DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecological Objects in American Poetry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecological Objects in American Poetry Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-8-2014 12:00 AM Dirty Modernism: Ecological Objects in American Poetry Michael D. Sloane The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Joshua Schuster The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in English A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Michael D. Sloane 2014 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, American Literature Commons, American Material Culture Commons, Animal Studies Commons, Continental Philosophy Commons, Modern Literature Commons, and the Nature and Society Relations Commons Recommended Citation Sloane, Michael D., "Dirty Modernism: Ecological Objects in American Poetry" (2014). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2572. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2572 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DIRTY MODERNISM: ECOLOGICAL OBJECTS IN AMERICAN POETRY (Monograph) by Michael Douglas Sloane Graduate Program in English A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Michael Douglas Sloane 2015 Abstract This dissertation examines how early-to-mid twentieth century American poetry is preoccupied with objects that unsettle the divide between nature and culture. Given the entanglement of these two domains, I argue that American modernism is “dirty.” This designation leads me to sketch what I call “dirty modernism” – a sort of symptom of America’s obsession with cleanliness at the time – which includes the registers of waste, energy, animality, raciality, and sensuality. Reading these registers, I turn to what I call “ecological objects,” or representations of how nature and culture come together, which includes trash, natural resources, inanimals, and tools. Undergirding my study is the notion of dirt. Dirt is potential junk, but something of value. It is this tension that I use as a heuristic for reading how American modernist poetry brings aesthetics and environment together. Drawn to things, American poetry is a receptacle for a wide range of nonhuman, inanimate objects, and modernist poetics has an ambivalent obsession with the persistence of this inanimacy. Through an ecocritical mode of analysis, one that understands that nature is not just green, I introduce dirty modernism with the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. In chapter 1, I turn to William Carlos Williams’ relationship with waste and explore what it means to be a literary dumpster diver, or someone who analyzes debris with specific attention to trash-like forms. In chapter 2, I explore the energy humanities and show how natural resources inform Gertrude Stein’s poetry. In chapter 3, I theorize what I call the “inanimal,” which registers the tension between life and death through an exploration of animal objecthood in a wide range of modernist poetry. In chapter 4, I read the work of Claude McKay, Sterling A. Brown, and Jean Toomer to investigate a crisis around the interchange of African American workers and their labour and tools. Here, I explain how a sticky form of relationality informs an ecopoetics that provocatively brings together human, object, and environment in a racialized, American context. To conclude, I return to the Baroness and offer some final thoughts, which are followed by a coda on dirty modernism’s plastic futures. ii Keywords American Literature, modernism, poetry, ecocriticism, objects, dirtiness. iii Acknowledgements To start, I would like to thank my family. Without them, I would not be who or where I am today. From my father’s insight to my mother’s laugh to Steven’s humour to Tyler’s energy, I am so grateful for having them in my life. Next, I want to thank my partner, Melanie Cancade, for her love and care over the years. There are not enough words to describe how important you are to me. To my friends, I cannot help but think of the words of Alex Chilton, which ring true: “Thank you, friends, / Wouldn’t be here if it wasn’t for you / I’m so grateful / For all the things you helped me do.” Specifically, I would like to thank Brad Bannon, Tim DeJong, Chris Heron, Dave Hickey, Casey Irvin, Pavan Moondi, Stephanie Rade, Efraim Tsarfati, Brian Weadick, Andrew Weanus, and Andrew Weiss for being there. And, of course, a special thank you to Rasmus Simonsen, you are a gift. There are a number of people at Western University that I would like to thank, too. First, I want to thank Joshua Schuster, my supervisor, for his patience and persistence over the years; thoughtfully challenging me in every which way, you have greatly contributed to my growth as a scholar. Second, I want to thank Thy Phu for her unending support. I would be lost without your caring, critical words. Third, I want to acknowledge Stephen Adams, who has offered me sage advice and acted as a guide to knowledge. Fourth, I want to thank my other readers – Michael O’Driscoll and Kelly Wood – for their time and invaluable feedback. There are many others at Western who have offered so much through conversation, feedback, patience, and more, including Steven Bruhm, Phil Glennie, Miranda Green-Barteet, David Huebert, Zeinab Mcheimech, Mary Helen McMurran, Tina Northrup, Stephanie Oliver, Peter Schwenger, Kate Stanley, Leanne Trask, Bryce Traister, Mary Eileen Wennekers, and others. I am also greatly indebted to the province of Ontario for providing me with several scholarships and financial support over the years. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge October May, or Tobie, a rescue greyhound who has brought so much joy into my life. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Keywords ........................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Plates ...................................................................................................................... vi Introduction: Dirty Modernism ........................................................................................... 1 Notes ............................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 1: Dumpster Diving William Carlos Williams .................................................... 29 Notes ............................................................................................................................ 55 Chapter 2: Energizing Gertrude Stein ............................................................................... 72 Notes ............................................................................................................................ 99 Chapter 3: The Inanimal ................................................................................................. 105 Notes .......................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter 4: Sticky Black Tools ........................................................................................ 137 Notes .......................................................................................................................... 161 Conclusion: Uncleaning Modernism .............................................................................. 166 Coda: Plastic Futures .................................................................................................. 169 Notes .......................................................................................................................... 173 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 175 Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................................ 200 v List of Plates Plate 1: The New Masses June 1931 ............................................................................... 148 Plate 2: The New Masses March 1930 ............................................................................ 149 Plate 3: The New Masses March 1930 ............................................................................ 149 vi Dung and dirt more admirable than was dream’d… –Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself” vii 1 Introduction: Dirty Modernism She wore trash. Adorned with tomato cans, celluloid rings, teaspoon earrings, American stamps, and a taillight, the German-born Baroness Elsa von Freytag- Loringhoven walked the streets of New York during the early twentieth century (Gammel, Baroness Elsa 3). The Baroness is remembered as William Carlos Williams’ notorious lover, who attacked him on more than one occasion, but is otherwise forgotten.1 Compared to Williams, she is at the margins of modernism.2 I start with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • April 2005 Updrafts
    Chaparral from the California Federation of Chaparral Poets, Inc. serving Californiaupdr poets for over 60 yearsaftsVolume 66, No. 3 • April, 2005 President Ted Kooser is Pulitzer Prize Winner James Shuman, PSJ 2005 has been a busy year for Poet Laureate Ted Kooser. On April 7, the Pulitzer commit- First Vice President tee announced that his Delights & Shadows had won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. And, Jeremy Shuman, PSJ later in the week, he accepted appointment to serve a second term as Poet Laureate. Second Vice President While many previous Poets Laureate have also Katharine Wilson, RF Winners of the Pulitzer Prize receive a $10,000 award. Third Vice President been winners of the Pulitzer, not since 1947 has the Pegasus Buchanan, Tw prize been won by the sitting laureate. In that year, A professor of English at the University of Ne- braska-Lincoln, Kooser’s award-winning book, De- Fourth Vice President Robert Lowell won— and at the time the position Eric Donald, Or was known as the Consultant in Poetry to the Li- lights & Shadows, was published by Copper Canyon Press in 2004. Treasurer brary of Congress. It was not until 1986 that the po- Ursula Gibson, Tw sition became known as the Poet Laureate Consult- “I’m thrilled by this,” Kooser said shortly after Recording Secretary ant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. the announcement. “ It’s something every poet dreams Lee Collins, Tw The 89th annual prizes in Journalism, Letters, of. There are so many gifted poets in this country, Corresponding Secretary Drama and Music were announced by Columbia Uni- and so many marvelous collections published each Dorothy Marshall, Tw versity.
