberry, twinflower Climatic factors: Major Use Mean annual precipitation—20 to 35 inches Woodland Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Major Management Limitations Typical Profile Rock outcrop, slope, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction 2 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 23 inches—dark brown sandy loam General Management Considerations 23 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy • Unless the site is properly prepared and loam maintained, undesirable plants may compete with 28 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly reforestation. sandy loam • Competing vegetation can be reduced by Soil Properties and Qualities mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained damaging to the soil surface. Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24 • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by inches below the surface in April through June seeding with grass and mulching. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Available water capacity: About 6 inches bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Contrasting Inclusions crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and undulating road grades. • Allingham and Circle soils in higher positions • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and • Flarm soils in swales Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 179

Major Use 28 to 65—dark yellowish brown very cobbly sandy loam Woodland Properties and Qualities of the Wizard Soil Major Management Limitations Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Wetness, low fertility, susceptibility to compaction bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more General Management Considerations Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24 • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, inches below the surface in April through June undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Permeability: Moderately rapid • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Available water capacity: About 6 inches treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Because roots are restricted by the seasonal high Typical Profile of the Allingham Soil water table, trees are subject to windthrow. 1 inch to 0—organic mat • The seasonal high water table restricts the use of 0 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark equipment to midsummer when the soil is dry or to brown gravelly sandy loam midwinter when the soil is frozen. 16 to 28 inches—dark brown loam • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, 28 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. and very cobbly clay loam • Because of the moderate susceptibility to compaction, designated skid trails should be used. Properties and Qualities of the Allingham Soil Forest Service Plant Association Depth: Glacial outwash at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more CD-S6-12 Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate 165C—Wizard-Allingham complex, 0 to 15 Available water capacity: About 8 inches percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Circle soils in higher positions Composition • Flarm soils in swales and channels Wizard soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Major Use Allingham soil and similar inclusions—45 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Woodland Setting Major Management Limitations Landform: Outwash plains Wizard and Allingham soils—low fertility, susceptibility Parent material: Ash over glacial outwash to compaction Elevation: 2,500 to 3,500 feet Wizard soil—wetness Native plants: Wizard soil—ponderosa pine, white fir, General Management Considerations common snowberry, twinflower; Allingham soil— ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, greenleaf • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, manzanita, Idaho fescue undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Climatic factors: • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Mean annual precipitation—20 to 35 inches treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F • Because roots are restricted by the seasonal high Frost-free period—50 to 90 days water table, trees on the Wizard soil are subject to windthrow. Typical Profile of the Wizard Soil • The seasonal high water table in the Wizard soil 2 inches to 0—organic mat restricts the use of equipment to midsummer when the 0 to 23 inches—dark brown sandy loam soil is dry or to midwinter when the soil is frozen. 23 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown cobbly sandy • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, loam displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. 180 Soil Survey

• Because of the moderate susceptibility to distribution and limits range seeding with ground compaction, designated skid trails should be used. equipment. • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to Forest Service Plant Association grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Wizard soil—CD-S6-12 Range site Allingham soil—CP-S2-17 Onsite investigation is needed to determine the range site. 166D—Xerolls, 5 to 50 percent slopes

Composition 167E—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 65 percent north slopes Xerolls and similar inclusions—95 percent Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Composition Setting Xerolls and similar inclusions—60 percent Landform: Slumps and landslides Rock outcrop—25 percent Parent material: Colluvium and ash Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Elevation: 1,400 to 2,000 feet Setting Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch Landform: Hills wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Parent material: Basalt, welded tuff, ash Climatic factors: Elevation: 4,000 to 5,500 feet Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches Native plants: Western juniper, mountain big Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches Representative Profile Mean annual air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loam Frost-free period—50 to 90 days 6 to 18 inches—grayish brown loam Representative Profile of Xerolls 18 to 60 inches—light brownish gray sandy loam 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown very stony loam Soil Properties and Qualities 6 to 18 inches—grayish brown loam Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 60 inches or more 18 to 60 inches—light brownish gray sandy loam Drainage class: Moderately well drained to somewhat Properties and Qualities of Xerolls excessively drained Permeability: Moderately rapid to slow Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 60 inches or more Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Drainage class: Moderately well drained to somewhat excessively drained Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Moderately rapid to slow • Rock outcrop Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Major Use Contrasting Inclusions Livestock grazing • Reluctan and Ninemile soils on lava plains • Swaler and Borobey soils on toe slopes Major Management Limitations • Choptie soils in ravines and on escarpments Soil depth, permeability, climate, slope, aspect Major Use General Management Considerations Livestock grazing • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Major Management Limitations seepage, and steepness of slope. • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth Rock outcrop, soil depth, permeability, climate, slope limit productivity and limit the choice of species for General Management Considerations range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. • The steepness of slope restricts livestock • Pond development is limited by the soil depth and Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 181

risk of seepage. Major Use • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth limit productivity and limit the choice of species for Livestock grazing range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. Major Management Limitations • The steepness of slope restricts livestock distribution and limits range seeding with ground Rock outcrop, soil depth, permeability, climate, slope, equipment. aspect • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for General Management Considerations grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. • Pond development is limited by the soil depth, risk of Range Site seepage, and steepness of slope. Pumice North 9-12pz • The low annual precipitation and restricted soil depth limit productivity and limit the choice of species for range seeding to drought-tolerant varieties. 168E—Xerolls-Rock outcrop complex, 30 • The steepness of slope restricts livestock to 65 percent south slopes distribution and limits range seeding with ground equipment. Composition • The steep, south-facing slopes are less suited to grazing in hot periods during the grazing season. Xerolls and similar inclusions—45 percent • The areas of Rock outcrop limit the areas suitable for Rock outcrop—40 percent grazing and restrict accessibility by livestock. Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Range Site Setting South 9-12pz Landform: Hills Parent material: Basalt, welded tuff, ash Elevation: 3,000 to 5,500 feet 169C—Yapoah-Rock outcrop complex, 0 Native plants: Western juniper, Wyoming big to 15 percent slopes sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass Composition Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—9 to 11 inches Yapoah soil and similar inclusions—70 percent Mean annual air temperature—46 to 48 degrees F Rock outcrop—20 percent Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Representative Profile of Xerolls Setting 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown very stony loam Landform: Mountains 6 to 18 inches—grayish brown loam Parent material: Ash and colluvium 18 to 60 inches—light brownish gray sandy loam Elevation: 3,200 to 5,000 feet Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, Properties and Qualities of Xerolls greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 10 to 60 inches or more Climatic factors: Drainage class: Moderately well drained to somewhat Mean annual precipitation—18 to 30 inches excessively drained Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Permeability: Moderately rapid to slow Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Available water capacity: 2 to 6 inches Typical Profile of the Yapoah Soil Contrasting Inclusions 2 inches to 0—organic mat • Reluctan and Ninemile soils on lava plains 0 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly loamy sand • Swaler and Borobey soils on toe slopes 12 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Choptie soils in ravines and on escarpments flaggy loamy sand 182 Soil Survey

Properties and Qualities of the Yapoah Soil Climatic factors: Mean annual precipitation—18 to 30 inches Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Mean annual air temperature—40 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Frost-free period—50 to 90 days Permeability: Rapid Available water capacity: About 2 inches Typical Profile of the Yapoah Soil Contrasting Inclusions 2 inches to 0—organic mat 0 to 12 inches—dark brown very cobbly loamy sand • Sisters soils on side slopes 12 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 60 inches flaggy loamy sand Major Use Properties and Qualities of the Yapoah Soil Woodland Depth: Bedrock at a depth of 60 inches or more Major Management Limitations Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Rapid Rock outcrop, available water capacity, rock fragments Available water capacity: About 2 inches General Management Considerations Contrasting Inclusions • Seedlings have a poor survival rate because of the • Sisters soils on side slopes low available water capacity. • Soils that have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 60 inches • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. Major Use • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical Woodland treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water Major Management Limitations repellency may result from fires that have moderate Rock outcrop, available water capacity, slope, rock fireline intensity. fragments • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize detrimental impacts to the soil. General Management Considerations • Rock fragments in the soil restrict the planting of seedlings. • Seedlings have a poor survival rate because of the low available water capacity. Forest Service Plant Association • Unless the site is properly prepared and maintained, CP-S2-17 undesirable plants may compete with reforestation. • Competing vegetation can be reduced by mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, or livestock grazing. 169E—Yapoah-Rock outcrop complex, 15 • High-lead logging or other logging systems that fully to 75 percent slopes or partially suspend logs generally are safer and less damaging to the soil surface. Composition • Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency may result from fires that have moderate Yapoah soil and similar inclusions—65 percent fireline intensity. Rock outcrop—20 percent • Burning should be carefully planned to minimize Contrasting inclusions—15 percent detrimental impacts to the soil. Setting • Cuts and fills can be protected from erosion by seeding with grass and mulching. Landform: Mountains • Reduce erosion and sedimentation by using water Parent material: Ash and colluvium bars and relief culverts; insloping, outsloping, or Elevation: 3,200 to 5,000 feet crowning road surfaces; using sediment traps; and Native plants: Ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, undulating road grades. greenleaf manzanita, Idaho fescue • Reduce the risk of erosion on tractor skid roads and Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 183

temporary roads by seeding, installing water slash or brush reduces soil displacement. bars, subsoiling, or accumulating slash on the • Rock fragments in the soil restrict the planting of surface. seedlings. • Because of the low fertility of the subsoil, Forest Service Plant Association displacement of the surface layer should be minimized. • Using machinery only in areas covered with logging CP-S2-17

185

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of pasture is suggested in this section. The estimated the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust yields of the important crops or hay and pasture plants land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural are given, the system of land capability classification resources and the environment. Also, it can help to used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service prevent soil-related failures in land uses. is explained, and prime farmland is described. In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, This section provides information about the conservationists, engineers, and others collect agricultural potential of the survey area and suggests extensive field data about the nature and behavioral the management needed to help maintain this potential. characteristics of the soils. They collect data on This information is useful to agricultural producers, erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that equipment and fertilizer dealers, land use planners, affect various soil uses and management. Field contractors, and conservationists. Information about experience and collected data on soil properties and the management of each soil is given in the section performance are used as a basis in predicting soil “Detailed Soil Map Units.” This information is useful in behavior. planning management systems for individual farms and Information in this section can be used to plan the fields. use and management of soils for crops and pasture; as According to the 1987 Census of Agriculture, rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary approximately 90,000 acres in Jefferson County was facilities, highways and other transportation systems, used as cropland. Of this, about 45,000 acres was and parks and other recreational facilities; and for used for irrigated crops. Most of the irrigated cropland wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials is in the vicinity of Madras, Metolius, and Culver. In and limitations of each soil for specific land uses and Deschutes County, there are about 60,000 acres of to help prevent construction failures caused by irrigated cropland, pastureland, and hayland. Most of unfavorable soil properties. this land is in the vicinity of Redmond, Bend, Alfalfa, Planners and others using soil survey information and Terrebonne. In Klamath County, it is not can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on economically feasible to grow crops because of the productivity and on the environment in all or part of the cool temperatures in summer and the short growing survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain season. or create a land use pattern in harmony with the natural Nonirrigated cropland is scattered throughout the soil. survey area. A grain-fallow rotation system is used on Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of most of this land. Alfalfa is incorporated into the sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to rotation in some areas. identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil Soils have various properties that affect use and layers can cause difficulty in excavation. management. Susceptibility to erosion by water and Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and wind is an important consideration. Erosion results in a others may also find this survey useful. The survey loss of organic matter and a breakdown of soil can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and structure, and it changes soil texture through a loss of locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, sand, silt, and clay. Onsite effects of erosion include playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. degradation of soil tilth and loss of productivity, and offsite effects include degradation of water and air quality. It takes many years to replace soil lost through Crops and Pasture erosion. By Rich Edlund and Ray Wilson, district conservationists, The survey area has a wide range of soils and Natural Resources Conservation Service. climatic conditions that influence use and management for crops and pasture. The northern part of the survey Cropland comprises about 10 percent of the survey area, in Jefferson County, has the most favorable area. General management needed for crops and conditions for crop production. Elevation is 2,300 to 186 Soil Survey

2,600 feet. The frost-free period is about 100 days, and irrigation water at a higher rate than is typical for the the annual rainfall is less than 12 inches. Crops grown needs of the crop grown is common. Sprinkler irrigation under irrigation include wheat, barley, grass seed, mint, is best suited because the rate and frequency of alfalfa hay, potatoes, and seed crops such as garlic, application can be regulated according to individual flowers, radishes, and carrots. crop needs. The very low or low available water Soils of the Madras and Agency series make up the capacity, which is a result of the soil depth and texture, majority of the acreage under cultivation. These soils makes more frequent applications necessary. are moderately fine textured and are moderately deep The infiltration rate is determined by the texture, to bedrock. They are limited by the permeability of the structure, and organic matter content of a soil. For subsoil and the sandy loam texture of the surface example, sandy soils have a high infiltration rate but layer. Irrigation water should be applied according to they have a low available water capacity. Conversely, the infiltration rate and permeability of the soils. clayey soils absorb water slowly but they have a Overirrigating contributes to erosion and runoff. Soil relatively high available water capacity. Various crops particles transported by water carry nutrients and require differing amounts of water for full production. chemicals into waterways and reservoirs, reducing Applying adequate water during critical growth stages storage capacity and making costly cleanup operations helps to maintain high production and desirable crop necessary. The quality of the water is degraded, quality. making it less suitable for irrigation, livestock, and Many structural, management, and vegetative domestic use. Wind erosion is a concern in the areas practices are used to reduce or control erosion by wind of Madras and Agency soils that have a sandy loam and water. Soils that have a bare surface are highly surface layer. In addition to the loss of productivity, susceptible to wind and water erosion. Plant cover wind erosion creates a safety hazard on highways and reduces the impact of raindrops and decreases the results in deposition of soil material in waterways and erosive energy of wind. It also increases the rate of reservoirs. infiltration of water into the soil profile. Windbreaks The Calimus soils are similar to the Madras and reduce the velocity of the wind, thus reducing the risk Agency soils, but they are less than 20 inches deep to of erosion. Maintaining crop residue on the soil surface bedrock. The very low available water capacity and the reduces erosion, increases the infiltration rate, and slow permeability of the subsoil in the Calimus soils incorporates organic matter into the soil, which make careful scheduling of irrigation necessary to increases the available water capacity and the content avoid overland flow and crop stress. of nutrients. Soils of the Era series are very deep and Yields per Acre moderately coarse textured, and they have few limitations for crop production. These soils are in areas The average yields per acre that can be expected of of nearly level to rolling topography. Sprinkler irrigation the principal crops under a high level of management systems should be used in areas that have slopes of are shown in table 5. In any given year, yields may be more than 3 percent to minimize erosion. Use of higher or lower than those indicated in the table minimum tillage, crop residue, and windbreaks is because of variations in rainfall and other climatic needed to reduce wind erosion. factors. The land capability classification of each map In the southern part of Jefferson County and the unit also is shown in the table. western part of Deschutes County, the soils and The yields are based mainly on the experience and climatic conditions change dramatically. Elevation is records of farmers, conservationists, and extension 3,000 feet at Redmond and 3,500 feet at Bend. The agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and frost-free period is about 80 days, which limits the results of field trials and demonstrations are also choice of crops. Agriculture consists mainly of irrigated considered. pasture and hay and smaller acreages of potatoes for The management needed to obtain the indicated seed, mint for rootstock and oil, and spring grain. The yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil soils include those of the Clovkamp, Deschutes, and the crop. Management can include drainage, Houstake, Tumalo, and Deskamp series. These soils erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper consist of sandy loam and loamy sand influenced by planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop pumice ash deposited from Mt. Mazama. The texture varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of affects the infiltration rate, permeability, and available weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable water capacity. Because of the high infiltration rate and soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, the moderately rapid or rapid permeability, applying phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 187

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, the choice of plants or that require special and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures conservation practices, or both. the smallest possible loss. Class IV soils have very severe limitations that For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the management, or both. crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. a minimum. Class VI soils have severe limitations that make The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity them generally unsuitable for cultivation. of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are Class VII soils have very severe limitations that likely to increase as new production technology is make them unsuitable for cultivation. developed. The productivity of a given soil compared Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have with that of other soils, however, is not likely to limitations that nearly preclude their use for change. commercial crop production. Crops other than those shown in the table are grown Capability subclasses are soil groups within one in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, because the acreage of such crops may be small. The w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The local office of the Natural Resources Conservation letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of Service or of the Cooperative Extension Service can erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; provide information about the management and w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with productivity of the soils for those crops. plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows Land Capability Classification that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, Land capability classification shows, in a general droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field the United States, shows that the chief limitation is crops. Crops that require special management are climate that is very cold or very dry. excluded. The soils are grouped according to their In class I there are no subclasses because the soils limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are of this class have few limitations. Class V contains used for crops, and the way they respond to only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. not include major and generally expensive landforming They have other limitations that restrict their use to that would change slope, depth, or other pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or characteristics of the soils, nor do they include recreation. possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. The capability classification of each map unit in this Capability classification is not a substitute for survey area is given in table 5. interpretations designed to show suitability and Prime Farmland limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering purposes. Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important In the capability system (24), soils are generally farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. grouped at three levels—capability class, subclass, It is of major importance in meeting the Nation’s short- and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the survey. supply of high-quality farmland is limited, the U.S. Capability classes, the broadest groups, are Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals levels of government, as well as individuals, should indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation’s choices for practical use. The classes are defined as prime farmland. follows: Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of use. physical and chemical characteristics for producing Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is the choice of plants or that require moderate available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, conservation practices. pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, 188 Soil Survey

growing season, and moisture supply are those needed 31A Deschutes sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes for the soil to economically produce sustained high 31B Deschutes sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes yields of crops when proper management, including 32A Deschutes sandy loam, dry, 0 to 3 percent water management, and acceptable farming methods slopes are applied. In general, prime farmland has an 33B Deschutes-Houstake complex, 0 to 8 percent adequate and dependable supply of moisture from slopes precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and 36A Deskamp loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an 36B Deskamp loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no 37B Deskamp sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not 44B Era sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes excessively erodible or saturated with water for long 45A Era sandy loam, cobbly substratum, 0 to 3 periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during percent slopes the growing season or is protected from flooding. The 65A Houstake sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes slope ranges mainly from 0 to 8 percent. More detailed 66A Houstake sandy loam, dry, 0 to 3 percent information about the criteria for prime farmland is slopes available at the local office of the Natural Resources 67A Houstake sandy loam, very gravelly Conservation Service. substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes About 168,000 acres, or about 10 percent of the 68A Iris silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes survey area, would meet the requirements for prime 71B Lafollette sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes farmland if an adequate and dependable supply of 86A Madras sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes irrigation water were available. 86B Madras sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes A recent trend in land use in some parts of the 87A Madras loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland 87B Madras loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime 98A Plainview sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal 98B Plainview sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, and 104A Redmond sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. 150A Tetherow sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes The map units in the survey area that are 150B Tetherow sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes considered prime farmland or potential prime farmland 152A Tumalo sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes are listed in this section. This list does not constitute a 152B Tumalo sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes recommendation for a particular land use. On some soils included in the list, measures that overcome a Rangeland hazard or limitation, such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is needed By Gene Hickman, range conservationist, Natural Resources to determine whether or not the hazard or limitation has Conservation Service. been overcome by corrective measures. The extent of Rangeland comprises about 60 percent of the each listed map unit is shown in table 4. The location is survey area. It includes juniper savanna, shrub shown on the detailed soil maps at the back of this grassland, and meadows or riparian habitat. The publication. The soil qualities that affect use and rangeland is adjacent to the forest land along the foot management are described under the heading “Detailed slopes of the Cascade Mountains and extends Soil Map Units.” eastward into central and eastern Oregon. The The map units that meet the requirements for prime vegetation produced on rangeland helps to control farmland if irrigated are: erosion, conserve water, and maintain watersheds; provides habitat for wildlife; and offers scenic and 1A Agency sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes recreational opportunities. Rangeland also provides 2A Agency loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes important year-round forage for wildlife and livestock. 2B Agency loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes For these reasons, it is important economically and 3B Agency-Madras complex, 0 to 8 percent environmentally. slopes Importance and Uses of Rangeland 23A Buckbert sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 26A Clinefalls sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Over the past century, livestock grazing has been 27A Clovkamp loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes one of the most significant uses of the rangeland. 28A Clovkamp loamy sand, bedrock substratum, 0 Although the number of livestock on the rangeland has to 3 percent slopes declined in recent years, cattle grazing is still vital to Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 189

the local economy. Sheep ranchers once grazed large has been influenced significantly by volcanic ash from flocks in the survey area when moving to summer Mt. Mazama. Soil temperatures in this zone become range in the Cascades. Most sheep operations have cooler as the content of ash and the elevation changed from large range flocks to smaller farm flocks. increase. Horses and llamas have become a significant In the area south of Bend, the thickness of the ash component of many livestock operations. and pumice mantle increases significantly. In addition to the historic and economic importance Temperatures are cold, and freezing temperatures may of the rangeland for livestock grazing, it is also occur at any time during the year. The vegetation near important for many other uses. It helps to control Bend consists of ponderosa pine plant communities, flooding and prevent excessive soil erosion in and in the LaPine Basin it consists of lodgepole pine watersheds and riparian areas. Rangeland watersheds plant communities. capture, store, and release water for plant growth and Mixed Conifer Zone. This zone is characterized by for recharge of springs and streams. general soil map units 15 and 20. The forests Rangeland provides habitat for many game and commonly include various combinations of white fir, nongame mammals and birds and for fish and other Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, incense cedar, and some wildlife. Consequently, sport hunting and fishing are lodgepole pine. The dense stands generally are not major industries in the survey area. Other recreation grazed by livestock unless the overstory canopy is opportunities include wildlife viewing, photography, opened by fire or logging. Forage is sparse in areas landscape painting, off-road vehicle use, and where there is an abundance of unpalatable evergreen sightseeing. shrubs such as chinkapin, snowbrush, manzanita, and Historically, local Native Americans obtained edible Oregongrape. This zone traditionally has been used as plants from the rangeland. summer range for both livestock and big game. It is characterized by cold temperatures in winter and cool Broad Vegetative Zones temperatures in summer, and it receives the highest Livestock and wildlife in the survey area graze and amount of precipitation of any part of the survey area. browse in a wide variety of environments that support Deep snow commonly is on the ground throughout varied vegetative cover types. These broad zones, winter, and it remains until late in spring or early in which are characterized by the dominant soils and summer. New plant growth occurs very late. potential native vegetation, are discussed in this Ponderosa Pine Zone. This zone is characterized by section. general soil map units 14, 16, 18, and 19. Ponderosa Natural vegetation in the survey area varies greatly pine forests are at the lower elevations and in areas because of the wide range in climate and the that receive less precipitation than the adjacent mixed contrasting topographic features. In addition, an conifer zone. The ponderosa pine zone has two very extensive mantle of ash and pumice covers much of distinct subdivisions based on understory vegetation. the area. The soils have low inherent fertility, higher Manzanita and snowbrush are prominent in the than expected available water capacity, and thermal understory of the cooler, more moist area adjacent to properties that are less conducive to heat transfer. the mixed conifer zone. Antelope bitterbrush is From the high, moist, cold soils of the Cascade dominant in the understory in the warmer, drier area Mountains eastward to the dry, cool soils of the lava adjacent to the sagebrush juniper zone. Forage is plains, known as the High Desert, climate is readily available throughout the ponderosa pine zone associated with the major differences in the types of because of the abundance of palatable species such vegetation over short distances. Precipitation as Idaho fescue, bottlebrush squirreltail, needlegrass, decreases from 70 inches in the forests of the Ross sedge, and antelope bitterbrush. This zone has a Cascade Mountains to about 8 inches in the Madras natural open overstory canopy, which allows light to and Redmond areas. Soils that are influenced by ash reach the understory. As a result, palatable species are and pumice extend nearly to the eastern boundary of abundant and the zone is suited to grazing even with the survey area. minimal forest management or harvesting. From north to south in the survey area, there is a Lodgepole Pine Zone. This zone is dominant in the gradual decrease in temperature, increase in moisture, LaPine Basin. It is characterized by general soil map and increase in elevation. The warmer, lower elevations units 2 and 3 and the associated meadows in general at the northern end of the area have the longest soil map unit 1. This very cold lava plain has very deep growing season. The soils have little ash and pumice and deep deposits of pumice and ash and has influence except in some local deposits. The area interspersed buttes and low ridges. Lodgepole pine south of Juniper Butte to Bend and west to Hampton forests are dominant on the toe slopes and lower lying 190 Soil Survey

flat areas that are affected by cold air drainage. Wet lower lying positions. This part is characterized by basins and poorly drained areas along the Upper general soil map units 4, 7, and 9. The primary shrub Deschutes River system are associated with a variety species are basin big sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, of riparian communities. Higher lying areas on buttes gray horsebrush, rabbitbrush, and buckwheat. The main and uplands support ponderosa pine forests and some grasses are bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, mixed conifer forests. Thurber needlegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and Forage production is very high in the meadows in bottlebrush squirreltail. Winters are mild in this part, this zone. The pine forests, however, are less suited to and spring growth begins earlier because the growing grazing by livestock because of the scarcity of water season is longer. and the very low production of herbaceous vegetation. A small area in this zone is represented by more These forests support a variety of understory shrubs, clayey soils that are not influenced by ash. This area is including dominantly antelope bitterbrush along with characterized by general soil map unit 10. The primary wax currant and in some places manzanita, bearberry, shrubs and grasses are similar to those in the northern and squawcarpet. Herbaceous cover consists primarily part of the this zone. Western juniper is more invasive of western needlegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, Ross on these soils, and it regenerates quickly after sedge, and Idaho fescue. disturbance or if protected from fire. Because the soils Sagebrush Juniper Zone. The sagebrush juniper are clayey and the topography is steep, the risk of zone is characterized by general soil map units 4, 5, 6, water erosion is higher in this area than in other parts 7, 8, 9, 10, and 17. Western juniper is a key species in of the survey area. the management of rangeland and woodland. The Sagebrush Zone. This zone is in the eastern part of amount and density of western juniper has increased the survey area, extending eastward from the crest of over the last 150 to 300 years. This increase has been Horse Ridge. It is characterized by general soil map attributed to the control of fire and possibly other units 11, 12, and 13. Temperatures are colder and the factors such as overgrazing and changes in climate growing season is shorter than in the sagebrush juniper (21). Because range sites and associated plant zone to the west. The sagebrush zone traditionally has species and composition are based on a climax plant been used for livestock grazing late in spring and in community in which fire is considered to be a part of fall. the ecosystem, western juniper is present on many General soil map unit 11 is in a basin that is subject soils in which it is not considered to be part of the to cold air drainage. This unit does not support western historic climax plant community. Managers should juniper. The vegetation is dominantly mountain big compare the historic climax vegetative potential of a sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and needlegrasses. In the range or woodland site to the present-day vegetation. southwestern part of the unit, near Pine Mountain, Suitable management alternatives depend on the antelope bitterbrush is also a major species. This unit objectives and goals of the land managers. receives only about 10 to 12 inches of precipitation, Within the sagebrush juniper zone, there are three which typically is considered inadequate for Idaho important subdivisions based on soil properties. The fescue. However, the coarse-textured soils are high in southern part of the zone is strongly influenced by ash. content of ash and have a higher than expected It is characterized by general soil map units 5, 6, 8, available water capacity, which compensates for the and 17. The primary shrub species are mountain big lower precipitation and allows Idaho fescue to become sagebrush, rabbitbrush, desert gooseberry, and dominant. Areas of this unit are interspersed with buckwheat. In areas that receive more than about 10 numerous small, clayey basins that are ponded during inches of precipitation, antelope bitterbrush commonly spring runoff and support silver sagebrush and with dry is the dominant shrub. The dominant grasses in the drainageways that support basin wildrye and basin big southern part include Idaho fescue, needleandthread, sagebrush. bottlebrush squirreltail, Indian ricegrass, Ross sedge, General soil map unit 12 is on a lava plain. The soils and bluebunch wheatgrass. Idaho fescue is less are shallow and have a thin mantle of ash. Western abundant and needleandthread is more abundant in the juniper is dominant in the plant community. Low areas that receive less precipitation. Grazing is limited sagebrush and mountain big sagebrush are the by the lack of natural surface water for livestock and dominant shrubs, and Idaho fescue is the dominant by the extensive network of lava outcroppings. grass. Areas of this unit are interspersed with Reestablishment of western juniper is very slow after seasonally ponded, clayey basins that support silver trees are removed by fire or mechanical means. sagebrush and sparse herbaceous cover. The extreme The northern part of the zone has minimal ash eastern part of unit 12, near Hampton, has very little influence except for some local accumulation in the ash influence and is subject to less cold air drainage Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 191

than is unit 11. Because of the lower available water droughty as a result of low annual precipitation or low capacity and the slightly warmer temperatures, available water capacity. Soil characteristics such as Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass are coarse texture, shallow depth, or a high content of rock dominant in this part of the unit. fragments limit the available water capacity. General soil map unit 13 is on hills. Western juniper Cold temperatures restrict the length of the growing is throughout much of this unit. Mountain big season. Below-normal daily temperatures during the sagebrush is the dominant shrub, and Idaho fescue growing season also suppress plant growth and delay and needlegrasses are the dominant grasses. plant development. A high water table occurs seasonally in some soils Grazing Management and year-round in others. Wetness, even if the root Livestock management includes many practices. zone is saturated only briefly, has a major effect on the The key to proper management is use of a grazing composition and production of the plant community. system designed with consideration of plant and This is particularly true if a soil is ponded or has a animal requirements, topography, and management water table at or near the surface. Soils that have a objectives. A grazing system includes pasture rotation, water table near the surface are subject to compaction proper use of forage, proper timing and length of the and displacement and the plants are subject to crown grazing period, and rest or deferred grazing until after damage if grazing is allowed during wet periods. If critical periods of plant growth. Other practices, such these soils are seeded, mechanical site preparation is as fencing, salting, using water developments, difficult because of the abundant vegetation and the controlling weeds and brush, thinning, and seeding, are limited period when equipment can be used. The used to facilitate the grazing system and to improve species selected for seeding should be tolerant of livestock distribution or to increase production. seasonal wetness. An important objective of grazing management Rock outcrop and escarpments support little, if any, should be maintenance or improvement of the soil, vegetation. In areas where they make up a significant water, and plant resources. Because of the economic portion of the map unit, the capacity of the unit for impact and other considerations, the objective of grazing is reduced proportionally. Outcroppings and management may not be to improve the range escarpments act as physical barriers to all domestic condition or site potential. However, proper livestock and to some wildlife, preventing or restricting management is needed to achieve an acceptable level movement. of cover and production consistent with the limitations Livestock water developments are needed in most of the vegetative site. This level should conserve of the grazeable areas in the survey area. Development water, maintain water quality, and minimize erosion. of stock ponds is limited in many areas because of the lack of water sources, such as springs or runoff; Limitations for Use insufficient soil depth; and a shortage of proper Soil characteristics can make an area unsuitable or construction material. Unless material for sealing the less suitable for particular grazing practices. Important ponds is brought in from outside the area, ponds can limitations are given in the section “Detailed Soil Map be constructed only in areas where the soil material Units.” Some soil characteristics that could affect naturally has slow permeability and can be compacted grazing management are described in this section. and sealed properly. Soils that are coarse textured, are Aspect is the direction in which a slope faces. high in content of rock fragments, or are shallow or North-facing slopes are cooler and more productive, moderately deep to bedrock are subject to excessive but development of new growth occurs later in the year seepage and are poorly suited to pond construction. on these slopes. North-facing slopes are preferred by The high infiltration rate and rapid permeability of most livestock and wildlife in summer. South-facing slopes of the soils in the area limit runoff. Water for ponds may generally have the opposite characteristics of north- need to be transported to an area or pumped from facing slopes. Because south-facing slopes are warmer wells. and drier, they are poorly suited to livestock grazing in Steepness of slope affects livestock use and the summer. They are very important to wildlife in winter, feasibility of applying management practices. Areas however, because less snow accumulates on these that have slopes of 30 percent or less are preferred by slopes and they are the first to green up in spring. livestock. Areas that have slopes of more than 50 Southeast- and west-facing slopes have percent receive very little use even if the forage is characteristics similar to those of south-facing slopes. abundant. Limited use of the steeper slopes should be Droughtiness limits the production of forage and the anticipated, and the stocking rates should be adjusted choice of species suitable for seeding. Soils are accordingly. Areas that have slopes of more than about 192 Soil Survey

