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ISSN 1810-0775 for prosperity )$2'LYHUVLÀFDWLRQERRNOHW Diversification booklet number 15

Pigs for Prosperity

Klaas Dietze

Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division and Organization of the United Nations Rome 2011 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, , city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO.

ISBN 978-92-5-107068-0

All rights reserved. FAO encourages and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, .

© FAO 2012 ■ Preface v

■ Acknowledgements vii

■ Introduction 1 ■ Pigs and livelihoods 2 ■ Purpose of the booklet 5

■ Benefits of pigs 7 ■ products 7 ■ Pigs at household level 8 ■ Pigs and the faming system 11

■ Pigs and rural development 12 of contents Table

■ Feasibility of the livelihood activity 15 ■ Starting the business 15 ■ What products? 16 ■ Credit 18 ■ Costs and profits 20 ■ Evaluation of the livelihood activity 20

■ The livelihood activity 21 ■ Essential elements of the activity 21

■ Strategies for successful market participation 31 ■ Market appraisal 32 ■ Planning and managing production 33 ■ Marketing channels 33 ■ Hygiene and safety 35 ■ Processing 37 ■ Transport 39 ■ Production and marketing associations 40 ■ Building trust and linkages 40 ■ Sustainable business enterprise 41 ■ Support services to promote pig enterprises 43 ■ Legislation 43 ■ Extension services 43 ■ Veterinary services 45 ■ 46 ■ Input supply chains 46 ■ Access to markets 47 ■ Transport 47 ■ Organizational options and gender 48

■ Opportunities and challenges 49 ■ Opportunities 49 ■ Challenges 51

■ Selected further reading 53

■ Sources of further information and support 57

Table of contents Preface

The purpose of the FAO Diversification booklets is to raise awareness and provide decision support information about opportunities at and local community level to increase the incomes of small-scale .

Each booklet focuses on a farm or non-farm enterprise that can be integrated into small to increase incomes and enhance livelihoods. The enterprises profiled in the FAO Diversification booklets are suitable for smallholder farmers in terms of resource requirements, additional costs, exposure to risk and complexity. The products or services generated by the enterprises are suitable for meeting demand on a growing, or already strong, local market and are not dependent on an export market.

The main target audience for these booklets are people and organizations that provide advisory, business and technical support services to resource- poor small-scale farmers and local communities in low- and middle-income countries. It is hoped that enough information is given to help these support service providers to consider new income-generating opportunities and how

these might enable small-scale farmers to take action. What are the potential Pigs for prosperity benefits? What are requirements and constraints? What are critical ‘success factors’?

The FAO Diversification booklets are also targeted to policy-makers and programme managers in government and non-governmental organizations. What actions might policy-makers take to create enabling environments for small-scale farmers to diversify into new income-generating activities?

The FAO Diversification booklets are not intended to be technical ‘how to do it’ guidelines. Readers will need to seek more information or technical support, so as to provide farmer advisory and support activities relating to the introduction of new income-generating activities. To assist in this respect, each booklet identifies additional sources of information, technical support and website addresses.

v A CD has been prepared with a full series of FAO Diversification booklets and FAO technical guides, together with complementary guides on market research, financing, business planning, etc. Copies of the CD are available on request from FAO. FAO Diversification booklets can also be downloaded from the FAO Internet site.

If you find this booklet of value, we would like to hear from you.Tell your colleagues and friends about it. FAO would welcome suggestions about possible changes for enhancing our next edition or regarding relevant topics for other booklets. By sharing your views and ideas with us we can provide better services to you.

vi Acknowledgements

Gratitude is owed to Doyle Baker, Senior Technical Officer, Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division, (AGS), FAO, who provided for a detailed technical review on the final draft version of this booklet. Special thanks go to Hitchcock, Senior Enterprise Development Officer (AGS), for carefully reviewing and providing detailed advice on the booklet and to Martin Hilmi, Small Enterprise Management and Marketing Consultant, (AGS), for providing reviews and written inputs. Thanks are also owed to Alexandra Röttger, Officer, (AGS) and Jerome Mounsey, Associate Professional Officer, (AGS) for their reviews and inputs.

Acknowledgements for the series Gratitude is owed to Doyle Baker, Senior Technical Officer, Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division (AGS), FAO, for his vision, encouragement and constant support in the development of the FAO Diversification booklet series. Martin Hilmi managed the development, production and post-production of the series and provided technical support and inputs. Michael Breece undertook the design and layout of the booklets and desktop publishing.

Pigs for prosperity

vii farm family and/or sold. farm familyand/orsold. the by consumed be can the of parts all nearly where livestock the for few the of one are diet pigs and varied more a provides Further processing. for suitable of lands and pork is particularly degradation the to contributing without such as . Pigs produce (pork) livestock other to compared converters meat to feed good are and they prolific are investment; initial little require Pigs farmers. profitable small-scale by and adapted viable a enterprise that can be easily adopted and are pigs particular in and , , poultry, like livestock sized medium and Small (Photo byJ.Mounsey) FIGURE 1 Pigs inaconfinedproduction systeminthePhilippines Introduction local feedresources. prevalently and structures housing advisably simple using confinement pig adequate enterprises on focus a with pig activity the commence to new capital farmers Small-scale to systems. intensive systems intensive from labour ranging world, the throughout degree ofsuccess. good a with conditions climatic diverse most the pig to adapted been Different have breeds . snack as ears, eaten salted cooked to and smoked as such products food such as pork, to processed Production systems vary widely widely vary systems Production primary from range products Pig 1

Pigs for prosperity Practical extension and training Pigs provide income for women, enables farmers to raise pigs strengthening their role in families successfully and to apply simple as well as in local communities. The processing techniques to produce sick and disabled can participate various pork products. This increases in pig raising as it does not require the value of the and excessive labour and is not too enables small-scale farmers to sell complex in its management. The low pig products over and above slaughter start-up costs and small investments time. required for buildings and equipment Pigs are easily integrated into are recovered fairly quickly as small-scale farming systems and slaughter can take place at about can be fed with by-products from six to eight months from farrowing crops that cannot be consumed or (birth), pending on breed and feed used more efficiently by small-scale availability. Pigs additionally can be farmers. Their can be used considered as a store of wealth and a as as well as for energy safety net in times of crisis. production systems. Apart from The pig, depending on feed regions with cultural and religious and other management aspects, reservations towards pork, pigs are commonly grows rapidly to potentially a viable, valuable and slaughter age and has a high important diversification enterprise. reproductive rate compared to , making it a low risk ■ Pigs and livelihoods investment with quick returns. A pig enterprise contributes in many Additionally, pig husbandry can be ways to improve the livelihood of easily integrated with a series of poor and vulnerable small-scale other farming activities within the farmers. Pork and other pig products agricultural and sectors provide for high value animal (see FAO Diversification Booklet protein, the meat is easy to dress No.13 Farm ponds for water, fish and has superior curing and storage and livelihoods). Pig production is a qualities. Additional income is form of livestock keeping that does earned from the sale of animals and not necessarily require access to importantly from their products. agricultural land and has therefore This additional income can be used gained importance in the growing to invest in farm assets, pay for sector of peri-urban and urban small- school fees and medical treatments. scale livestock keeping. All these

2 some degree to small-scale poultry,small-scale to degree some to comparable systems, production small-scale in option diversification livelihood activity of the pig production a valuable make advantages (Photo: FAO/19281) FIGURE 2 and : A review, Asian Journalof Agriculture andDevelopment, Vol.3, Nos.1&2 Source: Adapted from Huynh,T.T.T., etal.2006.Pigproduction inCambodia,Laos,, use ofmanure. the and meat, produce to residues crop fibrous of recycling the example for products, added value of generation the (3) and animals), and water,crops, (land, components resource and systems between linkages of promotion the (2) risks, socio-economic of reduction the three and resources has of diversification production the pig (1) namely: Asia, functions, Southeast important In bank’. ‘savings a orto as events, or cultural debt, of a off pay thecelebration use during to schooling, children’s finance income, asasupplementarysourceoffundsforparticularpurposes, forexample to source offamily as amajor of pigenterprises the importance Farmers recognize CASE STUDY 1 Pigs andpoultryonafarminBrazil Philippines Republic, Cambodia,Viet Namandthe The roleofpigsinLaoPeople’s Democratic products andprofits). diverse for goats and Sheep No.9 Products and profit from poultry (see production No.3 Booklets Diversification FAO and sheep and 3

Pigs for prosperity CASE STUDY 2 Keeping pigs improves livelihoods in the Northeastern region of

The Northeastern region of India is characterized by a high proportion of tribal people. For these people pig keeping is an integral way of life; over a quarter of all India’s pigs are found in the Northeastern region. Assam is the major state in the region, with a population of 27 million and the biggest pig of over 1.5 million. The demand for animal-based food sources is increasing in the Northeastern region as well as in India in general. Pig production in Assam is invariably a small-scale, backyard, marketed-oriented enterprise. It is practised mainly by small-scale farmers to generate income, accumulate capital and fulfil socio-cultural obligations. It is a low-external input enterprise dependant on family labour, mainly women, and on other local inputs, particularly feed, that have no or low opportunity costs. Traditional management practices continue to dominate production with two exceptions: scavenging systems have given way to tethering or penning and most indigenous pigs have been replaced by crossbreeds.

Despite being small-scale (generally no more than one to five crossbred pigs), production contributes significantly to the livelihood of the majority of pig-rearing households. The income from pig sales meets essential household and farming expenses, and provides some financial independence for women.

Traders and retailers reported that demand for slaughter pigs and fresh pork had increased significantly over the last five years causing a 20 percent increase in the of pork in real terms. In addition, pork traders and retailers are confident that sales of fresh pork would continue to grow as a result of the continuing rise in demand. These changes resulted not only in more pigs being produced from the hundreds of thousands of small-scale farms, with evident benefits to livelihoods, but also to the many more people earning a living from the marketing of pigs, piglets and pork.