    [Show full text]
  • Dumpster Diving and the Ethical Blindspot of Trade Secret Law
    Dumpster Diving and the Ethical Blindspot of Trade Secret Law Harry Wingo "The maintenance of standardsof commercial ethics and the encouragement of invention are the broadly statedpolicies behind trade secret law. 'The necessity of good faith and honest, fair dealing, is the very life and spirit of the commercial world. '" "The trilogy of public policies underlying trade secret laws are now: (1) the maintenance of commercial morality; (2) the encouragement of invention and innovation; and (3) the protection of the fundamental right of privacy of the trade secret owner. ' Trade secret law is complex and still emerging,3 but throughout its t B.S. U.S. Naval Academy 1984, J.D. Candidate, 1998, Yale Law School. The author wishes to thank Professor Carol Rose, Judge John F. Fader H, and Doug Lichtman for the advice, as well as Lt. Hope Katcharian for her patient support and inspiration. 1. Kewanee Oil v. Bicron, 416 U.S. 470, 481-82 (1974) (quoting National Tube Co. v. Eastern Tube Co., 3 Ohio C.C. (n.s.) 459, 462 (1902). 2. 1 MELVIN F. JAGER, TRADE SECRETS LAW § 1.05, at 1-15 (1997). The Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition recognizes Mr. Jager as a trade secret law authority. RESTATEMENT (THIRD)OF UNFAIR COMPETITION § 39 reporter's notes at 438 ("The principal treatises on the law of trade secrets are M. Jager, Trade Secrets Law and R. Milgrim, Milgrim on Trade Secrets."). 3. This complexity and flux is underscored by the fact that a simple definition of trade secret remains elusive. Q. American Wheel & Eng'g Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Njit-Etd2016-006
    Copyright Warning & Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user may be liable for copyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. Please Note: The author retains the copyright while the New Jersey Institute of Technology reserves the right to distribute this thesis or dissertation Printing note: If you do not wish to print this page, then select “Pages from: first page # to: last page #” on the print dialog screen The Van Houten library has removed some of the personal information and all signatures from the approval page and biographical sketches of theses and dissertations in order to protect the identity of NJIT graduates and faculty. ABSTRACT LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL: EFFECT OF DROPLET SIZE AND NUTRIENT AMENDMENT by Christopher D'Ambrose Oil spills could have devastating effects on the shorelines, and for this reason, chemical dispersants are commonly used to disperse the oil slick in the water column, preventing it from reaching the shorelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Senses of Place in the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Derek Walcott
    RE-INHABITING THE ISLANDS: SENSES OF PLACE IN THE POETRY OF GARY SNYDER AND DEREK WALCOTT A thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Western Carolina University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English. By Jason T. Hertz Director: Dr. Laura Wright Associate Professor of English English Department Committee Members: Dr. Catherine Carter, English Prof. Deidre Elliott, English May 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members and director for their assistance and encouragement. I am especially grateful to Professor Laura Wright for being a wise and reliable adviser. I also extend sincere thanks to the following people, without whom this thesis would not have been possible: Mom and Dad, Tristan and Rikki, Michael, and Miranda. I offer my warmest regards and thanks to my extended family for their continued love and support. Above all, I thank my grandmother Lorraine. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract . 4 Introduction: Recasting the Castaway as an Island Re-Inhabitant . 6 Chapter One: Regarding Wave and Suwanose-Jima . 18 Chapter Two: O-Mer-Os, Singing the Sea‘s Quiet Culture . 37 Chapter Three: Snyder‘s and Walcott‘s Bioregional Muse . 56 Conclusion . 78 Works Cited . 83 ABSTRACT RE-INHABITING THE ISLANDS: SENSES OF PLACE IN THE POETRY OF GARY SNYDER AND DEREK WALCOTT Jason T. Hertz, M.A. Western Carolina University (May 2011) Director: Dr. Laura Wright Building on the castaway narratives in both Gary Snyder‘s and Derek Walcott‘s poetry, I use Yann Martel‘s novel Life of Pi as a contemporary analogue for reading Snyder‘s Pacific journeys, in Regarding Wave and Turtle Island, and the quests of Omeros’ fisherman protagonist, Achille.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the American Petroleum Institute Photograph and Film Collection, 1860S-1980S
