FAMILY Balistidae Risso, 1810 –

GENUS Abalistes Jordan & Seale, 1906 [=Abalistes Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.] 1906:364, Leiurus (subgenus of Capriscus) Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 326] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Masc. Leiurus macrophthalmus Swainson 1839. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Leiurus (subgenus of Capriscus) Swainson 1839, preoccupied by Leiurus Swainson 1839:242 in fishes. •Valid as Abalistes Jordan & Seale 1906 -- (Matsuura 1980:39 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:121 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:877 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:50 [ref. 23547] as Abolistes, Matsuura 2001:3912 [ref. 26315], Matsuura & Yoshino 2004:189 [ref. 27771], Allen et al. 2006:1870 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Motomura et al. 2017:229 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:376 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Abalistes Jordan & Seale 1906. Balistidae. (Leiurus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Leiurus macrophthalmus Swainson 1839. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Swain 1883:282 [ref. 5966]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Leiurus Swainson on p. 242 of same work, replaced by Abalistes Jordan & Seale 1906. •Synonym of Abalistes Jordan & Seale 1906 -- (Allen et al. 2006:1870 [ref. 29098]). Current status: Synonym of Abalistes Jordan & Seale 1906. Balistidae.

Species Abalistes filamentosus Matsuura & Yoshino, 2004 [=Abalistes filamentosus Matsuura [K.] & Yoshino [T.] 2004:190, Fig. 1A] Notes: [Records of the Australian Museum v. 56 (no. 2); ref. 27771] Off Itoman, south coast of Okinawa-jima Island, Ryukyu Islands, . Current status: Valid as Abalistes filamentosus Matsuura & Yoshino 2004. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Pacific and southeastern and Timor Sea. Habitat: marine.

Species Abalistes stellaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Balistes stellaris Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:476] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Abalistes stellaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: , Indo-West Pacific: East and South , , Comoros, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Palau, Fiji and Tonga, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales (); also eastern tropical Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous, Lacepede, 1798) [=Balistes stellatus Anonymous (ex Commerson) in Lacepède 1798:682, Balistes phaleratus Richardson [J.] 1846:484, Pl. 1 (figs. 4-5), Balistes vachellii Richardson [J.] 1845:129] Notes: [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (no. 287) (for 24 Sept. 1798); ref. 13098] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, , Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Palau, Fiji and Tonga, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales (Australia); eastern tropical Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (phaleratus) [Discoveries in Australia; ref. 3743] West coasts of Australia. Current status: Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (vachellii) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Canton, China. Current status: Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Balistapus Tilesius, 1820 [=Balistapus Tilesius [W. G. Von] 1820:302] Notes: [Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg v. 7; ref. 4407] Masc. Balistapus capistratus Tilesius 1820. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Balistapus Tilesius 1820 -- (Matsuura 1980:52 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:121 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Aboussouan & Leis 1984:452 [ref. 13661], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:877 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:59 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3913 [ref. 26315], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2018:376 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Balistapus Tilesius 1820. Balistidae.

