August 25&27- 2020

● Hue, Value, Chroma -asked repeatedly ● Reversible & irreversible symptoms treatment repeatedly asked ● Flaps in detail ● Picture - ear lobe, geographic , class 2 ● ● ● Hyoid bone ● U shaped process - zygomatic process ● 50- 60;ques from Danman ☺

1. Pt has no symptoms but lingering pain- Irreversible Pulpitis ​ 2. Pain without lingering - Reversible pulpitis ​ 3. Apexogenesis - vital tooth open apex / root formation ( asked many times ) ​ ​ ​ 4. Apexification- non vital tooth / open ​ 5. senile caries- recession / ​ 6. Pins - 1 pin per line angle ​ 7. Drug used to tx ventricular arrhythmia- Lidocaine ( dec cardiac excitability) ​ ​ ​ 8. How to prevent penumbra- decrease object film distance ​ 9. Pear shaped bur- 329 ​ 10. Extrapyramidal syndrome (act on Basal ganglion) - phenothiazine ​ 11. What annual screening is mandated for healthcare workers? TB test ​ 12. Cause of peg lateral - all weird options ● due to central incisors ● impacted canine ● undeveloped laterals ??? ​ 13. What surgical guide doesn't decide on an implant ? ● Number of implants ● Location of implants ● Size ● Angulation 14. Where would you not placed Implant - ● elderly pt ● edentulous pt ● maxillary ant (in this failure chances are more not like we don’t put implant ) ● adolescent pt - I choose adolescents as the bone is still growing ; still check this ​ 15. Which drug is used to increase saliva flow or xerostomia? A. Atropine B. Pilocarpine C. Scopolamine d propantheline ​ ​ 16. Minimum distance from implant to tooth should be? A. 1mm B. 1.5 mm C. 3 mm (this is for implant to implant) D. 4mm 17. Distance between implant and inferior alveolar nerve - 2mm ​ 18. In steam sterilization, which microorganism is difficult to kill? ● A. Tuberculosis ● B. Hep B ● C. HIV ● D. Bacillus if not in option then mycobacterium ​ 19. Not to put in autoclave - solid metal container ​ 20. How to clean dental chairs - spray disinfectant and wipe after 10 min ​ 21. Sterilisation of plastic instrument - in glutaraldehyde 2% ​ 22. Most commonly associated with dysplastic cells? ​ 23. common in children’s - Marginal gingivitis ​ 24. One tablespoon - 15 ml ​ 25. Kaposi Sarcoma - associated with HIV but caused by HHV ​ 26. Which benign epithelial tumour has a Cauliflower appearance - Papilloma ​ ​ ​ 27. Best Graft - Autogenous & alloplastic ​ ● Best material - FREEZE dried bone - it contain BMP( bone morphogenic protein ​ ​ ​ ​ ) ● Which hormone used in bone graft - BMP ● Graft causes bone growth - Osteoinductive ​ 28. Bone loss caused by - IL1 ​ 29. Efficacy - Effect ​ 30. Onset- pKa ​ 31. From Ant to post = lingual nerve-IAN- IAA- lingual artery ​ 32. PICO= O stands for outcome ​ ● population Intervention Comparison outcome 33. Light cured initiator = camphorquinone ​ 34. Chemically cured - benzoyl Peroxide ​ 35. Pain in the Ears due to- Mandibular molars ​ 36. is common in = Wharton's duct & ​ 37. CT that causes pseudoepithelial hyperplasia = Granuloma ​ 38. What lesion is localized, not dysplastic nor inflammatory, or metaplastic or reactive = ​ ​ Idiopathic osteosclerosis with pic 39. 16 yr old girl with ectopic canines. What else do you see = Gingival recession ​ 40. Most danger to operator on an x-ray room comes from = Scatter from patient’s face/ ​ body 41. During closure of , what is least important = Relaxation of lateral pterygoid ​ 42. Which is NOT related to bacteria = ​ ​ ​ 43. What will allow complete passage of transillumination = Craze lines ​ 44. Percussion test = PDL inflammation / Symptomatic apical periodontitis ​ 45. Tooth least commonly involved in fracture = Mandibular premolars ​ 46. Prio problem more in - Maxillary Molars ​ 47. Conscious sedation. Which reflex = Verbal response to preserve ​ 48. Mode of action of Montelukast = Inhibition of Leukotrienes (used for asthma and ​ seasonal allergies) 49. Common feature of cleidocranial dysplasia = delayed eruption and supernumerary ​ teeth 50. Gingivoplasty can be done in = ANUG ​ ​ ​ 51. causes = widening of PDL ​ 52. Methotrexate for Rheumatoid arthritis = Thrombocytopenia ​ 53. Ectodermal dysplasia = Oligodontia and ​ 54. Indication for nitrous oxide sedation = Anxiety ​ ● Contraindication in - * COPD * 1st trimester of pregnancy * nasal congestion *Ear infection ● NO2 overdose- nausea ​ 55. What will be the treatment of dentigerous = Marsupialization ​ ***Enucleation is contraindicated 56. Collimation = Restricts the dimensions/ exposure of the x-ray beam ​ 57. What systemic condition associated with endocarditis and glomerulonephritis = SLE ( ​ butterfly rashes on the face ) 58. The procedure of apical closure in permanent immature non vital tooth is = ​ ​ ​ ​ Apexification 59. Modeling for fearful child: Show him the procedure in non-fearful child ​ 60. Indication for dual cure cement = Large posterior cavities or crowns ​ 61. Most commonly associated with dysplastic cells / dysplasia =Erythroplakia ​ 62. is more common in A. Hispanic male B. Hispanic female C. Black ​ males 63. Medication - [GAS] ● grand mal seizure = Phenytoin/ dilantin ​ ● Petit mal / absence seizure = Ethosuximide and Valproic acid ​ ● Status epilepticus = Diazepam/ Midazolam ​ ● Seizure in kids - FEBRILE ● 64. Hallmark of periradicular abscess = sinus tract drainage ​ 65. both agonist and antagonist properties = Pentazocine ​ 66. Dental lamina is formed at = 6 weeks IU ​ 67. Cleft - 6-9 weeks common in Males ​ 68. Cleft - 8-12 in females ​ 69. there are unerupted teeth,Supernumerary teeth, impacted permanent teeth and saw osteoma also, Wt the diagnosis :A. Ectodermal dysplasia B. C. ​ Gardner's syndrome 70. Brown tumor (Central giant cell granuloma) is associated with ​ HYPERPARATHYROIDISM 71. Pregnant lady cause of hypotension - Inferior Vena Cava IVC ​ 72. Healing Flap by - primary ​ ● Gingivectomy- secondary ​ ​ ● Graft- Tertiary ​ ​ 73. Long acting LA with less toxicity = Bupivacaine ​ 74. Adrenalin crisis = hypotension and cv collapse ​ 75. Thyroid crisis = hypertension and Inc heart rate ​ 76. 15 years old pt with 107 fever, lymphadenopathy, sore , diagnosis A.Primary ​ herpetic gingivostomatitis 77. Maxillary premolar extraction forcep = 150 ​ ​ 78. Mandibular premolar extraction forcep = 151 ​ ​ 79. MOA Doxycycline = If 30s ribosomal /“inhibit collagenase” ​ 80. Increase the Kvp voltage of radiation = Short wavelength and high energy : ​ ​ remember Short 81. what happens when a patient moves during panoramic = Irregular border and vertical ​ line 82. To confirm horizontal fracture = Multiple vertical angulated radiographs ​ 83. Amalgam waste is regulated by = ADA ​ 84. Waste regulation inside dental offices ? OSHA,( Transportation EPA, amalgam ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ waste ADA) ​ 85. Reason for Replace the whole composite restoration = Discolouration ​ 86. Oral Hairy = Epstein Barr Virus ​ 87. Condyloma acuminata is caused by = Human Papilloma Virus ​ 88. Home internal bleach causes mostly = External root resorption ​ 89. Treatment without consent form =Battery ​ 90. Amphetamine = Psychostimulant, increases the release of dopamine and NE in the ​ brain. Used for the treatment of ADHD. ​ ● ADHD: More common in boys. If a kid is taking amphetamine, tell him not to take the medicine before dental appointment. 