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C.9. Ctenochaetus Binotatus (Itingan) C.9.1. General Biology C.9.2. Size

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C.9. Ctenochaetus Binotatus (Itingan) C.9.1. General Biology C.9.2. Size C.9. Ctenochaetus binotatus (Itingan) C.9.1. General Biology Inhabits coral and rubble areas of deep lagoon and seaward reefs. Usually solitary, grazing on surface algae. Feeds by scooping film of detritus and unicellular algae (e.g. dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus) that produce ciguatera toxin making this species a key link in the ciguatera food chain. Commonly caught by nets. Distributed in Indo-Pacific: East Africa to the Tuamoto Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Figure xx. The target species, Ctenochaetus inotatus central New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia. Not known from the Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, the Gulf, the Hawaiian Islands, Marquesas, Rapa, Pitcairn Islands, and Easter Island. (source: FishBase) C.9.2. Size Distribution A total of 162 fish individuals of Ctenochaetus binotatus were measured to the nearest centimeter. Measured length were from both the weekly measurements of the enumerators and biological samples brought Figure xx. Size distribution of Ctenochaetus binotatus with corresponding Lm50 of C. striatus of this study. to the lab. The smallest individual measured 7.0 cm SL and the largest is 17.0 cm SL. Approximately 30% of the total catch is below the computed Lm50 of C. striatus of this study. Since, there is no available data and literatures regarding the length at which it reaches maturity, we will use the estimated Lm50 and Lm95 of C. striatus. C.9.3. Gonadal Maturation and Maturation Curve Only 5 biological specimens were brought to the lab for examination. Out of 5 samples, 4 were males and only 1 female. All were staged as mature. Constructing a graph and maturity curve was not possible. C.9.4. Growth Curve Since, there is no available data on the growth parameters and we will be using the Lm50 and Lm95 of C. striatus, the growth curve presented here is from C. striatus. Assuming the similar growth curve and the maturity parameters of the two species, the corresponding age of the estimated Lm50 (10.34 cm SL) of C. striatus in Looc and Lubang, Occidental Mindoro is about 13 months while the smallest mature (8.2 cm SL) specimen had a corresponding age of ~9 months while it will take Figure xx. Growth curve of C. striatus in Looc and Lubang, Occidental approximately 38 months in Mindoro during the sampling period order to reach Lm95 (17.36 cm SL). C.9.5. Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) The estimated SPR of C. binotatus Table xx. Estimated Spawning potential ratio of C. binotatus in caught in the fishery in Looc and Looc and Lubang, Occidental Mindoro. Lubang, Occidental Mindoro is shown in Lc (cm) Spawning Potential Ratio Table xx. Note that growth parameters 15.41 (actual) 75% as well as Lm50 and Lm95 were taken from the parameters of C. striatus of this study. At present, SPR of the stock based on the 3- month monitoring data is 75.0%. This is a very high value and possible reasons are that the use of parameters was from different species and fishers using gears that targeted C. binotatus opted to use other gears that catches abundant fishes that time. C.9.6. Harvest Control Recommendations Based on the results of the 3-month monitoring the following are recommended: • Actual SPR value of the catches (75%) is well above the recommended value (20-30%). To further sustain the fishery, median size of the catches may be set at 15.41 cm SL. • Examine more fish covering as wide a size range as possible and covering an entire year in order to estimate the length at maturity. • Fish buyers should also be informed with the above recommendations. Buyers should be instructed to buy C. binotatus that are equal or greater than the presented size limit. Fishers will be discouraged to catch smaller individuals if they know that buyers will not buy smaller or less than the recommended size limit. C.10. Lethrinus lentjan (lugso) C.10.1. General Biology Juveniles and small adults often in aggregations over seagrass beds, mangrove swamps and shallow sandy areas; adults are generally solitary and found in deeper waters. Over sandy bottom in coastal areas, deep lagoons, and near coral reefs, to depths of about 50 m. Feeds mostly on crustaceans and molluscs, but echinoderms, polychaetes, and fishes are also consumed. Caught primarily by handline, traps, trawls, beach seines, and gill nets and marketed mostly fresh. Maximum size is about 50 cm total length; commonly to around 30 cm. Distributed Widespread Indo-West Pacfic, including Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa to the Ryukus and Tonga. (source: