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Forages for the Red Soils Area of China Proceedings of an International Workshop, Jianyang, Fujian Province, P. R. China, 6–9 October 1997 Editors: J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod, Minggang Xu and A.J. Casanova Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra, 2004 1 Forages for the Red Soils Area of China Edited by J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod, Minggang Xu and A.J. Casanova ACIAR Working Paper No. 55 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 2601 Scott J.M., MacLeod D.A., Minggang Xu and Casanova A.J. ed. 2004. Forages for the Red Soils Area of China. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Jianyang, Fujian Province, P. R. China, 6–9 October 1997 ACIAR Working Paper No. 55, 199 pp. ISBN 186320 412 1 (electronic) 186320 412 1 (CD) Production editing: Sun Photoset Pty Ltd, Brisbane Typesetting, page layout and illustrations: Sun Photoset Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia 2 Forages for the Red Soils Area of China Edited by J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod, Minggang Xu and A.J. Casanova ACIAR Working Paper No. 55 Contents MULTI-DIMENSIONAL AGRICULTURE — A PROMISING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL MODEL FOR SLOPING LAND Liu Chungchu, Weng Boqi and Liu Xiashi 7 RED SOILS II AREA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT — A FARMING SYSTEMS APPROACH TO RED SOIL DEVELOPMENT Richard H. Chisholm and John L. Stemp 11 A STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RED SOIL AREAS OF SOUTHERN CHINA D.L. Michalk 17 SOIL EROSION AND ITS EFFECTS IN FUJIAN Yang Xuezhen, Hong Shuangjin and Huang Yanhe Lu Chenglong 37 SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ON SLOPING LANDS IN SOUTHERN CHINA Adisak Sajjapongs and Yin Dixin 40 FORAGES FOR EROSION CONTROL ON THE RED SOILS OF SOUTH CENTRAL CHINA Shilin Wen, D.A. MacLeod, A.J. Casanova, J.M. Scott, P. Horne, Liangshang Xie and Zhang Jiuquan 44 MANAGING FERTILITY OF THE RED SOILS FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION Donald A. MacLeod 50 MEETING THE FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION IN THE RED SOIL REGION Minggang Xu, Jiyun Jin and Zhang Jiuquan 61 LOW INPUT FORAGES FOR DEVELOPING RED SOIL WASTELANDS IN SOUTHERN CHINA Wen Shilin, A. Casanova, J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod, Zhang Jiuquan and Xie Liangshang 67 EVALUATION OF FORAGE ACCESSIONS IN SUBTROPICAL HUNAN AND FUJIAN Zhang Jiuquan, Luo Tao, A.J. Casanova, Ying Zhaoyang, P.M. Horne, G.J. Blair, J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod and Wen Shilin 73 FORAGE ESTABLISHMENT ON THE RED SOILS OF SOUTH CENTRAL CHINA Shilin Wen, D.A. MacLeod, J.M. Scott, A. Casanova, P. Horne, Tao Luo, Liangshang Xie and Zhang Jiuquan 81 EVALUATION OF SUMMER AND WINTER INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS IN SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA Zhou Sou Rang, U. Simon and K. Mao 88 THE ESTABLISHMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FORAGE IN ORCHARDS IN THE RED SOILS REGION OF SOUTH CENTRAL CHINA Luo Tao, Jiuquan Zhang, A. Casanova, D.A. MacLeod and J.M. Scott 93 FEEDING LIVESTOCK IN THE RED SOIL REGION WITH FORAGES OVER THE ENTIRE YEAR J.M. Scott, A.J. Casanova, Zhang Jiuquan, Luo Tao, Wen Shilin, D.A. MacLeod and Ying Zhaoyang 99 TRITICALE ADAPTATION ON ACID SOILS IN SOUTHERN CHINA AND AUSTRALIA Robin S. Jessop, Xianguang Zhang, Zhaoyang Ying and Jiuquan Zhang 105 PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING THE STORAGE OF FODDER IN THE RED SOIL REGION OF SOUTHERN CHINA J.M. Scott, Bai Xuefeng, A.J. Casanova, Zhang Weiguang and Lin Yongshen 109 EFFECTS OF SWARD COMPOSITION AND MANAGEMENT ON THE PRODUCTION AND PERSISTENCE OF FIVE FORAGE SPECIES IN FUJIAN PROVINCE, CHINA Ying Zhaoyang, Donald A. MacLeod, Anthony J. Casanova, James M. Scott and Bai Xuefeng 115 THE ROLE OF SOIL CARBON IN NUTRIENT CYCLING AND IN INFLUENCING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS Graeme Blair, Anthony Whitbread, Chen Wen and Rod Lefroy 122 3 Forages for the Red Soils Area of China Edited by J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod, Minggang Xu and A.J. Casanova ACIAR Working Paper No. 55 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SELECTING IMPROVED LINES OF CHAMAECRISTA ROTUNDIFOLIA FOR SOUTHERN CHINA J.B. Hacker, Chunji Liu, Liu Chungchu and Xu Minggang 129 MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL GRASSLANDS ON RED SOIL AREAS OF HUNAN Gao Chunshi 133 THE INTEGRATION OF ANIMALS INTO DIFFERENT LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS IN HUBEI PROVINCE Xiang Yuanqing and Hong Qi 135 AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF ANIMAL SYSTEMS FOR UTILISATION OF RED SOIL FORAGES Anthony J. Casanova 139 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF GRAZING LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES IN THE HILLY RED SOIL REGIONS OF SOUTH CHINA Li Zhou and Sun Ruomei 147 SUSTAINABLE GRASSLAND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND THEIR EXTENSION IN SOUTHERN CHINA: AN EXAMPLE FROM GUIZHOU PROVINCE Jiang Wenlan 150 NEED FOR NEW