There are also indications that pig production is gaining a foothold as a source of income generation in communities that do not have a tradition for rearing pigs.

Source: Adapted from Deka, R., Thrope, W., Lucila Lapar, M. & Kumar, A.2007. Assam’s pig sub- sector: current status, constraints and opportunities, ILRI, New Dehli

The productivity of pigs is 20 piglets/year. Weaned piglets can determined by the breed and overall be sold for income generation and/ husbandry management. Well or fattening can be performed on managed breeding sows (a female farm, allowing the farmer the option pig) of improved breeds will farrow to choose the time of slaughter/ (give birth) twice a year and provide selling, for example, when are approximately 10 piglets per litter or favourable.

4 ■ od n icm scrt a well as security income and their food increasing and vulnerability their reducing farmers, small-scale opportunities to provide can pigs that benefits and many the to is highlight booklet this of purpose The (Photo: FAO/22667/J. Spaull) Piglets sucklingasow FIGURE 3

Purpose ofthebooklet ihn h cnet f small-scale of farming. context the enterprise within diversification viable as a pigs promoting and awareness creating on diets. focused is balanced booklet The more for animal value protein high a providing as 5

Pigs for prosperity ■ eie i mn Wsen societies) Western many in desired ranging (as percentages meat lean high from characteristics differing have carcasses breeds, pig variability between great the of result a As world. the in meat consumed most the is and protein animal value high represents Pork pork. is production of range wide products. The a main commodity of pig for processing provide can on-farm numerous and for products provides pig Each (Photo byO. Argenti) FIGURE 4

Pig products Pork onsaleinamarketHanoi, Viet Nam Benefits ofpigs feet, ears,bloodandorgans brain, fat, pig pig include These chain. other food the many into way their find products locally, found avert to product spoilage. chain cold functioning a requires consumption and processing marketing, immediate for destined more traditionalsocieties). in appreciated often (as contents fat back and fat intramuscular high to eie taiinl et cuts meat traditional Besides not is that pork Slaughtered 7

Pigs for prosperity (for example, and stomach). local specialties that may include more Commonly other pig by-products are traditional recipes and herbs or spices used for many and various purposes. (see FAO Diversification booklet For example, intestines for No. 20 Spices and herbs for home casings, bone collagen is used in and market). Pork can be processed the food processing and cosmetic on-farm provided that appropriate , hairs are used for brushes, training has been given, especially in etc. terms of food hygiene and safety. Pork processing can lead to a great variety of products meeting ■ Pigs at household level the demand of specific consumption At household level pig production patterns. The number of processed provides access to animal protein products can be extensive, ranging for farm families, contributing to an from simple salted and sun dried pork, improved diet for family members. to cured sausages to smoked . Pork with its beneficial components Mainstream processed pork products like essential amino acids, vitamins are commonly accompanied by some and iron, facilitates a balanced

FIGURE 5 Pork products: cured sausages (Photo by P. Hautzinger)

8 atcpto i lcl akt. It markets. equal local in their participation enhance contribute and women of can empowerment the to positively Pigs training. appropriate and services extension by supported be can this and issues gender consider to needs thus pig sector smallholder The a of income. development to access women’s curtailing sold, often involved, are get men pigs animals. when for Commonly caring and feeding raising, for responsible traditionally consumption of when slaughteroccurs. regardless year meat the throughout characteristics, enabling storage improved with products produce can pork of especially insecure regions. On-farm processing is food in children young for important which nutrition Eurasian Journalof Agriculture andEnvironmental Science,2,pp.182-188 of smallholderpigproduction inSouthernKadunaarea ofKadunaState,, American- Source: Adapted from Ajala, M.K., Adesehinwa, A.O.K. &Mohammed, A.K. 2007.Characteristics and inmeetingsocialculturalobligations. goods household of acquisition the on spent usually are pigs of sale the from derived case of hard times. The additional income is especially important for women. Incomes in investment and income additional of source a as raised also importantly are Pigs Pigs canbeconsideredaspotentialproteindeficitgap-fillers. fastest ways of increasing animal protein consumption in households in Kaduna State. the of one representing protein animal of source prolific. good are a and provide They rate fast a at grow pigs as family the for food for used commonly are enterprises Pig CASE STUDY 3 n ay oite wmn are women societies many In Pigs athouseholdlevelinKadunaState,Nigeria IS Pg aaeet os not commonly involveexcessive labour. does management Pig AIDS. suffering from illnesses such as HIV/ or disabilities from suffering people split among all family members including be can easily Tasks understood. can be required routines and in small-scale production are minimal succeed to needed strength physical employment more opportunities forthefarmfamily. and provides enterprise this the in participate members Family labour. additional require often production pig small- scale in Activities communities. local their in role greater a women can give also can It net. safety a provide abandonment or widowhood of case in and earned be to income in own say their for better allow matters, family a women give can h lvl f ehia sil and skills technical of level The 9

Pigs for prosperity On-farm processing enables new In poor rural but also peri-urban skills and knowledge to be learnt and areas, pig production often functions provides for more varied products as a banking system where the to be sold and further employment animal is a source of wealth that opportunities for the farm family. can be accessed when additional Women that are involved in the income is needed. This might be raising of pigs can also get involved the case when school fees need to in processing of pork giving them yet be paid, household members seek another source of income deriving from medical assistance or cash is needed pig enterprises. Kitchen processing is for further investments. In this easy to set up, has very few start-up regard, pigs represent an attractive costs and can be a first step towards intermediate between poultry a more formalized operation where production (see FAO Diversification appropriate equipment is bought and a Booklet No 3 Products and profit room in the farm household or a small from poultry), which can be initiated building on the farm is devoted to with very little money and the more processing operations. However before long term oriented cattle production any such progress is made there has option requiring far higher cash to be a corresponding market demand outlays (see FAO Diversification and importantly sales to make such Booklet No 6 Milk for health and investments feasible. wealth) .

FIGURE 6 A woman feeding her pigs in (Photo: FAO/19759/ G. Bizzarri)

10 ■ kitchen leftovers and therefore add value or by- production crop cash off from products feed can animals The lands. grazing with interfering without meat produce Pigs activities. aseries agricultural of for beneficial be can system of resources bysmall-scalefarmers. result a as limited access to financial and natural overcome to too hurdle high initial the make would that skills technical or investments large require not do they activities; farming existing into incorporate to easy are production of forms Basic system. farming small-scale a to in well fits inputs external on no or relying little enterprise pig small A IUE7 Small-scalepigproduction: anoverviewofinputs/outputs andnutrientflow FIGURE 7

Introducing pigs to a farming farming a to pigs Introducing Pigs andthefarmingsystem concentrate feed kitchen waste INPUT by-products purchased feed basket SMALL SCALEPIGPRODUCTION (nutrient flow; inputs/outputs (breeding animals;piglets;fatteners) crop production Pigs in turn feed fish – a common practice practice a common – fish feed turn in which ponds fertilize can manure their systems, aquaculture in Incorporated 8). Figure (see fuels fossil or wood like sources energy external on dependency household for the reduce therefore and stoves demand the sufficient cover be to can holdings pig small- scale in collected manure pig from production Methane bio-digester. a in increased processed when fuel of source a as used to contribute agricultural productivity and/or it can be can that loosen soil structureswithoutdisruptingthem. they food for searching while can Pigs roam on crop fields after harvest and system. farming the to lost been have otherwise would that nutrients to Their manure is a valuable fertilizer fertilizer valuable a is manure Their manure OUTPUT cash crops biofuel meat piglets 11

Pigs for prosperity FIGURE 8 A kitchen stove in rural Sichuan, People’s Republic of , where a woman is cooking with biogas which she produces in her yard with the waste from her pigsty and family latrine. (Photo: FAO/9941/F. Botts) in Southeast Asia that can be adopted to slaughter and processing, a series in other regions of the world (see FAO of activities can be developed that all Diversification Booklet No.13 Farm contribute to high local engagement in ponds for water, fish and livelihoods). livestock production. Developed local markets will improve food security ■ Pigs and rural development of the rural population; increase A functioning small-scale pig sector economic development and therefore in rural areas has proven to be very avoid further urbanization. With this beneficial for rural development. potentially high degree of engagement Pig production brings fast returns by a series of stakeholders, rural to the farmer from relatively small farmers can be encouraged to develop investments and can therefore improve producer-managed organizations that livelihoods within a relatively short will improve their standing within time frame. Following the supply the marketing chain and increase chain, starting from feed production solidarity within the community. At over the breeding process all the way the same time these developments

12 further investments in infrastructure infrastructure in investments further for needed impulse the represent can (Photo byK.Dietze) FIGURE 9 Pig pensaround a‘feed-crop garden’ –pigmanure isusedasfertilizer pig sector alone. pig sectoralone. the beyond structures marketing and 13

Pigs for prosperity ■ and feed and water supplies need to be be to need supplies water and feed and breeds such of suppliers animal adaptability, conditions, local breed pig of choice the In chosen. be to market needs breed the of result information obtained, an appropriate pig a as found, is demand and active an pork If products. market piglets, related local pigs, for is demand consider to factor a project,carryoutfeasibilitystudy. all small-scale farmers, involved in such that necessity the highlights enterprise diversification a as pigs promoting for project development any that requires situation and context is different and this farmer’s small-scale every Importantly (Photo: FAO/10222/ J.Van Aker) business enterpriseispigletsofan appropriate breed Piglets inastynearBouaké,Côte d’Ivoire. A goodfoundationtobuild a FIGURE 10

In a feasibility study the primary primary the study feasibility a In Starting thebusiness Feasibility ofthelivelihoodactivity will also need to be considered. will alsoneedtobeconsidered. materials, etc. Credit and its availability housing fencing, troughs, water feeders, as will such account, into taken equipment be to need and small-scale Housing at level. adopted production are intensive systems and intensive semi- purposes market for Commonly intensive. and semi-intensive roaming, free be can systems Production credit. to access and resources farmers the to as as well as demand market to relates this considered be to also to needs system adopt production The etc. time, labour costs, of terms in feasible most the is option which and bought and/or grown be can feed if made be to have will Estimates consideration. into taken 15