91. The drug contraindicated in pt taking ginkgo biloba = Heparin/ Aspirin ​ 92. Proscar & Saw Palmetto - BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia ​ ● St. John’s - used to treat mental depression 93. Red Complex bacteria = P. gingivalis, T. denticola, & Tannerella forsythia (formerly ​ Bacteroides forsythus) 94. Pregnant gingivitis due to which hormone = progesterone ​ 95. Critical pH for enamel - 5.5 ​ 96. Which muscle is pierced during IAN block = buccinator & medial pterygoid ​ 97. In mandible distobuccal of denture - Masseter muscle ​ ● Distolingual - mylohyoid / superior constrictor muscle ​ 98. Cheek biting occurs due to = insufficient HORIZONTAL overlap in molars ​ 99. Serotonin syndrome = Tramadol (narcotic painkiller like morphine) + SSRI ( in day 2 ​ also) 100. Wavelength of color = Hue ​ ​ 101. Saturation- chrome ​ 102. Add a complementary color - decrease value ​ 103. Flabby tissues in anterior maxilla for a complete denture impression = Passive ​ TWICE 104. X-ray with radiolucent lesion diagnosis: Ameloblastic ​ 105. Capitation is with = Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) ​ 106. Nodule that occur in the alveolar ridge of infants = Bohn’s nodules ​ 107. Nodule occur in the mid palate - Epstein pearl ​ 108. Dens-in-Dente most commonly occurs in = Maxillary lateral incisors ​ 109. Bisphosphonates are NOT used for = Osteomyelitis ​ ● Used in prostate cancer ● Breast cancer 110. PID length changed from 8 inch to 16 inch = 1⁄4 as intense. ​ 111. 40 years old patient bilateral posterior , what would be the way to correct this problem - Surgery ​ 112. Which orthodontic movement doesn’t commonly relapse = Extrusion ​ ​ ​ 113. Which one easily relapse - Rotation ​ 114. Sleep Apnea in detail 115. Pt telling I won't quit smoking? precontemplation TWICE ​ ​ 116. Paresthesia of lip sign of? Malignancy,angle fracture, nerve injury ​ 117. Lee fort1 - Maxillary sinus ​ 118. When a tooth is ankylosed, what type of resorption >Replacement resorption ​ 119. Any Drug reaction in patient - Report to FDA ​ 120. Before a new drug is submitted to FDA, it has to go through? Randomized clinical ​ trial 121. Dementia px has difficulty with? short term memory ​ ● Dementia : Short term memory loss ​ 122. Hormone contraindicated for epinephrine – thyroid ​ 123. Only muscle that opens the mouth? – lateral pterygoid ​ 124. Prevents polymerization – eugenol ​ ● Least effective combination - zinc oxide eugenol and composite (Eugenol will interfere in polymerisation) 125. Chelating agent in endo – EDTA ​ 126. Nuclear plant worker, how much radiation does ur assistant get exposed to compared to him – 1/10 ​ 127. What doesn’t occur in the midline – cleft lip ​ 128. Drug which reverses the action of local anesthesia - Ora verse (Phentolamine) ​ ​ ​ 129. What space infection goes to mediastinum? -Retropharyngeal ​ 130. Ludwig Angina space not include - -Retropharyngeal ​ 131. Implant gives retention, tissue support 132. 6-What do you not do if your crown doesn't fit? Don’t change the cement ratio ​ consistency 133. Which cement is the easiest to remove after procedure? Zinc Phosphate cement ​ 134. Alginate impression in 100% humidity, why will shrinkage occur? Loss of water- ​ Syneresis, 135. What is the point of putting a dowel post on an RCT tooth? ● A-Retain core CORRECT ​ ● B-Ferrule.....Ferrule is for resistance to fracture 136. Early childhood caries affect -> MX Centrals and molars ​ 137. Matrix band can be a problem on which tooth = mesial concavity present on ​ maxillary first premolar & Distal concavity is present on max 1st molar 138. The most stable elastic impression in a moisture environment? ● a. Polyether ● b. Additional silicone/ PVS ​ ● c. Condensation silicone ● d. Polysulfide ● All are hydrophobic except Polyether( hydrophilic & most rigid) ​ ​ 139. Condensation silicone release > Ethyl alcohol ​ ● Polysulfide end product -> water ​ ● Additional silicone & polyether - no end product ​ 140. Least soluble ion - fluorapatite [ reduce the enamel solubility but doesn’t make ​ ​ it harder] ​ 141. Combination syndrome all expt > inc VDO ​ 142. Most associated with candidiasis: B ● A-radiation- vasculitis ● Chemotherapy - thrombocytopenia - Chemotherapy due to ​ ​ immunosuppression 143. Levodopa mode of action ”> Replenish dopa ​ 144. MOA of ibuprofen — reversible on platelets ​ ● aspirin the only one irreversible and rest all reversible on platelets 145. aluminium filter absorbs: Longer wavelength & lower energy ​ ● DD radio part pg- 48 146. Most radioresistant - most resistant muscle if not then nerve ​ 147. In X-ray machine target made up of - Tungsten ​ 148. Sealants - mechanical micro retention binding to tooth IN DETAIL !! Sealants adherence onto tooth mechanism -** In detail 149. Fordyce granules is what? Ectopic sebaceous gland ​ 150. X-ray of Stafne defect- Radiolucency in MD below mandibular Canal ​ 151. Sickle Cell Anemia”> hypoxia & Cold ​ 152. Bell’s Palsy all expect ”> hypersalivation ​ 153. Trigeminal neuralgia ”> carbamazepine ​ 154. Frey’s syndrome - Auriculotemporal nerve innervation on salivary gland. ​ ​ Gustatory sweating 155. Acc to the theory that agonists and antagonists occupy the same receptor site, an ​ ​ effective antagonist should exhibit (TWICE) ​ ​ ● High intrinsic activity and high affinity ● b. Low intrinsic activity and low affinity ● c. High intrinsic activity and low affinity ● d. No intrinsic activity and high affinity ​ 156. Erythroplakia ”> severe dysplasia (premalignant) ​ 157. 1st sign after radiation- Erythema ​ 158. Loss of filiform papillae- Vitamin B & ​ 159. Leukoedema ”-> bilateral (when stretch out white hue disappears ) with Picture ​ ​ 160. Ankylosis > replacement resorption ​ 161. Langerhans cell diseases — eosinophilic granuloma (floating teeth) ​ 162. Gingival recession, other than plaque amount, is related to - Age ​ 163. Perineural invasion is seen in: (ACC) worst prognosis ​ ( Swiss cheese pattern on radio) 164. bucall root of Mandibular 1st molar infection spreads to what space? Submandibular space/buccal space 165. Strawberry tongue is seen in - Scarlet fever (fungiform papillae) is a bacterial ​ infection caused by Group A Streptococcus. 166. Candidiasis in cancer patients due to- Chemotherapy ​ ● Pt has multiple white patches that can be scraped off? Candidiasis ,can be scraped off, is cytology 167. what DMFS stands for Decayed missing filled surface ​ 168. MOST COMMON SITE of Malignant Salivary gland- Parotid gland ​ 169. Reciprocal Arm Tip— middle third (stabilization and rigid ) OR ​ ​ Above the height of contour