    Guide to the American Petroleum Institute Photograph and Film Collection, 1860s-1980s NMAH.AC.0711 Bob Ageton (volunteer) and Kelly Gaberlavage (intern), August 2004 and May 2006; supervised by Alison L. Oswald, archivist. August 2004 and May 2006 Archives Center, National Museum of American History P.O. Box 37012 Suite 1100, MRC 601 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 [email protected] http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 3 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 2 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 4 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 6 Series 1: Historical Photographs, 1850s-1950s....................................................... 6 Series 2: Modern Photographs, 1960s-1980s........................................................ 75 Series 3: Miscellaneous
    [Show full text]
  • Place in Trash
    E8 May 2017 BURRTEC NEWS Waste and Recycling Newsletter Sponsored by the City of San Bernardino and Burrtec Waste Industries for the San Bernardino Commercial Community Recycling Programs —Let Us Help! California Assembly Bill 341 mandates businesses and public entities, generating four (4) cubic yards of trash or more and multi-family residential dwellings with five or more units, to establish and maintain recycling service. Recycling not only conserves our natural resources but can save money by reducing waste disposal costs. Our staff can assist in selecting the appropriate recycling service level, along with the necessary education and outreach to residents and managerial staff. Call our customer service department today to schedule a complimentary waste and recycling assessment. If you already have a recycling program and would like to make additional enhancements, please call our customer service department for assistance. Maintain Your Trash Enclosure Follow these simple tips to keep your trash enclosure clean: • Keep dumpster lids closed. This prevents the rain water from entering the container and keeps wind and feral animals from tossing litter into the parking lot and surrounding areas. • Pick up litter in and around trash enclosure and parking lot. Don’t let it enter the streets or storm drain system. Call Burrtec to empty the dumpster if it is full. • Don’t fill dumpster or compactor with liquid waste or hose it out. Keeping liquids out of your trash and recycling containers will prevent any liquids from leaking into the surrounding area. • Sweep outside areas instead of using a hose. Sweeping not only conserves water, it also prevents the material from entering the storm drain.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Poetry: Four American Ecopoets
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Literature in English, North America English Language and Literature 5-6-1999 Sustainable Poetry: Four American Ecopoets Leonard M. Scigaj Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Scigaj, Leonard M., "Sustainable Poetry: Four American Ecopoets" (1999). Literature in English, North America. 2. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_english_language_and_literature_north_america/2 Sustainable Poetry This page intentionally left blank Sustainable Poetry Four American Ecopoets LEONARD M. SCIGA] THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright © 1999 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 99 00 01 02 03 5 4 3 2 1 Libraty of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scigaj, Leonard M. Sustainable poetty ; four American ecopoets / Leonard M. Scigaj. p. em.
    [Show full text]
  • The Counter Culture in American Environmental History Jean
    Cercles 22 (2012) NEW BEGINNING: THE COUNTER CULTURE IN AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY JEAN-DANIEL COLLOMB Université Jean Moulin, Lyon Although it appears to have petered out in the early 1970s, the counter culture of the previous decade modified many aspects of American life beyond recognition. As a matter of fact, there is a wealth of evidence to suggest that its transformative effects are still being felt in American society today. The ideas nurtured by the counter culture have deeply affected the institution of the family, the education system, and the definition of gender roles, to name only the most frequently debated cases. It should come as no surprise, therefore, that American environmentalism was no exception. Indeed, the American environmental movement as it has unfolded since the 1970s bears little resemblance to its earlier version. Up until the 1960s, American environmentalism had been dominated by small-sized, rather exclusive and conservative organizations, like the Sierra Club, whose main focus had been wilderness preservation. By contrast, contemporary American environmentalism has now turned into a mass movement whose membership ranges from old-style nature lovers to radical anti-capitalist activists. Contemporary environmentalists now concern themselves not Just with wilderness preservation but also with quality-of-life issues, the effects of high consumption and of the so-called American way of life, and pollution. Such a shift in style and obJectives begs several important questions: in what way did the counter culture of the 1960s reshape and redefine American environmentalism? More important still, why were the ideas advocated by the counter-culturists so easily integrated into the environmental agenda? Put differently, one may wonder whether the rapprochement between counter-cultural thinking and environmental activism was inevitable.