Pigs for prosperity BOX 1 Main areas of consideration in a pig enterprise feasibility plan

• Markets and market demand • Pig breed • System of pig production to adopt • Housing and related equipment • Feed and feed sources and access to them • Water sources and quantities locally available • Health care and veterinary assistance • Credit and access to credit

Farmers also need to evaluate the Whatever support is provided it is opportunity of moving downstream critical that the final decision of in the supply chain by adding whether to start the business is based value to pork with a small-scale solely on farmers’ evaluations alone. processing enterprise. Even for this type of enterprise farmers need to ■ What products? consider such aspects as market The first step in starting any pig demand, estimate what prices can enterprise is to ascertain market be made and work backwards from demand as well as finding out as this information to verify if there much as possible about markets. is a potential business. A small- Market research involves such scale processing business can range aspects as finding out what is from ‘kitchen’ processing to a more demanded by markets, what formal small building on farm for prices can be obtained, how much processing operations. In this case markets take in terms of supplies, also equipment costs, access to credit, how can markets be accessed, what processing operations and throughput transport is available, etc. will need to be estimated prior to The type of market research commencing the business operation. to undertake will clearly depend Overall small-scale farmers on the farmer’s objectives and require assistance and support in vary accordingly. For example, planning such a business enterprise. if piglets are supplied to other

16 asgs ih de sie and of spices added batch with small sausages a example For investigation. tasting a involves up setting This products. various the testing of terms is in advisable research additional supplied. However be can that market quantities out and outlets market finding suitable prices, above, as processed involve, may This for products. pork conducted be to existing markets, theirpotentialandprices. about knowledge more provide can association producer as well as associations Marketing are part of a marketing association. farmers small-scale bewhen reduced can costs and spent time and beyond farmersmall-scale the of reach the be may research market of type This etc. made, payments arewhen supplied, be to need pigs do often how supplied, quantities being are what paid, are what prices butcher, the supplying are others if out find to necessary be be may willit example For complex. more investigation the butcher, then local the to pigs sell to wants farmer a hand other the on are If sufficient. be well may required they is supply when and prices pay to willing what demand farmers piglets, such when on farmers then a simple investigation akt eerh lo needs also research Market reading’ sectionofthisbooklet. the in can found be research market on sources information Further pertinent information. with decision-making supportingby risk reduce only can eliminate research cannot Market risk. commercial and success guarantee cannot research market Importantly etc. obtained, be to can prices what when too, sell to demand, who sell, most in are for forproductswhat out finding example useful reasons, planning also marketing is markets Information on etc. number, heard optimal season, a selling in raise many to pigs how for fattening, for piglets schedules timing guides example for decisions, production and helpful decision-making very in be can markets to seemingly haslittleornodemand. being processed into a product that meat large pork of supplies avert costly and can farmers –scale small negative, are study the tasting to responses of majority the If successful. being of likelihood greater a has product pig the then positive are responses of majority the and If them. on them opinion their give taste to asked Friends, be can made. butcher local the and be neighbours can herbs nomto ta i related is that Information Slce further ‘Selected 17

Pigs for prosperity FIGURE 11 Pigs sold on hoof. In this market in Baoshan, Weishan County, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China, pigs are weighed to determine their selling price (Photo: by courtesy International Livestock Research Institute)

CASE STUDY 4 Demand for pork in Cambodia

Local pig breeds in Cambodia usually have lower productivity than exotic and cross breeds. Consumers in a survey gave higher scores for pig meat from local breeds more than from exotic and cross breeds. One of the reasons for giving a higher rating for meat from local breeds was that local breeds were perceived by consumers as being raised without hormones or .

Source: Adapted from ILRI. 2008. Pig systems in Southeast Asia-The case of Cambodia, Nairobi

■ Credit activity are not easy to estimate Entry into a small-scale pig exactly, however the terms of credit, enterprise is not very costly in payback periods and interest rates, terms of money, materials and and importantly access to credit required equipment, however the need to be considered. more commercially–oriented the Semi-intensive and intensive operation the more inputs will pig production entails an initial be required. The size of the pig investment which not all small-scale enterprise and level of commercial farmers may have. Commonly

18 fees, etc. for market transport, services, slaughter paying example for required, marketing are inputs enterprise pig a of period the During operation. an such finance to able be to funds farmers and they may not have the necessary small-scale for costly be also can inputs, other and medicines as well as Feed, pigs. confine to required equipment other and fencing as for farmers small-scale expensive particularly be can Buildings needed. are labour some other equipment, troughs, feed, medicines and water fencing, buildings, (Photo: bycourtesyInternationalLivestockResearch Institute) fairly expensiveforsomesmall-scalefarmers FIGURE 12 Semi-intensive pig production: iron fencingandastymade ofbrickscan be rjcs n ohr microfinance initiatives. other be and projects could donor organizations, donor finance from of sources formal banking system. Alternative rural areas to obtain loans from the in farmers small-scale for difficult is it Commonly repayments. loan of period the from as well as ratesinvolved sourced interest understanding be the and can where the of money required, options is various money year the when of period money the the required, of estimate detailed h aoe mle mkn a making implies above The 19

Pigs for prosperity ■ Costs and profits required changes to the current farming In the estimation of pig enterprise system; increased work load on the feasibility small-scale farmers farm family; women and social factors need to calculate all production constraining business operation; social and marketing costs, as well as status of pig herding, etc. All in all processing costs if this is an option the final evaluation of the feasibility taken. Start-up costs are such matters of the enterprise needs to consider all as capital costs; housing, equipment pertinent factors discussed so far. The such as buckets, fencing , housing final decision though of whether or not materials needed, as well as buying to start a pig enterprise needs to rest piglets, etc. Production costs relate in the decision realm of small-scale to labour, feed, water and veterinary farmers. costs and medicines. Marketing costs typically involve transport, market fees, etc. If processing on-farm is taken as an option costs will involve tables for cutting meat on, knives, small equipment for mincing and preparing sausages, etc., as well as storage space for curing, and so forth. Once costs have been estimated they will need to be compared against market prices of pig products and this will provide an estimate of the profit potential for such an enterprise.

■ Evaluation of the livelihood activity Clearly profit potential is the critical and important indicator for evaluating if a pig enterprise is feasible or not. However other factors also need to be considered: for example, the true willingness of small-scale farmers to start a pig enterprise; their motivations;

20 ■ breeds needs to primarily consider primarily to needs breeds be successful. to found been with has stock local Crossbreeding success. of small-scale levels varying with but level, at farm breeds pure such use to out carried been the have in past attempts Many costly. be can stock breeding to access and demanding resource very are but outputs, highly utilization, feed in efficient of be can are terms in breeds productive production. few These intensive pig in industrialized breeds found consider commonly to level scale small- the at temptation a is There and breeding Selecting therightbreed animal welfare concerns. and as issues well as environmental given issues health be public to to and needs also particular attention health However breeds, slaughtering. feeding, considered: be housing, to that need elements main five have level farm small-scale at enterprises Pig

h slcin n coc of choice and selection The Essential elementsoftheactivity The livelihoodactivity xettos n i naturally is attributed assafebyconsumers. and expectations market local higher meets it since receive prices can from breeds local deriving pork production, pig in traditions longer with areas some In countries. developing in with areas local and rural in urban, many meat preferred is fat intramuscular pork Commonly consumers, urban countries. developed in prevalently the of industrialized meets demands commonly in holdings of used content meat breeds lean high The breeds. pig varies between significantly also animals slaughtered and decreasedgrowthrates. litter per piglets fewer of price the at come commonly benefits These diseases. animal predominant with better deal to resourcestendency a have climatic and feed the local to conditions, adapted are breeds) better exotic breeds with local (local crossed breeds cross Commonly climatic and local overall conditions. the and available housing resources, the water and feed demand, market acs cmoiin of composition Carcass 21

Pigs for prosperity CASE STUDY 5 Use of exotic pig breeds in Nepal

Mr Bom Bahadur Thapa, a Nepali pig producer from Purani Silanijan , reared Large Black, Hampshire and Large White Yorkshire pigs in the tethered/stall-fed system as his primary source of livelihood. He had 11 parent stock and 21 piglets. Despite keeping the three breeds, he preferred Large Black pigs to Hampshire or Large White Yorkshire. According to him, the Large Black has larger litters and grows faster (9 to 10 piglets per litter and 70 to 80 kg body weight at 10 months) than Hampshire (6 to 8 piglets per litter and 40 kg at 10 months). While the Large White Yorkshire has a similar litter size to the Large Black, its growth is slower (60 to 70 kg at 10 months). He stated that his fellow farmers shared his preferences, which were reflected in the demand and price of piglets; Large Black and Large White Yorkshire piglets cost Nepali Rupees NPR.800 to 1 200 (US$11 to US$16) while Hampshire piglets cost NPR.600 to 700 (US$8 to US$9).