35 percent generally are not suited to mechanical nutrients have the greatest influence on the seedbed preparation or to seeding with ground productivity of range plants. Soil reaction, salt content, equipment. and a seasonal high water table are also important. Stones and cobbles on the surface can influence Total production is the amount of vegetation that can grazing management and the potential for revegetation. be expected to grow annually on well managed Some soils have so many stones and cobbles on the rangeland that is supporting the potential natural plant surface that livestock avoid the soils whenever community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it possible. Stones can limit the feasibility of mechanical is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current seedbed preparation and seeding. year’s growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody Surface texture can affect the suitability for plants. It does not include the increase in stem livestock grazing and for applying management diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in pounds practices. Some soils that have a silty surface layer per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, normal, and are subject to crusting and are sticky when wet. The unfavorable years. In a favorable year, the amount and crusting of the surface reduces infiltration and restricts distribution of precipitation and the temperatures make seedling emergence. Soils that have a clayey surface growing conditions substantially better than average. In layer have a slow or very slow infiltration rate and are a normal year, growing conditions are about average. In very sticky and very plastic when wet. The surface an unfavorable year, growing conditions are well below becomes rutted and compacted if the soil is grazed or average, generally because of low available soil traversed by equipment when wet. Most of the soils in moisture. the survey area have a coarse-textured, or sandy, Dry weight is the total annual yield per acre of air- surface layer. These soils are susceptible to wind dry vegetation. Yields are adjusted to a common erosion if the vegetation is removed or is sparse. percent of air-dry moisture content. The relationship of Management of these soils should include maintaining green weight to air-dry weight varies according to such adequate litter and plant cover. The coarse-textured factors as exposure, amount of shade, recent rains, soils that receive less than about 12 inches of and unseasonable dry periods. precipitation are very susceptible to deterioration of the Characteristic vegetation—the grasses, forbs, and vegetative site. Loss of native perennial cover through shrubs that make up most of the potential natural plant fire, mechanical treatment, or overgrazing can result in community on each soil—is listed by common name. a rapid conversion of a potential native plant Under composition, the expected percentage of the community to invasive weedy brush and annual total annual production is given for each species vegetation. Reestablishment of native bunchgrass making up the characteristic vegetation. The amount plant communities is very slow. that can be used as forage depends on the kinds of In areas that have similar climate and topography, grazing animals and on the grazing season. differences in the kind and amount of vegetation Range management requires a knowledge of the produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind kinds of soil and of the potential natural plant of soil. Effective management is based on the community. It also requires an evaluation of the relationship between the soils and vegetation and present range condition. Range condition is determined water. by comparing the present plant community with the Table 6 shows, for each soil that supports rangeland potential natural plant community on a particular range vegetation suitable for grazing, the range site; the total site. The more closely the existing community annual production of vegetation in favorable, normal, resembles the potential community, the better the and unfavorable years; the characteristic vegetation; range condition. Range condition is an ecological rating and the average percentage of each species. An only. explanation of the column headings in the table The objective in range management is to control follows. grazing so that the plants growing on a site are about A range site is a distinctive kind of rangeland that the same in kind and amount as the potential natural produces a characteristic natural plant community that plant community for that site. Such management differs from natural plant communities on other range generally results in the optimum production of sites in kind, amount, and proportion of range plants. vegetation, control of undesirable brush species, The relationship between soils and vegetation was conservation of water, and control of erosion. ascertained during this survey; thus, range sites Sometimes, however, a range condition somewhat generally can be determined directly from the soil map. below the potential meets grazing needs, provides Soil properties that affect moisture supply and plant wildlife habitat, and protects soil and water resources. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 193

Woodland Management and Productivity prevalent tree species, and Douglas fir and white fir are used for lumber, plywood, and wood chips. Lodgepole By Craig M. Ziegler and Russ Hatz, foresters, Natural pine is used for wood chips, plywood, and fence posts. Resources Conservation Service. Dead lodgepole pine is used extensively for firewood. Many diseases and insects affect the forests and Forest land comprises about 30 percent of the can be a problem in individual stands of trees. Damage survey area. It is concentrated in the southern and varies from year to year. The mountain pine beetle western parts of the area. A majority of the forest land (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is very destructive to is public land that is administered by the Forest forests. Large numbers of lodgepole pine, the principal Service. The remainder is owned by commercial timber host, periodically are killed, and individual trees are companies and private landowners. Precipitation killed annually. The pine engraver beetle also attacks ranges from about 15 to 70 inches. pine species. The western spruce budworm The forests in the southern part of the survey area (Choristoneura occidentalis) defoliates Douglas fir and are mainly in the LaPine Basin. Elevation in the basin white fir, dramatically reducing growth. The western ranges from about 4,000 to 5,000 feet or more. The pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) attacks larger soils are influenced by volcanic ash and pumice. At the pine trees, and the western pine shoot borer (Eucosma southern end of the basin the deposits of volcanic ash sonomia) attacks younger pine trees. and pumice are as much as 60 inches thick or more, Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) is one of the and at the northern end they are about 24 inches thick. most destructive parasites that attacks ponderosa The soils are cold and are low in fertility. They have a pine, Douglas fir, and western larch. Red ring rot high available water capacity, but they dry out very (Fomes pini) is a disease that kills western larch and quickly early in the growing season. There are two main lodgepole pine. Shoestring root rot (Armillaria mellea) is forest cover types in this part of the survey area— a problem for pines under stress and for Douglas fir interior ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine (19). The and true firs. Brown stringy rot (Echinodontium interior ponderosa pine type is on lava plains and hills. tinctorium) is a serious disease of Douglas fir and true Many years of fire control have allowed lodgepole pine firs. to become established in the understory. Areas of Soil surveys are important to land managers as they Lapine, Shanahan, and Steiger soils support this forest seek ways to maximize the use of forest land. This cover type. The lodgepole pine type is in low-lying or survey provides to managers information that can be depressional areas on pumice-mantled lava plains. used to make sound management decisions. Table 7 Cold air drainage is trapped in these areas, and the can be used by woodland owners and forest managers resulting frost is detrimental to ponderosa pine. Areas in planning the use of the soils for wood crops. Only of Lapine, Shanahan, Steiger, Sunriver, Tutni, and the soils suitable for wood crops are listed. Slight, Wickiup soils support this forest cover type. moderate, and severe indicate the degree of the major The forests in the western part of the survey area soil limitations to be considered in management. are more diverse. The dominant forest cover type is Sheet and rill erosion ratings refer to the probability interior ponderosa pine. It is at the lower elevations and of excessive erosion occurring as a result of in drier areas. Ponderosa pine is the dominant tree operations that expose the soil. Forests that are burned species, but Douglas fir, western larch, white fir, and or overgrazed are also subject to sheet and rill erosion. western juniper occur in lesser amounts. The interior A slight rating indicates that no particular erosion- Douglas fir and white fir cover types generally are at control measures are needed under ordinary conditions; the middle elevations, and the lodgepole pine cover moderate indicates that some erosion-control type is at the higher elevations. The soils in the measures are needed; and severe indicates that extra western part also have been influenced by volcanic precautions are needed to control erosion during most activity. The layers of pumice and ash are a few inches silvicultural activities. thick to more than 60 inches thick. The farther away Erosion hazard ratings are determined by the soils are from the Cascade Range, the thinner the considering the topography, the erodibility of a soil, and layers of pumice and ash. The proximity of the soils to the local climate. Moderate and severe ratings may various volcanic events and the direction and velocity indicate the need to modify road construction, use of the wind also influence the thickness of the pumice special harvesting systems, and use alternative site and ash. The soils in this part have moderate fertility preparation techniques. and high available water capacity. Cut and fill erosion ratings refer to the probability Several large wood products manufacturers are in or that damage will occur as a result of erosion from road near the survey area. Ponderosa pine, the most cuts and fills. All cuts and fills should be seeded. A 194 Soil Survey

slight rating indicates that no other preventative mechanical means. Soil displacement is most often measures are needed under ordinary conditions; associated with mechanical slash disposal and site moderate indicates that additional erosion-control preparation. A slight rating indicates that equipment measures, such as use of mulch and sediment traps, use is not restricted and that special precautions are needed under certain conditions; and severe generally are not needed; moderate indicates that indicates that additional erosion-control measures are specialized equipment, such as a brush rake, should needed under most conditions. be used; and severe indicates that extreme caution is The texture of the surface layer and subsoil and the needed if mechanical slash disposal and site length and angle of the slope contribute to the extent of preparation are used. the cut and fill erosion. The risk of erosion is greater in Soil characteristics considered in the soil areas where the cuts and fills are longer and the displacement ratings are thickness of the layer of duff, erodibility of the soil is higher. thickness of the surface layer, content of coarse Equipment limitation ratings refer to the limits on the fragments, and texture. Removing or mixing the layer use of equipment as a result of soil characteristics. A of duff and exposing the mineral soil are necessary for rating of slight indicates that equipment use normally is natural regeneration of many species. If excessive soil not restricted because of soil factors; moderate displacement has occurred, however, plant recovery indicates a short seasonal limitation because of soil rates may be impaired. Because of the inherent low wetness, a fluctuating water table, or some other fertility of material influenced by pumice and ash, most factor; and severe indicates a seasonal limitation, a of the nutrients and organic matter are in the upper few need for special equipment, or a hazard in the use of inches of the mineral soil. Prolonged exposure may equipment. increase the risk of erosion and further deteriorate the Steepness of slope, soil wetness, and the site. susceptibility of the soil to compaction are the main Seedling mortality ratings refer to the probability of limitations for equipment use. As the gradient and death of tree seedlings because of soil characteristics length of the slope increase, use of wheeled equipment or topographic conditions. Plant competition is not becomes more difficult. Tracked equipment can be considered in this rating. The ratings apply to healthy, used in some of the steeper areas, but cable yarding dormant seedlings from good stock that are properly systems should be used in the steepest areas. Soil planted during a period of sufficient moisture. A rating wetness, especially in areas of fine-textured material, of slight indicates that no problem is expected under can severely limit the use of equipment and make normal conditions; moderate indicates that some harvesting practical only during the dry period in problems can be expected and extra precautions are summer. needed; and severe indicates that mortality will be high Soil compaction ratings refer to the probability that and extra precautions are needed for successful damage will occur to the soil structure as a result of reforestation. repeated use of equipment when the soil is wet or Soil wetness, droughtiness, and topographic moist. Compaction should always be considered during conditions contribute to seedling mortality. To silvicultural activities. A rating of slight indicates that overcome these limitations, larger than normal planting the only special practices needed are use of stock, special site preparation, surface drainage, or designated skid trails and protection of the layer of reinforcement plantings may be needed. duff; moderate indicates the potential need for extra Windthrow ratings refer to the soil characteristics precautions, such as use of cable yarding instead of that affect the development of tree roots and the ability ground skidding and seasonal restrictions on of the soil to hold trees firmly. A rating of slight equipment use; and severe indicates the need for indicates that trees normally are not blown down by the extreme caution and possibly some restorative wind; moderate indicates that an occasional tree may activities, such as ripping or discing, following be blown down during periods when the soil is wet and harvesting. winds are moderate or strong; and severe indicates Thickness of the layer of duff, content of coarse that many trees may be blown down during periods fragments, texture, and plasticity are characteristics of when the soil is wet and the winds are moderate or the soil that are considered in the compaction ratings. strong. Compaction decreases air spaces in the soil; thus, air Restricted rooting depth because of a high water and water movement are reduced, which restricts root table, underlying bedrock, or an impervious layer and growth and increases the risk of surface erosion. poor anchoring of roots because of loose soil material Soil displacement ratings refer to the soil being are the main factors contributing to the windthrow gouged, scraped, or pushed from its natural position by hazard. Moderate and severe ratings indicate the need Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 195

for care in thinning forest stands, periodic salvage of used to compute site index vary according to species, windblown trees, and adequate roads and trails to allow and more than one site index table can be used for an for salvage operations. individual species. Any given soil may have more than Plant competition ratings refer to the likelihood of one site index, depending on the number of species the invasion of undesirable plants when openings are the soil supports. Several publications were used to made in the tree canopy. A slight rating indicates that determine site index for this survey area (1, 2, 9, 10, unwanted plants are not likely to retard the 12, 14, 17). development of natural or planted seedlings; moderate To facilitate comparing the potential productivity of indicates that competition will retard the development different soils, the table includes values for potential of natural or planted seedlings; and severe indicates wood production expressed as total yield (board feet that competition can be expected to prevent the per acre) and annual growth (cubic feet per acre). development of natural or planted seedlings. Estimates of volume are calculated at the culmination Favorable climate and soil characteristics result in of the mean annual increment (CMAI). The annual plant competition problems. In many cases, the key to amount of wood fiber produced by a stand of trees predicting plant competition is the quantity and changes as the stand matures. Very little wood fiber is proximity of seed sources of undesirable plants or the produced when the trees are small, but the amount quantity of unwanted brush rootstock that will resprout increases rapidly as the trees approach physiological after harvesting. Moderate and severe ratings indicate maturity. Once trees reach maturity, the annual growth the need for careful and thorough site preparation and rate begins to slow. CMAI is the estimated age at the potential need for mechanical or chemical which a fully stocked stand achieves its highest treatment to retard the growth of competing vegetation. average annual growth rate. It is the most efficient time Fire damage ratings refer to the probability that a to harvest as far as tree growth is concerned. Other fire of moderate fireline intensity (116 to 520 factors, such as stumpage values, cost effectiveness, Btu’s/sec/ft) will have a negative impact on the and management objectives, also should be characteristics of the soil. A rating of slight indicates considered in determining the best time to harvest. that negative impacts are not expected; moderate As an example of how the table can be used, indicates that negative impacts, such as nonwettability consider the Allingham soil in detailed soil map unit 4C. and excessive erosion, may occur and extra caution A fully stocked stand of ponderosa pine on this soil is needed in planning prescribed fires; and severe has a site index of 77; that is, the average height of the indicates that negative impacts are likely to occur dominant and codominant trees at age 100 is 77 feet. If and extreme caution is needed in planning prescribed the stand is allowed to grow for 160 years, the fires. predicted yield will be 33,400 board feet per acre. Thickness of the layer of duff, content of organic However, the stand will attain its maximum annual matter, and texture are soil characteristics considered production of wood fiber (64 cubic feet per acre per in determining the ability of soil to resist fire damage. It year) at age 50. may be necessary to burn in winter, use alternative The species under common trees that are indicated lighting techniques, monitor the moisture content of the by a footnote notation are ones that are recommended fuel, yard unmerchantable material, eliminate for planting and are most suitable for commercial wood prescribed fires, or use erosion-control measures production. following burning. In table 8, the potential productivity of forested soils Woodland Understory Vegetation is expressed as site index. The site index is the average height dominant and codominant trees will The detailed soil map units in this survey area have attain at a base age. For example, a site index of 70 been correlated to a range site or plant association. (50-year base age) means that the dominant and The site or association, such as South 9-12pz or CD- codominant trees will reach an average height of 70 S6-13, respectively, is given at the end of each map feet in 50 years and a site index of 120 (100-year base unit description. For those map units or components age) means that the dominant and codominant trees assigned to a range site, the vegetative information on will reach an average height of 120 feet in 100 years. production, characteristic vegetation, and composition While it seems logical that a soil with a site index of is given in table 6. For those map units or components 90 is more productive than a soil with a site index of assigned to a plant association, the vegetative 70, such a conclusion can be made only if the same information on characteristic vegetation and tree species are compared and if the site indexes were composition is provided in the publication “Plant derived from the same equations or tables. The tables Associations of the Central Oregon Pumice Zone” (20). 196 Soil Survey

Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings spaced. To insure plant survival, a healthy planting stock of suitable species should be planted properly on By Craig Ziegler, forester, Natural Resources Conservation a well prepared site and maintained in good condition. Service. Table 9 shows the height that locally grown trees and shrubs are expected to reach in 20 years on Wind erosion can be a serious environmental and various soils used as cropland. The estimates in the economic problem. It can reduce the productivity of a table are based on measurements and observation of soil through the loss of topsoil. Properly designed established plantings that have been given adequate windbreaks can increase crop yields. Many care. They can be used as a guide in planning environmental changes occur on the leeward side of windbreaks and screens. Absence of an entry indicates windbreaks, including reduced windspeed, decreased that the soil is either unsuited to growing trees or the transpiration by plants, increased humidity, reduced trees will not reach the given height unless irrigated. evaporation, and increased soil moisture content. Additional information on planning windbreaks and Field windbreaks are narrow plantings made at right screens and planting and caring for trees and shrubs angles to the prevailing wind and at specific intervals. can be obtained from the local office of the Natural The proper interval depends on the erodibility of the Resources Conservation Service or of the Cooperative soil. Research has shown that field windbreaks can Extension Service or from a commercial nursery. significantly increase crop yields. Cropland damage by Each tree or shrub species has certain climatic and wind erosion was at an all-time high during the latter physiographic limits. Within these limits, a tree or shrub half of the 1980’s as a result of removal or deterioration can be well suited or poorly suited to use in windbreaks of older, existing windbreaks. Field windbreaks offer because of the soil characteristics. Windbreak farmers an effective conservation practice to reduce suitability groups serve as a guide for selecting the wind erosion. most suitable species for different kinds of soils and For windbreaks to be effective, the species of trees for predicting growth and effectiveness. These groups or shrubs selected must be adapted to the soils. can be used to select plants for windbreaks, Permeability, available water capacity, fertility, and recreational and wildlife plantings, ornamental and depth of the soil affect the growth of trees and shrubs. environmental plantings, reforestation, and critical area Droughtiness in summer and cold temperatures in plantings. winter can lower the survival rate of trees and shrubs in The soils typically used for irrigated crops have the survey area. Properly preparing the site before been placed into windbreak suitability groups based on planting and controlling competing vegetation after soil properties that effect plant growth. A description of planting are essential for establishing new windbreaks. each group and the associated soils are given in the Replanting during the first 3 to 5 years may be needed following paragraphs. for fully stocked, effective windbreaks. Permanent Soil Group 3—Loamy irrigation with a drip system or other irrigation methods can be used to overcome droughtiness. Irrigation The soils in this group are deep or very deep, loamy, allows for healthier, denser, and faster growing and moderately well drained or well drained. These windbreaks. Black polypropylene woven fabric can be soils do not have a seasonal high water table within a used to control weeds and conserve moisture after the depth of 36 inches of the surface, and they are not seedlings are planted. This fabric provides effective subject to flooding. The available water capacity is 7.0 weed control within the rows for at least 5 years. It also inches or more. The upper 12 inches does not have provides good mulch, which aids in conserving free carbonates, has reaction (pH) of as high as 7.8, moisture and minimizing extremes in soil temperature. and is nonsaline. Buckbert, Houstake, and Iris soils Farmstead windbreaks protect livestock, buildings, are in this group. and yards from wind and snow. They also protect fruit Soil Group 5—Droughty trees and gardens and provide habitat for wildlife. Several rows of low- and high-growing broadleaf and The soils in this group are deep or very deep and coniferous trees and shrubs provide the most are loamy or loamy-skeletal. They are somewhat poorly protection. drained, moderately well drained, or well drained. The Environmental plantings help to beautify and screen water table during the growing season is at a depth of houses and other buildings and to abate noise. The 36 inches or more. The available water capacity is 4 to plants, mostly evergreen shrubs and trees, are closely 7 inches. The upper 12 inches does not have free Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 197

carbonates, has reaction (pH) of as high as 7.8, and is drained or poorly drained and are saturated or ponded nonsaline. Lafollette and Plainview soils are in this throughout the growing season, and soils that have group. toxic salts. The soils in this group generally are not suited to farmstead, feedlot, or field windbreaks; Soil Group 6—Very Droughty however, onsite investigation may determine that trees The soils in this group are moderately deep to very and shrubs can be planted if special treatment, such deep; are loamy, loamy-skeletal, sandy, or sandy- as irrigation or leaching of salts, is used. The selection skeletal; and are well drained, somewhat excessively of species should be tailored to the conditions of the drained, or excessively drained. The water table during altered site. Cullius, Gosney, Reuter, Statz, and Stukel the growing season is at a depth of 36 inches or more. soils are in this group. The available water capacity is 2 to 4 inches. The upper 12 inches does not have free carbonates, has Recreation reaction (pH) of as high as 7.8, and is nonsaline. Caphealy and Deskamp soils are in this group. The soils of the survey area are rated in table 10 according to limitations that affect their suitability for Soil Group 6R—Moderately Deep, Favorable recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil The soils in this group are moderately deep; are features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the loamy, clayey-skeletal, or loamy-skeletal; and are surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. somewhat excessively drained or excessively drained. Not considered in the ratings, but important in The water table during the growing season is at a depth evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of of 36 inches or more. The available water capacity is 4 the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic inches or more. The upper 12 inches does not have quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water free carbonates, has reaction (pH) of as high as 7.8, impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. and is nonsaline. Agency, Deschutes, Madras, The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent Redmond, and Tumalo soils are in this group. and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for Soil Group 7—Sandy recreational uses by the duration and intensity of The soils in this group are deep or very deep, are flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In sandy throughout, and are moderately well drained, planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of well drained, somewhat excessively drained, or the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of excessively drained. The water table during the growing flooding is essential. season is at a depth of 36 inches or more. The In the table, the degree of soil limitation is available water capacity is 2 inches or more. The upper expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight 12 inches does not have free carbonates, has reaction means that soil properties are generally favorable (pH) of as high as 7.8, and is nonsaline. Clinefalls, and that limitations are minor and easily overcome. Clovkamp, and Tetherow soils are in this group. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special Soil Group 8—Loamy, Carbonates maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are The soils in this group are deep or very deep, loamy, unfavorable and that limitations can be offset only and moderately well drained or well drained. They have by costly soil reclamation, special design, intensive a seasonal high water table at a depth of 36 inches or maintenance, limited use, or a combination of these more. The available water capacity is 7 inches or more. measures. The upper 12 inches has reaction (pH) of 7.9 or higher The information in the table can be supplemented by or has electrical conductivity (EC) of as high as 4 other information in this survey, for example, millimhos per centimeter. Era soils are in this group. interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table 12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements Soil Group 10—Unsuited and for local roads and streets in table 11. The soils in this group have one or more Camp areas require site preparation, such as characteristics, such as depth, texture, drainage, shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, available water capacity, or salts, that severely limit stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and planting, survival, and growth of trees and shrubs. installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp Examples include soils that are very shallow or areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some shallow, soils that have very low available water vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and capacity (less than 2 inches), soils that are very poorly are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of 198 Soil Survey

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, juniper woodland, and arid areas of grassland absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not sagebrush steppe. The elements of these habitat types dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders and opportunities for enhancement are described can greatly increase the cost of constructing briefly in this section. campsites. Forested habitat is comprised of mixed conifers, Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most including Douglas fir, white fir, ponderosa pine, and vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and ponderosa pine-lodgepole pine associations, in varying parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm proportions. Understory plants include snowbrush, when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to manzanita, antelope bitterbrush, squaw currant, flooding during the period of use, and do not have squawcarpet, brackenfern, longstolon sedge, Ross slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of sedge, and various grasses and forbs. shaping sites or of building access roads and parking Coniferous forest habitat provides thermal and areas. security cover, forage substrate, and seeds. The Playgrounds require soils that can withstand standing conifer snags (dead trees) provide nesting intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level and roosting habitat for primary excavators and are not wet or subject to flooding during the (woodpeckers), secondary cavity-nesting birds, and season of use. The surface is free of stones and several species of owls that nest in large-diameter boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. bowls in areas where the tops of trees have broken off. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock Bats also use standing dead trees as roosting sites. or a hardpan should be considered. Fallen trees in various stages of decay provide Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding necessary habitat for countless invertebrates, small should require little or no cutting and filling. The best rodents, reptiles, and amphibians. Fire has been a soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty major component in the development of the East when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than Cascade Range forest communities. once a year during the period of use. They have Wildlife enhancement practices suited to areas of moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on forest habitat include the creation of forage areas the surface. through carefully planned thinnings. Thinning can be Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and done either by mechanical means or by prescribed some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be burning. Thermal and security cover can be improved required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are by planting trees; however, 10 years or more is needed firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not for an area to be partially filled. Trees that are adapted subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. to the particular site characteristics should be planted. They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders Other enhancement practices include maintaining more on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or standing dead trees and large downed trees for use by greens is not considered in rating the soils. cavity nesters and small mammals, creating brush piles, and supplementing shrubs with native plantings. Practices used should be carefully planned with clear Wildlife Habitat objectives, and the negative and positive impacts to By Ted Wise, wildlife ecologist, Oregon Department of Fish and the wildlife in the area should be considered. Wildlife. Nonforested rangeland habitat consists of shrubs, grasses, and associated forbs. Antelope bitterbrush, Wildlife habitat is the relationship of animals to plant big sagebrush, rabbitbrush, gray horsebrush, communities. Animals use the successional stages of bluebunch wheatgrass, western needlegrass, Thurber plant communities for food, breeding, and cover, needlegrass, Idaho fescue, and Sandberg bluegrass including thermal and security cover. Many are some of the plants associated with this habitat. environmental factors, including soil type, moisture Elements of wildlife habitat on sagebrush-shrub regime, microclimate, slope, elevation, and rangeland include the shrubs that provide food, nesting temperature, affect the animal and plant communities. areas, and thermal and security cover for animals. Shrubs are important for food in winter because snow Habitat Types may cover lower lying plants. Shrubs also act as The survey area supports many different habitat shields from chilling winter winds. Wildlife need both types. From west to east, the vegetation includes forage and cover in close proximity in winter. The middle elevation East Cascade Range mixed conifer native bunchgrasses provide essential cover for forests, ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine forests, newborn birds and the young of larger animals. The Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 199

grasses and various forbs provide forage in fall, spring, The primary element of wetland habitat is the and summer. presence of water on the land for a period of time each Wildlife habitat enhancement practices suited to year. This allows for natural growth of aquatic areas of nonforested rangeland include use of water vegetation. Marshy areas may include mosaics of open developments, sound grazing strategies, prescribed water and emergent vegetation that serves as nesting burning to achieve a plant community that is a mosaic and feeding areas for waterfowl and other wetland of plants in seral stages, and seedings and plantings to wildlife. Wetland meadows that flood in spring and are restore native plant communities. Protection of the dry in summer and fall provide nesting areas for birds soils in these areas should be a top priority. and mammals and food for many wildlife species, Maintaining the soil base ensures a medium for the including deer and elk. Wetland areas attract avian and growth of plants that are the essence of wildlife habitat. mammal predators because of the high numbers of Riparian habitat consists of vegetation that is other wildlife species that use the habitat. Federal and dependent on rivers, streams, and springs. More State laws protect wetland habitat by prohibiting species of wildlife use these areas than any other draining and filling. Allowing the vegetation to grow to habitat type. Willows, alders, redosier dogwood, its full potential is best; thus, practices such as grazing cattails, sedges, and rushes are a few of the riparian- should be avoided in wetland areas. These areas can associated plant species. be enhanced by creating open water areas and nesting The elements of riparian habitat vary depending on islands and by using prescribed burning to create a the soils, topography, and water. Coniferous and mosaic of vegetation. deciduous trees are important as thermal, birthing, and Stream and river habitat consists of the areas where loafing cover for animals that are confined to the water flows down a channel. It includes instream ground. The trees provide forage for many birds and components such as all sizes of rock fragments and small animals. Standing dead trees and dead parts of woody debris (logs and brush) that are naturally or trees provide habitat for primary excavators and artifically placed in the stream or river channel, riparian secondary cavity-nesting birds. Shrubs and plant communities, and debris from streamside trees herbaceous plants provide opportunities for nesting and shrubs. and feeding. The grasses in these areas tend to stay The elements of stream and river habitat include greener longer and thus are more palatable during the water flowing in the channel, instream components, dry months of the year. The rivers, streams, and and riparian vegetation. The type and amount of springs in these areas provide drinking water for instream components occurring naturally in streams wildlife. Riparian areas serve as important travel and rivers is highly variable. These components affect corridors and stopover points for many wildlife species the velocity and direction of the flow of water and during daily and seasonal activities and migrations. provide cover for aquatic species. Associated riparian The best way to protect and enhance riparian habitat habitat helps to maintain the stability of stream and is to ensure that the resident vegetation is allowed to river channels and provides shade and habitat for flourish. Grazing and farming practices should be invertebrates. Suitable enhancement practices for designed to optimize the existing and potential riparian stream and river habitat include maintaining adequate vegetation. Only in extreme cases is streambank flows for the spawning and rearing of fish. Placement stabilization needed to establish vegetation. Trees such of large logs, root wads, or boulders in the streams can as western juniper and brush can be used to stabilize improve the habitat for all species and can influence streambanks. Cuttings and rootstock of resident the flow of water in the channel. Shade can be provided species from nearby areas can be planted to help by planting trees and shrubs. Water quality, including restore degraded sites. regulation of the water temperature, sedimentation, and Wetland habitat consists of open, marshy or point and nonpoint toxic waste input, is a concern in swampy shallow water areas. Riparian communities, stream enhancement. which are described in the preceding paragraphs, are Agricultural land is used to varying degrees by deer one type of wetland habitat. Natural wetland sites are and elk and by pheasant, quail, and various other extremely important because artificial developments species of birds. These areas are used mainly as a do not adequately mitigate for natural wetland systems. source of food, although they can also provide valuable Pond developments provide habitat for some wetland cover if properly managed. species if the associated vegetation and varied slopes Agricultural land provides domestic grains, legumes, are maintained and protected. Cattails, sedges, rushes, and other seed-producing annuals for use as food for pondweed, waterlily, elodea, hardstem bullrush, and wildlife. Grain and seed crops include wheat, barley, spikerush are plants associated with wetland areas. oats, rye, millet, and sunflower. Pasture grasses and 200 Soil Survey

legumes include alfalfa, clover, sainfoin, orchardgrass, use these areas. Golden eagle, bald eagle, goshawk, smooth brome, and tall fescue. red-tailed hawk, great horned owl, flammulated owl, Irrigated pasture and farmed areas can be enhanced and screech owl are some of the avian predators that as habitat for wildlife by maintaining hedgerows and use these areas as habitat. Quail; ruffed grouse; white- planting the less productive or nonirrigable areas to headed, hairy, and downy woodpeckers; and many cover and forage plants. Resting irrigated pastures on a other small birds inhabit areas of these units. Merriam yearly rotation basis provides cover for nesting and and Rio Grande turkeys are game birds that have been wintering animals. introduced into these units. Farm irrigation ponds can be enhanced for wildlife General soil map units 15 and 16 support East use by fencing out livestock and planting aquatic Cascade Range middle elevation forests. The western vegetation that provides food and cover for nesting. areas support mixed conifer habitat, and the lower Willow cuttings from nearby watercourses can be lying eastern areas support ponderosa pine and planted on the banks of ponds along with other trees bitterbrush plant communities. Wildlife that use areas and shrubs. dominated by conifers include summer-ranging mule Control of exotic weeds may be needed in areas deer, elk, black bear, and cougar. Pine marten, intensively farmed or in areas used as pasture. Care badgers, ground squirrels, chipmunks, and a variety of should be taken to avoid adversely impacting other mice, voles, and shrews also use these areas. Raptors plant species or wildlife. including spotted owl, great horned owl, screech owl, flammulated owl, bald eagle, and goshawk use these Fish and Wildlife Species forested areas. Ruffed grouse, California quail, and The survey area supports a wide variety of fish and introduced turkeys are larger ground birds found in wildlife species. Some are year-round residents and these areas. Chipping sparrow, green-tailed towhee, others occupy the habitat only seasonally. winter wren, yellow-rumped warbler, red-breasted and General soil map units 1, 2, and 3 support lodgepole white-breasted nuthatches, and a wide variety of other pine and ponderosa pine forest habitat. These forests small birds use the habitat in these units. The streams provide habitat for mule deer, elk, bear, rabbits, and rivers provide habitat for bull trout, rainbow trout, badgers, raccoons, porcupine, bobcats, and coyotes. brown trout, and whitefish. Raccoon, mink, beaver, Larger birds, such as ruffed grouse, goshawk, red- river otter, and many species of birds use the tailed hawk, and great gray owl, use these areas along associated riparian areas. with black-backed, hairy, and downy woodpeckers and General soil map units 5, 6, and 17 support western other cavity-dependent birds. The riverine areas in juniper woodland that includes antelope bitterbrush. these units provide habitat for rainbow trout, brown Progressively lesser amounts of bitterbrush and higher trout, whitefish, brook trout, and tui chub. Osprey, amounts of big sagebrush are present toward the east kingfishers, mergansers, mallards, and Canada geese in these units. The vegetation associated with these nest along the rivers. Mink, beaver, otter, muskrat, and units provides habitat for bobcats, coyotes, mule deer, a variety of riparian-dependent passerine birds, smaller badgers, porcupine, and a number of other smaller mammals, and invertebrates also use these areas. mammals. Townsend’s solitaire, black-billed magpie, Garter snakes and several species of amphibians live California quail, northern flicker, mourning dove, in the areas associated with water. mountain bluebird, and dark-eyed junco are a few of General soil map units 11, 12, and 13 support drier the birds in these areas. The Deschutes River corridor juniper woodland and sagebrush steppe rangeland provides habitat for rainbow trout, brown trout, habitat. The nonforested rangeland provides habitat for whitefish, and tui chub. Avifauna using the habitat mule deer, coyotes, sage grouse, badgers, antelope, associated with the river include golden eagle, bald golden eagle, prairie falcon, American kestrel, red- eagle, osprey, Canada geese, mergansers, mallards, tailed hawk, Swainson’s hawk, and ferrugenous hawk. American dipper, yellow warbler, MacGillvary warbler, Marmots, Beldings ground squirrel, brush rabbit, Nuttall and rock and canyon wrens. These areas provide cottontail, and black-tailed jackrabbit also use this winter range for mule deer, although wintering herds habitat. Sage thrasher, sage sparrow, western have declined as a result of human pressure such as meadowlark, Brewer’s sparrow, and mountain bluebird urban growth. Irrigation canals and ponds provide are some smaller birds that use these areas. nesting areas for mallards, Brewer’s and red-winged General soil map units 19 and 20 support plant blackbirds, tree frogs, western spadefoot toad, and communities that are dominantly ponderosa pine, garter snakes. manzanita, and bitterbrush. Mule deer, elk, cougars, General soil map units 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 support bear, coyotes, and badgers are the larger animals that areas of western juniper, bitterbrush, and bunchgrass Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 201

interspersed with scabland buckwheat flats. Portions of section. Local ordinances and regulations should be these units have been converted to farmland and considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. pastures. West of the Deschutes River is important Soil properties, site features, and observed winter range for mule deer. Bobcats, coyotes, and a performance were considered in determining the ratings number of burrowing mammals also live in areas of in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey, these units. Golden eagle, red-tailed hawk, northern determinations were made about grain-size distribution, harrier, kestrels, and shrikes are resident raptors. liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to Townsend’s solitaire, northern flicker, mountain bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the bluebird, and mountain chickadee are a few of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water smaller birds in these areas. Irrigation canals and table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure ponds provide habitat for mallards, Brewer’s and red- aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected winged blackbirds, tree frogs, western spadefoot toad, about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and garter snakes. and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. General soil map units 14 and 18 support areas of Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, ponderosa pine and bitterbrush, which provide corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water transitory range for herds of Cascade mule deer capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting moving to and from eastern wintering areas. Coyotes, engineering uses. bobcats, marmots, badgers, and rabbits are other This information can be used to evaluate the mammals that use these areas of ponderosa pine and potential of areas for residential, commercial, bitterbrush. Goshawk, red-tailed hawk, Cooper’s hawk, industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary flammulated owl, white-headed and black-backed estimates of construction conditions; evaluate woodpeckers, green-tailed and rufous-sided towhees, alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, Oregon junco, winter wren, chipping sparrow, and pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative yellow-rumped warbler are some of the birds found in sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, these areas. and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate potential Engineering sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, This section provides information for planning land and other structures for soil and water conservation; uses related to urban development and to water and predict performance of proposed small structures management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the and pavements by comparing the performance of most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given existing similar structures on the same or similar soils. for building site development, sanitary facilities, The information in the tables, along with the soil construction materials, and water management. The maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in ratings are based on observed performance of the soils this survey, can be used to make additional and on the estimated data and test data in the “Soil interpretations. Properties” section. Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a Information in this section is intended for land use special meaning in soil science and are defined in the planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for Glossary. planning site investigations prior to design and Building Site Development construction. The information, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data generally apply Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings Because of the map scale, small areas of different with and without basements, small commercial soils may be included within the mapped areas of a buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and specific soil. landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if soil The information is not site specific and does not properties and site features are generally favorable for eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features the design and construction of engineering works. are not favorable for the indicated use and special Government ordinances and regulations that restrict planning, design, or maintenance is needed to certain land uses or impose specific design criteria overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil were not considered in preparing the information in this properties or site features are so unfavorable or so 202 Soil Survey

difficult to overcome that special design, significant bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water increases in construction costs, and possibly capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of increased maintenance are required. Special feasibility salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant studies may be required where the soil limitations are growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the severe. amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established. maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, Sanitary Facilities utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil observed performance of the soils. The ease of limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense are considered slight if soil properties and site features layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time of are generally favorable for the indicated use and the year that excavations can be made is affected by limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if the depth to a seasonal high water table and the soil properties or site features are not favorable for the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of indicated use and special planning, design, or the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the affected by soil texture and depth to the water table. limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features Dwellings and small commercial buildings are are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed special design, significant increases in construction soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family costs, and possibly increased maintenance are dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are required. made for small commercial buildings without The table also shows the suitability of the soils for basements, for dwellings with basements, and for use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on indicates that soil properties and site features are soil properties, site features, and observed favorable for the use and good performance and low performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause properties and site features are moderately favorable the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to for the use and one or more soil properties or site bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and features make the soil less desirable than the soils flooding affect the ease of excavation and rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil construction. Landscaping and grading that require cuts properties or site features are unfavorable for the use and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not considered. and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, soil properties, site features, and observed site features, and observed performance of the soils. performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering interfere with installation. classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank action potential, and depth to a high water table affect absorption fields, including excessively slow the traffic-supporting capacity. absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can be and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or and maintained. The ratings are based on soil fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of properties, site features, and observed performance of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to water table is near the surface. There must be Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 203