● Retentive arm—- cervical third / below the survey line ​ ​ ● Reciprocal Arm should touch the teeth before Retentive 170. Best area to place an implant? Anterior mand ​ 171. Worst/least successful implant placement? MAXILLARY POSTERIOR (lowest ​ ​ quality/density, more trabulation less cortication in maxillary posterior, Type 4) 172. What speed and torque for implant is used? High Torque, slow speed ​ 173. All are symptoms of TFO (trauma from occlusion) on an implant except? Gingivitis ​ ​ ​ 174. Anti retroactive Valve - used in dental office to resist bacteria ( back flow ) ​ 175. Tricyclic antidepressants mainly act on which receptor for depression- serotonin ​ receptor 176. Bypass and nutrition study - cohort TWICE ASKED ​ ​ ​ 177. After injection - Pain> temperature> touch> pressure ​ ● Is recovered in the opposite order 178. Independent: material studied ​ ● Dependent: students results ​ 179. Thrombocytopenia and sickle cell anemia which precipitates this- COLD ​ 180. What resembles an epiphyseal plate? Synchondrosis ​ ​ 181. Spheno-occipital - cartilage ​ 182. Which one is Composite monomer - Dimethacrylate ​ 183. Panic attack means: impeding doom ​ ● Patient who feels he will be doomed has: fear, phobia ​ 184. Mechanism of sulfonylureas: stimulation of pancreatic beta cells to secrete ​ insulin