Source: Adapted from Deka, R., Thrope, W., Lucila Lapar, M. & Kumar, A.2007. Assam’s pig sub- sector: current status, constraints and opportunities, ILRI, New Dehli

The gestation period of sows raising more healthy piglets can be commonly lasts about four months used longer for breeding and the followed by a suckling period that next generation of breeding animals should not be shorter than three to should be recruited among the best four weeks. Piglets are then easy to performing animals handle once they have overcome weaning stress. Marketing of animals Housing at around 20 kg is not unusual and The least resource demanding form gives other small-scale farmers the of pig husbandry is scavenging option to enter the pig business with where pigs roam freely, receive fattening operations. Entering at little if any supplementary feed and this later stage of production avoids are not provided with a permanent the reproduction phase, which is shelter. The negative implications linked with the highest losses of of this production type in terms of young animals. It is important that public health and animal disease small-scale farmers involved in pig control make it an unacceptable enterprises keep accurate records of form to be promoted. However this breeding, numbers, piglet sales, does not need to be confused with etc. Records will support decision- accepting this form of pig production making in terms of improved herd under certain cultural and economic management and breeding. Sows backgrounds. Many countries will

22 newborn. the of rate survival higher piglets, a ensuring and sows for environment protected a within successfully more out for carried be looking can Farrowing energy food. waste not do they as faster fatten can animals and appropriately more controlled be can feeding of frequency easier the and intake is feed control; health better to leading identification Animal series of advantages over scavenging. farming, pig usually demandingconfinement. the for specifying requirements legislation have (Photo: bycourtesyInternationalLivestockResearch Institute/S.Mann) assistance toapigletin‘sucklingoperations’ InKarchia Village, nearSonapur, Assam State,India,alabourerFIGURE 13 provides Commonly confinement has a has confinement Commonly ol. f is r poetd from protected are pigs If pools. or puddles mud, as important as is shelter climates, hot temperature In as extremes. well as and the animals from rain, direct sunlight protecting shelter, include to needs area confinement The considered. by about 1m² – defined weight and is age pig’s group, the a in kept isusually which pig, confined per available area minimum The only. area defined a to pigs restrictingthe of access confinement, in result therefore should pigs for facilities iiu sadr housing standard Minimum fteig nml ed t be to needs animal /fattening 23

Pigs for prosperity excessive climatic variations this should be elevated above ground will contribute positively to herd level, where this is not possible it productivity and health. needs to have a gentle slope. The type of pens built depend If given the chance, pigs primarily on building material differentiate between areas of availability and the small-scale resting, feeding and defecation and farmer’s resources as well as show a natural drive of exploring production objectives along with their environment. These criteria, market demand for pig products. despite their apparent complexity, The building site will have to can all be taken into account with consider local climatic conditions, fairly simple and little resource exposure to sun and wind and demanding setups. At the same provide for appropriate ventilation. time it can assure simple standards Pens should be built so that they of good husbandry practices, have are easy to clean and provisions the necessary disease prevention need to be taken for easy collection potential and acceptable animal of manure and run-off. Flooring welfare implications

FIGURE 14 Housing and pig pens in El Salvador (Photo: FAO/21502/ G. Bizzarri)

24 different fatteningpatterns. to larger lead will this and toward animals sized disadvantage a be at will animals sized Small time. same confinement or fed at the same the in kept be not should sizes and ages different of pigs Importantly confinement. in the animals for of of number cater to outside need and pen provided the be should muscles andskins. and of terms in animal the of overall condition exercise the for good is movement animal Further provided. feed the in present may be not that materials feed to access nervous other,each allowsattacking and and stressed, becoming pigs avert will This area provided. be should confinement the within area roaming free a to Access together. keep pigs fully confined and to close welfare animal reasons. for farrowing around days the for applied be only should but threat can this avert crate usually farrowing a of use crushing. The prevent to distance a at be warm area in the housing, keeping the sow and secure to a with need provided consideration. piglets Importantly additional needs edn ad ae supplies water and Feeding not should fattening for Housing piglets and sows for Housing f dqae edtfs despite feedstuffs seasonality. adequate of availability the is challenges the pig of One promoted. be smallholder to available is where production be areas to in have resources accordingly. adapt to need times feeding thus and cold very or intake feed the reduce can conditions hot very in Feeding tender. meat the make will this fats, oily contains is which maize, pig with fed a if example For at slaughter. quality meat affect directly also will administered feed of type The capacities. reproductive its maintain appropriate and weight, in its develop health, pig good a An keep will ration balanced vitamins. and good energy, a protein, of contain balance to needs feed pig that note to important is it However swill. or production from animal and crop waste other and by-products means commonly This . to useful not is that feed given are pigs circumstances such in that advisable areas is it and local scarce are foodstuffs where in factor this to be given to needs consideration Careful regard. this in humans with compete directly can and and vegetable products, both animal on feed Pigs Feeding Sufficient local feed and water feed local Sufficient 25

Pigs for prosperity FIGURE 15 Confined pigs being fed with local feed resources in Benin (Photo: FAO/21689/ K. Pratt)

CASE STUDY 6 A landless farmer in India

Mr Sadanda Deka, a landless farmer from the Manja area, occupies a small plot of government land. His breeding stock of six pigs is a major source of livelihood for his family of three. To reduce feed costs and to overcome feed scarcities, he cultivated a popular variety of Colocasia, known locally as Nal Kachu, on a small plot of land adjacent to a stream. He said that because he transplanted the Colocasia in the stream, it did not dry up during winter, increasing the availability of Colocasia in that season.

Source: Adapted from Deka , R., Thrope, W., Lucila Lapar, M. & Kumar, A.2007. Assam’s pig sub- sector: current status, constraints and opportunities, ILRI, New Dehli

CASE STUDY 7 Waste products as feed in Uganda

An initiative in Kampala shows the potential of waste products to make pig feeding affordable and creates employment opportunities along the supply chain. From the observation that free-roaming pigs eat banana leaves thrown away by humans, the idea arose to test banana-bran as pig feed. Nowadays, a local business has been set up with a feed mill buying banana peels from local urban collectors. The produced banana peel bran replaces maize bran which increased in price over the last years, and leads to an overall reduced price of pig feed with similar dietary characteristics.

26 or are freely available and replace replace and available freely are or prices low at purchased be usually can by-products These available. pigs to value nutritional of by-products makes when profitable that production agricultural to annexed more be to shown or off-farm activity. farming major another for labour-time enough leaving activity additional as an promoted easily be therefore can It expertise. special require not does and consuming time very not is pigs of fattening the assured, is availability six (about period months in commercial settings). If feed fattening the length the of determines quantity and quality feed available The enterprises. local pig adequate promoting to prior resources feed of availability the considering but of importance the systems, shows production input low small-scale, to apply not certainly does value This commodity. the to costs related production total the of 70 percent to 60 usually makeup costs feed unprofitable. small- production, dependant most input but scale, make that peaks price reaching volatile be to shown have that well as international feed market prices as national on dependency a represents feed of Purchasing costs. the cover can prices market if feasible only is feed Pig production of any scale has has scale any of production Pig holdings, fattening commercial In concentrate purchased of use The contamination. herd overall avert to as so herd, the in inclusion actual before elapse should of period a enclosure, herd detection morelikelytohappen. disease timely making – performance animals the of control better a and allow spreading disease of the possibility reduce will other or livestock defecations, waste, access to their limiting and animals Confinement of measures. on-farm biosecurity and protocols includes this others, extension. Among be should promoted actively through training and occur they once diseases of control better allow and health problems of probability measures the reduce that Preventive accordingly. practices husbandry pig adapt to and area geographic a in present diseases of spectrum the to on overview an essential have is It attention. deserves (zoonoses) humans as well as animals affect can that diseases from health deriving public to threat potential The income. potential as well as equipment feed, invested, money weight, animal of terms in losses for provide for animals Unhealthy factor production. key pig a sustained is health Animal Health similar of nutritional value. components feed costly When bringing in new stock to the the to stock new in bringing When 27

Pigs for prosperity CASE STUDY 8 Madagascar: Cysticercosis in pork meat

Mr Rakotondravony raises pigs around his farm. The pigs used to scavenge in the village to find their daily food. Two years ago, he lost all his animals because of the African Swine Fever so he decided to enclose the new animals in a pen and to give them rice bran and cassava for feed. Even if he had to pay for the feed at market, his income increased with no animal loss. Last year, the abattoir refused to give a good price for two of his pigs because they were infested by cysticercosis; the carcasses were full of small cysts, rice-looking, in muscles and the meat was destroyed. This year, he decided to build a toilet for his family to stop eggs infecting pigs and other people. Good hygiene and sanitation as well as enclosed pigs are essential measures to prevent loss in profits and public health problems.

Source: Adapted from Porphyre, V., Costard, S. & Messad, S. 2010. Regional differences in management and biosecurity practices in Madagascar, Cirad

FIGURE 16 Vaccinating a piglet in Cambodia (Photo: FAO/22106/ J. Koelen)

The common practice of swill Slaughtering feeding in small-scale pig production Slaughtering operations are another has to be seen as a major concern of the key components in upholding regarding the spread of animal and enterprise profitability and product zoonotic diseases. If considered, the quality. Slaughtering should occur swill should be thoroughly cooked in central slaughterhouses that prior to feeding. have the necessary arrangements

28 such services may be considerable in in considerable be may services such as but all livestock and hence markets for initiative pigs, concern only not will operations enterprise private a business for provide can slaughter services of types These required. is slaughtering when areas visit who slaughterers specialized itinerant as well as also, alternative possible a are trucks refrigerated on placed example setting isalsoaviablealternative. a such within practices slaughtering appropriate Promoting traders. or rural producers from buy animals, they which slaughter who (retailers) butchers also are There option. an is areas rural in slaughterhouses scale rural small- Promoting in areas. remote available and always not are settings such However inspections. trained veterinary for employ provide and personnel operations, all in safety and hygiene for provide that Regional Officefor AsiaandthePacific, Bangkok Source: FAO. 2001.Guidelinesforhumanehandling, transportandslaughteroflivestock, entire carcassthatwillnotbefitforhumanconsumption. the compromise may and occurs infection if increased be will value in reduction This value. carcass the reduce considerably will bones broken and muscles torn cuts, as as blood in pork is an ideal medium for growth and contamination. Injuries to pigs such rapidly more spoils and decomposes it and processed, be cannot it further pork, such accept not will consumers muscle that in surrounding quality pork the to damaging in especially is blood This tissue. releases and vessels blood the damages pigs in slaughter.to prior operations Bruising during free injury and stress be should Animals BOX 2 Itinerant slaughterhouses, for for slaughterhouses, Itinerant Pork spoilage:bruisingandinjury and culture. and knowledge traditional on building handling by on-farm practices slaughtering appropriate extension and in in training given of be terms should Assistance meat processing. jeopardizes low also quality This quality. pork low provide slaughter and to injured prior bruised been have pain, felt stress,under put been have that Pigs farmer. small-scale the for profits of endanger can loss in result and consumers’health pork of handling veterinary inspectionremains. of challenge real the though safety; methods for provide can and adapted these well are of Some methods. slaughtering adapted culturally traditional and and sector informal the slaughtering, but this concerns mainly many areas. Other options are on-farm nprpit sagtrn and slaughtering Inappropriate 29

Pigs for prosperity Meat inspection is one of the key production in many countries is often tools to avoid public health threats closely linked with the informal/ derived from pork consumption, unregulated part of the meat sector, since it enables the detection of promotion of this form of production diseases with minor impact on the should be accompanied with pigs’ health but with possible severe respective investments in extension or even fatal consequences for and training as well as in veterinary consumers. Since small-scale pig health services.