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite require that this material be of a certain thickness. investigation is needed. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the used to cover compacted solid waste in an area solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly affect the ease of removing and spreading the material impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are is required to minimize seepage and contamination of free of large stones or excess gravel are the best ground water. cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy The table gives ratings for the natural soil that and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, wind erosion. generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface After soil material has been removed, the soil layer are excavated to provide material for the material remaining in the borrow area must be thick embankments. The ratings are based on soil enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water properties, site features, and observed performance of table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to plants. The surface layer generally has the best a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of workability, more organic matter, and the best potential organic matter. for plants. Material from the surface layer should be Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability stockpiled for use as the final cover. in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise Construction Materials the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is Table 13 gives information about the soils as a excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils content of organic matter is detrimental to proper are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on cause construction problems, and large stones can soil properties and site features that affect the removal hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is compaction, minor processing, and other standard disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types construction practices are assumed. Each soil is of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated place and used in road embankments in another place. at the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill successive layers on the surface of the soil. The for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily and less exacting in design than higher embankments. with a thin layer of soil from a source away from the The ratings are for the soil material below the site. surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation suitability within their profile. The table showing should be considered. engineering index properties provides detailed The ratings in the table are based on soil properties, information about each soil layer. This information can site features, and observed performance of the soils. help to determine the suitability of each layer for use Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic The ratings are based on soil properties, site layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium features, and observed performance of the soils. The affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a 204 Soil Survey

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by in place after it has been compacted and drained is slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and determined by its strength (as inferred from the toxic material. engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a potential. depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable less than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have have a plasticity index of less than 10. They have a only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25 have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many difficult. stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1 than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but the amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes material is less than 3 feet thick. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for table at or near the surface. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They The surface layer of most soils is generally are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter for each use vary widely. In the table, only the content. Organic matter greatly increases the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific plant growth. purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect Water Management excavation of the material. The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source Table 14 gives information on the soil properties and of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as site features that affect water management. The degree indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir the thickness of suitable material, and the content of areas and embankments, dikes, and levees. The rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification limitations are considered slight if soil properties and are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of site features are generally favorable for the indicated grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome; properties. moderate if soil properties or site features are not A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of favorable for the indicated use and special planning, clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable overcome that special design, significant increase in source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as construction costs, and possibly increased shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and maintenance are required. gravel. This table also gives for each soil the restrictive Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and can be established and maintained. The upper 40 diversions, and grassed waterways. inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low area. seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by potential is determined by the permeability of the soil such properties as soil reaction, available water and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, material. Excessive slope can affect the storage and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a capacity of the reservoir area. water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 205

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet adversely affected by extreme acidity or by toxic high, constructed to impound water or to protect land substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium, against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not source of material for embankment fill. The ratings considered in the ratings. apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a Irrigation is the controlled application of water to depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The be uniformly mixed and compacted during design and management of an irrigation system are construction. affected by depth to the water table, the need for The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The depth even greater than the height of the embankment construction of a system is affected by large stones can affect performance and safety of the embankment. and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to performance of a system is affected by the depth of determine these properties. the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil Soil material in embankments must be reaction. resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and have Terraces and diversions are embankments or a favorable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable combination of channels and ridges constructed across features include less than 5 feet of suitable material a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by and a high content of stones or boulders, organic intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and matter, or salts or sodium. A high water table affects depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the the amount of usable material. It also affects construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted trafficability. rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind erosion or water Drainage is the removal of excess surface and erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted subsurface water from the soil. How easily and permeability adversely affect maintenance. effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth Grassed waterways are natural or constructed to bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers channels, generally broad and shallow, that that affect the rate of water movement; permeability; conduct surface water to outlets at a nonerosive depth to a high water table or depth of standing velocity. Large stones, wetness, slope, and water if the soil is subject to ponding; slope; depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of wind layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating erosion, low available water capacity, restricted and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and affected by depth to bedrock or to a cemented sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks the growth and maintenance of the grass after caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is construction.

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Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less the course of the soil survey. The data and the than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an are explained on the following pages. appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” Soil properties are determined by field examination Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some Classification of the soils is determined according to benchmark soils. During the survey, many shallow the Unified soil classification system (4, 16) and the borings are made and examined to identify and system adopted by the American Association of State classify the soils and to delineate them on the Highway and Transportation Officials (3, 16). soil maps. Samples are taken from some typical The Unified system classifies soils according to profiles and tested in the laboratory to determine grain- properties that affect their use as construction size distribution, plasticity, and compaction material. Soils are classified according to grain-size characteristics. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter soils have layers of contrasting properties within the and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a upper 5 or 6 feet. percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each percentages are estimates determined mainly by layer is indicated. The range in depth and information converting volume percentage in the field to weight on other properties of each layer are given for each soil percentage. series under the heading “Soil Series and Their Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated Morphology.” sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 Texture is given in the standard terms used by the inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area 208 Soil Survey

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the saturated. They are based on soil characteristics field. observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption estimates are based on test data from the survey area fields. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plants. The capacity for water storage is given in nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties percentage points) across classification boundaries, that affect the retention of water and the depth of the the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the root zone. The most important properties are the table. content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an Physical and Chemical Properties important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates the quantity of water actually available to plants at any are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey given time. area. The estimates are based on field observations Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and and on test data for these and similar soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in many soils, values have been verified by laboratory diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of millimeters in diameter. corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume fertility and physical condition of the soil. They change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and change occurs mainly because of the interaction of to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell clay minerals with water and varies with the amount potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving moisture content influence the amount of swelling of operations. soils in place. Swelling was estimated on the basis of Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per the kind and amount of clay minerals in the soil. unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the is often needed. estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; potential, available water capacity, total pore space, moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a and very high, greater than 9 percent. soil indicates the pore space available for water and Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss organic matter, and soil structure. by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil downward movement of water when the soil is structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 209

to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four by water. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum the soils are not protected by vegetation, are average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- that can occur without affecting crop productivity over duration storms. a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per The four hydrologic soil groups are: year. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist have similar properties affecting their resistance to mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. The soils of water transmission. assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of susceptible. The groups are as follows: moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to sands. moderately coarse texture. These soils have a 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine moderate rate of water transmission. sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when soil material. thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy layer that impedes the downward movement of water or loams, and very fine sandy loams. soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and soils have a slow rate of water transmission. silty clay loams. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell clay. potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. clays, and hemic soil material. These soils have a very slow rate of water 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are transmission. more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is loams that are less than 35 percent clay. caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes because of coarse fragments on the surface or is considered ponding rather than flooding. because of surface wetness. The table gives the estimated frequency of flooding. Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the It is expressed as none, rare, occasional, and frequent. soil at various stages of decomposition. In the table, None means that flooding is not probable; rare that it is the estimated content of organic matter is expressed unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is (the chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent less than 2 millimeters in diameter. in any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, The content of organic matter in a soil can be once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to maintained or increased by returning crop residue to 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on the soil. Organic matter affects the available water the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. The information is based on evidence in the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay Soil and Water Features deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth; and little or no Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water horizon development. features. The estimates are used in land use planning Also considered are local information about the that involves engineering considerations. extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each 210

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on continuously indurated or less than 18 inches thick if the extent of flooding based on soil data is less discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be made specific than that provided by detailed engineering by trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. A surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific thick pan is more than 3 inches thick if continuously flood frequency levels. indurated or more than 18 inches thick if discontinuous High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a or fractured. Such a pan is so thick or massive that saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates blasting or special equipment is needed in excavation. are based mainly on observations of the water table at Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the depth subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves into table—that is, perched, apparent, or artesian; and the the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, months of the year that the water table commonly is density, permeability, content of organic matter, and high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than depth to the water table are the most important factors 1 month is not indicated in the table. considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well perched water table is water standing above an drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during water table is separated from a lower one by a dry thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other zone. An artesian water table is under hydrostatic rigid structures. head, generally below an impermeable layer. When this Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an uncased electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or borehole. weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of Two numbers in the column showing depth to the corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors water table indicate the normal range in depth to a as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion The first numeral in the range indicates the highest of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the indicates that the water table is above the surface of soil. Special site examination and design may be the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table needed if the combination of factors results in a severe is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that 6 feet for less than a month. intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil borings and on observations during soil mapping. The layer. rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed fractured, excavations can be made with trenching as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field hard or massive, blasting or special equipment capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation generally is needed for excavation. extract. A cemented pan is a cemented or indurated For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed subsurface layer within a depth of 5 feet. Such a pan as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, causes difficulty in excavation. Pans are classified as acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation thin or thick. A thin pan is less than 3 inches thick if extract. 211

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the Vitrixerands. The adjective Humic, meaning humus, National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories indicates that the surface layer is enriched with organic (25, 26). Beginning with the broadest, these categories matter. are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup and series. Classification is based on soil properties on the basis of physical and chemical properties and observed in the field or inferred from those other characteristics that affect management. observations or from laboratory measurements. Table Generally, the properties are those of horizons below 18 shows the classification of the soils in the survey plow depth where there is much biological activity. area. The categories are defined in the following Among the properties and characteristics considered paragraphs. are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms forming processes and the degree of soil formation. that indicate soil properties. An example is ashy over Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An loamy, mixed, frigid Humic Vitrixerands. example is Andisol. SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical genesis and are important to plant growth or properties composition, and arrangement in the profile. that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder Soil Series and Their Morphology indicates the order. An example is Xerand (Xer, meaning dry, plus and, from Andisol). In this section, each soil series recognized in the GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, and the material in which it formed are identified for arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; type of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is of saturation; and base status. Each great group is described. The detailed description of each soil horizon identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (22). that indicates a property of the soil. An example is Many of the technical terms used in the descriptions Vitrixerands (Vitri, meaning glass, plus xerand, the are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (25) and in “Keys to Soil suborder of the Andisols that has a xeric moisture Taxonomy” (26). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in regime). the descriptions are for dry soil. Following the pedon SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic description is the range of important characteristics of subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or the soils in the series. extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept The map units of each soil series are described in of the great group; it is not necessarily the most the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some Agency Series properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic The Agency series consists of moderately deep, class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more well drained soils on lava plains and hills. These soils adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The formed in loess over volcaniclastic sediment of the adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the Deschutes Formation. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The great group. An example is Typic Vitrixerands. An mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the example of an intergrade subgroup is Humic mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. 212 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Agency loam, 0 to 3 percent It is 0 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 25 percent cobbles. slopes; 1,500 feet south and 600 feet west of the Total rock fragment content is 5 to 30 percent. The 1 southeast corner of the NE /4 of sec. 26, T. 9 S., horizon is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. R. 13 E. The 2Crkq horizon, where present, is weathered tuff of the Deschutes Formation. Ap1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Allingham Series friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very The Allingham series consists of well drained soils fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy that are moderately deep to glacial outwash. These boundary. soils are on outwash plains. They formed in ash over Ap2—4 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, glacial outwash. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; annual precipitation is about 25 inches, and the mean massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. nonplastic; few very fine roots; many very fine Typical pedon of Allingham gravelly sandy loam in tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy an area of Allingham-Circle complex, 0 to 15 percent boundary. slopes; 50 feet south of Forest Service Road 1425, AB—8 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark opposite intersection of Forest Service Road 600; in 1 1 brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 33, T. 12 S., R. 9 E. blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of needles, leaves, and twigs sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; many from ponderosa pine, antelope bitterbrush, and very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); manzanita. clear wavy boundary. A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Bw1—16 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few medium sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; many roots and common very fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); very fine interstitial pores and many fine vesicular gradual wavy boundary. pores; 20 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid (pH Bw2—24 to 29 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly 6.1); gradual smooth boundary. loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine A2—4 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; sticky and nonplastic; many very fine interstitial weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly pores; 5 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine coatings of lime on underside of gravel and and medium roots and common very fine roots; cobbles; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear wavy common very fine interstitial pores and common boundary. fine vesicular pores; 20 percent rounded gravel; 2Crkq—29 to 33 inches; weathered tuff with coatings of slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy boundary. silica and calcium carbonate along fractures; A3—8 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly moderately effervescent; clear wavy boundary. sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; 2R—33 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes weak fine and medium subangular blocky Formation. structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and Depth to bedrock, consisting of basalt or tuff, is 22 nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; to 40 inches. The particle-size control section averages common very fine interstitial pores and few fine 18 to 27 percent clay. vesicular pores; 20 percent rounded gravel; neutral The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when dry (pH 6.6); clear irregular boundary. and 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or 2Bwb—16 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam, dry. The horizon is sandy loam or loam. It is neutral or yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weak medium and mildly alkaline. coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 when slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of 3 or 4 when and fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; moist or dry. The horizon is loam, clay loam, cobbly 10 percent rounded gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear loam, or cobbly clay loam and is 15 to 30 percent clay. wavy boundary. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 213

3Btb1—28 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR A1—0 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark gray 3/6) very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 4/1) dry; weak thin platy structure; slightly (10YR 5/4) dry; weak very coarse subangular hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; neutral slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. very fine interstitial pores; common iron and A2—3 to 11 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark manganese coatings on peds; common faint clay gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; films on peds and in pores; 30 percent rounded slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; gravel and 10 percent rounded cobbles; neutral (pH common very fine roots; many very fine interstitial 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. 3Btb2—42 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 2C1—11 to 20 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt 3/6) very cobbly clay loam, dark yellowish brown loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; few distinct (10YR 3/6) dry; weak very coarse subangular dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 and 4/6) mottles; blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and massive; slightly hard, firm, sticky and nonplastic; slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine few medium roots; many fine interstitial pores; few interstitial pores; common faint clay films on peds iron concretions; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth and in pores; 20 percent rounded gravel and 30 boundary. percent rounded cobbles; neutral (pH 6.8). 3C2—20 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; common Depth to the buried glacial outwash material (3Btb distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles; horizon) is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more massive; hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few than 60 inches. fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.2). The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas that have been disturbed. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The A horizon has hue of 10YR when moist or dry, The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. The The 2C horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it horizon is 5 to 15 percent clay and 15 to 30 percent has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or dry. The horizon is rounded gravel. It is slightly acid or neutral. silt loam or silty clay loam. The 2Bwb horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when The 3C horizon has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist or moist and 10YR when dry, value of 3 when moist and 5 dry. It is silty clay or silty clay loam. when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist and 6 when dry. The horizon is 15 to 27 percent clay and 5 to 15 Bakeoven Series percent rounded gravel. It is slightly acid or neutral. The 3Btb horizon has hue of 10YR when moist or The Bakeoven series consists of very shallow, well dry, value of 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and drained soils on hills and lava plains. These soils chroma of 6 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. The formed in residuum. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The horizon is very gravelly and very cobbly loam or clay mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the loam. It is 20 to 35 percent clay. It is 15 to 30 percent mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. rounded gravel and 10 to 35 percent rounded cobbles. Typical pedon of Bakeoven very cobbly loam in area Total rock fragment content is 35 to 60 percent. The of Bakeoven-Agency-Madras complex, 0 to 3 percent horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. slopes; 200 feet west and 200 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 12 S., R. 11 E.

Aquolls A—0 to 2 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Aquolls consist of very deep, poorly drained soils in thin platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly basins. These soils formed in lacustrine sediment. sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; many Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual very fine and few fine vesicular pores; 10 percent precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and 15 percent stones; air temperature is about 48 degrees F. neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth boundary. Representative pedon of Aquolls, 0 to 1 percent Bw1—2 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly slopes; 1,000 feet east and 20 feet north of the loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak thin platy southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 13 S., R. 11 E. structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky 214 Soil Survey

and nonplastic; few very fine roots; many very fine slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine interstitial pores; 40 percent gravel; mildly alkaline and medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; few (pH 7.4); clear wavy boundary. faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 Bw2—5 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very 2Bt2—15 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium fine, and medium roots; many very fine interstitial subangular blocky structure; hard, very firm, sticky pores; 45 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); and plastic; few fine and medium roots; few very clear wavy boundary. fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on 2R—6 inches; basalt. faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock is 4 to 10 inches. The profile is 2R—18 inches; fractured basalt with a thin, neutral or mildly alkaline. discontinuous coating of opal on the surface. The A horizon has value 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. dry. It is 0 to 20 percent gravel, 30 to 50 percent The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 cobbles, and 0 to 15 percent stones. Total rock or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist fragment content is 35 to 60 percent. or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or stony sandy loam The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 and is 5 to 15 percent clay. It is 0 to 15 percent gravel or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when and 0 to 15 percent cobbles and stones. The horizon is moist or dry. It is very gravelly clay loam, very cobbly 5 to 20 percent volcanic ash. loam, or very gravelly loam. The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when Beden Series moist or dry. It is loam, clay loam, gravelly loam, or gravelly clay loam and is 18 to 35 percent clay. The The Beden series consists of shallow, well drained horizon is 5 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent soils on lava plains and hills. These soils formed in cobbles. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. residuum derived from basalt with ash in the upper part. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual Belrick Series precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. The Belrick series consists of very deep, well Typical pedon of Beden stony sandy loam, 0 to 10 drained soils on moraines. These soils formed in ash percent slopes; about 300 feet west and 300 feet south over glacial till. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean of the northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 22 S., R. 19 E. annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Typical pedon of Belrick fine sandy loam, 15 to 30 stony sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; percent slopes, on Forest Service Road 1210-300; 100 weak medium platy structure parting to weak fine feet east and 500 feet north of the northwest corner of granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and 1 the SW /4 of sec. 14, T. 13 S., R. 8 E. nonplastic; many very fine roots; many fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel, 5 percent Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of Douglas fir, white fir, and cobbles, and 10 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.0); ponderosa pine needles and twigs and vine maple clear wavy boundary. leaves. A2—5 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) stony A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky sticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; few medium and coarse roots; many very fine 5 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 10 interstitial pores; 2 percent subrounded gravel; percent stones; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. boundary. A2—3 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine 2Bt1—11 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium weak medium granular structure; slightly hard, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few medium and Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 215

coarse roots and common very fine and fine roots; Blayden Series many very fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 6.8); gradual wavy boundary. The Blayden series consists of well drained soils A3—11 to 16 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine that are shallow to a duripan. These soils are on lava sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) dry; plains. They formed in old alluvium capped with ash. weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very air temperature is about 44 degrees F. fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual Typical pedon of Blayden loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent irregular boundary. slopes; about 300 feet south and 300 feet west of the 1 2C—16 to 24 inches; mixed black and very dark brown northeast corner of the SE /4 of sec. 5, T. 20 S., (10YR 2/1 and 2/2) loamy fine sand and fine sand, R. 16 E. very dark grayish brown and dark brown (10YR 3/2 A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy and 3/3) dry; massive; loose, nonsticky and sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thick nonplastic; few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse platy structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and roots; many very fine interstitial pores; few weakly nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many cemented nodules; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy very fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral boundary. (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. 3Bwb—24 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 2A2—3 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam, 3/4) extremely stony sandy loam, yellowish brown dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very slightly plastic; few fine, medium, and coarse fine and few fine roots; many very fine tubular roots; many fine interstitial pores and few fine and pores; 20 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); medium tubular pores; 15 percent subrounded clear smooth boundary. gravel, 20 percent subrounded cobbles, and 30 2Bt—7 to 15 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly percent subrounded stones; neutral (pH 7.2). loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth to the buried glacial till material (3Bwb slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly horizon) is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more plastic; few fine roots; common very fine tubular than 60 inches. pores; few faint clay films on peds and in pores; 30 The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); abrupt that have been disturbed. smooth boundary. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 3Bkqm—15 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 indurated gravelly duripan, dark yellowish brown when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon is 5 to 15 (10YR 4/4) moist; carbonates occur as coatings on percent clay and 0 to 5 percent subrounded gravel. It is rock fragments or as filaments; violently slightly acid or neutral. effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0). The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 Depth to the duripan is 12 to 20 inches. Depth to when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The horizon is mixed bedrock is more than 60 inches. The duripan consists or stratified loamy fine sand and fine sand or is fine of stratified sand and gravel. The mollic epipedon is 7 sandy loam. It is 5 to 15 percent clay and 0 to 5 to 11 inches thick. percent subrounded gravel. The horizon is slightly acid The A horizon has value of 3 when moist and 5 or neutral. It has a layer of black scoria is in some when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or pedons. dry. The horizon is 5 to 25 percent gravel. The upper The 3Bwb horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when part is 2 to 10 percent clay, and the lower part is 10 to moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 4 when 20 percent clay. moist or dry. It is very stony or extremely stony loam The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and or sandy loam. The horizon is 10 to 20 percent 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when subrounded gravel, 10 to 20 percent subrounded moist or dry. The horizon is gravelly loam, gravelly clay cobbles, and 15 to 30 percent subrounded stones. Total loam, or gravelly sandy clay loam and is 10 to 35 rock fragment content is 35 to 70 percent. The horizon percent gravel and 25 to 35 percent clay. It is mildly is 10 to 25 percent clay. alkaline or moderately alkaline. 216 Soil Survey

Bluesters Series Typical pedon of Borobey sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes; 900 feet south of U.S. Highway 20, in The Bluesters series consists of excessively 1 1 1 the NW /4NW /4NW /4 of sec. 12, T. 20 S., R. 16 E. drained soils that are shallow to cinders. These soils are on cinder cones. They formed in ash over cinders. A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy Slopes are 15 to 50 percent. The mean annual loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; precipitation is about 15 inches, and the mean annual weak thick platy structure; slightly hard, friable, air temperature is about 44 degrees F. slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine Typical pedon of Bluesters gravelly sandy loam, 15 roots; many fine and medium irregular pores; about to 50 percent slopes; on the east side of Henkle Butte; 30 percent ash; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 1,000 feet east of the southwest corner of AB—4 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, sec. 24, T. 14 S., R. 10 E. dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly very fine roots; many fine and medium irregular sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; pores; about 40 percent ash; neutral; clear wavy weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and Bq—21 to 51 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy medium roots and many very fine roots; many very loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; fine irregular pores; 20 percent angular gravel; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. firm and brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; A2—4 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly few very fine roots; common very fine tubular sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine pores; about 40 percent ash; neutral; abrupt granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky smooth boundary. and nonplastic; common very fine roots and few 2Bwb—51 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; irregular pores; 30 percent angular gravel; neutral moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; 2C—16 to 60 inches; cinders that are black (N 2/0) and common very fine tubular pores; neutral. dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist or dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common Depth to the brittle layer is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to very fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to a strongly roots; many fine vesicular pores; less than 10 cemented or indurated duripan is 40 to 60 inches or percent of voids filled; neutral (pH 7.0). more. The A and AB horizons have chroma of 2 or 3 when Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to moist or dry. They are 0 to 25 percent gravel. The cinders is 14 to 30 inches. horizons are sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam with a The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 thin layer of loamy sand in some pedons. or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 The Bq horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or 3 when moist and 4 when dry. It is 15 to 35 percent or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when basaltic gravel-sized cinders and 20 percent pumice moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or loamy sand sand (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). and is 5 to 15 percent clay and 55 to 80 percent sand. The 2C horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR or It is neutral to moderately alkaline. The horizon is 0 to is neutral. It has value of 2, 3, 5, 6, or 7 when moist or 25 percent gravel. dry and chroma of 0, 4, or 8 when moist or dry. The The 2Bwb horizon, where present, is loam or clay horizon is 80 to 100 percent gravel-sized cinders. loam and is 15 to 30 percent clay. It is neutral to moderately alkaline. Borobey Series

The Borobey series consists of very deep and deep, Bott Series somewhat excessively drained soils on lava plains. The Bott series consists of very deep, well drained These soils formed in ash over old alluvium. Slopes soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash over are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is colluvium. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean about 11 inches, and the mean annual air temperature annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and the mean is about 44 degrees F. annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 217

Typical pedon of Bott gravelly sandy loam in an area Buckbert Series of Bott-Douthit complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes; on Forest Service Road 1200-860; 300 feet north and 200 The Buckbert series consists of very deep, well feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 7, T. 12 S., drained soils in swales on hills. These soils formed in R. 9 E. ash over alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of Douglas fir and white fir annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. needles and twigs. Typical pedon of Buckbert sandy loam, 0 to 3 A1—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) percent slopes; 1,000 feet south and 100 feet west of 1 gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) the northeast corner of the NW /4 of sec. 17, T. 14 S., dry; moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, R. 12 E. friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, very very fine irregular pores; 15 percent subrounded dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak gravel; 25 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine A2—10 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) roots; common very fine irregular pores; neutral (pH sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weak 6.8); gradual smooth boundary. fine subangular blocky structure parting to single AB—8 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, grain; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, medium and coarse roots; many very fine irregular nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine irregular pores; 10 percent subrounded gravel; 20 percent pores; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); Bw1—21 to 40 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, clear wavy boundary. dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse 2Btb—23 to 62 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, stony loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine and slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, irregular pores; 5 percent pumice gravel; mildly friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; common alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy boundary. very fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse Bw2—40 to 52 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) roots; common fine vesicular pores and few fine loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; many medium tubular pores; common distinct clay films on peds distinct very dark grayish brown mottles; weak and in pores; 20 percent subrounded gravel, 10 coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, percent cobbles, and 25 percent subrounded and nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine tubular pores; 5 angular stones; neutral (pH 7.0). percent pumice gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to C—52 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy the buried soil material is 20 to 30 inches. It is 10 to 20 loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; percent clay. slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6). that have been disturbed. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and value Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. of 3 when moist and 5 when dry. The upper part of the The A and AB horizons have hue of 10YR, value of horizon has chroma of 4 when moist or dry, and the 2 or 3 when moist and 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or lower part has chroma of 4 when moist and 5 or 6 3 when moist or dry. when dry. The horizon is 5 to 25 percent gravel. It is The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam. when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 The 2Btb horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value when moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel-sized of 3 when moist and 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 pumice and 15 to 25 percent clay. when moist or dry. It is 15 to 25 percent gravel, 5 to 15 The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 percent cobbles, and 15 to 30 percent stones. Total or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 rock fragment content is 35 to 60 percent. or 4 when moist and 4 when dry. It is 0 to 10 percent 218 Soil Survey

gravel-sized pumice. Faint to distinct mottles are in The paralithic contact is at a depth of 20 to 38 most pedons as a result of irrigation. The horizon is inches, and it is underlain by hard bedrock. The profile sandy loam or loam and is 10 to 20 percent clay. is 10 to 25 percent pumice sand throughout. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when dry Caphealy Series and 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel. The horizon is The Caphealy series consists of moderately deep, neutral or mildly alkaline. well drained soils on hills. These soils formed in The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6 colluvium over volcaniclastic sediment of the when dry and 3 when moist, and chroma of 3 or 4 when Deschutes Formation. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent dry and 4 when moist. It is sandy loam or coarse slopes. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 sandy loam and is 0 to 15 percent gravel. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about The 2Bk horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, 48 degrees F. value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 when moist, and Typical pedon of Caphealy sandy loam in an area of chroma of 3 or 4 when dry and 4 when moist. It is 15 to Caphealy-Reuter complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes; on 35 percent gravel. Secondary carbonate accumulation the east side of roadcut; 200 feet north and 1,000 feet occurs as coatings on rock fragments and as free west of the southeast corner of the northwest corner of carbonates in matrix. sec. 36, T. 12 S., R. 12 E. A1—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy Choptie Series loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; The Choptie series consists of shallow, well drained weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, soils on lava plains and hills. These soils formed in nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine colluvium and residuum derived from welded tuff and roots and few medium roots; many very fine basalt with ash in the upper part. Slopes are 5 to 20 interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 13 clear smooth boundary. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about A2—2 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, 44 degrees F. dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Typical pedon of Choptie loam in an area of Choptie- subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Westbutte complex, 5 to 20 percent slopes; 300 feet nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine west and 300 feet south of the northeast corner of roots; many very fine tubular pores; 2 percent sec. 24, T. 21 S., R. 20 E. gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); gradual smooth boundary. A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very Bw—16 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) coarse sandy dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak thin loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; weak platy structure parting to weak fine granular; medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very plastic; many very fine roots; many fine vesicular fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); wavy boundary. clear smooth boundary. AB—5 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very dark 2Bk—19 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular coarse sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and medium nonplastic; many very fine interstitial pores; 30 roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; coatings of calcium carbonate on percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral (pH underside of coarse fragments; moderately alkaline 6.8); clear wavy boundary. (pH 8.0); gradual broken boundary. Bw—15 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly 3Crkq—23 to 26 inches; weathered, fractured tuff with loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) discontinuous veins of silica and calcium moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky carbonate; clear wavy boundary. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and 3R—26 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots; Formation. common very fine and fine tubular pores; 30 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 219

percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine, boundary. medium, and coarse roots; common fine vesicular R—19 inches; welded tuff. pores and common medium tubular pores; 25 percent rounded gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile is wavy boundary. slightly acid or neutral. 3Btb3—42 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR The A and AB horizons have value of 2 or 3 when 3/4) very gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and they have chroma of 2 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; or 3 when moist or dry. slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and plastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when common fine vesicular pores and common medium moist or dry. It is sandy loam, loam, or gravelly loam tubular pores; few faint clay films on peds; 40 and is 12 to 18 percent clay. percent rounded gravel and 10 percent rounded cobbles that are 8 to 13 centimeters in diameter; Circle Series neutral (pH 7.0). The Circle series consists of well drained soils that Depth to the buried glacial outwash material (3Btb are deep to glacial outwash. These soils are on horizon) is 40 to 50 inches. Depth to bedrock is more outwash plains. They formed in ash over glacial than 60 inches. The profile is slightly acid or neutral. outwash. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean annual that have been disturbed. air temperature is about 44 degrees F. The A horizon has hue of 10YR when moist or dry, Typical pedon of Circle sandy loam in an area of value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and Allingham-Circle complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; 1.2 chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The miles on Forest Service Road 200 from Forest Service horizon is 5 to 15 percent clay. It is 0 to 10 percent 1 1 Road 1230; in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 29, T. 12 S., rounded gravel. R. 9 E. The 2Bwb horizon is 15 to 27 percent clay and 0 to Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles and 25 percent rounded gravel. antelope bitterbrush leaves and twigs. The 3Btb horizon is 27 to 35 percent clay. It is 30 to A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, 50 percent rounded gravel and 5 to 15 percent rounded dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 35 to 60 granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky percent. and nonplastic; many very fine roots and few fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 2 percent Clinefalls Series rounded gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy The Clinefalls series consists of very deep, well boundary. drained soils on stream terraces. These soils formed in A2—3 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy ash over alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots Typical pedon of Clinefalls sandy loam, 0 to 3 and few fine, medium, and coarse roots; many percent slopes; 1,600 feet south and 150 feet east of very fine interstitial pores; 2 percent rounded the northwest corner of sec. 26, T. 14 S., R. 12 E. gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. 2Bwb1—16 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam, A1—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine and sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very and fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; 5 fine interstitial and vesicular pores and few fine percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth tubular pores; 5 percent rounded gravel; neutral (pH boundary. 7.0); clear irregular boundary. A2—5 to 15 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy 2Bwb2—28 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 3/4) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, parting to granular; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky 220 Soil Survey

and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; Clovkamp Series many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. The Clovkamp series consists of deep and very Bw—15 to 20 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) deep, somewhat excessively drained soils on old gravelly sandy loam, very dark grayish brown stream terraces on lava plains. These soils formed in (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine and medium ash over gravelly alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 25 percent. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, The mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. fine roots and few medium roots; common very Typical pedon of Clovkamp loamy sand, 0 to 3 fine and fine irregular pores; 15 percent gravel; percent slopes; 1,300 feet south and 1,200 feet east of 1 neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. the northwest corner of the NW /4 of sec. 8, T. 18 S., BC—20 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly R. 14 E. loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky fine roots and few medium roots; common very and nonplastic; many very fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 35 percent gravel; fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; 50 percent neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); 2C1—25 to 41 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) and white abrupt smooth boundary. (10YR 8/2) extremely gravelly sand, black (10YR A2—4 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, 2/1) and very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; single dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky very fine and fine roots; many very fine irregular and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very pores; 65 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; 40 percent abrupt smooth boundary. pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); 3C2—41 to 50 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sand, clear smooth boundary. black (10YR 2/1) moist; single grain; loose, C—12 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine irregular brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very abrupt smooth boundary. fine roots; common very fine irregular pores; 10 4C3—50 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) extremely percent gravel; 40 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 gravelly sand, pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; single millimeters); neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine boundary. irregular pores; 70 percent gravel; mildly alkaline 2Bqb—24 to 40 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly (pH 7.6). loamy fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to moist; massive; hard, firm and brittle, nonsticky stratified sand and gravel is 20 to 40 inches. and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; mildly alkaline 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy boundary. or dry. It is 5 to 15 percent gravel. 2Bkqb—40 to 50 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) The Bw and BC horizons have value of 4 or 5 when extremely gravelly sand, dark grayish brown (10YR dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and they have chroma of 2 4/2) moist; massive; very hard, very firm and or 3 when moist or dry. These horizons are 15 to 45 brittle, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine percent gravel. roots; few very fine irregular pores; 65 percent The C horizon has value of 4 to 8 when dry and 2 to gravel; thin slightly effervescent cap of carbonates 7 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist at a depth of 40 inches and coatings of carbonates or dry. The horizon is 5 to 70 percent gravel and 0 to 20 on underside of gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); percent cobbles. It is stratified sand and gravel with abrupt wavy boundary. some cobbles. The horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. 2Bkb—50 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 221

extremely gravelly sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 2Ab1—2 to 14 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, 4/2) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky and gray (10YR 5/1) dry; common fine distinct mottles nonplastic; many fine interstitial pores; 80 percent that are reddish brown (5YR 4/4) when moist; gravel; slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline (pH moderate very fine granular structure; soft, very 7.8). friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches or more. Depth vesicular pores; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt smooth to the brittle layer is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to boundary. carbonates and to the extremely gravelly layer is 35 to 2Ab2—14 to 18 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) 50 inches. sandy loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; common fine The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it distinct mottles that are reddish brown (5YR 4/4) has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 40 to 70 when moist; weak very fine granular structure; soft, percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very The C horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 4 fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or vesicular pores; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt smooth dry. It is 20 to 50 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 boundary. millimeters). The horizon is 0 to 10 percent basalt 2AC—18 to 22 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment loamy sand, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; single grain; content is 0 to 15 percent. The horizon is neutral or loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and mildly alkaline. fine roots; many very fine vesicular pores; neutral The 2Bqb horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and (pH 6.6); abrupt smooth boundary. 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist 3C—22 to 60 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sand, or dry. It is hard and brittle throughout. It is gravelly gray (10YR 5/1) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky loamy fine sand or loamy sand and is 15 to 25 percent and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; many gravel. very fine vesicular pores; slightly acid (pH 6.4). The 2Bkqb horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist The water table is at the surface to a depth of 24 or dry. It is extremely gravelly sand or loamy sand and inches from November to August. Depth to bedrock is is 65 to 85 percent gravel. It is very hard and brittle more than 60 inches. Layers of diatomaceous earth are throughout. Carbonates occur as a thin layer or as in the profile in some areas. The mollic epipedon is 15 coatings on the underside of gravel. to 30 inches thick. The 2Bkb horizon, where present, has value of 5 or The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas 6 when dry and 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 that have been disturbed. or 3 when moist or dry. It is extremely gravelly sand or The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 loamy sand and is 65 to 90 percent gravel. Coatings of or 7 when dry. carbonates are on the underside of gravel. The 2Ab horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry. The horizon is sandy loam, loam, silt Cryaquolls loam, or loamy sand. Color of the 3C horizon is variable. The horizon is Cryaquolls consist of very deep, very poorly drained sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam. It is slightly acid or and poorly drained soils on pumice-mantled flood neutral. plains. These soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 20 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is 43 Cullius Series degrees F. Representative pedon of Cryaquolls, 0 to 3 percent The Cullius series consists of shallow, well drained 1 1 slopes, in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 3, T. 21 S., R. 10 E. soils on lava plains and hills. These soils formed in loess over colluvium underlain by volcaniclastic Oi—1 inch to 0; litter from tussock grasses and willow. sediment of the Deschutes Formation. Slopes are 0 to A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate very fine granular inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and 48 degrees F. nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; Typical pedon of Cullius loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes; many very fine vesicular pores; moderately acid 500 feet north and 500 feet west of the southeast 1 (pH 6.0); abrupt smooth boundary. corner of the SW /4 of sec. 17, T. 12 S., R. 13 E. 222 Soil Survey

Ap—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; air temperature is about 48 degrees F. moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, very Typical pedon of Deschutes sandy loam, 0 to 3 friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine percent slopes; 400 feet west and 200 feet south of the 1 1 and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; northeast corner of the SE /4SW /4 of sec. 26, T. 15 S., neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt smooth boundary. R. 12 E. A—3 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very very fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; neutral nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots and (pH 7.3); clear wavy boundary. common fine and medium roots; many fine 2Bt1—6 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay interstitial pores; 1 percent subrounded gravel; loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, A2—3 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) firm, nonsticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films in moist; weak very fine granular structure; slightly pores and on faces of peds; 30 percent clay; 10 hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear wavy very fine roots and few fine and medium roots; boundary. common fine interstitial pores; 1 percent 2Bt2—9 to 17 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay, subrounded gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate smooth boundary. coarse prismatic structure; hard, firm, sticky and A3—7 to 17 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy plastic; few very fine tubular pores; many loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; prominent clay films in pores and on faces of peds; weak fine and medium subangular blocky 60 percent clay; 10 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and (pH 7.8); abrupt smooth boundary. nonplastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; 2Crkq—17 to 18 inches; weathered, fractured tuff; common fine interstitial pores; 1 percent common medium discontinuous veins of silica and subrounded gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); clear calcium carbonate; effervescent; clear wavy smooth boundary. boundary. 2Bk—17 to 28 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy 2R—18 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Formation. moderate fine, medium, and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock are 10 and nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine to 20 inches. interstitial pores; strongly effervescent; 2 percent The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when dry subrounded gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); abrupt and 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when wavy boundary. moist or dry. 2Bkq—28 to 31 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when light grayish brown (10YR 6/2) sandy loam, dark dry and 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when dry brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong thin platy structure; and 3 or 4 when moist. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; 0 to 10 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is many medium and coarse tubular pores; very fine 0 to 10 percent. The lower part of the horizon has concentrations and pseudomycelia of silica and medium or coarse prismatic structure. calcium carbonate; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); abrupt The 2Crkq horizon has discontinuous silica broken boundary. cementation and secondary carbonates that occur as 3R—31 inches; basalt. soft powdery lime and as coatings on the fractured tuff fragments. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- size control section is 5 to 10 percent clay and 55 to Deschutes Series 75 percent sand. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or The Deschutes series consists of moderately deep, 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist well drained soils on lava plains. These soils formed in and 2 to 4 when dry. It is 0 to 5 percent gravel, 0 to 10 ash. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent stones. Total rock Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 223

fragment content is 0 to 10 percent. The horizon is percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt neutral or mildly alkaline. wavy boundary. The 2B horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 3R—32 inches; basalt. or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. moist or dry. It is 0 to 5 percent gravel, 0 to 10 percent The A and AC horizons have value of 4 or 5 when cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent stones. Total rock fragment dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and they have chroma of 2 content is 0 to 20 percent. The horizon is sandy loam or 3 when dry and 1 to 3 when moist. The horizons are or gravelly sandy loam. It is 0 to 15 percent durinodes. loamy sand or sandy loam and are 0 to 5 percent Thin coatings of lime are on rock fragments and gravel. durinodes. The 2C horizon is loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand. It is 10 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent Deskamp Series cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 10 to 30 percent. The horizon is 0 to 10 percent weakly The Deskamp series consists of moderately deep, cemented silica nodules that are friable when moist. It somewhat excessively drained soils on lava plains. is neutral or mildly alkaline. These soils formed in ash. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. Dester Series Typical pedon of Deskamp loamy sand in an area of Deskamp-Gosney complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes; 100 The Dester series consists of moderately deep, well feet west and 50 feet south of the northeast corner of drained soils on lava plains. These soils formed in ash sec. 15, T. 18 S., R. 12 E. over old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean A1—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand, dark annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single grain; loose, Typical pedon of Dester sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine 1 1 slopes; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 1, T. 20 S., R. 17 E. roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy A2—4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine and weak medium platy structure; slightly hard, friable, medium subangular structure; slightly hard, very slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very fine friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very and fine roots; many fine and medium irregular fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. A2—4 to 17 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy AC—10 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium and subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very fine very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic, common and fine roots; many fine and medium irregular very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. 2Bt1—17 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, 2Cq1—17 to 25 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; plastic; few fine roots; common very fine tubular slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and pores; few faint clay films on peds and in pores; nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many neutral (pH 7.3); clear wavy boundary. very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent weakly 2Bt2—24 to 34 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR cemented nodules that are hard when dry and 6/4) gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown friable when moist; 20 percent gravel; mildly (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular alkaline (pH 7.4); clear wavy boundary. blocky structure; hard, very firm, very sticky and 2Cq2—25 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly very plastic; few fine roots; few very fine tubular loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak pores; 15 percent gravel; effervescent in spots; medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, moderately alkaline (pH 7.9); abrupt wavy very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very boundary. fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine interstitial 3R—34 inches; basalt; thin, discontinuous coating of pores; 10 percent weakly cemented nodules; 25 opal on bedrock. 224 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. glacial till is 10 to 20 inches. The profile is 5 to 15 The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when dry. The percent clay throughout. horizon is sandy loam or gravelly loamy sand and is 0 The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas to 20 percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent clay. that have been disturbed. The 2Bt horizon has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, and it has dry. The horizon is gravelly clay loam, sandy clay value of 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry. The A1 loam, or clay loam. It is 27 to 35 percent clay and 0 to horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry, and 25 percent gravel. the A2 horizon has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. The A horizon is 10 to 20 percent gravel, 0 to 15 Douthit Series percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 10 to 35 percent. The Douthit series consists of very deep, well The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of drained soils on moraines. These soils formed in ash 2 or 3 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of over glacial till. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is sandy loam or loamy annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and the mean sand and is 20 to 30 percent gravel, 15 to 25 percent annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. cobbles, and 10 to 20 percent stones. Total rock Typical pedon of Douthit sandy loam, 15 to 30 fragment content is 40 to 70 percent. percent slopes, 1,000 feet north and 200 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 12 S., R. 8 E. Embal Series Oi—2 inches to 0; litter of white fir leaves and twigs. The Embal series consists of very deep, well A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) drained soils on flood plains and alluvial fans. These sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine soils formed in recent alluvium that is high in content granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky of volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean and nonplastic; many very fine roots and common annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean fine and medium roots; many very fine irregular annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. pores; 10 percent gravel, 2 percent cobbles, and 2 Typical pedon of Embal sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent percent stones; neutral (pH 6.8); gradual wavy 3 slopes; /8 mile north of Misery Flat Well; about 150 boundary. feet north and 15 feet east of the southwest corner of A2—3 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) sec. 2, T. 22 S., R. 22 E. cobbly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure A1—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/3) sandy parting to single grain; slightly hard, friable, loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots and weak medium platy structure parting to weak fine common fine, medium, and coarse roots; many granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and very fine irregular pores; 15 percent gravel, 10 slightly plastic; common very fine roots; many fine percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; neutral (pH vesicular pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); 7.0); gradual irregular boundary. abrupt smooth boundary. 2C1—12 to 52 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) A2—2 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy extremely stony sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine dry; single grain; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, and nonplastic; many very fine roots and common slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular irregular pores; 25 percent gravel, 20 percent pores; 2 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); cobbles, and 20 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. clear irregular boundary. A3—10 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, 2C2—52 to 62 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium extremely stony sandy loam, pale brown (10YR subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly 6/3) dry; single grain; slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots and medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; 2 common fine, medium, and coarse roots; many percent gravel; mildly alkaline; (pH 7.6); clear wavy fine irregular pores; 25 percent gravel, 20 percent boundary. cobbles, and 20 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.0). C1—20 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; slightly Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 225

fine and medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); gradual subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, smooth boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine C2—30 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly roots; many very fine interstitial pores; slightly sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); abrupt moist; single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and wavy boundary. nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; common Bk2—36 to 42 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy fine irregular pores; 25 percent gravel; mildly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; alkaline (pH 7.6). slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine tubular pores; slightly effervescent; Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The profile strongly alkaline (pH 8.8); clear wavy boundary. is 30 to 50 percent sand-sized pumice ash. The mollic 2Bk3—42 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. The profile is 10 to sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; 18 percent clay throughout. massive; very hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or many very fine interstitial pores; 20 percent gravel 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 30 percent cobbles; carbonates in seams and or dry. The horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. as coatings on rock fragments; strongly The C horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.8). 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam, loam, or gravelly Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to sandy loam and is 0 to 35 percent gravel. It is mildly secondary carbonates is 30 to 44 inches. alkaline or moderately alkaline. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when dry and 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or Era Series dry. The Bw and Bk horizons have hue of 10YR, value of The Era series consists of very deep, well drained 5 or 6 when dry and 3 when moist, and chroma of 3 or soils in swales and on hills. These soils formed in ash 4 when moist or dry. They are moderately alkaline or over old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean strongly alkaline. annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean The 2Bk horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6 annual air temperature is 48 degrees F. when dry and 3 when moist, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is Typical pedon of Era sandy loam, cobbly sandy loam, cobbly sandy loam, or very cobbly sandy substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes; 2 miles east of loam. The horizon is 0 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 35 Madras, on Ashwood Road; east of north-south fence percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 0 to 40 line; 50 feet south and 10 feet east of the northwest percent. corner of sec. 8, T. 11 S., R. 14 E. The Era soils in this survey area are a taxadjunct to Ap—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, very the Era series because the soils are Vitritorrandic. The dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak very content of volcanic glass is more than 30 percent fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, throughout, but phosphate retention is less than 25 nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine percent and acid-oxalate aluminum plus one-half the roots; many very fine interstitial pores; mildly iron is less than 0.4. alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt smooth boundary. A—3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark Ermabell Series brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium subangular The Ermabell series consists of very deep, well blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, drained soils on stream terraces. These soils formed in nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; ash over glacial outwash. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. many very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline (pH The mean annual precipitation is about 15 inches, and 7.8); clear smooth boundary. the mean annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. Bw—10 to 28 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Typical pedon of Ermabell loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium percent slopes; 0.5 mile south of Sisters, on Three subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Creeks Road; 100 feet east and 100 feet north of the nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; southwest corner of the northwest corner of common very fine tubular pores; moderately sec. 9, T. 15 S., R. 10 E. alkaline (pH 8.0); gradual wavy boundary. Bk1—28 to 36 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy A1—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy 226 Soil Survey

fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak precipitation is about 20 inches, and the mean annual fine granular structure; loose, nonsticky and air temperature is about 44 degrees F. nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and Typical pedon of Flarm loam in an area of Flarm- few medium and coarse roots; many very fine Smiling complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; 0.2 mile west irregular pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth of the junction of Forest Service Roads 1180 and 1100; boundary. 1,000 feet east and 500 feet north of the southwest A2—8 to 17 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy corner of sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 10 E. fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; single Oi—4 inches to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles and grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very twigs. fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine irregular pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate very boundary. thin platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, A3—17 to 31 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, loamy fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; medium, and coarse roots; many very fine single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few interstitial pores; 5 percent rounded gravel; 20 medium and coarse roots; common very fine percent clay; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. irregular pores; 10 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 2Btb1—4 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay millimeters); neutral (pH 7.2); gradual smooth loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; hard, very AC—31 to 41 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine firm, sticky and plastic; few medium and coarse sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; single grain; roots; common fine and medium tubular pores; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine irregular many prominent clay films in pores and on faces pores; 15 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); 5 of peds; 5 percent rounded gravel; 40 percent clay; percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. wavy boundary. 2Btb2—17 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 2C—41 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very 4/4) gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown gravelly sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; single (10YR 6/4) dry; common fine distinct dark brown grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 30 percent (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate very coarse rounded gravel, 15 percent rounded cobbles, and 5 subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, percent rounded boulders; neutral (pH 7.2). sticky and plastic; few coarse roots; common Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to medium tubular pores; many prominent clay films the glacial outwash material (2C horizon) is 40 inches in pores and on faces of peds; 15 percent rounded or more. The profile is neutral or mildly alkaline gravel; 40 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual throughout. irregular boundary. The A and AC horizons have hue of 10YR, value of 2Btb3—30 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 2 or 3 when moist or dry, and chroma of 2 when moist 4/4) gravelly clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; and 4 or 5 when dry. They are 0 to 5 percent gravel and common fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) 5 to 15 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). The mottles; massive; very hard, very firm, sticky and horizons are loamy fine sand, loamy very fine sand, or plastic; few coarse roots; few fine tubular pores; fine sand and are 2 to 10 percent clay. many prominent clay films in pores; 15 percent The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 rounded gravel; 40 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.0); when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 gradual irregular boundary. when moist or dry. It is very gravelly sand or extremely 3C1—42 to 56 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly sand. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent gravel, 5 sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; common to 15 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 percent stones. Total fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; rock fragment content is 45 to 80 percent. The horizon massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly is 1 to 5 percent clay. plastic; few fine tubular pores; 55 percent saprolitic gravel-sized fragments and 25 percent saprolitic Flarm Series cobble-sized fragments; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual irregular boundary. The Flarm series consists of very deep, somewhat 3C2—56 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) poorly drained soils in depressions and swales on loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; mountains. These soils formed in ash over colluvium. massive; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual medium tubular pores; 55 percent saprolitic gravel- Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 227

sized fragments and 25 percent saprolitic cobble- Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The sized fragments; neutral (pH 7.2). coarse fragment content is 0 to 10 percent. Organic matter content decreases irregularly as depth Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to increases. mottles is 15 to 30 inches. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 The O horizon is 3 to 4 inches thick except in areas or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist that have been disturbed. or dry. The A horizon has value of 3 when moist and 4 or 5 The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and it when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is stratified dry. It is 15 to 25 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent sand, very fine sand, and coarse sand with thin layers rounded gravel. of loamy material. The 2Btb horizon has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is clay loam, clay, or gravelly clay loam and is 35 to 50 percent clay. The horizon is 5 to 25 percent Fremkle Series rounded gravel and 0 to 10 percent rounded and The Fremkle series consists of shallow, well drained subrounded cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 5 to soils on hills. These soils formed in ash. Slopes are 0 35 percent. to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about The 3C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 15 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is 4 or 5 when moist and 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or about 45 degrees F. 4 when moist or dry. It is sandy loam or loam and is 10 Typical pedon of Fremkle sandy loam in an area of to 20 percent clay. The horizon is 50 to 80 percent Wanoga-Fremkle-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 15 weathered tuff or basalt fragments. percent slopes; 200 feet east and 300 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 14 S., R. 11 E. Fluvents Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine and western Fluvents consist of very deep, somewhat juniper needles and twigs. excessively drained or excessively drained soils on A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, flood plains. These soils formed in recent alluvium. brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air many very fine roots; many very fine irregular temperature is about 48 degrees F. pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual Representative pedon of Fluvents, 0 to 1 percent wavy boundary. slopes; on a flood plain below the old railroad grade; A2—3 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy 1,200 feet east and 700 feet south of the northwest loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium 1 1 corner of the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 30, T. 9 S., R. 13 E. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) medium roots; many fine and medium vesicular loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; single pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very smooth boundary. fine and fine roots, many very fine interstitial 2R—14 inches; fractured tuff. pores; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. C1—4 to 26 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when 3/2) sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; when moist and 3 when dry. It is 5 to 15 percent common very fine roots; many very fine interstitial gravel. pores; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt smooth boundary. 2C2—26 to 35 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; Fryrear Series single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many The Fryrear series consists of moderately deep, well very fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt drained soils on hills. These soils formed in ash. smooth boundary. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual 3C3—35 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) coarse precipitation is about 15 inches, and the mean annual sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; air temperature is about 45 degrees F. loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine Typical pedon of Fryrear stony sandy loam in an interstitial pores; moderately alkaline (pH 7.4). area of Henkle-Lava flows-Fryrear complex, 15 to 50 228 Soil Survey

percent slopes; 100 feet south of the Fremont Canyon slopes; on Forest Service Road 1150-750, 0.1 mile 1 Road; in the northwest corner of the SW /4 of from junction with Forest Service Road 1150; in the 1 1 sec. 24, T. 14 S., R. 10 E. SW /4SW /4 of sec. 18, T. 12 S., R. 10 E. Oi—0.5 inch to 0; ponderosa pine litter. Oi—4 inches to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles and A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) stony sandy twigs. loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak fine A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine granular sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 20 percent stones; very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; 18 neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. percent clay; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth A2—3 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very stony boundary. sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak fine A2—4 to 14 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse roots; nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine, medium, many very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel, and coarse roots; common fine tubular pores; 5 10 percent cobbles, and 40 percent stones; neutral percent gravel; 18 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.0); (pH 7.0); gradual irregular boundary. clear smooth boundary. Bw—18 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) 2Btb1—14 to 18 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam, very stony sandy loam, dark yellowish brown brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few medium and slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores; few fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse roots; faint clay films in pores; 5 percent gravel and 10 common very fine interstitial pores and few fine percent soft rock fragments; 22 percent clay; tubular pores; 5 percent gravel, 10 percent neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. cobbles, and 40 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.0); 2Btb2—18 to 34 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay abrupt irregular boundary. loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong medium 2R—27 inches; fractured basalt; common distinct clay subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and films on fracture faces; 1- to 2-millimeter-thick plastic; few coarse roots; common fine tubular weathering rind on basalt fragments. pores; many distinct clay films in pores and on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel and 20 percent Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. soft rock fragments; 28 percent clay; neutral (pH The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when 7.0); clear wavy boundary. moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when 2Btb3—34 to 47 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay moist or dry. It is 5 to 10 percent gravel, 5 to 10 loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; strong medium percent cobbles, and 15 to 40 percent stones. Total subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, rock fragment content is 25 to 60 percent. sticky and plastic; few coarse roots; common fine The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when tubular pores; many distinct clay films in pores and moist and 4 when dry, and chroma of 4 when moist or on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel and 20 percent dry. It is 5 to 10 percent gravel, 10 to 30 percent soft rock fragments; 30 percent clay; neutral (pH cobbles, and 20 to 40 percent stones. Total rock 7.0); clear irregular boundary. fragment content is 35 to 60 percent. The horizon is 2Cr—47 inches; weathered tuff. very stony sandy loam or very cobbly sandy loam. Depth to the paralithic contact is 40 to 60 inches. Gap Series Depth to the buried argillic horizon is 14 to 20 inches. The O horizon is 2 to 4 inches thick except in areas The Gap series consists of deep, well drained soils that have been disturbed. on mountains. These soils formed in ash over The A horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, colluvium and residuum. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 when dry, and chroma The mean annual precipitation is about 30 inches, and of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry. The horizon the mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. is 10 to 18 percent clay and 0 to 10 percent gravel. Typical pedon of Gap sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent The 2Btb horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 229

4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 or Glaze Series 4 when moist and 3 to 6 when dry. The horizon is loam or clay loam and is 18 to 35 percent clay. It is 5 to 10 The Glaze series consists of deep, well drained percent gravel and 10 to 25 percent soft rock soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash over fragments. colluvium and residuum. Slopes are 15 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 30 inches, and Gardone Series the mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. Typical pedon of Glaze sandy loam in an area of The Gardone series consists of very deep, Glaze-Prairie-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 50 percent excessively drained soils on lava plains. These soils slopes; in roadcut above road on south side of draw on formed in ash. Slopes are 0 to 20 percent. The mean Forest Service Road 1150, 0.2 mile from junction with 1 1 annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean Forest Service Road 1140-820; in the NE /4SE /4 of annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. sec. 7, T. 12 S., R. 10 E. Typical pedon of Gardone sand in an area of Oi—3 inches to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles and Stookmoor-Gardone-Rock outcrop, 1 to 15 percent twigs. slopes; 200 feet east and 100 feet south of the A1—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 20 S., R. 1 E. sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; A—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) single grain; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and sand, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak thin nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; few fine platy structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent nonplastic; many very fine roots; many medium cobbles; 10 percent clay; neutral (pH 6.8); clear irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); smooth boundary. clear wavy boundary. A2—4 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) cobbly AC—10 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many fine and medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial medium irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral pores; 15 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. 15 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy C1—21 to 34 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy boundary. sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 2Btb1—19 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate nonplastic; few very fine roots; many fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, medium irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. medium roots; many very fine tubular pores; few C2—34 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) faint clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent loamy sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; moist; single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and 20 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy nonplastic; few very fine roots; many fine and boundary. medium irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral 2Btb2—33 to 54 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) (pH 7.0). extremely stony loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to a slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly buried loamy layer is 40 to 60 inches or more. plastic; common coarse roots; few fine tubular The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or pores; common faint clay films in pores and on 3 when moist. It is 0 to 15 percent gravel. faces of peds; 30 percent gravel, 25 percent The AC horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or cobbles, and 30 percent stones; 20 percent clay; dry. It is 0 to 25 percent gravel. It is neutral or mildly neutral (pH 7.2); clear irregular boundary. alkaline. 2Cr—54 inches; weathered tuff. The C horizon has value of 4 to 7 when dry and 3 to 7 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist Depth to the paralithic contact is 40 to 60 inches. or dry. The horizon is loamy sand, sand, or gravelly Depth to the buried argillic horizon is 14 to 20 inches. loamy sand. It is 0 to 25 percent gravel. It is neutral or The O horizon is 2 to 4 inches thick except in areas mildly alkaline. that have been disturbed. 230 Soil Survey

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when dry or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or cobbly sandy loam and 1 to 3 when moist. The horizon is 5 to 15 percent and is 10 to 18 percent clay. It is 0 to 15 percent gravel gravel, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 5 to 20 percent and 0 to 15 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment stones. Total rock fragment content is 5 to 45 percent. content is 0 to 30 percent. The horizon is 0.5 to 1.0 percent organic matter. The 2Btb horizon has hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 The C horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or when moist or dry, and chroma of 4 when moist or dry. 4 when moist. It is loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand. It is very cobbly loam, extremely stony loam, or very It is 5 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. cobbly clay loam and is 18 to 35 percent clay. The Total rock fragment content is 10 to 30 percent. The horizon is 15 to 30 percent gravel, 15 to 40 percent horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. cobbles, and 10 to 30 percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 35 to 70 percent. Haynap Series Gosney Series The Haynap series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils on moraines. The Gosney series consists of shallow, somewhat These soils formed in ash and scoria. Slopes are 0 to excessively drained soils on lava plains. These soils 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 60 formed in ash. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean 40 degrees F. annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F. Typical pedon of Haynap very gravelly loamy coarse Typical pedon of Gosney stony loamy sand in an sand, 0 to 15 percent slopes; in roadcut 0.2 mile from 1 1 area of Gosney-Rock outcrop-Deskamp complex, 0 to Forest Service Road 1210; in the SW /4NE /4 of 15 percent slopes; at the northwest corner of the sec. 24, T. 13 S., R. 8 E. intersection of U.S. Highway 20 and Gosney Road; in 1 1 the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 5, T. 18 S., R. 13 E. Oi—2 inches to 0; litter of Douglas fir and white fir needles and twigs. A1—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stony A1—0 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very gravelly loamy sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy coarse sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky and single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many nonplastic; many very fine roots; many very fine very fine roots and few fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel, 5 percent and fine irregular pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral cobbles, and 10 percent stones; neutral (pH 6.8); (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. abrupt smooth boundary. A2—3 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very A2—2 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy gravelly loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, very fine and fine roots, common medium roots, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; and few coarse roots; many very fine and fine many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; irregular pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth boundary. clear wavy boundary. AC—4 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy 2C1—15 to 18 inches; black (10YR 2/1) extremely sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single grain; gravelly loamy coarse sand, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few common very fine roots; many very fine irregular very fine roots; many fine and medium irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear pores; 70 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy boundary. smooth boundary. C—8 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand, 2C2—18 to 20 inches; black (10YR 2/1) and dark dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single grain; slightly yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) extremely gravelly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common loamy coarse sand, gray (10YR 5/1) and yellowish very fine roots; common very fine irregular pores; 5 brown (10YR 5/6) dry; single grain; loose, percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; mildly nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt irregular boundary. many fine and medium irregular pores; 70 percent 2R—14 inches; basalt. gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The content of 2C3—20 to 29 inches; black (10YR 2/1) extremely pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters) is 20 to 60 percent. gravelly loamy coarse sand, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 231

single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; very fine roots; many fine and medium irregular many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; pores; 80 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. smooth boundary. A2—3 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 3C4—29 to 41 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; fine sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very common fine and medium roots; many very fine fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 irregular pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth clear irregular boundary. boundary. 3C5—41 to 49 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy fine AB—6 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark sand, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; single grain; brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly medium roots; many very fine irregular pores; 2 sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear irregular many very fine and fine interstitial pores and many boundary. fine vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 4C6—49 to 62 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy 7.2); clear smooth boundary. loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; single grain; loose, Bt1—11 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine medium roots and few coarse roots; many very subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, fine irregular pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral (pH slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very 7.2). fine roots and few fine roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores and many fine vesicular Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock pores; 40 percent gravel; few faint clay films in fragments in the profile are gravel-sized cinders. pores and on faces of peds; neutral (pH 7.2); clear The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas wavy boundary. that have been disturbed. Bt2—17 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, when moist and 2 or 3 when dry. The horizon is 35 to slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very 50 percent gravel. It is slightly acid or neutral. fine roots and few fine roots; many fine interstitial The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 pores; 50 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; when moist and 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 6 when few faint clay films in pores and on faces of peds; moist or dry. The horizon is 60 to 90 percent mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. scoriaceous gravel. C—26 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely The 3C and 4C horizons have hue of 10YR, value of gravelly loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; 2 or 3 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma of massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many 1 to 3 when moist or dry. They are loamy fine sand and very fine interstitial pores; 60 percent gravel and 20 sandy loam and are 2 to 10 percent gravel. percent cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); gradual wavy boundary. Haystack Series Ck—40 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely gravelly loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; The Haystack series consists of very deep, well massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many drained soils on alluvial fans. These soils formed in very fine interstitial pores; 60 percent gravel and 20 colluvium. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual percent cobbles; 5 percent secondary lime nodules precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual and coatings on gravel; strongly effervescent; air temperature is about 48 degrees F. moderately alkaline (pH 8.0). Typical pedon of Haystack loam in an area of Era- Haystack complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes; 200 feet Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to west and 300 feet north of the southeast corner of the secondary lime is 30 to 44 inches. 1 NW /4 of sec. 26, T. 13 S., R. 13 E. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist A1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) or dry. The horizon is 15 to 25 percent clay and is 0 to loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 15 percent gravel. weak thin platy structure; slightly hard, friable, The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and 232 Soil Survey