185. Dentinogénesis Imperfecta not associated with- **Ectodermal dysplasia ● Associated with Ameloblastoma ( double check this !!)

186. Muscle to elevated tongue - styloglossus and palatoglossus ​

187. 188. Nerve supply of tongue

189. Muscle help in Centric relation - Lateral pterygoid ​ 190. Angle of mandible fracture but it’s favourable ( no displacement) = not displaced ​ ​ ​ from its fracture siteIF it’s unfavourable = displaced from site of fracture by Medial ​ ​ ​ Pterygoid muscle 191.Saliva stimulated vs unstimulated ● Stimulated= >1ml/min 1L/ 24hrs (500ml) ● Unstimulated 0.3-0.5ml/min

192. Drugs - Phenytoin,Cyclosporine, Ca channel ​ 193.

● Aphthous - HLA human leukocyte antigen ​

194. In radiograph bone loss is underwent than the actual - means actual bone ​ ​ loss is more than which we see in the radiograph

195. Ques on S sound - used to evaluate VDO ● IF teeth are touching during S sound - due to increase in VDO ​ ● DENTURE CLICKING - becoz VDO is increased & interocclusal distance / ​ freeway space decrease CORRECT IT ✔ ● Cheek biting with denture- inadequate horizontal overjet ​ ● Denture doesn’t fit anymore - *Pagets ds or it could be Acromegaly ​