EXTENSION APPROACHES TO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION Wang Wei Min, Malcolm Douglas, Garry Cummins and KC Lai 156 LET THEM EAT GRASS: EXPERIENCES IN USING PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES TO DEVELOP FORAGE TECHNOLOGIES Peter Horne 162 GOAT PRODUCTION FROM FORAGES AT MENGONGSHAN FARM, HUNAN Wang Baoli and Wen Shilin 169 IS THE RED SOIL REGION A RED DESERT OR A GREEN TREASURE-HOUSE? Fu Jianjun 172 INTEGRATED PASTURE SYSTEMS FOR CATTLE PRODUCTION IN GUANGDONG AND HAINAN PROVINCES D.L. Michalk 174 ESTABLISHING PASTURE–TREE SYSTEMS TO REHABILTATE ERODED LAND IN FUJIAN Su Shuijin, Lin Kai Wang, Lin Jielong, Liu Jiancan 191 REPORT OF WORKSHOP DISCUSSION ON ‘FORAGES FOR RED SOILS — FROM RESEARCH TO PRACTICE’ I.R. Willett and Liu Chungchu 197 4 Forages for the Red Soils Area of China Edited by J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod, Minggang Xu and A.J. Casanova ACIAR Working Paper No. 55 Acknowledgments The support for this workshop from the Australian Centre for International Research (ACIAR), the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science and the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science is gratefully acknowledged. We are especially indebted to the Chinese scientists who assisted in the organisation of this con- ference and in particular Ying Zhaoyang, Luo Tao, Zhang Jiuquan and Wen Shilin. Our thanks also to the ACIAR coordinator, Dr. Ian Willett, for his support of the conference and of ACIAR project 9303 which led to the conference. We wish to express our appreciation for the word processing assistance from Mrs. Nicole Jones and editorial assistance from Associate Professor Graeme Blair. 5 Forages for the Red Soils Area of China Edited by J.M. Scott, D.A. MacLeod, Minggang Xu and A.J. Casanova ACIAR Working Paper No. 55 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL AGRICULTURE — A PROMISING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL MODEL FOR SLOPING LAND Liu Chungchu1, Weng Boqi1 and Liu Xiashi2 1 Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, 247 Wuxi Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, P. R. China 2 National Azolla Research Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China Abstract This paper describes a sustainable agricultural model for hilly red soil regions. The model, called ‘multi-dimensional agriculture for sloping land’, incorporates fruit and tea orchards interplanted with forages to preserve water and soil, and to be utilised for animal husbandry. Animal residues are utilised to culture edible fungi and develop biogas, and finally biogas liquid is applied as manure/ fertiliser to trees, thus improving the quality of the fruit. A favourable nutrient cycle is established that leads to better economic and ecological results. INTRODUCTION systems. With cooperation from Australia (ACIAR and the University of New England), more than 100 IN mountainous areas of southern China, the two forage legumes and grasses from other countries were principal causes of serious soil erosion are the over- evaluated. After screening, the most suitable species exploitation of forests and the planting of fruit found to grow in Fujian were Wynn cassia orchards and tea tree plantations on a large scale. (Chameacrista rotundifolia), grazing peanut (Arachis In recent years the problem of over-exploitation of pintoi), Premier finger grass (Digitaria eriantha), forests has been largely overcome by the government Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), white clover paying attention to re-afforestation. This paper (Trifolium repens), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomeratum) concentrates on the problem of soil erosion in and hybrid Pennisetum spp. These were interplanted orchards. In Fujian province, for instance, orchard in orchard areas and harvested to assess yield potential areas occupy more than 10% of the total land area, and (Table 2). are increasing at the rate of 5000 km2/year. It is important to know how to control soil erosion in the The orchard terraces, banks and walls were planted orchard areas, especially when they are located on with different forages. Generally, on the level terraces, sloping land. legumes such as Wynn cassia, white clover and Arachis pintoi were planted, to provide a continuous The construction of a multi-dimensional supply of quality forage. Bahia grass was planted layer cropping model around the edges of the paths in the orchards. The terrace walls were planted with broad-leaf paspalum, A comprehensive scheme has been developed to Bahia grass, or elephant grass. In some cases, a control soil erosion in combination with the mixture of white clover, white radish and ryegrass was productive development of hilly areas. It has been sown in the winter season. Within 1 m of orchard tree designated as a ‘multi-dimensional agricultural model trunks, only dry mulch was used. for sloping land’, and is based on techniques which permit high fruit yields, the interplanting of high- quality fodder in the orchard areas and developing a Combining forages with livestock husbandry functional nutrient recycling system (Table 1).

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