30 Strategies for successful market participation and tasks that enable a farmer to sell the destination marketisveryhigh. in selling of likelihood the or assured is that market destination a have to needs enterprise pig the regard this In breeding production. for pigs are farmers when really starts marketing But operations considered. marketing are weight) and piglets are ready for pigs sale (appropriate when only Traditionally how toimprove husbandry andinparticularmarketingpractices A youngpigfarmershowinghispentoanextensionworker seekingadvice on FIGURE 17 (Photo byK.Dietze) aktn i a e o operations of set a is Marketing n b-rdcs a b sl to sold be processors, butchers and consumers. can sold; by-products then and and products various into processed be can pork a market; in and/or farm on consumers to to directly sold sold be can be sold pork butchers; can be pigs weight; can live pigs fattening; for enterprise: pig farmers other to sold be can piglets a options marketing numerous for have farmers Small-scale products. their and pigs 31

Pigs for prosperity CASE STUDY 9 Pig marketing in the Zango-Kataf area, State of Kaduna, Nigeria Pig producers in southern Kaduna are widely dispersed, are not overly organized among themselves and little coordination occurs in terms of marketing. They mostly dispose of their pigs at village level. They have no transport to take them to larger markets located commonly between 15 to 50 km away from production areas. At village level, itinerant traders visit pig farmers and buy one or two pigs. In turn the traders re-sell at local village markets to intermediate traders who are assemblers with more funds and capacity for bulking larger numbers. These intermediate traders visit similar smaller markets, and gradually build up a herd for sale in the urban market of Katsit. Ownership of pigs may in some cases change hands two or three times before reaching Katsit, with each new owner taking a small mark-up in price. Traders themselves rarely own vehicles for transport and use available transport services of varying sizes and capacities depending on distance and number of animals involved. In some cases pigs are trekked from neighbouring directly to market. Two principal buyers in the Katsit market are wholesale traders who take animals to the south and local butchers (retailers) who slaughter for fresh pork sales in open markets both in Katsit and in the neighbouring villages of Zonkwa and Samaru-Kataf. In addition to these, some traders buy for resale either immediately or after some minor fattening operations. Direct purchases by some hotels/ restaurants for slaughtering also occur. Some pork consumers purchase pigs cooperatively for slaughter and distribute the resulting products among group members.

Source: Adapted from Ajala, M.K. & Adesehinwa, A.O.K. 2007. Roles and efficiency of participants in pig marketing in the northern part of Nigeria, Journal of Central European Agriculture, Vol.8 No. 3, pp.311-326

■ Market appraisal of market saturation once more Before embarking on small-scale pig community members move into the production with the aim to participate same business. in local markets, a number of factors Under optimal marketing need to be considered. The first conditions products can be sold element to consider is appraising local through different channels and the market demand in terms of pigs, pork producer has the option to negotiate and/or processed products, not only prices from a stronger position in terms of quantities sold, but also than in cases of single marketing quality required. Besides quantities opportunities. The overall marketing of products and their quality it is environment regarding transport essential to evaluate the prices that infrastructure, market information can be received for such products, availability as well as consumer considering also the potential effect acceptance and purchasing power

32 ■ decisions taken. marketing on influence an have will This can only but contribute positively safety. and hygiene of with along quality pork, uphold to necessity the producers small-scale to signal will markets of requirements safety and the pig enterprise. The quality, hygiene more for practices management appropriate enable marketing also will information and Importantly efficient more effective. be to process production the enable will This etc. needed, be may credit what incurred, be will costs what times, slaughtering operations, fattening of timing mated, be to need sows such many how as aspects better estimate to able be farmers will made Small-scale enterprise. be pig to the for planning production regarding estimates enables Marketing information and knowledge

Processed products soldatmarket/toretailer Non-meat tissues soldtoprocessors Meat soldatmarket/toprocessorsretailer Carcass soldtobutchers/processorsretailer Slaughtered Animals: Fattening pigsoldforslaughter Piglets soldforfattening Boars soldasbreedinganimal/chargeofmatingfee Female offspring soldasbreedinganimal Live animals: BOX 3 production Planning andmanaging Marketing optionsforsmall-scalepigproducers ■ example to avert sickness in the herd. example toavertsicknessintheherd. and coming up with risk strategies, for money requirements for the production season estimating ration, cost/feed appropriate the finding herd, pig the such aspects as keeping records about and involves This perspective. business a from production seen be must aspects planning that recognise them. facilitate and operations marketing to available fastmarketingneedstooccur. not is this if and refrigeration requires commonly it for marketing, of in terms riskiest the is however pork fresh Slaughtered appropriately. conducted are operations transport and handling as long as risks, marketing less have to tend farmers other to fattening for sold piglets and (live) hoof on marketed are that Pigs 3. Box are in shown as numerous participation market for Options

Small-scale farmers should should farmers Small-scale Marketing channels Marketing channels 33

Pigs for prosperity Deciding where to sell involves a local butcher may imply lower the choice of location, the prices transport costs but also lower received for pig products and the prices received for the product as costs involved in reaching such a compared to marketing to urban location. For example selling to butcheries.

FIGURE 18 Retailing pork in a busy market (Photo by O. Argenti)

CASE STUDY 10 Butchers in the Zango-Kataf area, State of Kaduna, Nigeria

Retailers (butchers) slaughter and dress live animals. Pork is sold fresh after slaughter as there are no refrigeration facilities. In general pork is used fresh, but occasionally meat is cut into small pieces and roasted as Suya (roasted skewed meat with peanut and spices) or Tsire (meat marinated in spices and peanuts). Most of the gross returns to butchers come from pork sales but a substantial portion (17 percent) is received from by-products such as head, legs and .

Source: Adapted from Ajala, M.K. & Adesehinwa, A.O.K. 2007. Roles and efficiency of participants in pig marketing in the northern part of Nigeria, Journal of Central European Agriculture, Vol.8 No. 3, pp.311-326

34 ■ aaie ad hs a seriously can and this and bacteria, parasites sicknesses to from related suffer can Pigs to sell, basedonbuyerdemands. where and when on choice a of more have farmers and products pig processed the market to time more enable will storage of possibility The perishing. products the of risk little with year, the throughout made be can sales example For price. a better for bargain to some able be to to degree, ability, farmer’s the and demands buyer on depends products and risk ensure income. price reduce sell, to able small-scale being contract not of risk way the reduce farmers of this In context farming. fattening the actual to within prior sell can product. being unable to sell a fresh perishable of risk the reducing ii) money, most the earn to as so sell to time right the choosing i) addressed: two be to requires issues sell to When prices. best the for provide always not may this and time slaughter after shortly sell to in obliged be will pork fresh sell consider that farmers Small-scale to marketing. factor important

Hygiene andsafety pig processed sell to When farmers small-scale cases some In another also is sell to When so as to encoruage prevention rather prevention encoruage to as so physical, hazards: chemical and biological. This is done possible three of main sphere a in addressed are products pork and pigs where system a is HACCP The chain. supply the along as well as enterprise, in pig the safety importantly and are hygiene uphold principles to element essential another (HACCP) Point Control Critical Hazard and Analysis of forth. Application so feed, and pen, a in appropriate as veterinary care and space for each pig and aspects such adequate considers GAP enterprise pig and a of terms In quality. safety food and acceptability social viability; sustainability; environmental economic pillars: main environmental, four on based is It processes. farm of sustainability social and address economic (GAP) but allalongthesupplychain. level, farm at only not implemented, be to need (GHP) Practices Hygiene Good and enterprises and pig for (GAP) safety minimum Practices Good Agricultural hygiene. ensure to required are measures Preventative circumstances. some in consumers public on health and can result in fatal death for consequences pork serious have processed can infected are that and products pork value. Pigs, marketing their jeopardize od giutrl Practices Agricultural Good 35

Pigs for prosperity than finished product inspection. For slaughtering GHP looks at all the example, in live pigs, vaccinations measures that are required to ensure will be administered so as to avert safety, for example slaughtering hazardous contamination of pork. tools and equipment need to be clean Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and sanitized. Particular attention cover such aspects as appropriate to hygiene and safety needs to be hygiene practices during pig taken while slaughtering as this production, slaughtering, handling in traditional societies commonly of pork and so forth. In terms of pig occurs on farm and on the ground. production for example GHP focuses Training and extension are essential on the overall health and hygiene of ways of supporting small-scale animals, track records of treatments farmers with preventing pork meat administered to pigs, the type of feed contamination. Hygiene and safety and composition of feeds as well as are essential elements in marketing environmental factors. In terms of pigs and their products.

BOX 4 Principles of meat hygiene in primary production

Primary production should be managed in a way that reduces the likelihood of 1 introduction of hazards and appropriately contributes to meat being safe and suitable for human consumption.