it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is very Holmzie Series gravelly loam, extremely gravelly loam, or very gravelly clay loam. The horizon is 20 to 30 percent clay. It is 35 The Holmzie series consists of moderately deep, to 55 percent gravel and 0 to 20 percent cobbles. Total well drained soils on hills. These soils formed in ash rock fragment content is 35 to 70 percent. The horizon over residuum. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean is neutral or mildly alkaline. annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean The C and Ck horizons are 40 to 60 percent gravel annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. and 10 to 30 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment Typical pedon of Holmzie loam in an area of content is 60 to 80 percent. The C horizon is loamy Holmzie-Searles complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; 300 sand or sandy loam and is 5 to 15 percent clay. The Ck feet east of Holmes Road on jeep trail; in the 1 1 horizon is loamy sand and is 5 to 10 percent clay. The SW /4NW /4 of sec. 23, T. 14 S., R. 11 E. horizons are mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, throughout. Secondary lime occurs as seams and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak nodules or as coatings on coarse fragments. fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and Henkle Series fine roots and common medium roots; many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 The Henkle series consists of shallow, somewhat millimeters); 2 percent gravel and 10 percent excessively drained soils on hills. These soils formed cobbles; 23 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.2); clear in ash. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual wavy boundary. precipitation is about 15 inches, and the mean annual 2Btb—7 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, air temperature is about 45 degrees F. dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong fine and Typical pedon of Henkle very cobbly sandy loam in medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, an area of Henkle-Fryrear-Lava flows complex, 0 to 15 slightly sticky and plastic; few fine and coarse percent slopes; on the northeast slope of Henkle Butte; 1 1 roots and common medium roots; few fine in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 24, T. 14 S., R. 10 E. vesicular pores, few medium tubular pores, and Oi—0.5 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine and western common fine irregular pores; 10 percent pumice juniper needles and twigs. (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); 2 percent gravel and 10 A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very percent cobbles; common distinct clay films on cobbly sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak peds and in pores; 33 percent clay; neutral (pH fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, 7.2); clear wavy boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; 3Btb—19 to 29 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) many very fine irregular pores; 15 percent gravel, gravelly clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; 20 percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; neutral strong fine and medium subangular blocky (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. structure; hard, very firm, slightly sticky and A2—2 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly plastic; few fine roots; few fine vesicular pores, few sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine medium tubular pores, and common fine irregular subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, pores; 20 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; nonsticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, many prominent clay films on peds and in pores; fine, and medium roots; many very fine irregular 45 percent clay; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear pores; 15 percent gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and wavy boundary. 10 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt irregular 3Cr—29 inches; weathered tuff. boundary. Depth to the paralithic contact is 20 to 40 inches. 2R—17 inches; fractured basalt; common distinct clay The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when films on fracture faces; 1- to 2-millimeter-thick moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when weathering rind on basalt fragments. moist and 2 when dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. to 10 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 5 The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 to 15 percent. when moist and 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when The 2Btb horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when moist and 3 when dry. It is 10 to 20 percent gravel, 15 moist and 3 or 4 when dry, and chroma of 3 when to 25 percent cobbles, and 5 to 15 percent stones. moist or dry. It is clay loam or gravelly clay loam and is Total rock fragment content is 35 to 50 percent. 30 to 40 percent clay. The horizon is 0 to 15 percent Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 233

gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment very fine interstitial and tubular pores; 10 percent content is 5 to 20 percent. clay; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH The 3Btb horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 8.2). 4 when moist or dry, and chroma of 3 when moist or Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to dry. It is gravelly clay or cobbly clay and is 40 to 50 the brittle layer is 20 to 40 inches. percent clay. The horizon is 10 to 30 percent gravel and The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3. 5 to 15 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is The Bw horizon is sandy loam or loamy sand. It is 15 to 35 percent. neutral or mildly alkaline. The 2Bq horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 Houstake Series or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when The Houstake series consists of very deep, well moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or fine sandy drained soils on lava plains. These soils formed in ash. loam. It is very gravelly below a depth of 40 inches in Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual some pedons. It is mildly alkaline or moderately precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual alkaline. air temperature is about 48 degrees F. Typical pedon of Houstake sandy loam in an area of Iris Series Deschutes-Houstake complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes; The Iris series consists of very deep, well drained 100 feet east and 200 feet south of the northwest soils in lake basins on lava plains. These soils formed corner of sec. 34, T. 15 S., R. 13 E. in alluvium and loess. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, very mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very Typical pedon of Iris silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes; friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine 1.2 miles west of Culver; 700 feet south and 100 feet 1 roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent east of the northwest corner of the SE /4 of clay; neutral (pH 7.3); clear smooth boundary. sec. 24, T. 12 S., R. 12 E. AB—5 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, Ap—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, very dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium and dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; massive; fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth tubular and interstitial pores; 10 percent clay; boundary. mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt wavy boundary. A—4 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, very Bw—17 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine, medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, medium, and coarse angular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; roots; many very fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH common very fine and fine roots; common fine and 7.2); clear smooth boundary. medium tubular pores; 15 percent clay; slightly Bw—14 to 34 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, effervescent; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear wavy dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very 2Bq1—22 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; roots; many very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline moderate fine, medium, and coarse angular blocky (pH 7.6); clear wavy boundary. structure; hard, very firm and brittle, nonsticky and Bkq—34 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; few brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; hard, firm and medium and coarse tubular pores; 15 percent clay; brittle, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); fine tubular pores; slightly effervescent; mildly abrupt wavy boundary. alkaline (pH 7.6). 2Bq2—30 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine, Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to medium, and coarse angular blocky structure; carbonates and to the brittle layer is 20 to 40 inches. hard, very firm and brittle, nonsticky and The A horizon hue of 10YR, value of 5 when dry and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. 234 Soil Survey

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 when horizon is 25 to 35 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent dry and 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when cobbles. Total coarse fragment content (cinders) is 25 moist or dry. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. to 40 percent. The horizon is 5 to 15 percent clay. The Bkq horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 when The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when or 4 when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 moist or dry. to 6 when moist or dry. It is 90 to 100 percent gravel- sized cinders. Kweo Series Lafollette Series The Kweo series consists of excessively drained soils that are moderately deep to cinders. These soils The Lafollette series consists of well drained soils are on cinder cones. They formed in ash over cinders. that are moderately deep to very gravelly old alluvium. Slopes are 8 to 50 percent. The mean annual These soils are on stream terraces. They formed in ash precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean annual over old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean air temperature is about 42 degrees F. annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean Typical pedon of Kweo gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 50 annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. percent slopes; on east slope of cinder cone; in the Typical pedon of Lafollette sandy loam, 0 to 3 1 1 NW /4NW /4 of sec. 22, T. 12 S., R. 9 E. percent slopes; 300 feet east of gravel road off Lower 1 1 Bridge Road; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 19, T. 14 S., Oi—1 inch to 0; mat of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir R. 12 E. needles and twigs. A—0 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly A1—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, very sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine granular granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium nonplastic; common very fine roots; common very roots; many very fine irregular pores; 20 percent fine irregular pores; 10 percent clay; neutral (pH angular gravel and 5 percent angular cobbles; 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. A2—6 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, AC—13 to 25 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak very gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common roots; few very fine irregular pores; 10 percent fine roots and few very fine, medium, and coarse gravel; 10 percent clay; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy roots; common fine irregular and vesicular pores; boundary. 40 percent angular gravel and 5 percent angular 2AC—24 to 35 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. gravelly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR C—25 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky cinders, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; single structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine slightly plastic; few fine tubular pores; 40 percent roots; many medium vesicular pores; less than 10 rounded gravel; 15 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.0); percent of voids filled; neutral (pH 7.2). clear wavy boundary. 2C1—35 to 42 inches; very gravelly sandy loam that Thickness of the solum and depth to cinders are 20 has pale brown (10YR 6/3) matrix with multicolored to 35 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. (10YR 6/2, 7/1, and 5/3) sand particles, dark The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3 yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; hard, when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 4 when friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 55 moist or dry. It is 15 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent rounded gravel; 10 percent clay; neutral percent cobbles. Total coarse fragment content (pH 7.0); abrupt smooth boundary. (cinders) is 15 to 30 percent. Content of clay is 5 to 15 3C2—42 to 60 inches; extremely gravelly loamy coarse percent. sand that has dark gray (10YR 4/1) matrix and The AC horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR when multicolored (10YR 6/2, 7/1, and 5/3) sand moist and 7.5YR when dry, value of 3 or 4 when moist particles, black (10YR 2/1) moist; 80 percent and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 4 when moist or rounded gravel and 10 percent rounded cobbles; dry. It is gravelly or very gravelly sandy loam. The neutral (pH 7.0). Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 235

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to the medium roots; few medium tubular pores and many very gravelly substratum is 20 to 40 inches. fine vesicular pores; 10 percent silica nodules that The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 are hard or very hard when dry, are firm when when moist and 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 when moist, and have iron and manganese stains; 2 moist and 3 when dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy to 10 percent clay. boundary. The 2AC horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 when 2Bq2—38 to 45 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine moist and 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 when moist and sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak medium 4 when dry. It is 35 to 60 percent gravel and 5 to 10 subangular blocky structure; loose, nonsticky and percent clay. nonplastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; The 2C and 3C horizons have hue of 10YR, value of few medium tubular pores and many fine interstitial 4 when moist and 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 when pores; 30 percent silica nodules that are hard or moist and 4 when dry. The 2C horizon is 35 to 60 very hard when dry and are firm when moist; percent gravel and 5 to 10 percent clay, and the 3C neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. horizon is 65 to 80 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent 2Bq3—45 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy clay. fine sand, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) dry; weak A thin layer of welded tuff is between the 2AC and medium subangular blocky structure; loose, 2C horizons in some pedons. nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; few medium tubular pores and many Laidlaw Series fine interstitial pores; 10 percent silica nodules that are hard or very hard when dry and are firm when The Laidlaw series consists of very deep, well moist; neutral (pH 7.2). drained soils in swales on hills. These soils formed in ash over old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. mean annual precipitation is about 15 inches, and the The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when mean annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. moist and 4 when dry, and chroma of 3 when moist and Typical pedon of Laidlaw sandy loam, 0 to 15 3 or 4 when dry. It is 0 to 5 percent gravel. percent slopes; 200 feet south and 200 feet east of the The 2Bq horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 14 S., R. 10 E. 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is fine sandy loam or loamy fine Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine twigs and sand. It is 0 to 5 percent gravel and 5 to 30 percent needles. silica nodules. A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, A 2C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak very fine granular value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and chroma of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. It is 25 to 35 nonplastic; many very fine roots and common fine percent pumiceous gravel and 60 to 80 percent pumice roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 2 percent sand (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). It is hard and brittle. gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. A2—5 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy Lapine Series loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, The Lapine series consists of very deep, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots; excessively drained soils on pumice-mantled lava many very fine interstitial pores; 2 percent gravel; plains and hills. These soils formed in pumice and ash. neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean annual Bw—15 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) precipitation is about 20 inches, and the mean annual sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; air temperature is about 43 degrees F. weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Typical pedon of Lapine gravelly loamy coarse sand, hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine, low, 0 to 3 percent slopes; 800 feet east and 1,200 feet medium, and coarse roots; many very fine south of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 25 S., interstitial pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); R. 9 E. clear wavy boundary. Bq1—26 to 38 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate gravelly loamy coarse sand, grayish brown (10YR medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, 5/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine and parting to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, 236 Soil Survey

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine coarse sand and is 40 to 70 percent gravel-sized roots and few medium roots; many very fine and pumice fragments. It is slightly acid or neutral. fine interstitial pores; 15 percent gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid (pH 6.5); clear smooth Lickskillet Series boundary. A2—3 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly The Lickskillet series consists of shallow, well loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak drained soils on hills and canyonsides. These soils fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, formed in colluvium. Slopes are 0 to 80 percent. The very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. very fine and fine interstitial pores; 20 percent Typical pedon of Lickskillet very gravelly loam in an gravel-sized pumice; slightly acid (pH 6.5); clear area of Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly loams, 30 to smooth boundary. 60 percent south slopes; 200 feet south and 300 feet 1 C1—7 to 24 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) east of the northwest corner of the NE /4 of extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand, white (2.5Y sec. 24, T. 13 S., R. 13 E. 8/2) and pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4) dry; single grain; A1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; and fine roots and few medium roots; many very weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, fine and fine interstitial pores; 65 percent gravel- very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common sized pumice; neutral (pH 6.6); clear smooth very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial boundary. pores; 45 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear C2—24 to 37 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) and pale wavy boundary. yellow (2.5Y 7/4) very gravelly coarse sand, white A2—4 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very (2.5Y 8/2) and pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4) dry; single gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very weak very fine subangular blocky structure; slightly fine roots; common very fine and fine interstitial hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many pores; 40 percent gravel-sized pumice; neutral (pH very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial 6.8); clear smooth boundary. pores; 45 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear C3—37 to 49 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) and pale wavy boundary. yellow (2.5Y 7/4) gravelly coarse sand, white (N 8/ Bw—9 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely 0) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) nonplastic; few very fine roots; common very fine moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; interstitial pores; 30 percent gravel-sized pumice; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. nonplastic; few very fine roots; many very fine C4—49 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2), pale yellow interstitial pores; 70 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (2.5Y 7/4), and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. gravelly coarse sand, white (N 8/0) dry; single R—13 inches; fractured rhyolite. grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 20 percent gravel-sized pumice; neutral (pH 7.0). Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist, and it Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is very stony buried loamy material is 40 to 60 inches or more. The sandy loam or very gravelly loam. particle-size control section averages 35 to 70 percent The Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry, and it gravel-sized pumice fragments. has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is very The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 gravelly loam, extremely gravelly loam, very cobbly or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist loam, or very cobbly sandy loam. The horizon is 50 to or dry. It is 15 to 35 percent gravel-sized pumice 75 percent rock fragments. It is neutral or mildly fragments. alkaline. The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 Some of the Lickskillet soils in this survey area to 7 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and chroma of 0 have a sandy loam subsoil (less than 18 percent clay), to 4 when moist or dry. It is loamy coarse sand or which is outside the range of characteristics for the Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 237

series. These soils are between Bend and Juniper The O horizon is 1 to 4 inches thick except in areas Butte. that have been disturbed. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when Linksterly Series moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 5 to 15 percent clay and 2 to 5 The Linksterly series consists of very deep, well percent gravel. drained soils on moraines. These soils formed in ash The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 over glacial till. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean when moist and 4 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 when annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and the mean moist and 2 to 4 when dry. It is 5 to 10 percent clay annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. and 2 to 5 percent gravel. Typical pedon of Linksterly sandy loam, 15 to 30 The 3C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 1 1 percent slopes; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 21, T. 13 S., 3 or 4 when moist and 5 when dry, and chroma of 4 R. 8 E. when moist and 4 or 6 when dry. The horizon is very Oi—3 inches to 0; litter of white fir and Douglas fir cobbly sandy loam or very cobbly loam. It is 15 to 25 needles and twigs. percent gravel, 15 to 25 percent cobbles, and 5 to 15 A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 35 to 50 sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine percent. The horizon is 10 to 18 percent clay. granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; Lundgren Series many very fine irregular pores; 2 percent gravel; The Lundgren series consists of well drained soils neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. that are moderately deep to glacial outwash. These A2—4 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR soils are on outwash plains. They formed in ash over 3/2) sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine glacial outwash. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, annual precipitation is about 15 inches, and the mean nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots and annual air temperature is about 45 degrees F. common fine and medium roots; many very fine Typical pedon of Lundgren sandy loam, 0 to 3 irregular pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); percent slopes; 1,800 feet east and 1,000 feet south of gradual wavy boundary. the northwest corner of sec. 36, T. 15 S., R. 10 E. 2C1—14 to 32 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; single A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy grain; loose, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine few coarse roots and common fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky roots; many very fine irregular pores; 2 percent and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. many very fine and fine irregular pores; neutral (pH 2C2—32 to 41 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 6.8); clear smooth boundary. 3/2) loamy fine sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR A2—5 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; 3/2) sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly fine roots and common medium and coarse roots; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common many very fine irregular pores and few fine tubular very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); irregular boundary. clear smooth boundary. 3C3—41 to 60 inches; dark reddish brown (7.5YR 3/4) Bw—14 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly very cobbly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly moderate fine and medium subangular blocky hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; weak structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; irregular pores and few fine tubular pores; 20 common very fine and fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 10 percent percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy stones; neutral (pH 7.0). boundary. 2C1—23 to 38 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; massive; glacial till is 40 to 60 inches. slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few 238 Soil Survey

very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films irregular pores; 45 percent gravel and 5 percent lining pores and on faces of peds; 25 percent clay; cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth boundary. 2C2—38 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely Bt2—16 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; irregular pores; 50 percent gravel and 15 percent many very fine tubular pores; common prominent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2). clay films lining pores and on faces of peds; 35 percent clay; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear wavy Depth to the glacial outwash material (2C horizon) is boundary. 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 2Crk—23 to 27 inches; consolidated gravel, cobbles, inches. The solum is 20 to 60 percent pumice sand and sand of the Deschutes Formation; moderately (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). effervescent, carbonates along fractures; clear The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 wavy boundary. or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist 2R—27 inches; basalt of the Deschutes Formation. or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel. The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and Depth to bedrock, consisting of basalt or tuff, is 22 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when to 40 inches. The particle-size control section averages moist or dry. It is 20 to 30 percent gravel. 25 to 35 percent clay. The 2C horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when dry 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when and 3 when moist, and chroma of 3 when dry and 2 or moist or dry. The horizon is very gravelly loam, very 3 when moist. It is sandy loam or loam. It is neutral or gravelly sandy loam, or extremely gravelly sandy loam mildly alkaline. and is 35 to 60 percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 40 to 65 dry and 3 when moist, and chroma of 4 when moist or percent. dry. It is loam, clay loam, cobbly loam, or cobbly clay loam. The horizon is 0 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 25 Madras Series percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 5 to 30 percent. The horizon is neutral to moderately alkaline. The Madras series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils on lava plains and hills. These soils Menbo Series formed in loess over volcaniclastic sediment of the Deschutes Formation. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The The Menbo series consists of moderately deep, well mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the drained soils on hills. These soils formed in colluvium mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. with ash in the upper part. Slopes are 5 to 25 percent. Typical pedon of Madras loam, 0 to 3 percent The mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and slopes; 100 feet east and 50 feet south of the the mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. 1 1 northwest corner of the SW /4SW /4 of Typical pedon of Menbo stony loam, 5 to 25 percent sec. 23, T. 10 S., R. 13 E. slopes; on a northeast slope of Pine Mountain; in the 1 1 SW /4NW /4 of sec. 20, T. 20 S., R. 16 E. Ap1—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stony very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; weak thick platy structure; soft, very friable, neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Ap2—4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark roots; many fine irregular pores; about 10 percent brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thick platy stones and 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; boundary. common very fine roots; many very fine interstitial A2—3 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) pores; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Bt1—10 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; roots; many very fine irregular pores; about 5 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 239

percent cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral; percent gravel; about 35 percent ash; mildly clear wavy boundary. alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. 2Bt—8 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Bq—24 to 38 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, very slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; sticky and plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; common very fine tubular pores; common about 10 percent gravel; many durinodes and moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and pockets of firm, brittle material; about 15 percent few thin clay films in pores; about 20 percent ash; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt wavy cobbles and 20 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt boundary. irregular boundary. 2Bkqm—38 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) 2R—26 inches; fractured basalt. duripan, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; platy; indurated; slightly effervescent. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The mollic epipedon is 20 to 35 inches thick. Depth to the indurated duripan is 20 to 40 inches. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry, and it Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The horizon is The upper part of the A horizon has value of 4 or 5 5 to 15 percent volcanic ash. It is 0 to 25 percent when dry and 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or cobbles and stones and 0 to 30 percent gravel. 3 when moist or dry. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of The lower part of A horizon and the AB horizon have 4 or 5 when dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and chroma of value of 5 to 7 when dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and 2 to 4. It is 35 to 50 percent clay, 15 to 30 percent they have chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. They are cobbles and stones, and 20 to 40 percent gravel. It is loamy sand, gravelly sandy loam, or sandy loam and very gravelly clay loam or very cobbly clay. are 0 to 25 percent gravel. They are neutral or mildly alkaline. Milcan Series The Bq horizon is sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam. It is 0 to 25 percent gravel. It is neutral to The Milcan series consists of somewhat moderately alkaline. excessively drained soils that are moderately deep to a duripan. These soils are in basins on lava plains. They Minkwell Series formed in ash over old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 The Minkwell series consists of very deep, well inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about drained soils on moraines. These soils formed in ash 44 degrees F. over glacial till. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean Typical pedon of Milcan gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 5 annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and the mean 1 1 1 percent slopes; in the NE /4NE /4SW /4 of sec. 34, annual air temperature is about 40 degrees F. T. 20 S., R. 16 E. Typical pedon of Minkwell sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes; on Forest Service Road 1280-220, 0.5 A1—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly mile from junction with Forest Service Road 1280-200; sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 1 in the NE /4 of sec. 8, T. 12 S., R. 9 E. moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of Douglas fir, white fir, and many fine and medium irregular pores; about 25 ponderosa pine needles and twigs and incense percent gravel; about 45 percent ash; neutral (pH cedar leaves and twigs. 7.3); clear smooth boundary. A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy loam, A2—8 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine granular dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; soft, very structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and coarse roots; many fine and medium irregular pores; about roots and many medium roots; many very fine and 5 percent gravel; 30 percent ash; mildly alkaline fine interstitial pores; 5 percent subangular gravel (pH 7.5); gradual smooth boundary. (2 to 5 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth AB—17 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy boundary. loam, brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; slightly A2—2 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak very fine roots; many fine irregular pores; about 5 fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, 240 Soil Survey

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, is 0 to 10 percent subangular gravel and 0 to 5 percent and coarse roots and many medium roots; many cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 0 to 15 percent. very fine and fine interstitial pores; 5 percent The 2Bwb horizon has hue of 5YR when moist and subangular gravel (2 to 5 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.5YR when dry, value of 3 when moist and 4 when 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. dry, and chroma of 4 when moist or dry. The horizon is Bw—10 to 23 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy 15 to 27 percent clay. It is 0 to 10 percent subangular loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; weak fine subangular gravel, 10 to 20 percent subangular cobbles, and 0 to 5 blocky structure parting to single grain; slightly percent subangular stones. Total rock fragment content hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common is 15 to 35 percent. fine and medium roots and few coarse roots; The 3Btb horizon has hue of 5YR and 7.5YR when common very fine and fine interstitial pores; 5 moist or dry, value of 3 when moist and 4 when dry, percent subangular gravel (2 to 5 millimeters); 5 and chroma of 4 when moist or dry. It is cobbly loam or percent dark brown, weakly cemented nodules; cobbly clay loam and is 20 to 35 percent clay. The neutral (pH 7.0); clear irregular boundary. horizon is 5 to 10 percent subangular gravel, 10 to 20 2Bwb—23 to 34 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) percent subangular cobbles, and 0 to 50 percent cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate subangular stones. Total rock fragment content is 15 to medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; 35 percent. slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots and few coarse Ninemile Series roots; common fine interstitial and vesicular pores and few fine tubular pores; 5 percent subangular The Ninemile series consists of shallow, well gravel and 15 percent subangular cobbles; neutral drained soils on lava plains. These soils formed in (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. residuum derived from basalt with ash in the upper 3Btb1—34 to 47 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) part. Slopes are 0 to 10 percent. The mean annual cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; air temperature is about 44 degrees F. slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Typical pedon of Ninemile sandy loam, 0 to 10 slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots percent slopes; 400 feet north and 1,600 feet east of and few coarse roots; common fine interstitial and the southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 22 S., R. 20 E. vesicular pores and few fine tubular pores; A1—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy common distinct clay films on peds and in pores; 5 loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; percent subangular gravel and 15 percent weak thick platy structure; soft, very friable, subangular cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine boundary. roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 3Btb2—47 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) cobbly percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 2 percent clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate stones; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt wavy boundary. medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; A2—2 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; slightly plastic; few fine, medium, and coarse moderate thick platy structure; soft, very friable, roots; common fine interstitial and vesicular pores nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine roots and and few fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films few medium roots; many fine and medium on peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel and 10 vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2). cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy Depth to cobbly glacial till material (2Bwb horizon) is boundary. 20 to 30 inches. Depth to the buried argillic horizon 2Bt1—7 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, (3Btb horizon) is 30 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong fine angular blocky more than 60 inches. structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas many fine roots; many very fine and common fine that have been disturbed. tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR when moist and and in pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent 7.5YR or 10YR when dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); clear wavy and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 4 when moist and boundary. 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon is 5 to 15 percent clay. It 2Bt2—12 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 241

gravelly clay, dark yellowish brown (7.5YR 4/4) 2C2—23 to 29 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; strong fine angular blocky structure; very gravelly sand, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; common hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine medium distinct dark yellowish brown mottles; and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few common faint clay films on faces of peds and in very fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; 20 pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; percent subrounded gravel; 5 percent iron- moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); abrupt irregular cemented lenses 1 to 2 centimeters thick; mildly boundary. alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy boundary. 2R—19 inches; fractured basalt; thin, discontinuous 2C3—29 to 48 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt coating of opal on surface and in fractures. loam with lenses of very fine sandy loam throughout, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The mollic common fine distinct dark yellowish brown mottles epipedon is 7 to 12 inches thick. generally adjacent to roots and lining pores; The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 massive; slightly hard, friable, sticky and or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist nonplastic; few medium roots; few fine irregular or dry. It is sandy loam or very cobbly loam. It is 2 to 7 pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy inches thick. boundary. The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when 3C4—48 to 60 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist or dry, value of 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when extremely gravelly coarse sand, dark gray (10YR dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon is 4/1) dry; massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; gravelly clay or clay. 80 percent rounded gravel and 5 percent rounded cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8). Omahaling Series Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to The Omahaling series consists of very deep, mottles that have chroma of 2 or less is 15 to 30 somewhat poorly drained soils on flood plains. These inches. soils formed in ash over older alluvium. Slopes are 0 to The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 when 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 15 moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 when inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent rounded gravel. It is 45 degrees F. neutral or mildly alkaline. Typical pedon of Omahaling fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 percent slopes; 400 feet south and 100 feet west of the when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 when 1 northeast corner of the SW /4 of sec. 26, T. 14 S., moist and 1 or 2 when dry. It is 0 to 25 percent gravel. R. 10 E. It has common distinct or prominent mottles. The horizon is silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or loam and Ap—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine has strata of sand. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; The 3C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 moderate very fine granular structure; slightly hard, when moist and 4 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very moist and 1 or 2 when dry. It is 60 to 80 percent gravel fine roots; common very fine irregular pores; mildly and 5 to 15 percent cobbles. Total coarse fragment alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt wavy boundary. content is 65 to 95 percent. AC—4 to 19 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and Parrego Series nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; The Parrego series consists of moderately deep, many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent rounded well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt wavy ash over colluvium and residuum. Slopes are 0 to 50 boundary. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20 2C1—19 to 23 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; 44 degrees F. common fine distinct dark yellowish brown mottles; Typical pedon of Parrego sandy loam in an area of weak thin platy structure; slightly hard, friable, Windego-Parrego complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; on nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; Forest Service Road 1193-130, 0.2 mile east of common very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline (pH junction with Forest Service Road 1193; in the 1 1 7.6); abrupt wavy boundary. NW /4NW /4 of sec. 35, T. 12 S., R. 10 E. 242 Soil Survey

Oi—3 inches to 0; litter of conifer needles and twigs. weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium granular very fine and fine roots; many very fine irregular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and pores; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. nonplastic; many fine and very fine roots and few A2—11 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, coarse roots; many fine interstitial pores; 25 very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak percent soft rock fragments; 10 percent clay; fine and medium subangular blocky structure; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; 2A2—5 to 13 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, brown common very fine and fine roots; common very (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium subangular blocky fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel; structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and neutral (pH 7.0); gradual smooth boundary. slightly plastic; common fine, medium, and coarse Bw1—16 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 25 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine and soft rock fragments; 20 percent clay; neutral (pH medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, 7.0); clear wavy boundary. friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very 2Btb—13 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam, fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium subangular vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and clear smooth boundary. slightly plastic; common medium and coarse roots; 2Bw2—23 to 27 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very many fine and very fine tubular pores; common gravelly sandy loam, very dark grayish brown distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky 50 percent soft rock fragments; 30 percent clay; structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; common 2Cr—24 inches; weathered tuff. very fine and fine vesicular pores; 35 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual smooth boundary. Depth to the paralithic contact is 20 to 40 inches. 2Bw3—27 to 33 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas very gravelly sandy loam, dark grayish brown that have been disturbed. (10YR 4/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 structure; slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 when moist or nonplastic; common very fine and few fine roots; dry. It is 5 to 18 percent clay. Total soft rock fragment common very fine and fine vesicular pores; 55 content is 15 to 30 percent. The horizon is slightly acid percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear or neutral. It is 4 to 7 inches thick. smooth boundary. The 2A2 horizon has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or 3C1—33 to 39 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry. It is 10 to 25 percent clay. Total soft rock fragment extremely gravelly sandy loam, dark grayish brown content is 15 to 30 percent. (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, The 2Btb horizon has chroma of 3 to 5 when dry. nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and The horizon is clay loam or loam and is 20 to 35 fine roots; common very fine and fine irregular percent clay. Total soft rock fragment content is 35 to pores; 65 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; 60 percent. mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary. 3C2—39 to 55 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Plainview Series very gravelly loamy sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) The Plainview series consists of well drained soils moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky and that are moderately deep to glacial outwash. These nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; soils are on outwash plains. They formed in ash over common very fine and fine irregular pores; 50 glacial outwash. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; mildly annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean alkaline (pH 7.8); abrupt wavy boundary. annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. 3Ckqm—55 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown Typical pedon of Plainview sandy loam, 0 to 3 (10YR 3/2) and light gray (10YR 7/2) indurated percent slopes; 2,000 feet east and 500 feet south of duripan with 1-millimeter-thick silica lamellae and the northwest corner of sec. 6, T. 16 S., R. 11 E. filaments of carbonates; strongly effervescent; massive; very hard. A1—0 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Depth to the glacial outwash deposits (2Bw horizon) Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 243

is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 and coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores; inches. Depth to the strongly cemented or indurated few faint clay films in pores and on faces of peds; duripan is 50 inches or more. The mantle of ash is 20 15 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy to 60 percent pumice sand (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). boundary. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 2Btb2—22 to 37 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) cobbly 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 when moist loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong medium or dry. The horizon is 0 to 10 percent gravel. subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly The Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 sticky and slightly plastic; few coarse roots; few or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when fine irregular pores; many faint clay films in pores moist or dry. and on faces of peds; 20 percent gravel, 5 percent The 2Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 cobbles, and 5 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.2); or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when clear wavy boundary. moist or dry. It is 30 to 60 percent gravel and 0 to 10 2Cr—37 inches; weathered basalt. percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 35 to Depth to the paralithic contact is 20 to 40 inches. 60 percent. The horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. Depth to the buried argillic horizon is 14 to 20 inches. The 3C horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 The O horizon is 2 to 4 inches thick except in areas or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when that have been disturbed. moist or dry. It is extremely gravelly sandy loam or The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 very gravelly loamy sand and is 35 to 50 percent when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 gravel and 5 to 15 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment when moist or dry. It is 10 to 18 percent clay and 0 to content is 45 to 65 percent. 10 percent gravel. The 2Btb horizon has hue of 10YR and 7.5YR, value Prairie Series of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma The Prairie series consists of moderately deep, well of 2 to 4 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash is gravelly loam and cobbly loam and is 18 to 27 over colluvium and residuum. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent clay. It is 10 to 20 percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 30 percent cobbles and stones. Total rock fragment inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about content is 15 to 35 percent. 42 degrees F. Typical pedon of Prairie sandy loam in an area of Redcliff Series Prairie-Gap complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; on Forest Service Road 1140-680, 0.4 mile from junction with The Redcliff series consists of moderately deep, 1 1 Forest Service Road 1140-610; in the SW /4SE /4 of well drained soils on hills and canyonsides. These soils sec. 13, T. 12 S., R. 9 E. formed in colluvium. Slopes are 0 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 9 inches, and the Oi—3 inches to 0; litter of ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. and white fir needles and twigs. Typical pedon for Redcliff very gravelly loam in an A1—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, area of Lickskillet-Redcliff very gravelly loams, 30 to brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak medium granular 60 percent south slopes; 300 feet south and 300 feet 1 structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and east of the northwest corner of the NE /4 of nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many sec. 24, T. 13 S., R. 13 E. very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); gradual smooth boundary. A1—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly A2—7 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak very sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine, many very fine interstitial pores; 45 percent gravel; medium, and coarse roots; many fine irregular neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual A2—3 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) smooth boundary. very gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 2Btb1—16 to 22 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) 3/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; few medium medium roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 55 244 Soil Survey

percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth pores; 5 percent subangular gravel and 5 percent boundary. subangular cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear AB—13 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly wavy boundary. loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 2Bqb—17 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, very very fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very pores; 55 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); gradual fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; few smooth boundary. pendants of calcium carbonate and opal on Bw—19 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) underside of gravel; 5 percent subangular gravel extremely gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown and 5 percent subangular cobbles; mildly alkaline (10YR 3/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky (pH 7.8); abrupt irregular boundary. structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly 2R—21 inches; basalt. plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. pores; 75 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); clear The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist, and it smooth boundary. has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The horizon is R—25 inches; rhyolite. sandy loam and is 5 to 15 percent clay. It is 0 to 10 Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. size control section averages more than 18 percent The 2B horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 clay. or 4 when moist. It is loam, clay loam, or cobbly loam The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or and is 18 to 30 percent clay. The horizon is 0 to 10 dry. It is 15 to 60 percent rock fragments. The horizon percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. It is 0 to 15 is cobbly sandy loam or very gravelly loam. percent durinodes. Some rock fragments have coatings The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and of calcium carbonate and opal. The horizon is neutral or chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is 35 to 85 mildly alkaline. percent rock fragments. The horizon is extremely gravelly loam, extremely gravelly clay loam, very Redslide Series cobbly sandy loam, extremely cobbly sandy loam, very cobbly loam, or extremely cobbly loam and is 10 to 30 The Redslide series consists of moderately deep, percent clay. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. well drained soils on hills and canyonsides. These soils formed in ash and colluvium. Slopes are 15 to 50 Redmond Series percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about The Redmond series consists of moderately deep, 48 degrees F. well drained soils on lava plains. These soils formed in Typical pedon of Redslide stony sandy loam in an ash. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual area of Redslide-Lickskillet complex, 30 to 50 percent precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual north slopes; above O.B. Riley Road; 700 feet north air temperature is about 48 degrees F. and 800 feet west of the southeast corner of Typical pedon of Redmond sandy loam, 0 to 3 sec. 6, T. 17 S., R. 12 E. 1 1 1 percent slopes; in the SW /4SW /4SE /4 of A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stony sec. 11, T. 15 S., R. 13 E. sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) A—0 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy moist; weak medium platy structure; slightly hard, loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common moderate very fine granular structure; loose, very medium roots and many very fine and fine roots; friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel, 5 fine roots and few fine roots; many fine interstitial percent cobbles, and 15 percent stones; neutral pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. A2—4 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly 2Bwb—12 to 17 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular very fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel and 30 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 245

percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth 2Bt1—10 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay boundary. loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak to Bk—21 to 34 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely moderate medium subangular blocky structure; cobbly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common fine massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and roots and few medium roots; common fine tubular nonplastic; common fine, medium, and coarse pores; common thin clay films on peds and lining roots; many very fine irregular pores; 20 percent pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; gravel and 45 percent cobbles; coatings of lime on mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt wavy boundary. underside of rock fragments; slightly effervescent; 2Bt2—21 to 25 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy boundary. clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; R—34 inches; fractured rhyolite; coatings of lime on moderate medium subangular blocky structure; bedrock and in fractures. hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine tubular pores; 20 percent Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The content of gravel; few thin clay films on peds and lining pores; pumice sand (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters) is 15 to 30 mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); abrupt wavy boundary. percent. 2R—25 inches; fractured basalt; thin coating of opal The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or and calcium carbonate in fractures. 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or loam and is 5 to Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. 20 percent gravel, 5 to 40 percent cobbles, and 0 to 20 The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and percent stones. Total rock fragment content ranges chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The horizon is from 20 to 60 percent. sandy loam or loam. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. The Bk horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 The 2Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. It is sandy loam or loam and is 0 to 20 moist or dry. The horizon is gravelly loam or gravelly percent gravel, 40 to 60 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 clay loam. Rock fragment content is 15 to 35 percent. percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 50 to 70 Clay content is 25 to 35 percent. The horizon is mildly percent. The horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. alkaline or moderately alkaline.

