Beyond Nominative: a Broader View of A′-Dependencies in Tagalog

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Beyond Nominative: a Broader View of A′-Dependencies in Tagalog Beyond Nominative: A broader view of A0-dependencies in Tagalog Henrison Hsieh Department of Linguistics McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada Initial Submission: June 2020 Final Submission: September 2020 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ©Henrison Hsieh 2020 Abstract This thesis investigates A0-dependency constructions in Tagalog and their interactions with the Philippine- type voice and subject/pivot-marking system, a central topic in research on the syntax of this language. Prominently, Tagalog is known to restrict the formation of such constructions, such that only the syntac- tically privileged subject/pivot argument of a clause, as determined by the voice form of the verb, may serve as a valid target for the dependency. Much existing work on Tagalog clause structure thus devotes some attention to the derivation of this restriction. However, it is less commonly discussed that instances of A0-dependencies in Tagalog exist that do not conform in some way to this extraction restriction. These can be divided by the nature of the target into two classes, each raising a major question about the syntax of Tagalog that has not been adequately addressed in the literature. First are dependencies that target PPs and other non-DP dependents of a clause. These may consistently be targeted to form A0-dependencies, regardless of the voice form of the verb and the presence of a distinct subject/pivot. However, such ex- ceptional behavior is in some sense independent of the restriction, as non-DP A0-dependencies are formed using structures that are not available to the restriction-conforming dependencies. Consequently, we can ask how this structural asymmetry between DP and non-DP A0-dependencies is derived. Second are de- pendencies that target non-subject/non-pivot DP dependents of a clause, which represent clear exceptions to the restriction, as they are structurally parallel to the restriction-conforming cases, but nevertheless tar- get a non-subject/non-pivot argument unexpectedly. Crucially, these exceptions exhibit a distribution that is sensitive to structural factors such as clause type and the internal/external argument distinction. Here, we can ask what explains the distribution of these restriction-violating cases. The main contribution of this thesis is thus to bring attention to this broader range of A0-dependency phenomena and the questions they raise, and consider their implications for the syntax of Tagalog. To the latter end, this thesis proposes that DPs and non-DPs in Tagalog show a difference in movement possi- bilities stemming from Case. Concretely, it is proposed that movement of DPs in this language is highly restricted due to a locality restriction on abstract Case licensing, so that if a DP moves, it must move to a(nother) position where Case is assigned, otherwise it will not have an interpretable Case value. A result of this is that Tagalog cannot form A0-dependencies of DPs via movement to a left peripheral position in the conventional sense, as such positions are not typically Case positions. Instead, a non-movement analy- sis is put forth for the formation of such dependencies, whereby a null pronoun, pro, introduces a semantic variable that is bound higher in the structure, subject to certain locality constraints. It is shown that this non-movement approach not only derives the DP A0-dependency cases that conform to the well-known restriction in Tagalog, but also helps us understand the DP dependencies that violate it. Specifically, the distribution of pro in such instances is argued to be linked to a handful of independently available syntactic operations and environments that allow the aforementioned locality constraints to be satisfied. On the other hand, it is proposed that non-DPs are able to undergo movement more freely because they do not require Case, and therefore that the difference in freedom of movement derives a prominent and consistent structural asymmetry between DP and non-DP A0-dependencies. ii Abrégé Cette thèse investigue les structures à dépendance A0 en tagalog, ainsi que leurs interactions avec le système de voix de type philippin, un thème central dans la recherche sur la syntaxe de cette langue. Il est reconnu que le tagalog restreint ces structures, de sorte que c’est uniquement l’élément syntaxiquement privilégié de la proposition (le sujet), tel que déterminé par la voix du verbe, qui puisse servir de cible pour les dépendances. Beaucoup de travail sur la structure propositionnelle du tagalog s’applique donc à expliquer cette restriction. Cependant, on discute moins souvent du fait qu’il existe en tagalog des cas où les dépendances A0 ne se conforment pas à cette restriction. Ces