Extra imp ques

1. I bar direction > gingival mesial ​ ​ 2. Epiphyseal plate histologically what it resembles: Long bone ​ 3. The reversal for Versed? (versed = midazolam) ● A. Naproxen ● B. Flumazenil ​ ● C. Naloxone (for opioids) ● D. Disulfiram (Tx for alcoholics) 4. verruca vulgaris pic – HPV 2,4, skin , pedunculate mass, spread by skin to skin ​ ​ contact, handshakes and hugs 5. Apert syndrome - class III malocclusion v-shaped maxillary arch, long ​ ​ ​ ​ face,anterior open bite, posterior crossbite Mutation in FGFR2, syndactyly ​ ​ ​ ● >Trapezoidal mouth and shovel incisor & Byzantine arch? Apert syndrome ​ 6. when a dentist refers to LA as a pinch juice? Relabeling ​ 7. Periodontal surgery patient, what should you prescribe to clean large embrasures: ​ Floss, ​

8. Bends in ORTHO ● 1st order - horizontal , rotational , bucolic-lingual movements nd ​ ● 2 -​ vertical, tipping ​ ​ ● 3rd - Torque ​

9. Osteosarcoma - uniformed PDL widening doesn't have resorption of angle of ​ ​ ​ mandible & paresthesia and tooth loosening. ​ 10. Scleroderma - Pt has widened PDL space with radiolucency& bilateral resorption of ​ ​ ​ angle of mandible ​ ● Mona-Lisa face, Widening PDL, deposition of collagen in organs lead organ ​ failure,loss of mandibular ramus.

11. Frankl behavior uncooperative = 2 ​

12. Tooth has a large MO cavity, and has some bulging on the crown and doesn't answer to Ept, what is that bulge? Ans dens evagination ​ ● evaginatus : might have pulp along with enamel and ​ ● Invaginatus : usually doesn't have pulp . ​ ● Occur due to defect in IEE 13. too deep into the ​ posterior palatal seal will cause - displacement/ decrease ​ retention. ● Too far/overextending causes gagging. ​ ​ 14. Abrasion is (V shaped) ​ ​ ​ ​ due to aggressively brushing while ● is result of ​ flexure of tooth surface (wedge shape) Asked with picture ​

15. what med for moderate post operative extraction? ​ ​ Mild- Acetaminophen ​ Mod- Ibuprofen Severe- Opioid Pain medication for liver toxicity and renal toxicity = OXYCODONE 15) which one we count as missing or gemination?fusion ​ ​ ​ fuSion - leSS ​ gemination- mOre 16) Hypercalcemia, Hypophospatemia and loss of lamina dura seen in ? hyperparathyroidism ​ ​ 17) Healing -flap- primary healing ​ ● gingivectomy is secondary ● graft- tertiary 18) Asthma constriction of bronchioles or smooth muscle??Technically smooth muscles ​ because for bronchioles to constrict the muscles need to act.

19) Most common cause of breathing difficulty in the dental chair ? asthma ● Difficulty-asthma ​ ● Respiratory Emergency -hyperventilation ● Emergency- Syncope 20) acyclovir moa? - inhibit viral mRna or inhibit dna polymerase ​ ​ ​ 21) Home internal bleach causes mostly = External / cervical root resorption ​ 10% carbide peroxide ( home bleach) 35% hydrogen peroxide (In office)

22) Cellulite- antibiotics ​ Abscess- incision & drainage +antibiotics ​ Sinus tract- just RCT ​ 23) cells in Abscess- PMN ​ Cellulite- lymphocytosis /leukocytosis ​ 24). lip swelling after impressions=angioedema=C1 esterase inhibitor ​ Angioedema is associated with which of the following medications? Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ​ 25) What periodontal disease is not related to bacteria: ​ A. desquamative gingivitis ​ B. periodontitis C. gingivitis D. ANUG Ans- A (Mucocutaneous diseases) desquamative gingivitis extends beyond the marginal gingiva,​ Caused by various autoimmune diseases as well as allergies. Erosive lichen planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, vulgaris, and lupus erythematosus​.