Reluctan Series Reuter Series The Reluctan series consists of moderately deep, The Reuter series consists of shallow, well drained well drained soils on lava plains. These soils formed in soils on hills. These soils formed in colluvium over residuum with ash in the upper part. Slopes are 1 to 20 volcaniclastic sediment of the Deschutes Formation. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual 44 degrees F. air temperature is about 48 degrees F. Typical pedon of Reluctan sandy loam, 1 to 8 Typical pedon of Reuter sandy loam in an area of 1 1 percent slopes; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 18, Caphealy-Reuter complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes; on T. 22 S., R. 21 E. the east side of roadcut; 300 feet north and 1,000 feet 1 west of the southeast corner of the NW /4 of A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy sec. 36, T. 12 S., R. 12 E. loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak thick platy structure; soft, very friable, A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; roots; many fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, and 2 percent stones; neutral (pH 7.2) clear wavy friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine boundary. and fine roots and few medium roots; many very A2—4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky A2—3 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium common fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine boundary. roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent 246 Soil Survey

gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth Bt2—14 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) boundary. cobbly clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; 2Cr—12 to 24 inches; weathered tuffaceous sandstone; strong fine and medium subangular blocky gradual wavy boundary. structure; very hard, firm, slightly sticky and 2R—24 inches; welded tuff of the Deschutes plastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; many Formation. fine interstitial pores and common fine tubular pores, many distinct brown (7.5YR 5/3) clay films Depth to the paralithic contact is 10 to 20 inches. in pores and on faces of peds; 60 percent clay; 10 Depth to hard bedrock is 20 inches or more. The profile percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; mildly is about 10 to 25 percent pumice sand throughout. It is alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth boundary. neutral or mildly alkaline throughout. Cr—18 to 19 inches; weathered tuff; abrupt wavy The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 when dry boundary. and 2 or 3 when moist, and chroma of 2 or 3 when R—19 inches; welded tuff. moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent rock fragments. Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The mollic Ruckles Series epipedon is 7 to 12 inches thick. The particle-size control section averages more than 50 percent clay The Ruckles series consists of shallow, well drained and more than 45 percent rock fragments. soils on canyonsides. These soils formed in colluvium. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or Slopes are 15 to 80 percent. The mean annual 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist precipitation is about 9 inches, and the mean annual air or dry. The horizon is 20 to 27 percent clay. It is 5 to 40 temperature is about 48 degrees F. percent gravel, 20 to 60 percent cobbles, and 0 to 15 Typical pedon of Ruckles extremely cobbly loam in percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 60 to 75 an area of Simas-Ruckles complex, 15 to 40 percent percent. south slopes, along roadcut; 200 feet west and 500 The Bt1 horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 1 feet north of the southeast corner of the NW /4 of chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is extremely sec. 11, T. 13 S., R. 11 E. cobbly clay loam or extremely cobbly clay and is 35 to A1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 50 percent clay. The horizon is 5 to 40 percent gravel, extremely cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 20 to 60 percent cobbles, and 0 to 15 percent stones. 2/2) moist; weak thin platy structure; slightly hard, Total rock fragment content is 60 to 75 percent. very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very The Bt2 horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is cobbly clay or 20 percent clay; 20 percent gravel, 30 percent very cobbly clay and is 45 to 65 percent clay. The cobbles, and 15 percent stones; mildly alkaline (pH horizon is 5 to 25 percent gravel and 15 to 35 percent 7.4); gradual wavy boundary. cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 30 to 60 A2—3 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) percent. extremely cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Schrier Series slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and The Schrier series consists of very deep, well nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many drained soils on hills. These soils formed in loess over very fine interstitial pores; 20 percent clay; 20 colluvium. Slopes are 15 to 60 percent. The mean percent gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and 15 percent annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and the mean stones; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); gradual wavy annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Schrier silt loam in an area of Bt1—9 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely Schrier-Tub complex, 30 to 60 percent north slopes; cobbly clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 1,500 feet north and 200 feet west of the southeast moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; corner of sec. 36, T. 13 S., R. 13 E. hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very fine interstitial pores and common very fine silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine granular tubular pores; few faint clay films in pores and on structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and faces of peds; 40 percent clay; 20 percent gravel, nonplastic; many very fine roots; many very fine 30 percent cobbles, and 15 percent stones; mildly interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH alkaline (pH 7.6); clear wavy boundary. 6.8); clear wavy boundary. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 247

A2—4 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR The 3Ck horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 3/2) silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine 6 or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moist or dry. It is 65 to 80 percent gravel. slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 Searles Series percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. The Searles series consists of moderately deep, 2BA—16 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very well drained soils on lava plains and hills. These soils gravelly silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine formed in ash over residuum. Slopes are 0 to 30 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very fine, inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about fine, and medium roots; many very fine tubular 49 degrees F. pores; 40 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear Typical pedon of Searles sandy loam in an area of wavy boundary. Holmzie-Searles complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; in 1 1 2Bw—21 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 32, T. 14 S., R. 12 E. brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium subangular A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak very nonplastic; few very fine and medium roots; many fine granular structure; loose, very friable, very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; common alkaline (pH 7.4); gradual smooth boundary. fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth 2Bk—36 to 42 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, boundary. pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium A2—3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy subangular structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak and nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; many medium subangular blocky structure; loose, very very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine and effervescent; seams and nodules of secondary medium roots; few fine interstitial pores; 10 percent carbonates, coatings of carbonates on gravel; cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. BA—7 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very dark 3Ck—42 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium and extremely gravelly fine sand, pale brown (10YR coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, 6/3) dry; single grain; loose, very friable, nonsticky slightly sticky and nonplastic; few fine, medium, and nonplastic; many very fine interstitial pores; 70 and coarse roots; few fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; seams and nodules of secondary percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth carbonates, coatings of carbonates on gravel; boundary. strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4). 2Bt1—13 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; secondary carbonates is 30 to 40 inches. The mollic weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, epipedon is 20 to 30 inches thick. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and common fine interstitial and tubular pores; few faint chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 15 clay films on peds and in pores; 30 percent gravel percent gravel. and 10 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); The 2BA horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and gradual wavy boundary. chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 35 to 45 2Bt2—15 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. Total rock very gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown fragment content is 35 to 55 percent. (10YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky The 2Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 15 few fine roots; common fine interstitial and percent gravel. It is loam or silt loam. tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and 15 percent The 2Bk horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and cobbles; common faint clay films on peds and in chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 15 pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth percent gravel. It has coatings of carbonates on gravel boundary. or has seams and nodules of carbonates. The horizon 2R—24 inches; basalt; discontinuous coatings of opal is loam or silt loam. and carbonates in fractures. 248 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- percent pumiceous gravel; 70 percent pumice (0.5 size control section averages more than 50 percent to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth rock fragments. boundary. The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist, and it C1—13 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is 4 to 7 brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) coarse sand, very pale inches thick. brown (10YR 7/3 and 8/4) dry; single grain; loose, The BA horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and fine dry. It is loam or gravelly loam. It is neutral or mildly roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent alkaline. pumiceous gravel; 60 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 The 2Bt horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 millimeters); few krotovinas (2.5 centimeters in or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when dry diameter); neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. and 2 to 4 when moist. It is very gravelly loam, very C2—20 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy coarse gravelly clay loam, or very cobbly clay loam and is 25 sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; single to 35 percent clay. It is 20 to 35 percent gravel and 10 grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very to 30 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine 40 to 60 percent. Some pedons have weakly cemented interstitial pores; 5 percent pumiceous gravel; 60 nodules in the lower part of the horizon. The horizon is percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH neutral or mildly alkaline. 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. 2Bwb1—26 to 37 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy Shanahan Series loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly The Shanahan series consists of very deep, hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine, somewhat excessively drained soils on pumice- medium, and coarse roots; many very fine mantled lava plains and hills. These soils formed in ash interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; 30 percent over colluvium and old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 30 pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); common medium percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20 distinct iron and manganese mottles; neutral (pH inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 6.6); gradual wavy boundary. 43 degrees F. 2Bwb2—37 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) Typical pedon of Shanahan loamy coarse sand, 0 to gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak 15 percent slopes; about 200 feet from road to Lapine medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, 1 1 State Recreation Area; in the NW /4NW /4 of friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine, sec. 11, T. 21 S., R. 10 E. medium, and coarse roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 25 percent gravel; 15 percent Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles and pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); common medium twigs. distinct iron and manganese mottles; neutral (pH A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy 6.6); gradual wavy boundary. coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine 3C—44 to 61 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and gravelly coarse sand, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent pumiceous very fine interstitial pores; 50 percent gravel; 45 gravel; 50 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH neutral (pH 6.8); gradual smooth boundary. 6.8). A2—3 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; single Depth to the 2Bwb horizon is 20 to 40 inches. Depth grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to the 3C common very fine and fine roots and few medium horizon is 40 to 60 inches or more. The profile is roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent slightly acid or neutral. pumiceous gravel; 50 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas millimeters); neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth that have been disturbed. boundary. The upper part of the A horizon has value of 3 or 4 AC—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and the lower part has gravelly loamy coarse sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) value of 4 to 6 when moist or dry. The horizon has dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is 5 to 15 common very fine roots and few fine, medium, and percent pumiceous gravel and 40 to 60 percent pumice coarse roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 30 (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 249

The AC and C horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; value of 5 to 8 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and common fine and medium roots; common very fine chroma of 1 to 8 when moist or dry. They are coarse and fine irregular pores and common fine vesicular sand, gravelly coarse sand, or gravelly loamy coarse pores; 30 percent gravel; 40 percent pumice (0.5 to sand. They are 5 to 30 percent pumiceous gravel and 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt irregular 40 to 70 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). boundary. The 2Bwb horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist 4R—55 inches; andesite. and 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. moist or dry. It is sandy loam, loam, or gravelly sandy The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 loam. It is 5 to 30 percent gravel and 10 to 40 percent or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). and 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon is 0 to 10 percent The 3C horizon, where present, is variable material gravel and 25 to 40 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 that includes pumice, lake sediment, and localized millimeters). It is 2 to 6 percent clay. alluvium. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent gravel. It is The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and very gravelly coarse sand or very gravelly loamy sand. 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3, 4, or 6 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon is gravelly Shroyton Series sandy loam or gravelly coarse sandy loam. It is 15 to The Shroyton series consists of deep, well drained 30 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. Total soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash. Slopes rock fragment content is 15 to 35 percent. The horizon are 30 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is is 30 to 60 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). It is about 40 inches, and the mean annual air temperature 5 to 10 percent clay. is about 42 degrees F. A gravelly loamy sand or sandy loam C horizon is Typical pedon of Shroyton loamy sand, 30 to 50 present in some pedons. percent slopes; in the southwest corner of the 1 SE /4 of sec. 6, T. 17 S., R. 10 E. Simas Series

Oi—2 inches to 0; ponderosa pine and white fir needles The Simas series consists of very deep, well and twigs. drained soils on hills and canyonsides. These soils A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loamy sand, formed in colluvium. Slopes are 0 to 80 percent. The brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine granular structure; mean annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. and fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular Typical pedon of Simas cobbly loam in an area of pores; 2 percent gravel; 35 percent pumice (0.5 to Simas-Ruckles-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 80 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy percent south slopes, along roadcut; 1,000 feet south boundary. and 100 feet east of northwest corner of A2—2 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loamy sec. 11, T. 13 S., R. 11 E. sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine granular structure; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; A1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) common very fine and fine roots; many very fine cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; and fine irregular pores; 2 percent gravel; 35 moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many 7.0); clear irregular boundary. very fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 25 2Bw1—15 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) percent cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear gravelly coarse sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; wavy boundary. weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, A2—3 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; very fine and fine roots and few medium and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; coarse roots; common very fine and fine irregular slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly pores and common fine vesicular pores; 30 percent plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very gravel; 30 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel and 10 neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. percent cobbles; 30 percent clay; mildly alkaline 3Bw2—31 to 55 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly (pH 7.4); clear wavy boundary. sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; 2Bt1—12 to 19 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moderate medium subangular blocky structure; cobbly clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong 250 Soil Survey

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, percent cobbles, and 10 to 30 percent gravel. It is sticky and plastic; few fine and medium roots; moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. many fine tubular pores; many faint clay films in pores and on faces of peds; 20 percent cobbles; 55 Sisters Series percent clay; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear wavy boundary. The Sisters series consists of very deep, well 2Btk2—19 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, dark drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; strong coarse over colluvium and residuum. Slopes are 0 to 50 subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 25 sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; few very inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films in 44 degrees F. pores and on faces of peds; 60 percent clay; Typical pedon of Sisters loamy sand in an area of common medium irregular calcareous deposits on Sisters-Yapoah complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; 2,000 faces of peds and in fractures; slightly feet south and 300 feet east of the northwest corner of effervescent; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); gradual wavy sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 10 E. boundary. Oi—2 inches to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles. 2Btk3—28 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, dark A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/3) loamy yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; strong medium sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, fine granular structure; loose, nonsticky and sticky and plastic; few coarse roots; few very fine nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many tubular pores; many prominent clay films in pores very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; 20 and on faces of peds; 60 percent clay; common percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH medium irregular calcareous deposits on faces of 7.0); clear wavy boundary. peds and in fractures; slightly effervescent; A2—2 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine boundary. granular structure; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 2Bk—37 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/3) common fine and coarse roots and many medium gravelly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent moist; strong medium subangular blocky structure; gravel; 40 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; many very neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films in C—11 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) pores and on faces of peds; 25 percent gravel and loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; single 5 percent cobbles; 50 percent clay; strongly grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 7.9). fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; 40 percent carbonates is 10 to 30 inches. pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 gradual wavy boundary. or 5 when dry. It is silt loam or cobbly loam. The 2Ab—23 to 35 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy horizon is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 30 percent loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine subangular cobbles. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, The 2Bt horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and 4 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. It is clay, medium roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 cobbly clay, or gravelly clay. The horizon is 0 to 25 percent gravel; 10 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 percent gravel and 0 to 30 percent cobbles. Total rock millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. fragment content is 0 to 35 percent. The horizon is 50 2Bwb1—35 to 47 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) to 60 percent clay. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak coarse The 2Btk horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and subangular blocky structure parting to weak thin chroma of 3 or 4. It has few to many nodules or seams platy; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; of carbonates. The horizon is mildly alkaline or few fine roots; many fine and medium vesicular moderately alkaline and is slightly effervescent or and tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; 10 percent strongly effervescent. Texture and rock fragment pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.2); content are similar to those of the 2Bt horizon. gradual wavy boundary. The 2Bk horizon is gravelly clay loam, gravelly clay, 2Bwb2—47 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam, or cobbly clay. It is 35 to 60 percent clay, 0 to 20 brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak coarse subangular Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 251

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky nonsticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots and and nonplastic; few fine roots; many fine, medium, common medium and coarse roots; common very and coarse vesicular and tubular pores; 10 percent fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on peds and gravel; 10 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); in pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual neutral (pH 7.2). wavy boundary. 2Btb2—27 to 39 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam, Depth to the buried loamy material (2Ab horizon) is brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium and coarse 20 to 35 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, inches. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 and common medium and coarse roots; common or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on peds and 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon is 0 to 10 percent and in pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gravel and 20 to 50 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 clear wavy boundary. millimeters). It is 2 to 8 percent clay. 3Btb3—39 to 58 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate coarse or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 4 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, to 6 when moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and sticky and slightly plastic; few medium roots; 20 to 50 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). The common very fine and fine tubular pores; common horizon is 2 to 8 percent clay. faint clay films on peds and in pores; 5 percent The 2Ab and 2Bwb horizons have hue of 5YR or gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. 7.5YR and chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. They 3Btb4—58 to 63 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay are sandy loam, loam, or clay loam. They are 0 to 15 loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine subangular percent gravel, 18 to 30 percent clay, and 5 to 20 blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). plastic; many very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; common faint clay films on peds Smiling Series and in pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0). The Smiling series consists of very deep, well Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash the buried argillic horizon and thickness of the mantle over colluvium. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean of ash are 14 to 33 inches. annual precipitation is about 30 inches, and the mean The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. that have been disturbed. Typical pedon of Smiling sandy loam, 0 to 15 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 1 1 1 percent slopes, in the SE /4SE /4NW /4 of to 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist sec. 2, T. 13 S., R. 9 E. or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 0 to 15 percent. Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles and The horizon is 5 to 15 percent clay. grasses. A Bw horizon is in the mantle of ash in some A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) sandy pedons. loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate very The 2Btb and 3Btb horizons have value of 3 or 4 fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and they have chroma nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine of 3 or 4 when moist and 3 to 6 when dry. The horizons roots and common medium roots; many very fine are loam, clay loam, gravelly loam, or gravelly clay irregular pores; 10 percent pumice; neutral (pH 7.0); loam and are 18 to 35 percent clay. They are 5 to 20 clear smooth boundary. percent gravel, 0 to 20 percent cobbles, and 0 to 5 A2—4 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 5 to 35 loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate very fine percent. granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, medium, Statz Series and coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent pumice; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy The Statz series consists of well drained soils that boundary. are shallow to a duripan. These soils are on lava plains. 2Btb1—16 to 27 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam, They formed in ash. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium and fine mean annual precipitation is about 10 inches, and the subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. 252 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Statz sandy loam in an area of Oi—3 inches to 0; ponderosa pine litter. Statz-Deschutes complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; A—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy about 2,700 feet west and 1,500 feet north of the coarse sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; southeast corner of sec. 3, T. 15 S., R. 12 E. moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak pumiceous gravel; 50 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 very fine granular structure; loose, very friable, millimeters); neutral (pH 6.8); clear irregular nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine boundary. roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent AC—2 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear smooth coarse sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single boundary. grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine, A2—4 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy medium, and coarse roots; many very fine loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak interstitial pores; 25 percent pumiceous gravel; 60 medium subangular blocky structure parting to percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH moderate very fine granular; slightly hard, friable, 6.8); clear wavy boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, C1—18 to 28 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine, and medium roots; common very fine and very pale brown (10YR 8/3) very gravelly tubular and vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel; coarse sand, very pale brown (10YR 8/3) dry; moderately alkaline (pH 7.8); abrupt wavy single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few boundary. fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine 2Bkq—14 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, interstitial pores; 50 percent pumiceous gravel; 70 dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly 7.0); abrupt wavy boundary. sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine C2—28 to 49 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) and white roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 (2.5Y 8/2) gravelly coarse sand, pale yellow (2.5Y percent gravel; 10 percent durinodes; strongly 7/4) and white (2.5Y 8/2) dry; single grain; loose, effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium smooth boundary. roots along krotovina; many very fine interstitial 2Bkqm—20 to 25 inches; indurated duripan; abrupt pores; common krotovinas (4 inches in diameter); wavy boundary. thin subhorizons in lower part; 15 percent 3R—25 inches; basalt. pumiceous gravel; 70 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt smooth indurated duripan is 10 to 20 inches. boundary. The A horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or 2Bwb—49 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR dry. It is 0 to 15 percent gravel. It is neutral or mildly 3/4) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common medium alkaline. brown (7.5YR 5/4) mottles; weak medium The 2Bkq has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or 4 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist or nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine roots; many dry. It is sandy loam or loam. The horizon is 0 to 15 very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent pumiceous percent gravel and 5 to 15 percent durinodes. It is gravel, 10 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. neutral (pH 7.0). Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to Steiger Series the 2Bwb horizon is 40 to 60 inches. The Steiger series consists of very deep, somewhat The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and 4 excessively drained soils on pumice-mantled lava or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist plains and hills. These soils formed in ash and pumice or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent pumiceous gravel. over colluvium and old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 50 The AC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20 3 or 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It is 5 to 35 percent 43 degrees F. pumiceous gravel. The horizon is coarse sand or loamy Typical pedon of Steiger loamy coarse sand, 0 to 15 coarse sand. percent slopes; about 1 mile east of U.S. Highway 97; The C horizon has value of 6 to 8 when moist or dry 1 1 in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 20, T. 23 S., R. 10 E. and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. It has 15 to 60 Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 253

percent pumiceous gravel. The horizon is coarse sand percent clay. It is 0 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 or loamy coarse sand. percent cobbles. The 2Bwb horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma Stukel Series of 3 or 4 when moist or dry. Some pedons are mottled. The horizon is loam or sandy loam and is 0 to 10 The Stukel series consists of shallow, well drained percent pumiceous gravel. soils on lava plains. These soils formed in ash. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is Stookmoor Series about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F. The Stookmoor series consists of moderately deep, Typical pedon of Stukel sandy loam in an area somewhat excessively drained soils on hills and lava Deschutes-Stukel complex, dry, 0 to 8 percent slopes; plains. These soils formed in ash. Slopes are 1 to 50 about 0.75 mile north of Oregon Highway 26; in the 1 1 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 11 NE /4NE /4 of sec. 14, T. 15 S., R. 13 E. inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy 44 degrees F. loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Typical pedon of Stookmoor loamy sand, 1 to 3 1 1 1 weak thin and medium platy structure; slightly percent slopes; in the NW /4SW /4NW /4 of hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common sec. 11, T. 19 S., R. 15 E. very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial A—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy pores; 5 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; clear wavy boundary. weak thick platy structure; soft, very friable, A2—4 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly sandy nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium roots; many fine and medium irregular pores; about subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, 50 percent ash; moderately alkaline; clear wavy nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, boundary. medium, and coarse roots; many very fine AB—6 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy interstitial pores and common very fine tubular loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; pores; 5 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt smooth boundary. nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many Bkq—11 to 18 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly fine irregular pores; about 50 percent ash; sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Bq—14 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; very nonplastic; common fine roots; common very fine hard, very firm and brittle; slightly sticky and tubular pores; 10 percent durinodes; 15 percent slightly plastic; few very fine roots; common very gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent fine discontinuous tubular pores; about 15 percent with carbonates as filaments and as coatings on ash; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. rock fragments; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); abrupt 2R—24 inches; basalt. wavy boundary. R—18 inches; basalt. Depth to the brittle layer is 14 to 20 inches, and depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile is Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile is 5 neutral to moderately alkaline. to 15 percent clay. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 3 3 when moist. It is loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or and is 0 to 25 percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent dry. The horizon is 0 to 5 percent gravel and 0 to 15 cobbles. percent cobbles. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. The AB horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or The Bkq horizon has value of 5 to 7 when dry and 4 dry. It is loamy sand or sandy loam and is 0 to 25 or 5 when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when percent gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobbles. moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or gravelly The 2Bq horizon has value of 6 or 7 when dry and 3 sandy loam. It is 5 to 15 percent gravel, 0 to 5 percent or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent durinodes. It is neutral or moist or dry. It is sandy loam or loam and is 10 to 20 mildly alkaline. 254 Soil Survey

A thin, weakly cemented horizon is above the common fine tubular pores; 10 percent rounded bedrock in some pedons. gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt irregular boundary. The R horizon typically is basalt, but in some 3Bwb—51 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very pedons it consists of other volcanic rock, including fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; tuff. common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; strong fine and medium subangular blocky Suilotem Series structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; common medium and coarse roots; The Suilotem series consists of very deep, common fine tubular pores; common medium iron somewhat poorly drained soils on outwash plains. concretions; 5 percent rounded gravel; neutral (pH These soils formed in ash over glacial outwash. Slopes 7.0). are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 25 inches, and the mean annual air temperature Depth to glacial outwash material (3Bwb horizon) is is about 44 degrees F. 40 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 Typical pedon of Suilotem sandy loam in an area of inches. Depth to mottles is 30 to 40 inches. Suilotem-Circle complex, 0 to 8 percent slopes; about The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas 150 feet north of Forest Service Road 1216, northeast that have been disturbed. of intersection of Forest Service Roads 1216 and 1419; The A and C horizons have hue of 10YR when moist 1 in the NE /4 of sec. 9, T. 13 S., R. 9 E. or dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine and western They are 5 to 15 percent pumice gravel. They are larch needles and mixed grasses. slightly acid or neutral. A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate very when moist and 4 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, when moist and 1 to 4 when dry. The horizon is fine nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or sandy loam. It is 5 to and medium roots; many fine irregular pores; 10 15 percent gravel. It has common or many prominent percent pumice (2 to 5 millimeters); neutral (pH mottles. 6.6); clear wavy boundary. The 3B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when A2—5 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy moist or dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 5 or 6 loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate when dry, and chroma of 2 when moist and 3 or 4 when very fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, dry. The horizon is very fine sandy loam or sandy loam. nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, It is 5 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles. medium, and coarse roots; many fine irregular Total rock fragment content is 5 to 10 percent. The pores; 15 percent pumice (2 to 5 millimeters); horizon has common or many distinct or prominent neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. mottles. C1—16 to 27 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few Sunriver Series very fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very The Sunriver series consists of very deep, fine irregular pores; 10 percent pumice (2 to 5 somewhat poorly drained soils on stream terraces. millimeters); neutral (pH 6.8); clear irregular These soils formed in ash over old alluvium. Slopes boundary. are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 2C2—27 to 30 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine about 20 inches, and the mean annual air temperature sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; is about 42 degrees F. slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few Typical pedon of Sunriver sandy loam, 0 to 3 very fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very percent slopes; 1,500 feet west and 1,500 feet north of fine irregular pores; 10 percent pumice (2 to 5 the southeast corner of sec. 1, T. 21 S., R. 10 E. millimeters); 5 percent rounded gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt broken boundary. Oi—2 inches to 0; litter of lodgepole pine needles and 2C3—30 to 51 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy fine twigs. sand, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; common medium A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy and large prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam, light gray (10YR 6/1) dry; weak fine granular mottles; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and and nonplastic; few very fine and medium roots; nonplastic; few very fine roots and common Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 255

medium roots; common very fine interstitial pores; when moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or fine 70 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral sandy loam. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy boundary. AC—5 to 20 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loamy Suttle Series coarse sand, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few The Suttle series consists of very deep, somewhat very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial poorly drained soils on outwash plains. These soils pores; 70 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); formed in ash and scoria over glacial outwash. Slopes neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth boundary. are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is C1—20 to 24 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) about 30 inches, and the mean annual air temperature coarse sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; few fine is about 44 degrees F. faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mottles; Typical pedon of Suttle very gravelly loamy sand, 0 single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; to 15 percent slopes; 60 feet north of Forest Service 1 1 common very fine interstitial pores; 80 percent Road 12 and 12 miles up the road; in the SW /4SW /4 of pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); few krotovinas (10 sec. 8, T. 13 S., R. 9 E. centimeters in diameter); neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt Oi—1 inch to 0; Douglas fir needles and twigs and smooth boundary. ponderosa pine and white fir needles. C2—24 to 29 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) A1—0 to 3 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very gravelly coarse sand, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to (10YR 3/4), light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6), and dark weak fine granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and reddish brown (5YR 3/4) mottles; single grain; nonplastic; common medium roots and many very loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; interstitial pores; 80 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 40 percent angular gravel-sized cinders; slightly millimeters); few krotovinas (10 centimeters in acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth boundary. diameter); alternating bands of dark yellowish A2—3 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very gravelly brown (10YR 3/4) and light brownish gray (10YR loamy sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; 6/2) stains throughout; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to smooth boundary. weak fine granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and 2Bwb—29 to 60 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; many interstitial pores; 35 percent angular gravel-sized medium distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) and cinders; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt smooth boundary. dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) mottles; massive; slightly 2C1—10 to 22 inches; mixed black (10YR 2/1) and hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly coarse sand, fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4). dark gray (10YR 4/1) and yellowish brown (10YR Depth to the loamy buried soil is 25 to 35 inches, 5/4) dry; single grain; loose; nonsticky and and depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; mottles is 20 to 30 inches. many very fine interstitial pores; 50 percent angular The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 gravel-sized cinders; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 smooth boundary. when moist or dry. 3C2—22 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly The AC horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and when moist or dry. The horizon is coarse sand or loamy nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; coarse sand. It is 50 to 80 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 few very fine tubular pores; 20 percent subrounded millimeters). gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear irregular boundary. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 7 4C3—29 to 37 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loamy fine when moist and 6 or 7 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; when moist or dry. The horizon is 50 to 80 percent single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; The 2B horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 few very fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.0); when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 gradual wavy boundary. 256 Soil Survey