cas-là constituent deux classes, distinguées par la nature de la cible ; chacune avance une question majeure sur la syntaxe du tagalog n’ayant jusqu’ici pas été adressée de façon adéquate. En premier lieu, il existe des dépendances qui ciblent des PP et d’autres dépendants non-DP. Ces éléments-là peuvent toujours former une dépendance A0, sans égard à la voix du verbe ou la présence d’un sujet distinct. Pourtant, ce patron exceptionnel constitue en quelque sorte un phénomène indépendant, puisque les dépendances A0 des non-DP se forment à partir d’une structure qui n’est pas disponible aux dépendances qui se conforment à la restriction. Par conséquent, nous pouvons demander d’où provient cette asymétrie structurelle entre les dépendances A0 des DP et des non-DP. En second lieu, il existe des dépendances ciblant des dépendants de la proposition qui sont des DP mais pas le sujet. Ces dépendances-ci représentent une claire exception à la restriction : leur structure est parallèle aux cas conformes à la restriction, mais, contre toute attente, c’est un argument non-sujet qu’elles ciblent. Il est important de noter que la distribution de ces exceptions est sensible à des facteurs structurels tels que le type de proposition et la distinction entre les arguments internes et externes. Ici, nous pouvons demander qu’est-ce qui explique la distribution de ces cas non-conformes à la restriction. La contribution principale de cette thèse est donc d’attirer l’attention sur cette plus large gamme de phénomènes A0 et sur les questions qui s’ensuivent, et de considérer leurs conséquences pour la syntaxe du tagalog. À cette fin, cette thèse propose que les DP et les non-DP en tagalog démontrent des possibilités de déplacement différentes l’une de l’autre en raison du Cas. Concrètement, il est proposé que le déplacement des DP dans cette langue est grandement restreint à cause d’une restriction de localité sur la licenciation par Cas, de sorte que si le DP se déplace, il doit se déplacer à une (autre) position où un Cas est assigné ; sinon, son Cas sera non-interprétable. Ceci a pour conséquence que le tagalog ne peut pas former de dépendance A0 d’un DP en le déplaçant dans une position de la périphérie de gauche conventionnelle, puisque ces positions-là n’assignent normalement pas de Cas. Ainsi, il est suggéré que le déplacement n’est pas en jeu dans la création de ces dépendances en tagalog. Au lieu, un pronom nul, pro, qui est assujetti à certaines contraintes de localité, introduit une variable sémantique qui se fait lier plus haut dans la structure. Il est démontré que cette approche sans déplacement peut non seulement expliquer les cas de base des dépendances A0 conformes à la restriction bien connue du tagalog, mais aussi aider à comprendre les dépendances non-conformes. Spécifiquement, la distribution de pro dans ces cas-là est liée à un nombre d’opérations syntaxiques indépendamment disponibles, ainsi qu’aux environnements pouvant combler la restriction de localité susmentionnée. D’autre part, il est proposé que les non-DP sont capables de se déplacer plus librement car ils n’ont pas besoin de Cas, ce qui crée une asymétrie structurelle proéminente et régulière entre les dépendances A0 des DP et des non-DP. iii Acknowledgments If there is one thing that I have really learned in going through the process of graduate school, it is that we are nothing without the people around us. My instinct when faced with a problem has always been to hole up and try to figure it out by myself, and this is something that I have had to unlearn over thecourse of my time at McGill. That part is still a work in progress, but thankfully, this thesis is drawing to a close. To that end, there are a number of people I would like to express my gratitude to for their part in helping me grow as a linguist and a person. First and foremost, I would like to thank my co-supervisors, Lisa Travis and Junko Shimoyama, although it is hard to know where to start. From the first summer that she and Michael Wagner sent me to the Philippines to run experiments (before I even officially started at McGill!), to the final stretches of writing this thesis, Lisa has been there through every step of my graduate student career, and I consider myself lucky to have benefited from her guidance, mentorship, generosity, and kindness. I owe muchof the material presented in this thesis to her openness to ideas (while still providing constructive pushback) and her uncanny ability to draw insights from to her knowledge of Austronesian. If I have not gotten sick of Tagalog, it is because of her enthusiasm. Thank you for pushing me to dream big, even though I may occasionally have a hard time with that. Junko’s support and guidance has been indispensable throughout this process, even though (or perhaps because) Austronesian is not her area of expertise.
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