26) Moisture in amalgam decrease: strength ​ Moisture in amalgam: delayed setting expansion ​ 27) What drug given in hirsutism( excessive male hormone- androgens) eflornithine(Vaniqa) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ is a medication used for excessive hair growth on the face in women. 28) Which drug can cause seizures in patients taking Venlafaxine: A. Hydrocodone B. Azithromycin C. Tramadol – ans ​ ​ D. Diclofenac 29) Anti Anxiety in pregnant patient: promethazine ​ Painkiller - acetaminophen ​ ​ ​ 30) Codeine: opioid (mixed with acetaminophen = Tylenol 3, schedule 3), also used to control ​ ​ ​ ​ cough Hydrocodone: opioid (mixed with acetaminophen = Vicodin, Schedule 2 ​ ​ ​

31) stent for palatal flap for what? Preserve from displacement ​ 32) Neostigmine ; Ttx for myasthenia gravis/ Reversible/ Inhibit activity of cholinesterase ​ ​ Tx of Myasthenia gravis: Physostigmine & Pyridostigmine ​ What is contraindicated? erythromycin and aminoglycosides ​ 33) ADHDWhich drug – Amphetamine (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin) ​ 34) GTR best for - GTR best for 3 wall narrow defects and class 2 furcation ​ ​ ​ Class 1 furcation - good prognosis ​ Class 2 furcation – GTR ​ Class 3 furcation ..in maxilla - Root amputation ....in mandible - Hemisection Class 4 ​ ​ furcation – Extract ​ 35) Pain medication for alcoholic - Nsaid or oxycodone ​ ​ ​ Treat alcohol addiction- Disulfiram ​ ​ 36) - we can check if there is no ● Attachment loss & mobility - Prognosis of tooth is good ​ ​ ● Bleeding on probing - periodontal Success ​ ● Plaque - Long term prognosis ​ 37) Which of the following drugs is associated with the reaction of hepatitis? ​ ​ A. Valproic acid B. Quinidine C. Isoniazid D. Ethosuximide 38) Which of the following drugs is associated with the reaction of Stevens-Johnson ​ syndrome A. Valproic acid B . Quinidine C. Allopurinol ​ D. Ethosuximide 39)Auer Rods present in blood - AML( acute myeloid leukaemia) ​ ​ 40) Biotransformation of drug causes – therapeutic active - makes it water soluble (less lipid ​ ​ soluble, more ionized) 41) What happens if penicillin and erythromycin are given together: summation, potentiation, ​ idiosyncrasy Tetracycline cancels out Penicillin Tetracycline - bacteriostatic Penicillin- cidal 42) Antipsychotic with irreversible side effect- ---tardive dyskinesia ​ ​ 43) what is the most definite way to distinguish ameloblastoma from OKC ● a.smear cytology ● b.reactive light microscopy ​ ● c.reflective microscopy 44) which of the following are necessary for a test to be accurate ​ ​ a)specificity b)reliability c)validity ​ 45) A paralyzing dose of succinylcholine initially elicit ​ ​ ​ a. CNS stimulation b. CNS depression c. decreased salivation d. muscle fasciculation ​ e. extrapyramidal reactions 46) When comparing drugs with respect to intensity of response, the drug ​ that produces the greatest maximum effect is the one with the highest Affinity Potency Efficacy Therapeutic index 47) The ratio of the median lethal dose (LD50) to the median effective dose (ED50) is the - ​ Therapeutic index. (TI= LD50/ED50 ) ​ ​ More TI more the drug is safer 51) . Sulfonamides MOA: inhibit folic acid synthesis ​ 52) Arch length measurement : distal to primary 2nd molar, medial to permanent 1st molar ​ 53) What medication you prescribed for stressful patients before the visit: ​ ​ ​ Stress – Lorazepam Anxiety – Diazepam 54)Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome: 3F Facial paralysis, (scrotal tongue), ​ ​ ​ ​ face & lip swelling( granulomatosa), GAY Face 55) Best benzodiazepine for pt with liver cirrhosis: LOT (Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam) ​ ​ ​ due to not being metabolized by liver, so safe in liver failure & have longer duration of action ➢ Best benzo for IV sedation: Midazolam ​ ​ ​

56) Malignant Hyperthermia: tx with Dantrolene ​ ​ ➢ ADHD Kid: Ritalin (methylphenidate hydrochloride) ​ ​ ➢ For Hirsutism: Eflornithine ​ ​ 57) ● Common features of Cleidocranial dysplasia: Retention of primary teeth, ​ Delayed eruption, supernumerary teeth,Absence of Clavicle, hypertelorism ● Treacher Collins syndrome (Mandibulofacial dysostosis): relation to Zygoma , ​ No zygomatic bone ,no Ear lobe , autosomal dominant ● mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome- Neural crest apoptosis, cleft lip, ​ 56) Alpha 1 stimulates: vasoconstriction, mydriasis. [ A C ] ​ Alpha block: vasodilation ➢ Beta stimulates: Increased HR, bronchodilation, vasodilation. ​ Beta blocker: decreases HR, Bronchoconstriction.