FAO) C.10.2. Size Distribution Figure xx. Size Distribution of L. lentjan in Looc and Lubang, Occidental Mindoro caught by Panamaral and Hook and Line. Superimposed the Length at maturity by different literatures. A total of 2377 fish individuals were measured within the 3-month monitoring period (Figure xx). Two (2) gears targeted L. lentjan namely Panamaral (bottom-set gill net used primarily for siganids) and Hook and Line. The smallest individual caught measured 7.0 cm SL (size class 7.5) and the largest is 24.2 cm SL (size class 24.5). Comparing the distribution of the sizes in terms of gear used, catches from gill nets were smaller (10.5-13.5 cm SL) while those from hook and line caught larger fish (13.5-15.5 cm SL). C.10.3. Gonadal Maturation and Maturation Curve No computed Lm50 for the actual samples was estimated because all specimens brought back to lab were indeterminate. This is due to the small sizes of fish caught during the monitoring period. No estimates of size at maturity for this species is reported in the literature. Instead, estimates for similar species, Lethrinus harak in Southern Arabian Gulf (Grandcourt et al., 2011) and Kenyan coastal waters (Kulmiye et al., 2002) and for L. ornatus off Surigao del Sur (Campos et al., 2017), were used as approximate values. One hundred percent of the total catch is below these reported lengths at maturity. 19.4. Growth Curve Growth curve of L. lentjan is presented in figure xx with growth parameters (L inf and k) were obtained from different literatures (fishbase and Grandcourt et al, 2011). Based on a study by Grandcourt et al. (2011) the Figure xx. Growth Curve of L. lentjan in Looc and Lubang, Occidental Mindoro estimated age at first sexual maturity is about 1.8 years (20 months) for males and 2.4 years (28 months) for females. In the present growth curve, the estimation is a bit different because the growth parameter used in not the same. The age of the estimated Lm50 of L. harak presented by Kulmiye et al. (2002) in Kenyan coastal waters is approximately 23 months for both female and male while L. ornatus of Surigao in 2016 is approximately 17 and 19 months for Lm50 and Lm95. Even though the study was unable to compute for the length at first maturity of the actual samples, this can be a basis for growth rate of Lethrinus lentjan in Looc and Lubang, Occidental Mindoro. C.10.4. Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) The estimated SPR of L. lentjan caught Table xx. Estimated Spawning potential ratio of Lethrinus in the fishery in Looc and Lubang, lantjan in Looc and Lubang, Occidental Mindoro. Occidental Mindoro is shown in Table Lc (cm) Spawning Potential Ratio xx. Note that the Lm50 and Lm95 were 10.28 (actual) 0% taken from the parameters of L. ornatus 18.51 20% from a similar study in Surigao, 2016. At 20.10 31% present, SPR of the stock based on the 3- month monitoring data is 0.0%. The catches of L. lentjan are dominated by juveniles, although this may be an artifact of the short monitoring period. Even catches from hook and line, although in the upper range of sizes, were also all immature. For this species, a longer study period will be necessary to determine size at maturity. The size distribution of catches (Fig. xx) clearly shows the difference in sizes of fish caught by gill nets and hook and line. Clearly, if the major harvest control reference point were size-related, the use of hook and line in reef areas would be most preferable C.10.5. Harvest Control Recommendations Based on the results of the 3-month monitoring the following are recommended: • Actual SPR value of the catches (0%) is very low. To increase the spawning potential ratio of the fishery of Lethrinus lentjan, the use of gill nets in reef areas should be limited and regularly monitored. • For hook and lines targeting L. lentjan, smaller individuals (< the recommended length-18.51 cm SL) should not be targeted. • In order to increase the SPR value, the median length should be set between 18.51-20.10 cm SL. • Examine more fish individuals in different size class in order to estimate the length at maturity. • Fish buyers should also be informed with the above recommendations. Buyers should be instructed to buy L. lentjan that are equal or greater than the presented size limit. Fishers will be discouraged to catch smaller individuals if they know that buyers will not buy smaller or less than the recommended size limit. C.11. Selar boops (matambaka/matang baka) C.11.1. General Biology Co-occurs with Selar crumenophthalmus on continental shelf waters of northern Australia where common between 20 and 100 m; also one confirmed record from off Portugal where trawled in 366 to 439 m. Feeds primarily on planktonic or benthic invertebrates, including shrimps, crabs, and foraminifers; also on fishes.
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