Whenever possible and practicable, systems should be established by the primary production sector and the competent authority, to collect, collate and 2 make available, information on hazards and conditions that may be present in animal populations and that may affect the safety and suitability of meat.

Primary production should include official or officially-recognised programmes for the control and monitoring of zoonotic agents in animal populations and 3 the environment as appropriate to the circumstances, and notifiable zoonotic diseases should be reported as required.

Primary production should include official or officially-recognised programmes for the control and monitoring of zoonotic agents in animal populations and 4 the environment as appropriate to the circumstances, and notifiable zoonotic diseases should be reported as required.

Animal identification practices should allow tracking systems (to original location 5 of production) to the extent that it is practicable, so as to allow regulatory investigation where and when necessary.

Source: FAO. 2005. Codex codes of hygienic practice: Meat, Rome

36 ■ ihr eun ad nbig access enabling and returns higher obtaining portfolio, product farmer’s small-scale the increasing products, diverse many into processed be can pork Importantly period. slaughter the above and over meat of supply a disposal at have to family farm the enabling as well as period longer a over sales for a provide for time, kept longer be to pork enables and storage of form a is Processing goat. such as that of beef, poultry, lamb and meat other than quicker deteriorates meat pork it Commonly available. is consumed slaughter not deteriorates quickly if after no refrigeration if immediately and perishable highly product a is meat Pork (Photo byO. Argenti) FIGURE 19

Processing Dried porkskinsforsaleinamarketMexico the finalproduct. normally on depending months, many take can which ripening, in when processing management careful importantly and complex more require and cooked and cured be can Hams ripened. and fermented be also can Sausages cured. or consumption) to be prior cooked be to (need can fresh either they and process complex more slightly a to dry.require Sausages salt sun the a in left in then and set solution is pork example for where drying, is processing simplest The hams. to sausages through pork, diverse consumer tastes. markets fulfilling importantly destination and different to ok rdcs ag fo dried from range products Pork 37

Pigs for prosperity Setting up a kitchen processing skills and training needs; and credit. operation or a more formal small- The overall costs of the operation scale processing operation on- needs to be compared to the expected farm requires careful assessment prices received and profitability of various matters. The first issue evaluations made. to address is market demand for Hygiene in pork processing is of the intended processed product paramount importance and commonly and importantly prices and is regulated by compulsory national quantities required. Once this has legislation. It is essential that hygiene been ascertained it is important to is up held at slaughter, in meat cutting, verify the supply side of matters: handling and transport as well as with quantities of pork meat available for any possible additives that may be processing; equipment required, as used, for example spices. Hygiene well as their cost, and maintenance and safety schemes in processing costs; other raw materials needed, have been developed, yet their such as salt, spices and herbs; implementation is often challenging hygiene measures that are required; for small-scale on-farm operations.

FIGURE 20 Making sausages (Photo: FAO/18339/ P. Cenini)

38 ■ and fighting, suffocate if packed too if packed suffocate fighting, and trampling from injuries suffer can pigs transport During income. of loss and meat quality poor in result inevitably journey. the of duration the and day the during occur will it when of terms in planned be to needs Transport occur. not does income of loss and upheld is quality that ensure importantly but market, to is products pig and pigs move to only not transport of objective overall The costly most activities. marketing all the of component be can Transport farm. on buy who traders rural for as well market as farmers small-scale in for access factor key a is Transport (Photo: bycourtesyInternationalLivestock Research Institute) FIGURE 21

Poorly transported animals animals transported Poorly Transport Transport oflivepigs inMongolia which do not require refrigerated refrigerated require transport. not do which sausages, cured then refrigeration no is there if transport faster require will sausages are fresh example transport for required, of type of and speeds transport differing nature, their depending on products pork processed to regard With slaughter. of point of product vicinity the in markets of in sold be must risk the deterioration will increase, or pork meat as markets, destination to consignment quick provide for must either transport hence available, always not is this However required. is transport refrigerated meat dehydration andstress. exhaustion, stroke, heat have tightly, In transporting carcasses and pork pork and carcasses transporting In 39

Pigs for prosperity ■ Production and marketing functions must be well designed and associations carried out. Organizations also need Small-scale pig farmers commonly to be managed appropriately to be benefit from joining together into successful and provide the intended organizations that combine their benefits. Importantly the rights and production and/or marketing responsibilities of all members need resources and capacities. By to be spelled out clearly as well as the associating together small-scale role each member needs to cover. farmers can increase their income and efficiency. Organizations can ■ Building trust and linkages range from informal arrangements Buyers need to trust small-scale to fully registered and recognised farmers and small-scale farmers cooperatives and associations. need to trust buyers. On the one Collective action commonly hand buyers need to be assured that brings about several advantages: whatever pig product they are buying collective bargaining; increases in is of quality and will live up to their business opportunities; an increase in expectations. On the other hand production and marketing activities; farmers need to know that they will more reliability in constant supplies get paid for their efforts in providing and in quality; lower costs in pig products. In this regard trust and transport and processing; improved linkages between small-scale farmers access to credit; more opportunities and buyers need to be supported by to receive training as groups can be promoting and improving marketing trained at a lower costs; and new as well as making the supply chain skills are developed among farmers more transparent and easy for both as a result of shared information and farmers and buyers to understand. knowledge. Typically traders (middle men) are Organizing pig farmers into an seen as people who take advantage association needs to be based on both of farmers and of consumers. specific objectives and goals. For However traders in marketing channels example an organization can be perform a number of operations set up to provide veterinary, credit that are important and contribute to and transport services. Importantly providing consumers with food and the organization must not have too farmers with income. For example many goals and objectives and its traders collect pig products from

40 promoted and encouraged and this this contributes tobuildingtrust. and encouraged and promoted be to need also channels marketing in Traders fed. be not would consumers farmers traders, would not be able to make a living and Without forth. and so them, sell to which in find markets products, physical these the of organize distribution area, an in farms small-scale distributed widely producers (Costales larger do than marketing and production pig to related costs transaction the of impact year. Despite this, however, per the hogs smaller scale slaughter producers 200 bear to more greatly 20 the least adverse at of average an grow and oriented market- fact, in are They production. pig from profits earning in farms larger as efficient as be to manage can they i.e., competitive, quite actually are ‘backyard’producers as labelled smallholders who are perceived to employ backward technology by virtue of their being However, 2002). San & (Sovann farmers small-scale for deterrents major are prices, marketing outlets, and limited market information, coupled with the lack of guaranteed Pig farmers are often price takers but not price makers (Lapar sell pigsorpigproducts. in general has no organized market or auctioning system for smallholders who want to that restraints region pigs. The their for price market as fair a getting from smallholders remote prevent serve lorries refrigerated of absence the and information, market asthe inaccessible fares, transport such high control, disease factors of result a as Certain movement restricted certificates. quarantine health and license for a paperwork, of example, load a obtain to have and provinces or villages other in pigs their sell usually Nam Viet and Republic Democratic People’s Lao in Smallholders 2004). keepers sell their pigs either to traders or traders, slaughterers, namely,or directly components, to (Lapar retailers consumers and four slaughterers, (Knipps, wholesalers, includes pigs for system marketing overall The CASE STUDY 11 Development, Vol.3, Nos.1&2 in Cambodia,Laos,Philippines,andVietnam: A review, Asian Journalof Agriculture and Source: Huynh,T.T.T., Aarnink, A.J.A., Drucker, A. &Verstegen, M.W.A. 2006.Pigproduction et al.,2006). and Viet Nam Marketing inLaoPeople’s DemocraticRepublic ■ rae te eun te oe the more the returns the greater the competitive: enterprise tomaking pig the contribute also Profits family. farm the for money have enough and it ameliorate enterprise, has enough money to re-invest in the a farmer that ensure Profits profits. requires activity livelihood Aviable

, 2003; Knipps 2004). Village pig Village 2004). Knipps 2003; et al., enterprise Sustainable business et al., 2003). Insufficient 41

Pigs for prosperity farmer will be willing to become It is important to note that more skilled in production and improved prices on current quantities marketing. Moreover if farmers sold have a greater impact on understand that marketing quality profitability then increases in yield pig products brings higher of pig enterprises. Simply increasing prices and makes products more production without additional sales competitive, the more small-scale being made is a perilous situation farmers will be inclined to provide as it can create a reduction in price. quality pig products. Further However this situation shows improved production and marketing that improved marketing skills skills reduce costs and consequently are required along side improved increase profits. production skills and knowledge.

42 ■ nutilzd rdcin settings production of industrialized development the undermining without assurance, quality product and develop local markets with adequate strengthen policies producer Pro-small-scale countries. many of sector approaches the in succeeded have Similar secure support more livelihoods. in result institutionalised structures with that along standards farmers small-scale consider of development The and sector. – uncontrolled informal therefore the in formalised remain them to more forces and chain of marketing type access any to farmers small-scale bottleneck for the often is of standards role safety food and The health production, farming. pig small- scale for required practicalities and necessities needs, the consider not do commonly that regulations safety food of question the also is There chains. supply formal more for which, in participate to ability the example among problems, series a of entails pig This small-scale enterprises. support can that initiatives pro-poor lacking is today found legislation of majority The Support servicestopromote pigenterprises

Legislation from inputsupplierstolarge retailers. ranging sector, the in stakeholders all include to needs plan a such though Importantly example. an is sector pig at promoting a sustainable small-scale aiming plan development agricultural national A services. training as as well institutions credit sector private of facilitation trade, tenure, land aspects as legislative such at looking enterprises in rural areas. This requires pig and livestock of that particular in developing the agricultural sector and at aimed acts legislative specific but be applied on an overall national level, to needs only not This environment. business enabling an provides words that facilitates doing business, in other destination markets. different target usually they since ■ production of safe pork and pork pork increased and work extension agricultural products, pork to safe of lead production that practices husbandry overall improve to In systems. farming impact small-scale positive on a have to meant is services, are essential if pig production service private public encouraging as well as sector, the in Investments

There is also a need for legislation legislation for need a also is There Extension services 43

Pigs for prosperity needs to be supported. The service farmers know about marketing, provided in this field must assure understand their local markets and knowledge transfer on good pig are able to sell their pig products. production practices adequate to local Further small-scale farmers need to settings. Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) know how to calculate costs, estimate have been developed for livestock yields and evaluate potential profit, and have provided for successful this requiring knowledge about knowledge transfer on production business practices, such as keeping matters. The method developed by farm records, cash flow, gross FAO is based on a ‘learning-by-doing’ margin, etc. Additionally, extension approach where small-scale farmers needs to contribute to improving learn directly from field experience. overall pig health as well as hygiene Extension needs to combine and safety issues related to pork production knowledge and skills products. With appropriate training importantly with training in marketing small-scale farmers learn about and other business skills. Sustainable safe and hygienic practices in pig pig enterprises can only be started production, but also and importantly if there is a market for pig products that prevention is better than curing and it can only prosper if small-scale sick animals.