57) Penumbra: the fuzzy, unclear area that surrounds a radiographic image ​ • Larger Penumbra: Decreased CONTRAST, Decreased SHARPNESS • Less Penumbra: Increased CONTRAST, Increased SHARPNESS • Reduce Penumbra: decrease object – film distance ​

58) Although the results of a diagnosis test are NOT necessarily accurate, they are consistent. ​ ​ ​ This test has high A- Generalizability B- Specificity C- Reliability D- Validity ## Which of the following indicate the test result accurate? ​ ​ A. Reliability B. Validity ​ 59) Which of the following can have prodromal symptoms which mimic dental pulp pain? ​ ​ Herpes zoster 60) The complement cascade is activated by the? Immune complex ​ ​ 61) Deepest part of occlusal rest for rpd ? b-Fossa ​ ​ 62) Interaction between nitroglycerine and epinephrine. What type of antagonism? A- ​ ​ Physiologic 63) Adrenaline crisis = hypotension and cardiovascular collapse ​ ● Thyroid crisis = hypertension and Inc heart rate ​ 64) less recurrence Rate ​ *Okc - high recurrence ​ *Ameloblastoma *Adenomatoid (never recur) ​ *Compound 65) A dentist will make impressions for a patient who has an excessive salivary flow. To ​ decrease the flow, this dentist might appropriately prescribe which of the following drugs? ​ A- Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) ​ B- Salsalate (Disalcid) C- Pilocarpine (Salagen) D- Neostigmine (Prostigmin)

66) What is not a competitive antagonist? • Epinephrine ( Physiological antagonist ) ( never ​ ​ bind to receptor ) 67) Retention of class 3 comp (Axiogingival and occlusogingival) ​ ● Retention of class 5 composite ( Axiogingival and axioincisal) ​ ​

68) Strength of zirconia is due to- Phase transformation ​ ● The high fracture toughness exhibited by many of zirconia ceramics is attributed to the constraint of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation and its release during ​ ​ crack propagation.

69) Which tissue shows the most growth in the first 6 years and then plateau? A. lymph B. ​ neural ● Maxilla- neural ● Mandible shows- somatic

● 70 ) ● ● ###

● ### Hb A1c levels above 11 - severe diabetes ● ● ###

### ● penicillin allergy which type - Type 1

### ● Sensitivity - disease ● Specificity - without ds

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### DRUGS ● Pilocarpine is not used in pt with- G6PD deficiency ​ Used in - glaucoma & Xerostomia ​ ● Toxicity Benzodiazepine/ Diazepam - flumazenil ● Amantadine = Antiviral & used in Parkinson ● Reverse epinephrine by – Phentolamine ​ ● atropine( used in bradycardia ) and TCA antidote- physostigmine ​ ● Overdose of PRILOCAINE - methemoglobinemia (caused by benzocaine, benzene, ​ nitrites) ● Lidocaine toxicity is due to - - overdose TReatment - Diazepam ● Drug with no inflammatory action - acetaminophen ● Antidote for benzodiazepine overdose Flumazenil (Anexate) ● Antidote for opioids/ narcotics - Naloxone , ● Treat alcohol addiction- Disulfiram ● Antidote of heparin = Protamine sulphate ● Mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics:- Pentazocine & Nalbuphine ​ ● Epinephrine is contra-indicated with = TCA, propranolol, amphetamine, MAO ​ inhibitors, multiple sclerosis , also avoid in Hyperthyroidism- Grave’s dis (All of them) ● In Asthma - avoid NSAIDS & macrolides[ give acetaminophen] ​ ​

● Side Effects of Nitroglycerin

○ ● Kennedy’s classification

NOTES

● Least likely to need BONE GRAFT - 3 walls defect Narrow(because ​ ​ ​​ According to number of walls remaining is the classification made for intrabony defects. ● One wall defect means only one wall is remaining that means you can pass ​ the probe through and through the furcation, 3 walls remaining means good for bone graft)

# ​Orbital hyperTelorism : ● cleidocranial dysplasia , ● Down syndrome , ● Gorlin syndrome , ● Crouzon Syndrome

# Composite ​ ● Bis-GMA diluted with TEGDMA ● Initiator :benzoyl peroxide (self cured) or Diketone/ Camphorquinone (light cured) ​ ​ ● Accelerator: amine ● Opaque filler :titanium oxide(TiO2) Types of composite : They asked ques of hybrid, micro-hybrid, and micro-fill • Basically know that hybrid not good with esthetics and that microfill not good with occlusal wear and strength.