5C4—37 to 49 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy A2—3 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few thin platy structure parting to weak very fine very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many boundary. very fine irregular pores; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt 5C5—49 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy wavy boundary. loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; massive; 2A3—7 to 10 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) silt loam, slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few gray (10YR 5/1) moist; weak thin platy structure; very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.0). very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to 3Bt1—10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) and light gray the stratified glacial outwash (3C horizon) is 20 to 30 (10YR 7/1) clay, brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate inches. The profile is slightly acid or neutral. medium and fine prismatic structure parting to The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas moderate fine angular blocky; very hard, very firm, that have been disturbed. very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots; The A horizon has hue of 10YR when moist or dry, many very fine tubular pores; common distinct clay value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 when dry, and chroma films on peds and few faint clay films in pores; of 1 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. It is 5 to 15 about 40 percent light gray uncoated sand and silt percent clay and 35 to 50 percent angular gravel-sized grains on peds; few tongues of 2A horizon material; cinders. mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear wavy boundary. The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR when moist or dry, 3Bt2—14 to 26 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) and value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, dark brown chroma of 1 to 3 when moist and 1 to 4 when dry. The (10YR 3/3) moist, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist and horizon is 0 to 5 percent clay and 40 to 70 percent crushed; weak thin platy structure parting to strong angular scoriaceous gravel-sized cinders. It is very very fine angular blocky; hard, firm, very sticky gravelly coarse sand or extremely gravelly coarse and plastic; few very fine roots; common very fine sand. tubular pores; common distinct clay films on peds The underlying C horizons are stratified gravelly and faint clay films in pores; mildly alkaline (pH sandy loam, loamy fine sand, and sandy loam. They 7.6); clear wavy boundary. have hue of 10YR when moist or dry, value of 2 or 3 3C—26 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/4) silty clay when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak thin platy when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The horizons are 5 to structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very 15 percent clay and 0 to 30 percent subrounded gravel. fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; few thin cutans on faces of peds; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6). Swaler Series Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. A clay The Swaler series consists of very deep, increase of 15 to 25 percent is between the 2A and 3Bt moderately well drained soils on old lake terraces. horizons. Some pedons have carbonates below a depth These soils formed in lacustrine sediment. Slopes are of 40 inches. The particle-size control section is 35 to 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 50 percent clay. 11 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is The A horizon has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist or about 44 degrees F. dry. It is silt loam or gravelly coarse sand. The gravelly Typical pedon of Swaler silt loam, 0 to 2 percent coarse sand is about 60 percent pumiceous ash and is 1 1 1 slopes; 40 feet south of trail; in the SE /4SE /4NW /4 of as much as 7 inches thick. sec. 24, T. 22 S., R. 20 E. The 2A horizon has value of 7 or 8 when dry and 4 A1—0 to 3 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) and light or 5 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam, very dark moist or dry. The horizon is a deposit of ash from grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak thick platy Newberry Crater. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and The 3Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; it has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist or dry. The upper many fine and medium vesicular pores; neutral (pH part of the horizon commonly has uncoated sand and 6.6); abrupt smooth boundary. silt grains and tongues of 2A horizon material. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 257

Structure is prismatic or columnar. The horizon is silty seams of light gray lime; strongly alkaline (pH 8.6); clay loam, silty clay, or clay and is 0 to 5 percent clear smooth boundary. gravel. It is neutral to moderately alkaline. 4C—50 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5YR 5/4) The 3C horizon is silty clay loam or clay loam. loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; massive with thin horizontal bedding planes; hard, very firm, Swalesilver Series slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine tubular pores; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0). The Swalesilver series consists of very deep, Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The somewhat poorly drained soils in closed basins on lava particle-size control section is 45 to 60 percent clay. plains. These soils formed in lacustrine sediment. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when moist and 6 Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual or 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 when moist or precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean annual dry. It is slightly acid to mildly alkaline. air temperature is about 44 degrees F. The 2A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when moist and Typical pedon of Swalesilver loam, 0 to 1 percent 7 or 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when slopes; 200 feet east and 1,800 feet south of the moist or dry. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. northwest corner of sec. 31, T. 22 S., R. 19 E. The 3Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist and A1—0 to 3 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, grayish 5 or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when brown (10YR 5/2) moist; few fine distinct yellowish moist or dry. The horizon is clay or silty clay and is 45 red (5YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium platy to 65 percent clay. structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and The 3BCk horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y when slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common moist or dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 fine vesicular pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); abrupt when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The smooth boundary. horizon is silty clay loam or clay loam and is 30 to 35 2A2—3 to 5 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) silt loam, percent clay. The upper part of the horizon has gray (10YR 5/1) moist; moderate medium platy disseminated lime, and the lower part has soft structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and concretions of lime. The horizon is mildly alkaline to slightly plastic; common fine roots; common fine strongly alkaline. tubular pores; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt smooth The 4C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y when moist or boundary. dry, value of 4 or 5 when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, 3Bt1—5 to 13 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist. It is stratified loam, clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; strong silt loam, and clay loam and is 15 to 30 percent clay. fine angular blocky structure; hard, very firm, The horizon is noncalcareous or slightly calcareous. It sticky and plastic; common fine and medium roots; is mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline. few fine tubular pores; few thin clay films in pores; many stress surfaces; mildly alkaline (pH 7.5); Tetherow Series clear smooth boundary. The Tetherow series consists of excessively drained 3Bt2—13 to 18 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) soils that are shallow or moderately deep to cinders. clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; These soils are on lava plains. They formed in ash over moderate fine angular blocky structure; hard, very cinders. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual firm, very sticky and very plastic; common fine precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual and medium roots; common fine tubular pores; few air temperature is about 49 degrees F. faint clay films in pores; moderately alkaline (pH Typical pedon of Tetherow sandy loam, 0 to 3 7.8); clear wavy boundary. percent slopes; 0.5 mile northwest of Terrebonne, 3BCk1—18 to 40 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) adjacent to cinder pit; 1,200 feet south and 300 feet silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) east of the northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 14 S., moist; massive; hard, very firm, slightly sticky and R. 13 E. slightly plastic; few fine roots, few fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, very 8.6); gradual smooth boundary. dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine 3BCk2—40 to 50 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; hard, and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very very firm, slightly sticky and plastic; few fine fine irregular pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear tubular pores; strongly effervescent; 2 percent smooth boundary. 258 Soil Survey

A—6 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, very brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very and medium roots; many very fine tubular pores; fine and fine roots; common very fine and few fine 12 percent clay; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy irregular pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH boundary. 7.6); clear wavy boundary. 2Btb—8 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) AC—19 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly extremely cobbly loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderate medium subangular blocky structure; moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, nonsticky and slightly plastic; few slightly hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores; common very fine roots; many very fine irregular common distinct clay films on peds and rock pores; few medium subangular concretions; 20 fragments; 15 percent gravel, 60 percent cobbles, percent cobbles; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear and 20 percent stones; 20 percent clay; neutral (pH wavy boundary. 7.2); clear wavy boundary. 2C—24 to 60 inches; cinders that are dark reddish 2R—16 inches; andesite. brown (5YR 3/4) moist or dry; single grain. Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile has Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Thickness hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. of the solum and depth to cinders are 14 to 28 inches. The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas The profile is neutral or mildly alkaline. that have been disturbed. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 5 when moist and 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when or 6 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 when moist and moist or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel. 2 to 4 when dry. The horizon is 5 to 18 percent clay. It The AC horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or is 10 to 25 percent subrounded gravel and 0 to 10 dry. It is 0 to 25 percent cobbles and 0 to 10 percent percent subrounded to angular cobbles. Total rock gravel. It is sandy loam or cobbly sandy loam. fragment content is 15 to 30 percent. The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 5YR, value of 3 The 2Btb horizon has chroma of 2 to 4 when moist when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 3 when or dry. It is very cobbly loam, extremely cobbly loam, moist and 3 or 4 when dry. It is 90 to 100 percent or extremely stony loam and is 20 to 27 percent clay. cinders (more than 2.0 millimeters). Thin, brittle, The horizon is 10 to 25 percent angular gravel, 20 to 50 discontinuous layers are in some pedons. percent angular cobbles, and 10 to 40 percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 55 to 80 percent. Thorn Series A 2Cr horizon is in some pedons. It is 1 to 3 inches thick. The Thorn series consists of shallow, well drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash over Tub Series colluvium and residuum. Slopes are 15 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 20 inches, and The Tub series consists of deep, well drained soils the mean annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. on north-facing slopes of hills and canyons. These Typical pedon of Thorn gravelly sandy loam in an soils formed in loess over colluvium. Slopes are 15 to area of Parrego-Thorn-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 50 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 12 percent slopes; on Forest Service Road 1160, 0.5 mile inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about west of the junction with Forest Service Road 1160- 48 degrees F. 1 410; in the NE /4 of sec. 8, T. 12 S., R. 10 E. Typical pedon of Tub loam in an area of Schrier-Tub complex, 30 to 60 percent north slopes; in the Oi—1 inch to 0; ponderosa pine litter and grasses. 1 1 1 NW /4SW /4NE /4 of sec. 31, T. 12 S., R. 13 E. A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak A1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, medium roots; many fine interstitial pores; 15 nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; 10 percent fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; neutral clay; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. 2A2—4 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; light A2—2 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 259

loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moist or dry. The horizon is cobbly clay or cobbly clay weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly loam and is 30 to 50 percent clay. It is mildly alkaline hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; or moderately alkaline. common very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy Tumalo Series boundary. A3—8 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) The Tumalo series consists of well drained soils that loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; are moderately deep to a duripan. These soils are on weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly outwash plains. They formed in ash over glacial hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; outwash. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual common fine and medium roots; many very fine precipitation is about 10 inches, and the mean annual interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual wavy air temperature is about 48 degrees F. boundary. Typical pedon of Tumalo sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent Bw—14 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark slopes; 1,600 feet north and 900 feet east of the brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular southwest corner of sec. 30, T. 16 S., R. 12 E. blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky A1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and slightly plastic; common fine and medium sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine 2Bt—24 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine, A2—3 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy medium, and coarse roots; common fine interstitial loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; pores and few fine tubular pores; common faint weak fine and medium subangular blocky clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; mildly nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; alkaline (pH 7.4); gradual wavy boundary. common very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 2Btk—28 to 41 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly clay, percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, AB—10 to 18 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy firm, slightly sticky and plastic; few fine, medium, loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; and coarse roots; common fine interstitial pores moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and few fine tubular pores; many prominent clay structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; gravel and 15 percent cobbles; strongly common very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 effervescent with disseminated carbonates and percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt coatings of carbonates on rock fragments; mildly smooth boundary. alkaline (pH 7.6); clear irregular boundary. Bw—18 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very 2R—41 inches; rhyolite. gravelly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. Depth to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky secondary carbonates is 20 to 30 inches. The mollic structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; epipedon is 20 to 25 inches thick. The particle-size common very fine and fine roots and few medium control section averages 15 to 35 percent rock roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; fragments. 35 percent gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry. It is 20 wavy boundary. to 27 percent clay. 2Bkqm—32 to 44 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 when moist, and duripan; strongly cemented gravel with indurated it has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. The horizon laminar capping on surface and in fractures; is very cobbly clay or cobbly clay and is 40 to 60 strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); percent clay. abrupt wavy boundary. The 2Btk horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist 3C—44 to 90 inches; black (10YR 2/1) and very pale and 5 to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 3 when brown (10YR 7/3) extremely gravelly sand, black 260 Soil Survey

(10YR 2/1) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; single C2—24 to 43 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 70 percent very gravelly coarse sand, light yellowish brown gravel; neutral (pH 7.2). (10YR 6/4) dry; many faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mottles; single grain; soft, loose, Depth to the indurated duripan is 20 to 40 inches. nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The solum is many very fine interstitial pores; 40 percent pumice 20 to 60 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). It is 5 gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth boundary. to 10 percent clay and 55 to 75 percent sand. 2Bwb—43 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3/2) sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to 15 percent friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine cobbles and stones. Total rock fragment content is 0 to interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 15 percent. 7.2). The Bw horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to moist or dry. The horizon is gravelly or very gravelly the 2Bwb horizon is 40 to 60 inches. A water table is at sandy loam and is 15 to 40 percent gravel. It is neutral a depth of 18 to 48 inches in April through June. or mildly alkaline. The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when The 3C horizon is extremely gravelly or very moist or dry, value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 to 6 gravelly sand and is 35 to 70 percent gravel. It is when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. 0 to 10 percent pumice gravel. The AC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR when Tutni Series moist or dry, value of 2 to 4 when moist and 4 to 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is The Tutni series consists of very deep, somewhat 0 to 10 percent pumice gravel. poorly drained soils on pumice-mantled stream The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to terraces. These soils formed in ash and pumice over 6 when moist and 5 to 7 when dry, and chroma of 2 to colluvium and old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. 6 when moist and 2 to 4 when dry. The horizon is 20 to The mean annual precipitation is about 20 inches, and 50 percent pumice gravel. It is loamy coarse sand or the mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F. coarse sand. Typical pedon of Tutni loamy coarse sand, 0 to 3 The 2Bwb horizon has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist percent slopes; 200 feet west and 300 feet south of the or dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel. The horizon is loam, northeast corner of sec. 32, T. 22 S., R. 10 E. fine sandy loam, or sandy loam and is 10 to 20 percent Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of lodgepole pine needles. clay. A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy coarse sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; Vergas Series weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, The Vergas series consists of very deep, well nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine drained soils on lake terraces. These soils formed in roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent old alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean pumice gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth annual precipitation is about 11 inches, and the mean boundary. annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. AC—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loamy Typical pedon of Vergas loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes; coarse sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single about 1,100 feet north and 1,500 feet east of the grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; southwest corner of sec. 13, T. 22 S., R. 22 E. few very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent pumice gravel; A—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam, neutral (pH 6.8); gradual wavy boundary. very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak C1—10 to 24 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) thin platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly very gravelly coarse sand, light yellowish brown sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots; (10YR 6/4) dry; few faint brown (7.5YR 5/4) many fine vesicular pores; about 10 percent gravel; mottles; single grain; soft, loose, nonsticky and neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy boundary. nonplastic; few very fine roots; many very fine AB—3 to 5 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) interstitial pores; 40 percent pumice gravel; neutral loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; (pH 7.2); gradual wavy boundary. weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 261

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles and many very fine roots; many very fine irregular twigs. pores; about 10 percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy clear wavy boundary. loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine BA—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and many fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly plastic; many fine roots and few medium neutral (pH 6.8); gradual wavy boundary. roots; common very fine tubular pores; about 10 A2—2 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine and medium boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Bt—10 to 25 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium medium roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 5 subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.8); gradual wavy and plastic; few fine roots; few very fine tubular boundary. pores; about 10 percent gravel; few faint clay films Bw—12 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy on peds and in pores; mildly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, BC—25 to 29 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine, fine, loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium, and coarse roots; many very fine medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, interstitial pores and few fine tubular pores; 10 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); clear wavy common very fine tubular pores; about 20 percent boundary. gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8); clear smooth 2Crqt—24 to 34 inches; weathered tuff; coatings of boundary. silica and clay in vesicles; clear wavy boundary. 2Bq—29 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) 2R—34 inches; tuff. extremely gravelly loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; hard, firm and brittle, Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 many very fine irregular pores; about 60 percent when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 gravel; mildly alkaline (pH 7.8). when moist and 3 when dry. It is 0 to 10 percent gravel. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 Depth to the brittle layer is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to when moist and 5 or 6 when dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 bedrock is more than 60 inches. The profile is neutral when moist or dry. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or mildly alkaline. or cobbly sandy loam. It is 0 to 10 percent durinodes The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry. It is 5 to and 0 to 25 percent concretions that are very friable 15 percent gravel. when moist. The horizon is 5 to 15 percent gravel and 0 The Bt horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or to 15 percent cobbles. Total coarse fragment content is 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 when moist 10 to 30 percent. or dry. The horizon is 20 to 30 percent clay and 5 to 35 The 2Cr horizon has coatings of silica and clay. It percent gravel. It is loam, clay loam, or gravelly loam. has a discontinuous silica cap at the upper boundary in The 2Bq horizon is 50 to 80 percent gravel. It is firm some pedons. or very firm and is brittle. The horizon is very gravelly or extremely gravelly loamy sand. Westbutte Series

Wanoga Series The Westbutte series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils on hills and mountains. These soils The Wanoga series consists of moderately deep, formed in colluvium derived from basalt or welded tuff well drained soils on hills. These soils formed in ash. with ash in the upper part. Slopes are 5 to 50 percent. Slopes are 0 to 50 percent. The mean annual The mean annual precipitation is about 13 inches, and precipitation is about 15 inches, and the mean annual the mean annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. air temperature is about 45 degrees F. Typical pedon of Westbutte stony loam in an area of Typical pedon of Wanoga sandy loam, 15 to 30 Stookmoor-Westbutte complex, 25 to 50 percent north percent slopes; 500 feet east and 500 feet south of the slopes; about 6.25 miles north from U.S. Highway 20, northwest corner of sec. 19, T. 14 S., R. 11 E. on the road that follows Lizard Creek; in roadcut on 262 Soil Survey

1 1 1 southeast side; in the NE /4SE /4NW /4 of grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mottles; weak medium sec. 12, T. 21 S., R. 20 E. subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots and A1—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) few fine and medium roots; many very fine tubular stony loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; pores; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear smooth moderate very fine granular structure; slightly hard, boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many C1—4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very very fine roots; many fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravelly coarse sand, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; dry; few faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. mottles; massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; A2—9 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly few fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 45 loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; percent pumice gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2); moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, gradual wavy boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many C2—10 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; 5 extremely gravelly coarse sand, white (10YR 8/2) percent gravel, 35 percent cobbles, and 10 percent dry; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) stones; neutral (pH 6.8); clear wavy boundary. mottles; massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; Bw—21 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly many very fine interstitial pores; 75 percent pumice clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.2). medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. roots; common very fine tubular pores; 5 percent The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when moist and 7 gravel, 40 percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; or 8 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist neutral (pH 6.9); abrupt wavy boundary. or dry. It has faint dark grayish brown mottles. In some R—30 inches; fractured, welded tuff. pedons the fine earth fraction includes a significant amount of diatomaceous earth that makes the horizon Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile is light colored and fine textured. neutral or mildly alkaline. The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value 5 or 6 The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 3 when moist and 6 to 8 when dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 to 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 when moist when moist or dry. It has faint or distinct dark grayish or dry. The fine earth fraction is loam and is 0 to 20 brown to reddish brown mottles. It is 35 to 90 percent percent volcanic ash. Total rock fragment content is 20 gravel-sized pumice. to 50 percent. The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 when Wilt Series moist or dry. It is loam or clay loam and is 18 to 30 The Wilt series consists of moderately deep, well percent clay. Total rock fragment content is 35 to 75 drained soils on hills. These soils formed in ash over percent. residuum. Slopes are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and the mean annual Wickiup Series air temperature is about 44 degrees F. The Wickiup series consists of very deep, poorly Typical pedon of Wilt sandy loam, 0 to 15 percent drained soils in depressions and swales on pumice- slopes; 1,200 feet south and 200 feet east of the mantled stream terraces. These soils formed in pumice northwest corner of sec. 19, T. 14 S., R. 11 E. and ash. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual A1—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy precipitation is about 20 inches, and the mean annual loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak thin platy air temperature is about 42 degrees F. structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and Typical pedon of Wickiup loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many slopes; 500 feet west and 900 feet south of the 1 very fine irregular pores; 15 percent clay; 5 northeast corner of the NW /4 of sec. 1, T. 25 S., percent gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual smooth R. 7 E. boundary. Oi—4 inches to 0; litter of lodgepole pine needles and A2—6 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy huckleberry leaves and twigs. loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak thin platy A—0 to 4 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 5/2) loamy structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and sand, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; few faint very dark nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 263

very fine irregular pores; 15 percent clay; 5 percent fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, gravel; neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine 2Btb1—13 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly roots; many fine interstitial pores; 10 percent loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); clear wavy boundary. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, A2—8 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine, loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate very fine fine, and coarse roots and common medium roots; granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky many fine vesicular pores and few medium tubular and nonplastic; many fine, medium, and coarse pores; few faint clay films on peds and few distinct roots; many fine interstitial pores; 10 percent clay films in pores; 15 percent gravel and 15 gravel; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt wavy boundary. percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy 2Btb1—19 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very boundary. cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine 2Btb2—26 to 33 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, common medium and coarse roots; many fine firm, sticky and plastic; few fine and medium roots; interstitial and tubular pores; few faint clay films on many fine vesicular pores and few fine and peds and in pores; 10 percent subrounded gravel medium tubular pores; continuous distinct clay and 30 percent subrounded cobbles; neutral (pH films on peds and in pores; 20 percent gravel and 7.2); clear wavy boundary. 35 percent cobbles; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt wavy 3Btb2—30 to 42 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very boundary. cobbly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong R—33 inches; fractured andesite. medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The particle- common fine, medium, and coarse roots; many size control section is 20 to 35 percent clay and fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on averages 35 to 50 percent coarse fragments. peds and in pores; 15 percent subrounded gravel The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 when and 20 percent subrounded cobbles; neutral (pH moist and 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 when moist or 7.0); gradual wavy boundary. dry. It is 10 to 20 percent clay and 2 to 10 percent 3Btb3—42 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown gravel. (10YR 3/2) very cobbly clay loam, yellowish brown The 2Btb horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value (10YR 5/4) dry; strong fine subangular blocky of 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 3 structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine, or 4 when moist or dry. The upper part of the horizon is medium, and coarse roots; common fine tubular cobbly loam or cobbly clay loam, and the lower part is pores; many distinct clay films on peds and in very cobbly clay loam. The horizon is 20 to 35 percent pores; 20 percent subrounded gravel and 30 clay. It is 10 to 30 percent gravel and 15 to 40 percent percent subrounded cobbles; neutral (pH 7.2). cobbles. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Depth to Windego Series the buried argillic horizon and thickness of the mantle of ash are 14 to 25 inches. The Windego series consists of very deep, well The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas drained soils on mountains. These soils formed in ash that have been disturbed. over colluvium. Slopes are 0 to 70 percent. The mean The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR when annual precipitation is about 25 inches, and the mean moist or dry, value of 2 to 4 when moist and 3 to 5 annual air temperature is about 44 degrees F. when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist and 3 or 4 Typical pedon of Windego sandy loam in an area of when dry. The horizon is 5 to 10 percent gravel and 0 to Windego-Smiling complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes; 3 10 percent cobbles. Total rock fragment content is 5 to west of Forest Service Road 14, about /4 mile south of 15 percent. The horizon is 5 to 15 percent clay. intersection with Forest Service Road 1495, about 1 The 2Btb and 3Btb horizons have hue of 5YR to midslope; in the SE /4 of sec. 3, T. 13 S., R. 9 E. 10YR when moist or dry, value of 3 when moist and 4 Oi—1 inch to 0; litter of ponderosa pine needles. or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 when moist and 4 A1—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy when dry. The horizons are very cobbly loam, very loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; moderate very cobbly clay loam, or extremely cobbly clay loam and 264 Soil Survey

are 18 to 35 percent clay. They are 10 to 30 percent friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine, gravel, 20 to 30 percent cobbles, and 0 to 10 percent medium, and coarse roots; many very fine stones. Total rock fragment content is 35 to 70 percent. interstitial pores; 10 percent subrounded gravel, 30 percent subrounded cobbles, and 10 percent Wizard Series subrounded stones; neutral (pH 6.6). The Wizard series consists of very deep, somewhat Thickness of the mantle of ash and depth to the poorly drained soils on outwash plains. These soils glacial outwash material (2Bwb horizon) are 20 to 40 formed in ash over glacial outwash. Slopes are 0 to 15 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 25 The O horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick except in areas inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about that have been disturbed. 44 degrees F. The A horizon has 5 to 15 percent clay. It has 0 to Typical pedon of Wizard sandy loam in an area of 10 percent subrounded gravel. It is slightly acid or Wizard-Allingham complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes; 100 neutral. 1 feet southwest of Forest Service Road 1230, about /4 The 2Bwb horizon has distinct or prominent mottles. mile southeast of the intersection with Forest Service It is cobbly sandy loam, cobbly loam, very cobbly Road 1234; 200 feet north and 1,000 feet east of the sandy loam, or very cobbly loam and is 10 to 20 southwest corner of sec. 30, T. 12 S., R. 9 E. percent clay. The horizon is 5 to 25 percent subrounded gravel, 10 to 35 percent subrounded cobbles, and 0 to Oi—2 inches to 0; litter of Douglas fir, white fir, and 15 percent subrounded stones. Total rock fragment ponderosa pine needles. content is 15 to 60 percent. A1—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak medium Xerolls subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and Xerolls consist of shallow to very deep, moderately nonplastic; few coarse roots, common fine and well drained to somewhat excessively drained soils on medium roots, and many very fine roots; many hills and slumps. These soils formed in a variety of very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent subrounded material derived from volcanic rock and ash. Slopes gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); gradual wavy are 5 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is boundary. about 10 inches, and the mean annual air temperature A2—7 to 23 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy is about 48 degrees F. loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak Representative pedon of Xerolls, 5 to 50 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, slopes, in a roadcut along jeep trail; 650 feet west and friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine and 1,000 feet south of the northeast corner of coarse roots and common fine and medium roots; sec. 1, T. 10 S., R. 12 E. many very fine interstitial pores; 5 percent subrounded gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4); clear A1—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, smooth boundary. very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak 2Bwb1—23 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR thin platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly 4/4) cobbly sandy loam, light yellowish brown sticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; many (10YR 6/4) dry; many coarse distinct dark brown very fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.0); abrupt bandlike mottles and common medium prominent smooth boundary. strong brown diffuse round mottles; weak coarse A2—2 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine, medium, and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, coarse roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 10 friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common percent subrounded gravel and 10 percent very fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; subrounded cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); gradual neutral (pH 7.0); gradual smooth boundary. irregular boundary. A3—6 to 18 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, 2Bwb2—28 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium 4/4) very cobbly sandy loam, light yellowish brown subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly (10YR 6/4) dry; many coarse distinct dark brown sticky and slightly plastic; few medium roots; many bandlike mottles and common medium prominent very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; strong brown diffuse round mottles; weak fine and moderately alkaline (pH 7.4); clear wavy boundary. medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, 2C—18 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 265

sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; interstitial pores; 10 percent subangular gravel and massive; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; 30 percent subangular cobbles; 40 percent pumice many very fine tubular pores; moderately alkaline (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); gradual (pH 7.6). wavy boundary. C1—12 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Depth to bedrock is 10 to 60 inches or more. The extremely flaggy loamy sand, yellowish brown profile is 0 to 80 percent rock fragments. (10YR 5/4) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and The upper part of the A horizon has hue of 10YR, nonplastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; and the lower part ranges to 7.5YR. The horizon has many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent value of 2 or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and it subangular gravel, 50 percent flagstones, and 10 has chroma of 2 or 3 when moist or dry. It is loam or percent stones; 40 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 very stony loam. millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0); gradual wavy The 2C horizon, where present, has value of 4 to 6 boundary. when moist and 3 to 5 when dry, and it has chroma of C2—33 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) 2 or 3 when moist or dry. extremely flaggy loamy sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and Yapoah Series nonplastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; The Yapoah series consists of very deep, many very fine interstitial pores; 10 percent somewhat excessively drained soils on subangular gravel, 50 percent flagstones, and 10 mountains. These soils formed in colluvium that percent stones; 30 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 is high in content of ash. Slopes are 0 to 75 percent. millimeters); neutral (pH 7.0). The mean annual precipitation is about 25 inches, Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. and the mean annual air temperature is about 44 The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 degrees F. or 3 when moist and 4 or 5 when dry, and chroma of 2 Typical pedon of Yapoah very cobbly loamy sand in or 3 when moist and 3 or 4 when dry. The horizon is 10 an area of Sisters-Yapoah complex, 15 to 30 percent to 20 percent gravel and 25 to 35 percent cobbles. Total slopes; 500 feet south and 100 feet west of the rock ragment content is 35 to 55 percent. The horizon 1 northeast corner of the NW /4 of sec. 9, T. 17 S., is 25 to 40 percent pumice (0.5 to 2.0 millimeters). R. 10 E. The C horizon has value of 3 to 5 when moist and 5 Oi—2 inches to 0; ponderosa pine and white fir needles to 7 when dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 when moist and twigs. or dry. It is very cobbly, extremely cobbly, very flaggy, A—0 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very cobbly or extremely flaggy loamy sand. The horizon is 10 to loamy sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine 20 percent gravel, 30 to 50 percent cobbles, and 0 to granular structure; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; 10 percent stones. Total rock fragment content is 40 to many very fine and fine roots, common medium 80 percent. The horizon is 30 to 60 percent pumice (0.5 roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine to 2.0 millimeters).

267

Formation of the Soils

Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the Bend north to Gateway in the northwestern part of earth’s surface that supports plants. Its characteristics Jefferson County (15). The Deschutes Formation and properties are determined by physical and consists mainly of volcanic sand, gravel, and silt chemical processes that result from the interaction of deposited in horizontal beds or reworked by wind and five factors—parent material, climate, time, relief, and water. Included within the formation are welded tuff and plant and animal life. interbedded lava flows that occur as rimrock on buttes The influence of each factor varies from place to and along canyon walls. The volcanic rock and place, and some factors are more dominant than sediment in the Deschutes Formation is from the others. The interaction of all the factors determines the Broken Top-Three Sisters area of the High Cascades. kind of soil that forms. Most of the differences in the Preferential erosion has redeposited the soils in this survey area are the result of three unconsolidated material from the High Cascades onto factors—parent material, climate, and relief. the slopes of Green Ridge and into the Deschutes Basin (18). Superimposed over these areas is a mantle Parent Material of volcanic ash deposited during the eruption of Mt. Mazama. The mantle is thickest in the southern part of The characteristics of the parent material in which the survey area and is thin and discontinuous in the soils form have a profound initial impact on soil northern part. properties. Texture, permeability, bulk density, and On Green Ridge, deep and moderately deep, soils fertility of young soils are affected by the nature of the such as those of the Gap, Glaze, Prairie, Windego, and parent material. The influence of parent material on soil Smiling series, have layers of ash over fine-textured formation and development decreases over time. buried material derived from the underlying basalt or The soils in this survey area formed in material tuff. In the northeastern part of the survey area are primarily of volcanic origin. Volcanic material, including soils that have a fine-textured subsoil, but they have basalt, andesite, rhyolite, tuff, pumice, and ash, is little, if any, volcanic ash in the surface layer. common. Substrata of volcaniclastic sediment, such Moderately deep and shallow soils, such as those of as pumice, ash, and cinders, also are common, the Searles, Holmzie, Madras, and Agency series, are especially near the foot slopes of the Cascade examples. Soils such as those of the Redcliff, Mountains. Soils underlain by glacial outwash and till Redslide, and Lickskillet series formed along the are in the westernmost parts of Deschutes and margins of the rimrock in areas of colluvium and Jefferson Counties. residuum derived from basalt. Era soils formed in old The oldest geologic formations in the survey area, stream channel deposits. These soils are very deep which are 25 to 50 million years old, are in the eastern and coarse textured and are underlain by sand and part of Jefferson County and in small areas in the gravel of the Deschutes Formation. eastern part of Deschutes County (5). The degree of In some areas are erosional remnants of lacustrine soil development on the John Day and Clarno deposits of diatomite that have a rolling topography Formations reflects long periods of geologic time. The and predictable soil patterns. Buckbert soils, which are Simas and Tub soils have a high content of clay, most deep and medium textured, formed in the depressions of which has high shrink-swell potential such as does containing sediment derived from the surrounding montmorillonite; an argillic or calcic horizon, or both; slopes. Lafollette soils are underlain by sand and and high chroma. gravel of the Deschutes Formation. These soils formed Fluvial and lacustrine sediment of the Deschutes on the stream terraces in areas where a mantle of ash Formation, which was deposited 2 to 6 million years about 24 inches thick was blown in or washed in from ago, underlies much of the Deschutes Basin, from the uplands. Tetherow soils, which are similar to the 268 Soil Survey

Lafollette soils, are underlain by cinders. The cinder available water capacity. Permeability is rapid or very cones west of Terrebonne, in the northern part of rapid. The thickness of the mantle of ash, depth to a Deschutes County, are the source of this material. buried soil, and size of pumice fragments decrease as The basalt flows near Bend and Redmond issued the distance from Mt. Mazama increases. from vents in Newberry Volcano and High Cascades At the south end of LaPine Basin, the mantle of ash volcanoes. These flows are among the youngest is as much as 10 feet thick. Lapine soils are on the surfaces in the survey area, having been laid down uplands and pumice plains. These soils typically are less than 2 million years ago. Soils on these flows are coarse-textured ash and pumice throughout, and transitional between the coarse-textured pumice soils pumice fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter of the LaPine Basin and the finer textured soils in the make up much of the volume. Further north are the northern part of the area. Varying amounts of volcanic Steiger soils that are similar in texture to the Lapine ash have been moved from rock outcroppings and soils, but they have fewer pumice fragments by redeposited in depressions. Deschutes and Deskamp volume. The Steiger soils have a loam or sandy loam soils are in these depressions, and Stukel and Gosney buried soil at a depth of 40 to 60 inches or more. The soils are in the slightly higher positions along the Shanahan soils are at the northern end of the basin. margins of the depressions and rock outcroppings. These soils have a mantle of ash 20 to 40 inches thick Deskamp and Gosney soils are loamy sand because over a buried soil, and the volume of pumice fragments of their proximity to Mt. Mazama, but Deschutes and is less than that of the Steiger soils. Stukel soils are dominantly sandy loam. Houstake Associated with the well drained to excessively well soils are similar to the Deschutes soils except that drained Lapine, Steiger, and Shanahan soils are the they are deeper to basalt and have more cementation somewhat poorly drained Wickiup, Tutni, and Sunriver in the lower part of the profile. Statz soils, on older soils, respectively. These soils are on stream terraces basalt lava flows, exhibit the most soil development. between the drainageways and the uplands. They are They have a well-developed, silica-cemented duripan. similar in appearance to the upland soils except that Soils in the eastern part of the survey area (east of they have mottles in the profile, which indicates the Horse Ridge) are distinctly different from those in the presence of a high water table at times during the year. Cascade Range. The soils on plains, benches, and Within the main drainageways of the Deschutes and basins are moderately deep to very deep to bedrock or Little Deschutes Rivers are poorly drained and very to a duripan. They are high in content of volcanic ash poorly drained soils that have a dark surface layer that that originated from Newberry Volcano or Mt. Mazama. varies in texture. These soils were laid down during Soils of the Borobey, Gardone, Milcan, and Stookmoor flooding. Layers of volcanic ash are common in the series are examples. In contrast, the soils of the profile. Another common feature is a layer of diatomite, uplands formed in older material of the Pliocene and which is a siliceous sedimentary material that formed Pleistocene. These soils are shallow or moderately from one-celled algae, called diatoms, and has low deep to bedrock or to a duripan. They typically do not bulk density. These plants form in cold, shallow have an influence of volcanic ash on the surface, but lacustrine environments that have a ready source of they have a fine- or medium-textured argillic horizon silica (11). that is high in content of montmorillonite. Soils of the At least three times in the last 100,000 years, Ninemile, Menbo, and Beden series are examples. glacial ice has covered the Cascade Mountains. The Lake sediment and windblown material accumulated in glacial moraines that formed were then blanketed with the smaller basins and playas. Soils such as those of volcanic ash and cinders from local sources. The Bott the Swaler and Swalesilver series are in these basins and Minkwell soils typically have 24 inches of volcanic and playas. ash from High Cascades volcanoes and other sources A large deposit of Mt. Mazama ash and pumice is over a buried soil of glacial till consisting of extremely within the broad LaPine Basin, between Newberry cobbly or stony loam or clay loam. Soils such as those Volcano and the Cascade Mountains south of Bend. of the Belrick and Linksterly series have layers of The basin was formed by basalt flows that dammed distinctive scoria or fine ash, or both, from local the Deschutes River near Benham Falls. The sources, notably Blue Lake and Sand Mountain. Deschutes and Little Deschutes Rivers meander Glacial outwash deposits consisting of cobbles, sand, through the area, indicating that the present base level and gravel have been incised locally by stream has existed for a considerable period of time. The soils channels. These deposits form outwash fans and in this area are porous and have distinctive plains at the lower elevations. Soils that formed on characteristics, such as low bulk density, low heat these outwash deposits are differentiated by the capacity, low thermal conductivity, and very high thickness of the mantle of ash. The Allingham and Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 269