FIGURE 22 Trainers in a tribal village of Assam State, India,during training on pig production (Photo: by courtesy International Livestock Research Institute/ D. Rameswar)

44 ■ eeiay evcs n remote in of services coverage veterinary the Clearly with them. familiarity services, importantly veterinary but to small-scale of farmers behalf on access local in arecommunities. This enables not only embedded they as commonly reference of areas local their in training preventive effective pig deliver basic can care, in health trained who been Para-vets, have services. based pharmacy- and para-vets health workers, animal the community as of well use as involved, be can services Private services. required the deliver to unable country,are a within districts veterinary regional example for approach, top-down a provide that which services be years, veterinary the over noted, can been has It enterprises. pig to services delivered which in veterinary ways many are There to encouraging farmerassociations. and improvements, to marketing credit, of availability feed, of sector supply input to sectors, pig related and the in opportunities challenges and ascertaining from enterprises pig range can This areas. of many covers realm the in farmers small-scale supporting in

Veterinary services The role of the extension worker rnpr ad nrae animal increased welfare. animal and live of transport reduction the to contributes also facilities slaughter adequate Promoting chain. the supply along as well as level farmer at livelihoods support and can develop market a local gain confidence this in With markets. local in build inconsumers and trust and confidence safety levels, minimal food at increase kept be sector can meat informal the manner this In inspections. meat adequate providing operations slaughter and facilities slaughter industrialized the non- control to needs sector health, public public supporting of large- threatening scale producers’ interests. without time without samethe at and marginalisingthem producers small-scale with co-existence the permit that schemes health animal out work to pig have authorities veterinary industrialized sector, large-scale a for livestockproduction. anyway required structure support services fall The under the more general not setup. pig-specific do a require services such However challenging. is prices acceptable at medicine and vaccines like inputs veterinary to access the and areas In order to fulfil its mandate its fulfil to order In of presence the with Further 45

Pigs for prosperity FIGURE 23 In Honduras an extension worker teaching farmers how to vaccinate pigs (Photo: FAO/18897/ G. Bizzarri)

■ Financial services animals to beneficiaries that have Small-scale pig farmers often fail to pass on the female offspring to to move from subsistence to market other beneficiaries, as successfully oriented production because they do performed in the dairy sector, has not have access to financial services. shown to be a viable tool to promote The public sector needs to promote small-scale pig production. and create an enabling environment that allows financial institutions to ■ Input supply chains provide credit profitably even to An enabling business environment small-scale pig farmers. In parallel needs to be in place to assist input to this saving programmes need to be suppliers that are required for pig promoted. This will relieve livestock enterprises. Inputs for pig enterprises from being used as a ‘savings are feed, medicines, and equipment account’ and producers will develop a for slaughtering and processing, clearer focus on productivity of their for example. These can be found business and the respective marketing locally, most often, and feed is one options. Further to overcome capital of the paramount inputs. Suppliers constraints in the start-up phase, a need to be encouraged also to serve scheme of providing pregnant female small-scale farmers and not only

46 ■ pig sectorcompletely. local the of driven out be or feed resources to revert either and practices production improved of out driven feeds suffer the most and may well be to basis regular a on access have not do who afford and prices feed cannot increasing who Small- required. farmers is scale prices fair at mixing on-farm for components feed or the feeds concentrate of successfully, availability production pig organizations. industrialized large-scale on focus farmers have difficulty in entering in difficulty have farmers small-scale often Very enterprises. important element for small-scale pig value high feeds andinputs. to access limited with producers small-scale for demanding too be would alone material genetic to access hand, other the On basis. into profitable a on taken chain marketing this be cannot and criteria Usually, native breeds chain. do not meet the required marketing their in incorporate can they quality meat of window narrow very a have markets industrialized export and urban at aiming holdings pig Large in often used production. material is genetic constraint the biggest The

n re t pooe small-scale promote to order In rmtn mre lnae i an is linkages market Promoting Access tomarkets ■ markets. to allow small-scale farmers to access way another yet is sector private the as well by run as especially services, transport transport, of to terms in access infrastructure, Importantly markets. farmers’ supporting small-scale of method effective an also related is public general the to its benefits and of consumption Promotion pork markets. to access etc., are also another way of enabling information, transport mechanisms, transaction requirements, quality and prices provide opportunities, on information that services information to fail Market benefit. pro-poor clear a have might contract of types the since care with treated be to has but countries many in implemented been has tool This markets. to in participate farmers small-scale allows that market access. enabling of way effective one be can like the and associations Supporting commodity organizations, this. farmers’ in supported to need be and chains supply formal inputs for pig enterprises to reach enabling rural for importantly but issues, marketing to related only not is This enterprises. pig for element critical a are infrastructure its and Transport

otat amn i oe model one is farming Contract Transport 47

Pigs for prosperity and remote areas. Local transport market development and voice system may or may not be adequate their concerns and proposals in for supporting pig enterprises, and a more holistic manner. On a this commonly requires the use of national basis these activities refrigerated transport for pork as well should be supported by an umbrella as vehicles that are apt to transport organization like a national pork small livestock. Encouraging and (or meat) association that assures promoting the private sector in the different stakeholders are heard furnishing transport services is within decision-making processes important and can become a viable influencing the sector. The business also for small-scale farmers composition of such national (or (see FAO Diversification booklet even regional) umbrella organization No.10 Rural transport and traction needs to represent stakeholders of enterprises for improved livelihoods). all scales of production and trade and can therefore play an essential ■ Organizational options and part in assuring co-existence. gender A particular focus needs to Promoting and facilitating producer be given to gender issues when and marketing organizations is promoting small-scale framer beneficial for small-scale pig organization. Women are commonly enterprises. They provide a number responsible for pig production, of advantages that cannot be but may face cultural and social underestimated at policy level. barriers affecting their participation Importantly it gives them voice in commercial matters. Women’s and enables them to tackle complex groups can provide a wide range of formal supply chains and distant benefits that can help them not only national markets, among many of improve production know-how, but the advantages such organizations importantly also marketing know- provide. how. Further commodity associations that include all interested parties in a supply chain, farmers, processors and retailers (butchers, supermarkets, etc.), can elaborate their interests and contribute to

48 ■ structures are required at once and and can bedevelopedalongthe way. once at required are structures the outweigh supportive all not Importantly far costs. returns development the on and effect term long positive a has production of form this high, seem may etc., infrastructure, training, veterinary services, transport and extension support example for structures, on Even spending initial enterprises. though livestock to other compared fast relatively and returns low are farmers small-scale of livelihoods the diversify to way a as production pig start to Investments Easy entrywithfastreturns or breast-feedingwomen. pregnant and children for insecure especially food importance high of be can this In areas diet. amore balanced to significantly therefore contribute the can of and population diet rural and the in elements vitamins trace the minerals, animal value protein; increases high of availability production Pig diet Adding nutritionalvaluetothe

Opportunities Opportunities andchallenges or commercial firms and provide and fattening services. firms commercial / and or breeding farmers specialized leave more to also Small-scale can them. farmers sell and fatten them piglets, own farmers their breed can small-scale example a offerFor Pigs opportunities. and area. options of variety the in found resources and assets available the on based be and conditions local with well selected cope to need diversification for practices production Pig types ofproduction Diversifying through different a in markets. of members actively participating by community respected be them to allow and livelihoods andtheir improve to marginalized people underprivileged a for has It potential society. of to members is open all This option shrubs. diversification crop as such value, commercial otherwise little have or ‘lost’ would be that resources farm of value make to potential the a has it start as production pig to small-scale needed are inputs Few Everybody canjoinin 49

Pigs for prosperity CASE STUDY 12 Pig rearing in India

Mr Chandra Mohan Boro, a progressive pig farmer from Dumukhi Jal Juri Village, Howraghat has a Large Black breeding unit of three sows and one boar. Pig rearing is the primary source of livelihood for his family of five. The income maintains his family and, during the last five years, he has bought 1 ha of cultivable land and a rice huller mill. He weans his piglets at one to one and half months of age in response to the high demand for piglets in the village. On many occasions he is paid in advance for the piglets. He also gets income from providing his boar for mating neighbours’ sows.

Source: Deka , R., Thrope, W., Lucila Lapar, M. & Kumar, A.2007. Assam’s pig sub-sector: current status, constraints and opportunities, ILRI, New Dehli

A more socially oriented optimized nutrient flow within community level diversification a farming system to increase its in pig enterprises can be found in productivity. A small number of harmonious village communities. In pigs are kept in the vicinity of a fish these settings different steps of pig pond and the manure is used to either production can be performed in a directly feed the fish kept in the pond joint effort. Keeping boars used for or to fertilize the pond and increase mating can be the separate activity of the growth of algae the fish can feed one group of community members; on. reproductive sows and their offspring a second group of community members Peri-urban production and a third group can raise the animals The ability of pigs to feed on until they reach market/slaughter leftovers and by-products make weight. This way all community them suitable for landless production members have only a limited number systems in peri-urban areas where of animals they have to take care of the producer can be linked to larger but can, as a group, influence all steps markets. With this characteristic it from breeding to fattening. becomes an interesting option for diversification for communities Enterprise integration: pig- with little access to land. Landless aquaculture production does require adequate The combination of pig husbandry manure management if droppings and aquaculture is very common in cannot be used in vegetable gardens some parts of Asia. This integration or similar settings in order to avoid of enterprises is an example of pollution.