Most stable composite is ? UDMA(if udma not in option then bisgma) ​ ​ TEGDMA: makes a better restoration color TEGDMA = for viscosity and BISGMA - for color

● Thixotropy: ​ (become thinner, less viscous with time ) Viscosity ⬇ as Time ⬆ Ex- impression material

● Rheopectic: Examples of rheopectic fluids include gypsum pastes and printer inks. In the body ​ ​ ​ ​ synovial fluid exhibits the extraordinary property of inverse thixotropy or rheopexy. ​ Viscosity ⬆ as time⬆

# # # # # ● Electrosurgery only - stop capillary bleeding ● Laser or both option - cut tissue if we have bleeding- laser is not our first choice but in cutting it is our first choice

##Bleeding test ● heparin=PTT ● Warfarin & coumadin= PT & INR Warfarin = Coumadin, blood thinner, interfere with the vitamin K factors of the coagulation ● Hemophilia= INR Alcohol= INR ● Aspirin= Bleeding time ● Dicoumarol=PPT INR/ PT = extrinsic pathway is affected by Warfarin/Coumadin PTT = intrinsic pathway is affected by Heparin

# # # # # # # H1 antihistamines are competitive histamine receptor blockers. ​ H1. antihistamines are useful for: 1. Treating dermatologic manifestations of an allergic response.(ex. ​ ​ chlorpheniramine) 2. Preoperative medication for sedation, antiemetic properties, ​ ​ ​ anticholinergic effects. (ex. promethazine) 3. For controlling the symptoms of parkinsonism (ex. diphenhydramine) ​ ​ ​

H2 antihistamines such as cimetidine are used to reduce gastric acid secretion (ex. ​ ​ ​ Cimetidine & Tagamet ).

##Radiographic appearances: 1. Ground Glass appearance--> Fibrous dysplasia 2. Punched out radiolucencies-->Multiple Myeloma 3. Cotton Wool Appearance-->Paget's Dz 4. What disease has the highest chance of turning to malignant? 5. Paget (to osteosarcomas) ​ 6. Snow Appearance--> Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor(CEOT) Aka pindborg tumour - liesegang rings 7. Honeycomb & soap bubble Appearance & Tennis racket - Odontogenic Myxoma [ ​ arise from odontogenic ectomesenchyme - “cortical expansion & root displacement” occur in O.myxoma ] 8. multilocular honeycomb & Soap Bubble Appearance--> Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, , ameloblastoma 9. Scooped out radiolucencies at mid root level--> Histiocytosis X (langerhans cell ​ ​ ds) also Tooth Floating in Air→ Eosinophilic Granuloma ​ ​ 10. Scalloped radiolucencies around the roots of teeth--> Simple bone cyst aka ​ ​ TBC ​ 11. Beaten Metal appearance on the skull-->Crouzon Syndrome 12. Enlarged marrow spaces--> Sickle cell Anemia 13. Widened PDL with dissolving bone--> Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 14. Moth-Eaten radiolucency-->Burkitt lymphoma/ external resorption Starry - sky ​ histological appearance seen in burkitt 15. salt and pepper appearance radiographically-COC 16. GHOST teeth appearance- / odontogenic imperfecta 17. Hair on end (lateral skull apparence ) - sickle cell anaemia, Thalassemia 18. Cherry blossom- Sjogren syndrome 19. Sunburst/ Sunray pattern- Osteosarcoma 20. Swiss cheese like pattern - ACC adenoid cystic carcinoma 21. Onion skin/ rings - Ewing’s Sarcoma, Sialolithiasis & garre’s osteomyelitis 22. sausage link appearance- ​ SIALODOCHITIS: within the gland sausage-link appearance. Sialodochitis (also termed ductal ), is inflammation of the duct system of a salivary gland.

# # # # # # Highest prevalence of caries = Hispanics ​ Highest DMFT = White (caucasian) (highest amount of restored teeth) ​ ​ Highest untreated primary teeth = Hispanic ​ Highest untreated perm teeth = Black (African American) ​ ​ Moderate periodontitis = Black males ( African American) ​ ​ Class II caries = Whites (caucasian) ​ ​ Class III caries = Blacks (African American) ​ ​ Cleft lip/palate w/ Class III occlusion = Native American ​ Cleft lip alone = Asian ​ Cleft lip in USA = 1:700 to 1:800 ​ class 2 malocclusion : whites of northern European descent ​ class 3 malocclusion : Asian ​ Caucasians have more lip cancer while African american have more oropharyngeal carcinoma. Anterior open bite: African American(blacks) ​ ​ Deep bite: cuacasian( whites) ​ Cemento osseous dysplasia - black middle aged women ​

ONCE YOU ARE DONE WITH BASICS READ- DANMAN - STRAWBERRY CANINE - CATERPILLAR - SPEEDO SNAIL - XYLITOL FILES

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