Wizard soils typically have a cobbly, very cobbly, or the Deschutes River, precipitation ranges from 18 to 25 very gravelly loam or clay loam buried soil at a depth inches. Soil temperatures are warmer in this zone than of 20 to 40 inches. The Circle and Suilotem soils have in the mountains, reaction (pH) is near neutral a similar buried soil at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. The throughout the profile, and total exchangeable bases is Plainview and Tumalo soils formed in moderately higher. The vegetation is dominantly shrubs and extensive deposits of glacial outwash west of Tumalo. grasses with fewer conifers; thus, the content of These soils are drier, and they exhibit less weathering organic matter is much lower. In some areas of of the ash than do the more moist Allingham, Wizard, rangeland, overgrazing by livestock has reduced the Circle, and Suilotem soils. plant cover. In the soils that have a large amount of ash and pumice in the surface layer, fluctuations in the Climate temperature of the surface layer are extreme. This is a result of the light color reflecting solar radiation and the The Cascade Mountains form the western boundary low heat capacity of the porous pumice. The content of of the survey area and act as a barrier to airmasses clay is low in these soils because the deposits are moving in from the Pacific Ocean. These mountains young, and the weathering of minerals is slow because separate western Oregon, which has a wetter and of the lack of moisture. milder climate, from eastern Oregon, which has a drier, The soils in the high desert in the eastern part of continental climate. the survey area (east of Horse Ridge) have a mean The two most commonly measured climatic factors annual precipitation of 8 to 12 inches. The vegetation is influencing soil formation are precipitation and shrubs, grasses, and a few trees. The content of temperature. These factors determine the rate and type organic matter is low. Because of the low precipitation, of physical and chemical reactions that occur in a soil. total exchangeable bases is high and free carbonates In general, precipitation and temperature affect soil occur as nodules in the profile and as coatings on the development and behavior by controlling chemical bedrock and coarse fragments. Reaction (pH) in the reactions, physical processes, and the activity of soil surface layer is neutral or slightly alkaline, and organisms (13). alkalinity increases as depth increases. The content of Three distinct climatic zones based on temperature clay is low, and fluctuations in the soil temperature are and precipitation are in the survey area. In the forested extreme. foot slopes of the Cascade Mountains, the mean annual precipitation ranges from about 80 inches near Time the crest of the Cascades to about 25 inches near Sisters. Most of the soils in this zone have a layer of The rate of soil formation is measured by the degree ash or scoria derived from local sources and an of soil horizonation. The influence of time is measured underlying buried soil. The water passing through the from “the point in time at which a pedalogically soil leaches exchangeable bases from the surface catastrophic event is complete, initiating a new cycle layer into the subsoil and concentrates hydrogen and of soil development” (8). The catastrophe may be aluminum ions in the surface layer; therefore, reaction geologic, such as deposition of new material on an (pH) of the surface layer is neutral or slightly acid. existing soil or uplifting of a land mass, or climatic, These soils have a thin surface layer that is 2 percent such as a major change in environmental conditions. organic matter or more. The plant community consists Human activity can also affect soil development. of conifers and evergreen shrubs that produce large With few exceptions, soil development in central amounts of material for decomposition. The rate of Oregon can be traced from the Pliocene to the present, decomposition, however, is controlled by a combination which covers a span of about 5 million years (29). of factors, such as cold soil temperature. The content Although uplift was already occurring in the Cascade of clay in the mantle of ash generally is quite low, Range, the formation of the High Cascades began with usually less than 10 percent, but it increases the growth of broad shield volcanoes during the dramatically in the soils that have a buried argillic beginning of the Pliocene. Basalt and andesite flows horizon. These residual soils probably were formed in from these volcanoes contributed further to the ash and basalt deposited when the climate was warmer separation of western and eastern Oregon along a and more humid. north-south mountain belt. Flows of hot mud and ash To the east of the Cascade Mountains, the mean and waterborne debris, such as sand, gravel, and annual precipitation decreases rapidly. This is the boulders, swept down from the volcanoes onto the transition zone separating the soils of the mountains gentler slopes below. During the following millennia, the from those of the desert. From Sisters east to about growth of the High Cascades continued and the climate 270 Soil Survey

changed to about what it is at present. Conditions were slopes. Elevation in the survey area ranges from 2,500 favorable for weathering and translocating soil material. feet near Madras in the northern part to nearly 5,000 An argillic horizon formed in many soils until they were feet in eastern part. covered by layers of volcanic ash during the Slope gradient is an important factor in soil Pleistocene, beginning about 2 million years ago. Most formation. The infiltration of water decreases and the notable and useful as a benchmark for measuring amount of runoff increases as slope increases. Slope change was the eruption of Mt. Mazama about 6,600 gradient and shape are related to the underlying years ago. Ash was deposited from south to north over lithology and its age. The broad basalt shield volcanoes most of central Oregon. Very little soil development has of the High Cascades generally have moderately steep taken place in this mantle of ash. Thin A horizons have or steep slopes that rarely are more than 50 percent. developed, and weakly developed B horizons are The soils are deep and well drained. The outwash apparent from the increased structure (cambic plains typically are gently sloping to strongly sloping. horizon), weak cementation, and chemical weathering The soils are very deep and well drained and may or of the ash. may not have discontinuities of gravelly outwash. During the Pleistocene, large volumes of basalt from Landforms of the Pliocene or older, such as Cline the High Cascades volcanoes and Newberry Volcano Buttes, Pine Mountain, and Juniper Butte, that are covered the landscape. Insufficient time has passed composed of andesite and rhyolite have the classic for development of horizons in this material. The typical shape of older surfaces, including distinct convex, profile of soils in these areas is a layer of ash over eroding upper slopes and concave, depositional lower bedrock. Some soils have a weakly cemented to slopes. Soils on the upper slopes may have a indurated duripan as a result of silica being leached significant amount of cobbles and stones, while those and redeposited. on the lower slopes are deep and relatively free of The LaPine Basin is a lake basin that formed as a stones. The canyons consist of cliffs, debris slopes, result of lava flows damming the Deschutes River. It and fans (29) The thickness of the soils in the canyons contains a broad expanse of Mt. Mazama pumice and is highly variable because of erosion and deposition, ash deposited over stream or lake deposits of and areas of Rock outcrop and Rubble land are diatomite, peat, silt, and sand. Soil development is common. The plateaus that form the tops of the basalt very slow because of the sterile nature of the pumice flows are nearly level to moderately sloping and have and ash and the cold soil temperatures. Thin A stable surfaces. The soils on the plateaus are shallow horizons have formed in this material, but there is no to moderately deep and have a developed duripan or evidence of development of B horizons. The mantle of argillic horizon. Landforms throughout the survey area pumice and ash is more than 60 inches thick in the are modified by a mantle of volcanic ash that softens southern part of the basin, but it grades to about 24 the appearance of the landscape. inches thick near Bend. Aspect, or the direction in which a slope faces, is another important feature of relief. Soils that formed on Relief south-facing slopes usually are warmer and drier, have less biomass, and have a lower organic matter content Relief is the elevations or inequalities of the land in the surface layer than those on north-facing slopes. surface (22). The main factors of relief taken into An interesting phenomenon related to relief, found account are slope, aspect, elevation, and the site- mainly in the LaPine Basin, is the difference in plant specific microrelief features. These factors affect soil communities that occurs with minor changes in properties independently and in combination with the elevation. Frost pockets develop in the depressions other factors of soil formation. because the cold air tends to follow the contour of the Relief has different effects under different landscape. As a result, lodgepole pine grows in the environmental conditions. It modifies the influence of depressions or low areas and ponderosa pine is the parent material and time affecting the erosion and dominant species in the higher areas. Lodgepole pine deposition that takes place. It alters climate by seedlings are more tolerant of the cold temperatures at increasing or decreasing effective moisture and night and are tolerant of wetness in areas that have a temperature; consequently, the kinds and abundance of high water table. plants vary with aspect (8). The Cascade Mountains have had a major influence Plant and Animal Life on soil development in central Oregon. They alter the easterly movement of the moist, warm Pacific Plants and animals, including man, affect and are airmasses and create a rainshadow on the eastern affected by the soils. The kinds of plants and animals Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 271

present also are influenced by the other soil-forming species consist of ponderosa pine and western juniper factors. and the understory vegetation is mainly antelope Soil micro-organisms decompose much of the dead bitterbrush and sagebrush. The relatively recent plant material and aid in recycling nutrients into the deposition of ash, the low precipitation, and the limited soil. Earthworms, ants, and burrowing creatures mix amount of organic material produce soils that have a soil horizons in areas of favorable moisture conditions. low content of organic matter, are light colored, and Changes in vegetation in the survey area are the have weak structure. result of differences in elevation, temperature, and In the LaPine Basin, the soils on the terrace precipitation. The vegetation in the Cascade Mountains adjacent to the stream channel formed under a plant consists of commercial-grade timber species such as cover of willow, sedges, forbs, and grasses. These Douglas fir and ponderosa pine. Understory vegetation poorly drained soils have a thick organic surface layer commonly consists of snowbrush, manzanita, and over layers of pumice. The soils on the adjacent higher other shrubs and grasses. The decomposing litter terrace are somewhat poorly drained and support results in dark-colored soils that have a thick organic lodgepole pine with an understory of bearberry, layer on the surface and mineral horizons that are high strawberry, and long-stemmed clover. These soils have in bases. a lower organic matter content than do the soils on the In the forest-range transitional areas, the tree lower terrace.

273

References

(1) Alexander, R.R. 1967. Site index for Engelmann spruce. U.S. Dep. Agric. Res. Pap. RM-32.

(2) Alexander, R.R. 1967. Site indexes for lodgepole pine with corrections for stand density; instructions for field use. U.S. Dep. Agric. Res. Pap. RM-24.

(3) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(4) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(5) Baldwin, E.M. 1976. Geology of Oregon. Rev. ed.

(6) Bend Bulletin. March 31, 1991. A place in the West.

(7) Brogan, Phil F. 1977. East of the Cascades.

(8) Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1973. Soil genesis and classification.

(9) Cochran, P.H. 1979. Site index and height growth curves for managed, even-aged stands of Douglas-fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. U.S. Dep. Agric. Res. Pap. PNW-251.

(10) Cochran, P.H. 1979. Site index and height growth curves for managed, even-aged stands of white or grand fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. U.S. Dep. Agric. Res. Pap. PNW-251.

(11) Dixon, J.B., and S.B. Weed. 1977. Minerals in soil environments. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Publ.

(12) Haig, I.T. 1932. Second-growth yield, stand, and volume tables for the western white pine type. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 323.

(13) Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation.

(14) Meyer, W.H. 1961. Yield of even-aged stands of ponderosa pine. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 630.

(15) Peterson, N.V., et al. 1976. Geology and mineral resources of Deschutes County. Oreg. Dep. Geol. and Miner. Ind. Bull. 89.

(16) Portland Cement Association. 1973. PCA soil primer. 274 Soil Survey

(17) Schmidt, W.C. 1976. Ecology and silviculture of western larch. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1520.

(18) Smith, G.A. 1985. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and petrology for neogene rocks in the Deschutes Basin, central Oregon: A record of continental-margin volcanism and its influence on fluvial sedimentation in an arc-adjacent basin. Ph.D. thesis, Oreg. State Univ.

(19) Society of American Foresters. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada.

(20) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1985. Plant associations of the central Oregon pumice zone. Pacific Northwest Region, R6- ECOL-104-1985.

(21) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1997. Inventorying, classifying, and correlating juniper and pinyon communities to soils in western United States.

(22) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1951. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18. (Supplements replacing pp. 173-188 issued May 1962)

(23) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1958. Soil survey of Deschutes Area, Oregon.

(24) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

(25) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(26) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1992. Keys to soil taxonomy. 5th ed. Soil Surv. Staff, Soil Manage. Support Serv. Tech. Monogr. 19.

(27) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 296.

(28) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1983. Interim soil survey report of the Brothers Area.

(29) Williams, H. 1976. The ancient volcanoes of Oregon. Univ. Oreg. Press.

(30) Zucker, Jeff. 1983. Oregon Indians, culture, history, and current affairs. Western Imprints—Press of Oreg. Hist. Soc. 275

Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or areas geographically associated in a characteristic on steep, rocky slopes. repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from single map unit. the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is Available water capacity (available moisture similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon available for use by most plants. It is commonly dioxide and lower in oxygen. defined as the difference between the amount of Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single soil water at field moisture capacity and the mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is Alluvial cone. The material washed down the sides of expressed as: mountains and hills by ephemeral streams and Very low ...... 0 to 3 deposited at the mouth of gorges in the form of a Low ...... 3 to 6 moderately steep, conical mass descending Moderate ...... 6 to 9 equally in all directions from the point of issue. High ...... 9 to 12 Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it Very high ...... more than 12 issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms the stream near or at its junction with its main stream. steepest inclined surface and principal element of Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, many hillsides. Back slopes in profile are deposited on land by streams. commonly steep, are linear, and may or may not Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in include cliff segments. 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A barren land dissected by many intermittent positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic drainage channels. Badland is most common in feature. semiarid and arid regions where streams are Andic soil properties. A collection of physical and entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief chemical properties given in “Keys to Soil generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff Taxonomy” that are the taxonomic criteria for the potential is very high, and geologic erosion is Andisol order. active. Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, required by one mature cow of approximately 1,000 generally referring to the section at breast height pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month. and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized stand density, commonly expressed in square feet. by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic Base saturation. The degree to which material having features. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), after the removal of soil for construction and other expressed as a percentage of the total cation- uses. Revegetation and erosion control are exchange capacity. extremely difficult. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at an accumulation of illuvial clay. the surface. 276 Soil Survey

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil the configuration and relief of the landforms are particles and in tiny spaces between particles. determined or strongly influenced by the underlying Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds bedrock. capillary water in the soil. Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscape earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, that formed in similar kinds of parent material but supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, have different characteristics as a result of and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage differences in relief and drainage. and to prevent accelerated erosion. Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, of the soil material has been removed by the wind. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 exposed. grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is subject to flooding. synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 more precise in meaning. centimeters) in diameter. Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of border of an upland summit that is dissected by sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as ravines. much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above the longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. ground surface; the point on a tree where diameter Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation measurements are ordinarily taken. through the use of chemicals. Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or biological methods to make conditions favorable more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal from woody vegetation and thus allow understory plow depth. grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less increases forage production and thus reduces the than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, some species of wildlife. less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 Butte. An isolated small mountain or hill with steep or percent silt. precipitous sides and a top variously flat, rounded, Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low or pointed that may be a residual mass isolated by content of iron, manganese, and clay because of erosion or an exposed volcanic neck. the chemical reduction of iron and manganese and Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A type nearby central area for transport to a processing of redoximorphic depletion. facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that contains generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the much more clay than the horizons above it. A entire log is suspended. claypan is commonly hard when dry and plastic or Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium stiff when wet. carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium Climax plant community. The stabilized plant carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with community on a particular site. The plant cover cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. reproduces itself and does not change so long as Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See the environment remains the same. Crown.) Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, very steep sided valley Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly rounded with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 relief. centimeters) in diameter. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 277

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent, resistance of soil material to rupture and to by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in of puddled soil material; and the manner in which diameter. Very cobbly soil material has 35 to 60 the soil material behaves when subject to percent of these rock fragments, and extremely compression. Terms describing consistence are cobbly soil material has more than 60 percent. defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that moved by creep, slide, or local wash and follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing deposited at the base of steep slopes. crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or or summer fallow. establishing terraces, diversions, and other water- Control section. The part of the soil on which control structures on a complex slope is difficult. classification is based. The thickness varies Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches or so small in area that it is not practical to map and 40 or 80 inches. them separately at the selected scale of mapping. Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical The pattern and proportion of the soils or action that dissolves or weakens concrete or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all uncoated steel. areas. Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in improve and protect the soil between periods of volume of soft soil under load. regular crop production, or a crop grown between Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a Cropping system. Growing crops according to a plane. They typically take the form of concentric planned system of rotation and management layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, practices. iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common Crop residue management. Returning crop residue to compounds making up concretions. If formed in the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese organic matter content, and fertility and helps to oxide are generally considered a type of control erosion. redoximorphic concentration. Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farming Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock operations on sloping farmland in such a way that composed of rounded or subangular rock tillage is across the general slope. fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured living branches and their foliage. material. Conglomerate is the consolidated Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). equivalent of gravel. The average annual increase per acre in the Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total combination with needed cultural and management volume of the stand by its age. As the stand practices. In a good conservation cropping system, increases in age, the mean annual increment the soil-improving crops and practices more than continues to increase until mortality begins to offset the effects of the soil-depleting crops and reduce the rate of increase. The point where the practices. Cropping systems are needed on all stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth tilled soils. Soil-improving practices in a is called the culmination of the mean annual conservation cropping system include the use of increment. rotations that contain grasses and legumes and Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations the return of crop residue to the soil. Other tend to cave in or slough. practices include the use of green manure crops of Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range grasses and legumes, proper tillage, adequate plants. Because they are the most palatable, they fertilization, and weed and pest control. are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount grazing land for a prescribed period. of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes digging and can affect filling and compacting. 278 Soil Survey

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over volume of an air-dried fragment slakes in water or bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches acid. deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to or colloidal suspension from one place to another 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the through eluviation are eluvial; those that have surface for the specified use. received material are illuvial. Desert pavement. On a desert surface, a layer of Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material gravel or larger fragments that was emplaced by accumulated through wind action; commonly refers upward movement of the underlying sediments or to sandy material in dunes or to loess in blankets that remains after finer particles have been on the surface. removed by running water or the wind. Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It determined by and approximately conforming to receives no long-continued supply from melting the dip of the underlying bedrock. snow or other source, and its channel is above the Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, water table at all times. generally a terrace, built to protect downslope Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping in such processes as gravitational creep. which crops are grown in a systematic Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the processes acting over long geologic periods and slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the strip is in a close-growing crop that provides building up of such landscape features as flood protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural crop that provides less protection from erosion. erosion. This practice is used where slopes are not long Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or used. animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and such as a fire, that exposes the surface. duration of wet periods under conditions similar to Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope those under which the soil formed. Alterations of or cliff breaking the general continuity of more the water regime by human activities, either gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from through drainage or irrigation, are not a erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. consideration unless they have significantly Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the changed the morphology of the soil. Seven classes soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel or of natural soil drainage are recognized— sand for construction purposes. excessively drained, somewhat excessively Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil drained, well drained, moderately well drained, that restrict the growth of some plants. somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very Excess salts (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in poorly drained. These classes are defined in the the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. “Soil Survey Manual.” Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical from an area. properties restrict the growth of plants. Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more Excess sulfur (in tables). Excessive amount of sulfur open and has broader bottom land than a ravine or in the soil. The sulfur causes extreme acidity if the gulch. soil is drained, and the growth of most plants is Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of restricted. mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep- that is in the process of decomposition and seated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the includes everything from the litter on the surface to earth’s surface. underlying pure humus. Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore Duripan. A subsurface horizon that is cemented by productivity through accumulation of moisture. silica to the degree that less than 50 percent of the Summer fallow is common in regions of limited Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 279

rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is tilled Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil for at least one growing season for weed control moisture. Frost action can damage roads, buildings and decomposition of plant residue. and other structures, and plant roots. Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers active deposition, incised by younger and lower especially to the processes or soil-forming factors alluvial surfaces. responsible for the formation of the solum, or true Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. into the soil. Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater. plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift balance, for the growth of specified plants when consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth transported and deposited by glacial ice. factors are favorable. Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a and subsequently sorted and deposited by soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas, drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 and outwash plains. days after a soaking rain; also called normal field Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary resulting in the reduction of iron and other capacity. elements in the profile and in gray colors. Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the grade toward a protected waterway. downhill side of the road. Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop protection against erosion. Conducts surface water or help control creeping or running fires. It also away from cropland. serves as a line from which to work and to Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much facilitate the movement of firefighters and as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in equipment. Designated roads also serve as diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. firebreaks. Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15 percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3 has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop flagstones. grown to be plowed under in an early stage of Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, maturity or soon after maturity. slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of 38 centimeters) long. the material below the water table. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by stream and is subject to flooding unless protected running water and through which water ordinarily artificially. runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is action, as a fluvial plain. an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. tillage. Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. except by blasting or by the use of special Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants equipment that is not commonly used in (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. construction. Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or and development because of given physical and layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey biological factors by which it may be differentiated and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium from other stands. carbonate, or other substance. Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and use or disturbance. corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue 280 Soil Survey

from these crops can be used to control erosion according to their runoff potential. The soil until the next crop in the rotation is established. properties that influence this potential are those These crops return large amounts of organic that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on matter to the soil. a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as when the soil is not frozen. These properties are much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, depth to a seasonal high water table, the infiltration commonly of limited summit area and having a rate and permeability after prolonged wetting, and well defined outline; hillsides generally have slopes depth to a very slowly permeable layer. The slope of more than 15 percent. The distinction between a and the kind of plant cover are not considered but hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is dependent on are separate factors in predicting runoff. local usage. Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to molten or partially molten state. Major varieties the surface, having distinct characteristics include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are produced by soil-forming processes. In the andesite, basalt, and granite. identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one represents the major horizons. Numbers or horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions material is removed from an upper horizon and of the major horizons. An explanation of the deposited in a lower horizon. subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.” Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or The major horizons of mineral soil are as follows: roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and decaying absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. plant residue. Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the increase in amount as the more desirable plants surface in which an accumulation of humified are reduced by close grazing. Increasers organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. commonly are the shorter plants and the less Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was palatable to livestock. originally part of a B horizon. Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main immediate surface of soil or other material, as feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or contrasted with percolation, which is movement of some combination of these. water through soil layers or material. B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which water horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of transition from the overlying A to the underlying C conditions. horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, surface of the soil at any given instant, usually sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a rate at which water is applied at the surface. combination of these. Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected the rate decreases with application time. Therefore, by soil-forming processes and does not have the intake rate for design purposes is not a constant properties typical of the overlying soil material. The but is a variable depending on the net irrigation material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike application. The rate of water intake, in inches per that in which the solum formed. If the material is hour, is expressed as follows: known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. Less than 0.2 ...... very low 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low the soil. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. More than 2.5 ...... very high Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, part of the organic matter in mineral soils. that flows for prolonged periods only when it Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped receives ground-water discharge or long, continued Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 281

contributions from melting snow or other surface Lava plain. A broad area of level or nearly level land, and shallow subsurface sources. usually hundreds of square miles in extent, that is Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area underlain by a relatively thin succession of basaltic and grow after the climax vegetation has been lava flows resulting from fissure eruptions. reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or following disturbance of the surface. other material by percolating water. Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil content of iron and manganese oxide because of passes from a plastic to a liquid state. chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less type of redoximorphic depletion. than 52 percent sand particles. Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: particles, deposited by wind. Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for plains surrounded by levees or dikes. silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a from these crops is not adequate to control strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled erosion until the next crop in the rotation is by small earth ridges called border dikes, or established. These crops return little organic borders. matter to the soil. Controlled flooding.—Water is released at intervals Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support from closely spaced field ditches and distributed loads. uniformly over the field. Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close-growing with the surrounding soil material and cannot be crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds direction. making up masses are calcium carbonate, gypsum Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and under or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and manganese low pressure to the surface of the soil or into the oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide or soil through such applicators as emitters, porous manganese oxide generally are considered a type tubing, or perforated pipe. of redoximorphic concentration. Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made by Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment cultivation implements. Furrows are used for tree for seeding, brush management, and other and row crops. management practices. Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. loam, or silt. Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or Mesa. A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly tile lines until the water table is raised enough to isolated upland mass characterized by summit wet the soil. widths that are more than the heights of bounding Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is erosional scarps. allowed to flow onto an area without controlled Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in distribution. mineralogical composition, chemical composition, Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. landforms. Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and and exposed when the water level is lowered or the low in organic material. Its bulk density is more elevation of the land is raised. than that of organic soil. Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop soil and loose rock, generally when wet or production and prevention of soil damage. saturated. The speed and distance of movement, Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no as well as the amount of soil and rock material, natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. vary greatly. Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.6 sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. centimeters) or more across. Large stones Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay adversely affect the specified use of the soil. loam, or silty clay loam. 282 Soil Survey

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation movement of water and the growth of roots. For and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and upper part of the subsoil. traffic pan. Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are mineral material in which soil forms. terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, granule, a prism, or a block. including the texture, structure, porosity, Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to and biological properties of the various horizons, permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from and the thickness and arrangement of those about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 horizons in the soil profile. square meters), depending on the variability of the Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that soil. vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as Percolation. The downward movement of water follows: abundance—few, common, and many; through the soil. size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water faint, distinct, and prominent. The size through the soil adversely affects the specified measurements are of the diameter along the use. greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 or air to move downward through the profile. The millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep the engineering profession and with traditional sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow mass or in a group forming a chain or range. continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of describing permeability, measured in inches per three simple variables—hue, value, and chroma. hour, are as follows: For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch (See Reaction, soil.) Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches manganese oxide are common compounds making Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered types of Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on redoximorphic concentrations. features that affect its use and management, such Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant as slope, stoniness, and flooding. essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting around ice. water. They form on the soil after plant cover is removed. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the various stages of decomposition. liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse moisture content within which the soil remains textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An outwash plastic. plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, it Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil generally is low in relief. changes from semisolid to plastic. Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 283

Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat Range condition is expressed as excellent, good, summit area that is considerably elevated (more fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and plant community has departed from the potential. separated from them on one or more sides by Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural escarpments. vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain that plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or occupies the lowest parts of closed depressional browsing. It includes natural grasslands, savannas, areas, such as those on intermontane basin floors. many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, and areas Temporary flooding occurs primarily in response to that support certain forb and shrub communities. precipitation and runoff. Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a below the plowed layer. distinct natural plant community. A range site is Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed the product of all the environmental factors depressions. Unless the soils are artificially responsible for its development. It is typified by an drained, the water can be removed only by association of species that differ from those on percolation or evapotranspiration. other range sites in kind or proportion of species or Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid total production. permeability, the soil may not adequately filter Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a effluent from a waste disposal system. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degrees same size. Because there is little difference in size of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values, of the particles, density can be increased only are: slightly by compaction. Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where surface Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult or Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 expensive to install. Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 Potential native plant community. See Climax plant Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 community. Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Mildly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 no properties restricting the penetration of roots to Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher this depth. Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other specific management purposes, under the features resulting from the accumulation of iron or appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture manganese oxide. An indication of chemical and at the proper time of day. reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from a specified plant or sequence of plants under which iron and manganese oxide or a combination specific management. of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending removed. These zones are indications of the through all its horizons and into the parent chemical reduction of iron resulting from material. saturation. Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic maintains enough cover to protect the soil and concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- desirable vegetation. This practice increases the dipyridyl, and other features indicating the vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch manganese compounds resulting from saturation. necessary to conserve soil and water. Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in Range condition. The present composition of the plant situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). community on a range site in relation to the The chemical reduction results from nearly potential natural plant community for that site. continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a 284 Soil Survey

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified type of redoximorphic feature. use. Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are considered collectively. almost alike, except for differences in texture of Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, the surface layer. All the soils of a series have weathered or partly weathered mineral material that horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in and arrangement. place. Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated soil material from the land surface by the action of erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and rainfall and surface runoff. not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry machinery. and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical can damage roads, dams, building foundations, means during road construction. It is commonly on and other structures. It can also damage plant the uphill side of the road. roots. Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, mineral form is called quartz. pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil by plant roots. that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream percent clay. channels from an area. The water that flows off the Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly surface of the land without sinking into the soil is silt-sized particles. called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic before reaching surface streams is called ground- criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. and have similar conservation needs or Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral management requirements for the major land uses fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in in the survey area. diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more based on the height of the dominant stand at an sand and not more than 10 percent clay. arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly height attained by dominant and codominant trees sand-sized particles. in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material underlying 75 feet, the site index is 75. the soil and grading to hard bedrock below. Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive produced by one mass sliding past another. In pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of into an unlined auger hole. blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, clayey soils, where there is marked change in loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to moisture content. increase water absorption or to provide a more Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to tillable soil. movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles wet. deposited from suspension in water. The chief Slope. The inclination of the land surface from kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, the horizontal. Percentage of slope is the formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; vertical distance divided by horizontal distance, shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed then multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are is a drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited distance. sand is consolidated into sandstone. Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon 285

practices are required to ensure satisfactory (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates performance of the soil for a specific use. longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and into the soil. granular. Structureless soils are either single Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones massive (the particles adhering without any regular adversely affect the specified use of the soil. cleavage, as in many hardpans). Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects other equipment commonly used in construction. the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has next crop, and during the early growing period of properties resulting from the integrated effect of the new crop. climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of material, as conditioned by relief over periods of the solum below plow depth. time. Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. between specified size limits. The names and Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. Generally sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in refers to a leached horizon lighter in color and the United States are as follows: lower in content of organic matter than the Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 overlying surface layer. Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 the summer to control weeds and allow storage of Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 practice common in semiarid regions, where Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 Clay ...... less than 0.002 annual precipitation is not enough to produce a crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C practiced before planting winter grain. horizon, in which the processes of soil formation Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). the material in these horizons are unlike those of Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the the material below the solum. The living roots and “Ap horizon.” plant and animal activities are largely confined to Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, the solum. considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a of these horizons. soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material surface. In a cross section, the line may be one accumulated by gravity at the foot of cliffs or steep fragment or more thick. It generally overlies slopes. material that weathered in place and is overlain by Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series recent sediment of variable thickness. recognized in the classification system. Such soils Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 are named for a series they strongly resemble and centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 are designated as taxadjuncts to that series inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. because they differ in ways too small to be of Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers consequence in interpreting their use and behavior. that interfere with or prevent tillage. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only when one Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic or more of their characteristics are slightly outside arrangement of strips or bands that provide the range defined for the family of the series for vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water which the soils are named. erosion. Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil generally marks the termination of important particles into compound particles or aggregates. glacial advances. The principal forms of soil structure are—platy Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across 286

sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more to the contour. The terrace intercepts surface volcanic ash and dust. runoff so that water soaks into the soil or flows Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a field banks of fill material. generally is built so that the field can be farmed. Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the A terrace intended mainly for drainage has a alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the deep channel that is maintained in permanent lowlands along streams. sod. Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In flat or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by sea. heavily loaded streams. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural assumed to be inherited from the parent material classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine rather than to be the result of poor drainage. particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, Volcaniclastic material. Fragmental material that is loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, dominantly clasts of volcanic origin. It includes silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. pyroclastic material and epiclastic deposits derived The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes from volcanic sources as a result of mass may be further divided by specifying “coarse,” movement and stream erosion. Examples are “fine,” or “very fine.” welded tuff and volcanic breccia. Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional that is too thin for the specified use. areas that are excavated at an angle across a Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to sloping road. They are used to reduce the undulating soils underlain by glacial till. downward velocity of water and divert it off and Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as away from the road surface. Water bars can easily related to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling be driven over if constructed properly. emergence, and root penetration. Weathering. All physical and chemical changes Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the of a hill; part of a foot slope. earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time, changes result in disintegration and decomposition and vegetation is difficult to establish. of the material. Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of most favorable material for plant growth. It is coarse grained particles that are well distributed ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by normally can be easily increased in density and mining. bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with Toxicity (in tables). Excessive amount of toxic poorly graded soil. substances, such as sodium or sulfur, that Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The severely hinder establishment of vegetation or moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at severely restrict plant growth. which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, much that it does not recover when placed in a zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils humid, dark chamber. in extremely small amounts. They are essential to Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by plant growth. the wind.