50 ■ assessed be carefully beforesuchstepsaretaken. to market need therefore opportunities and further investments requires usually Processing margins. profit raise significantly can and commodity the to value adds this slaughter all, After chains. cold functioning and beyond available animal make protein and can shelf-life it extend but chain, food the enter not otherwise would that tissues animal of processing contribute to the integration does only Not settings. small-scale even in achieved be can and producer the to benefits livestock of series a brings parts edible of processing The supply chain Processing –movingonalong the cl lvl s o te ot complex most the not is level scale Even thoughpigproduction atsmall- Technical know-howandtraining

biosecurity practicesinMadagascar, Cirad Source: Porphyre, V., Costard, S.&Messad,2010.Regionaldifferences inmanagement and not asourceofenvironmentalpollution. the highest yields of fish and pig effluents are thus gives considered as combination a realpigs-fish by-product and This pond. the in environments trophic different use that (Cyprinus carpio fishes. in anoxia or pollution ( carp Grass are species fish water traditional The risking without carps the nourish and pond the local Vietnamese in sao unit); this (1 ratio of m² 60 pigs 360 raised per of hectare of pond ponds brings fish enough nitrogen small to fertilize a of edge the on building a in Mrs Van Thi Viet lives in the Red River Delta in northern Viet Nam. She raises two pigs CASE STUDY 13 Challenges ) and various other fishes other various and (Hypophtalmichthys molitrix) carp Silver ), Pigs andfarmpondsinViet Nam Ctenopharyngodon idella nie h diy etr the crucial sector, shows pork dairy commodity the Unlike Market access and overallruraldevelopment. the livelihoods of small-scale farmers potential contribution of this sector to and actual the of knowledge sound small-scale farmers must be based on of investments private of promotion the as well as development market assessed pig in been investments Public properly. have outlook and situation market the if recommended Promoting pig production can only be Market knowledge contributing topovertyalleviation. from enterprise an such preventing rural needs to be seen as a gap major constraint in knowledge This available communities. not often technical and crucial is basics the the on knowledge activity, farming ), Common carp ), Common 51

Pigs for prosperity differences between what the small- to take into consideration such scale sector usually produces and aspects and need to deal with the what the extremely specialized particularities involved. urban/international markets demand. The ability to deliver the required Resource availability product quality of growing markets is Except for the no-input production defined by the genetic material used systems, where pigs roam freely and in production, but this material is too receive little to no attention, all forms input-intensive for the vast majority of pig production require resources of small-scale producers. This major and at least minimal investments. constraint needs to be tackled either Access to financial resources as by enabling small-scale farmers to well as access to adequate feed participate in the more demanding and water forms the fundamental production process of urban pork pillars for successful small-scale pig markets or by strengthening local production. markets with the promotion of consumption patterns these farmers Supportive structures can cope with. There is also the Pig production requires essential potential of improving local , supportive structures like most provided that they are feasibly agricultural systems. Research adaptable. and development needs to fill the region-specific knowledge gaps that Quality and safety at smallholder can help to make this enterprise level beneficial for rural communities. This is another challenge and has At the same time the public sector to be overcome for small-scale pig must fulfil its role in supporting and enterprises to develop and prosper. regulating the market and prevent Quality criteria, food safety and an overall of the large- hygiene are all issues which scale industrialized pig production small-scale farmers find difficult sector. to address when confronted with standards and regulations developed for large-scale and more industrially developed pig organizations. Regulations devoted to the small-scale sector need

52 FAO. FAO. 2008.Abattoir development, optionsand designs forhygienicbasic development, DFID. 2003.Guidetoruraleconomicandenterprise Deka ,R.,Thrope,W.,Lucila Lapar,M.&Kumar,A. Ajala, M.K.&Adesehinwa,A.O.K. Ajala, M.K.,Adesehinwa, A.O.K. & Mohammed,A.K.2007. FAO. 2009b. Farm ponds for water, fish and livelihoods, by J.W. Miller, industry, feed the in practices Good 2010. FAO. FAO. 2009a.Ruraltransportand traction enterprisesforimproved the Pacific,Bangkok. producers, Pacific, Bangkok. and mediumsizedabattoirs, sub-sector: currentstatus,constraintsandopportunities, Central EuropeanAgriculture participants inpigmarketingthenorthernpartofNigeria, and EnvironmentalScience area ofKadunaState, Characteristics ofsmallholderpigproductioninsouthernKaduna FAO Diversificationbooklet FAO, GTZ,CTA,Eschborn. booklet livelihoods, by P. Crossley, T Chamen & J. Kienzle, FAO Diversification production healthmanualNo.9,Rome. No.10,Rome. 2007a. by G. Heinz & P. Hautzinger, Regional office for Asia and Asia for office Regional Hautzinger, P. & Heinz G. by Meat processing technology forsmall-to medium-scale Meat processing Selected further reading Nigeria, American-Eurasian Journal ofAgriculture Nigeria, American-Eurasian . by G. Heinz, Regional office for Asia and the No.13,Rome. . 2007. Roles and efficiency of efficiency and Roles 2007. ILRI,NewDehli. FAO Animal and FAO 2007. Assam’s pig Journal of DFID, 53

Pigs for prosperity FAO. 2007b. Farm Management and planning in Africa, Rome.

FAO. 2006. Farm Management and planning in Asia, Rome.

FAO. 2005a. Talking about money, by J. Heney, Rome.

FAO. 2005b. Codex codes of hygienic practice: Meat, Rome.

FAO. 2004a. Good practices for the , FAO Animal and production health manual No. 2, Rome.

FAO. 2004b. Farm management and planning in the , Rome.

FAO. 2001a. Guidelines for the humane, handling, transport and slaughter of livestock, by P.G. Chambers & T. Grandin, Regional office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok.

FAO. 2001b. Manual of African swine fever for pig producers, Rome.

FAO. 2000a. Manual on meat inspection for developing countries, by D. Herenda, FAO Animal production and health paper No. 119, Rome.

FAO. 2000b. Understanding and using market information, by A.W. , FAO Marketing Extension Guide No.2, Rome.

FAO. 2000c. Enahncing farmers’ financial management skills, by J. Heney, Agricultural Finance Revisited No.6, Rome.

FAO. 1998. Food quality and safety systems - A training manual on food hygiene and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) System, Rome.

FAO. 1997a. Feeding pigs in the tropics, by R. Pérez, FAO Animal production and health paper No. 132, Rome.

54 1991b. Manual on meat cold store operation and management, and operation store cold meat on Manual 1991b. FAO. FAO. 1991a.Guidelinesforslaughtering,meatcutting andfurther FAO. 1992. Meat and meat products in human nutrition in developing by them, calculate to how and costs marketing to guide A 1993. FAO. FAO. FAO. 1994c.Managementofruralincome-generatingactivities,Rome. FAO. 1994b.Thegrouppromoter’sresourcebook,Rome. FAO. 1994a.Amanualfortheprimaryanimalhealthcareworker,Rome. FAO. 1995.Thegroupenterprisebook,Rome. FAO. 1997d. I.M. by FAO. 1997c.Agriculturalandfoodmarketingmanagement, FAO. 1997b. 90 Mna o sml mtos f et preservation, meat of methods simple on Manual 1990. FAO. by G. Cano-Muñoz, G. by processing, FAOAnimalandproductionhealthpaper No.91,Rome. countries, byA.Bender,FoodandnutritionpaperNo.53,Rome. A.W. Shepherd,FAOMarketingExtensionGuide,Rome. R. Meijernik,Rome. Crawford, AGSMarketingandAgribusinessText,Vol.4,Rome. Crawford, AGSMarketingandAgribusinessText,Vol.2,Rome. services withreferencetoAfrica, Rome. Animal productionandhealth paperNo.79,Rome. 1994d. Principles for rationaldeliveryofpublicandprivateveterinary Principles Simple bookkeeping and businessmanagementskills, Marketing research and information systems, and Marketing research FAO AnimalandproductionhealthpaperNo.92, Rome. y I.M. by FAO by 55

Pigs for prosperity FAO, OIE & WB. 2010. Good practices for biosecurity in the pig sector – issues and options in developing and transition countries, FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 169, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Organisation for Animal Health, World Bank, Rome.

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Holness, D.H. 1991. Pigs, Macmillan.

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56 http://www.aasv.org/ The American Association ofswineveterinarians countries developing http://pigtrop.cirad.fr/home in production pig (CIRAD) about center Information http://www.ilri.org/ International LivestockResearch Institute(ILRI) http://www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/foodcontrol_assurance_en.asp Nutrition andconsumerprotection http://www.fao.org/prods/gap/index_en.htm Good agriculturalpractices(GAP) http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/animal-welfare/en/ FAO Animal welfareweb-portal http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/en/index.htm FAO Animal productionandhealthdivision http://dad.fao.org\ Domestic animaldiversityinformationsystem(DAD-IS): Food and Agriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO) Sources offurther information and support 57

Pigs for prosperity The pig Site – the website for the global pig industry http://www.thepigsite.com/

Pig Progress – portal on global pig production http://www.pigprogress.net/

Pig 333, Pig to Pork http://www.pig333.com/home/

58 Notes

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ISBN 978-92-5-107068-0 ISSN 1810-0775

9 789251 070680 I2471E/1/11.11