    [Show full text]
  • Dumpster Dive Recyclemania Activity
    Dumpster Dive RecycleMania Activity Effort & Resources Involved. Requires advance plan- Moderate. Safety gear, thank you ning, administrative approval, and gift for volunteers (i.e. pizza, gift Objective/Overviewdedicated volunteers. certificates). Objective & Overview Use this activity to encourage students to recycle by demonstrating the volume of recyclable materials that go to waste by being thrown in the trash. Volunteers will sort waste into bins or piles. As the piles Stepgrow, the 1: goal Gather is to show students and thatPrepare every time Materialsthey toss “just one” can, bottle, or mobile device into the trash, it adds up to a lot of wasted recyclables. Step 1: Planning and Permission Before you begin planning this activity, get permission from your student activities or waste management office to sort waste from your cafeteria or student union. Choose an outdoor area or another place with lots of passers-by. Check in advance if you need to have a facilities or campus security representative present at the event location. Step 2: Gather Materials Caution tape or rope to designate waste sorting area Protective suits for volunteers (can buy a disposable one for $5 at pksafety.com) Posters advertising your event and explanatory signs to post near the site (pages 3-4) Tables or clear plastic bags to emphasize recyclables that went into the trash Large tarps to protect the ground from waste Step 3: Promote and Prepare Promote the event in advance with flyers around campus (see sample on page 3). Make it fun by listing who will be “dumpster diving,” and consider adding your campus logo.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Offshore Oil-Spill Prevention and Remediation Requirements and Practices in Newfoundland and Labrador
    Review of Offshore Oil-spill Prevention and Remediation Requirements and Practices in Newfoundland and Labrador Appendix Documents December 2010 Client: Primary Author: Department of Natural Resources Captain Mark Turner Government of Newfoundland and Labrador P.O. Box 5367 P.O. Box 8700 St. John’s, NL St. John’s, NL A1C 5W2 A1B 4J6 [email protected] List of Appendices Appendix I Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Oil-spill Prevention and Remediation Requirements and Practices in Newfoundland and Labrador Appendix II Physical Environment of Newfoundland and Labrador and Comparisons to Selected Jurisdictions Appendix III Physical Environment of Comparable Jurisdictions - the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and Australia Appendix IV General Information Concerning Oil-spill Prevention Appendix V Background on the Regulatory Regime for Subsea Well-control and Oil-spill Readiness and Response Appendix VI Statement by Max Ruelokke P.Eng, Chair and CEO, C-NLOPB (Made to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Natural Resources on May 25, 2010) Appendix VII Subsea Well-control for Drilling Operations and Oil-spill Readiness (Prepared by the C-NLOPB as a Technical Briefing for Media on June 2, 2010) Appendix VIII Regulatory Environment, Batch-spill Sources and Facility Spill Prevention (Prepared by Hibernia Management and Development Company and presented to Mark Turner and Justin Skinner on June 25, 2010) Appendix IX Spill Prevention - Well Design, Well-control and Drilling (Prepared by Husky Energy and presented to Mark Turner
    [Show full text]
  • CALIFORNIANS at RISK: an Analysis of Health Threats from Oil and Gas Pollution in Two Communities Case Studies in Lost Hills and Upper Ojai
    CALIFORNIANS AT RISK: An Analysis of Health Threats from Oil and Gas Pollution in Two Communities Case studies in Lost Hills and Upper Ojai January 2015 TM EARTHWORKS TM EARTHWORKS TM EARTHWORKS TM EARTHWORKS CALIFORNIANS AT RISK: An Analysis of Health Threats from Oil and Gas Pollution in Two Communities Case studies in Lost Hills and Upper Ojai January 2015 AUTHORS: Jhon Arbelaez, California Organizer, Earthworks Bruce Baizel, Energy Program Director, Earthworks Report available at: http://californiahealth.earthworksaction.org Photos by Earthworks ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is funded in part by a grant from The California Wellness Foundation (TCWF). Created in 1992 as a private independent foundation, TCWF’s mission is to improve the health of the people of California by making grants for health promotion, wellness education and disease prevention. We would also like to thank the Broad Reach Fund for its generous financial support for this investigation. Earthworks would like to thank The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for its generous support of this report. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. A special thank you to Rosanna Esparza at Clean Water Action/Clean Water Fund for her assistance with health surveys and continued grassroots backing in Kern County; and Andrew Grinberg and Miriam Gordon, Clean Water Action/Clean Water Fund for review and contributions to the report. Thank you to ShaleTest and Calvin Tillman for the use of the FLIR camera, and their guidance on community air testing. Thank you to Citizens for Responsible Oil and Gas (CFROG), for their knowledge and expertise in Ventura County.
    [Show full text]
  • Cesifo Working Paper No. 6584 Category 9: Resource and Environment Economics
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Mason, Charles F. Working Paper Public Policy Towards Offshore Oil Spills CESifo Working Paper, No. 6584 Provided in Cooperation with: Ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich Suggested Citation: Mason, Charles F. (2017) : Public Policy Towards Offshore Oil Spills, CESifo Working Paper, No. 6584, Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/171048 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu 6584 2017 July 2017 Public Policy Towards Off- shore Oil Spills Charles F. Mason Impressum: CESifo Working Papers ISSN 2364‐1428 (electronic version) Publisher and distributor: Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research ‐ CESifo GmbH The international platform of Ludwigs‐Maximilians University’s Center for Economic Studies and the ifo Institute Poschingerstr.
    [Show full text]