Species Balistapus undulatus (Park, 1797) [=Balistes undulatus Park [M.] 1797:37, Balistes lineatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:466, Pl. 87, Balistes porcatus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:32, Balistes sesquilineatus Lay [G. T.] & Bennett [E. T.] 1839:69, Pl. 21 (fig. 3), Balistes aculeatus var. viridis Bennett [J. W.] 1828:unnum. p., Pl. 10] Notes: [The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London v. 3 (art. 9); ref. 17801] Habitat in Sumatræ littore [Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, , eastern Indian Ocean]. Current status: Valid as Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Aldabra, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Line Islands, Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (lineatus) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Coast of Coromandel, . Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (porcatus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian seas. Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (sesquilineatus) [The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; ref. 2730] Tahiti, Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (viridis) [A selection from the most remarkable and interesting fishes found on the coast of Ceylon First Edition; ref. 16785] South coast of . Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Balistes Linnaeus, 1758 [=Balistes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:327, Ballistes Billberg [G. J.] 1833:52, Capriscus Klein [J. T.] 1777:427, Capriscus Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein) 1792:580, Capriscus Artedi [P.] in Röse 1793:114, Capriscus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:41, 58, Chalisoma (subgenus of Capriscus) Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 325, Nematobalistes Fraser-Brunner [A.] 1935:659, 661, Verrunculus (subgenus of Balistes) Jordan [D. S.] 1924:82] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Masc. Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Bleeker 1865:98 [ref. 416] and 1866:10 [ref. 417]. •Valid as Balistes Linnaeus 1758 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Torchio 1973:641 [ref. 6892], Tyler 1980:121 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Aboussouan & Leis 1984:452 [ref. 13661], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1335 [ref. 13677], Smith & Heemstra 1986:877 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:58 [ref. 23547], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:503 [ref. 24550], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:850 [ref. 25968], Matsuura 2003:1964 [ref. 27119], Parin 2003:S32 [ref. 28536], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:550 [ref. 33547], Robertson et al. 2017:106 [ref. 35676]). Current status: Valid as Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Ballistes) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Masc. Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Unnecessary replacement name for Balistes Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kullander 2016:109 [ref. 34147]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Capriscus K) [v. 4; ref. 4920] Masc. Not available, published in a work that does not conform to the principle of binominal nomenclature. •In the synonymy of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Capriscus W) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Masc. Not available, published in a part of work rejected for nomenclatural purposes in Opinion 21 (1938). Based on Klein 1742:24 [ref. 30141]. •In the synonymy of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Capriscus AinR) [Petri Artedi Angermannia; ref. 3833] Masc. Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Also appeared as new in Billberg 1833:52 [ref. 34146], but no species included, therefore nomen nudum; see Kullander 2016:109 [ref. 34147]. •Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Capriscus R) [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Masc. Capriscus porcus Rafinesque 1810. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Chalisoma) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Neut. Balistes pulcherrimus Lesson 1830. Type by subsequent designation. Spelled Chalisomus on p. 194 and 438, Chalisoma on 325. Type designated by Swain 1882:282 [ref. 5966]. Technical first reviser not researched. Details for species not located. •Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Nematobalistes) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 15 (no. 90); ref. 1489] Masc. Balistes forcipatus Gmelin 1789. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758 -- (Tyler 1980:123 [ref. 4477]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. (Verrunculus) [Copeia No. 134; ref. 2425] Masc. Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Described as "a distinct subgenus or genus under Balistes." •Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758 -- (Tyler 1980:123 [ref. 4477]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae.

Species Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 [=Balistes capriscus Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1471, Balistes buniva Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:668, 669, Pl. 21 (fig. 1), Balistes caprinus Valenciennes [A.] 1839:[94], Pl. 16 (fig. 3), Balistes capriscus Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Willughby) 1792:465, Balistes capriscus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:30, Balistes carolinensis Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1468, Balistes carolinensis Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:29, Balistes forcipatus Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1472, Balistes fuliginosus DeKay [J. E.] 1842:339, Pl. 54 (fig. 188), Balistes moribundus Cope [E. D.] 1871:478, Balistes powellii Cope [E. D.] 1870:120, Balistes spilotopterygius Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:455, Balistes taeniopterus Poey [F.] 1860:326] Notes: [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Western North Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, . Habitat: marine. (buniva) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (caprinus) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] . Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (capriscus W) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (capriscus Gr in G) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian and American Oceans. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Habitat: marine. (carolinensis G) [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Indian and American seas. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (carolinensis Gr in G) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Several localities. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (forcipatus) [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] . Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (fuliginosus) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] New York harbor, New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (moribundus) [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] St. Martin Island, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (powellii) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 22; ref. 18030] Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (spilotopterygius) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] American Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (taeniopterus) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Balistes polylepis Steindachner, 1876 [=Balistes polylepis Steindachner [F.] 1876:69 [21], Balistes polylepis rubicundus de Buen [F.] 1959:158, Fig. 17] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Magdalena Bay, Baja California, . Current status: Valid as Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876. Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Alaska, U.S.A. (rare) to Chile; waifs established in Marquesas Islands (South Pacific) and Hawaiian Islands (Central Pacific). Habitat: marine. (rubicundus) [Revista de Biologia Marina, Valparaiso v. 9 (nos 1-3); ref. 696] Chile. Current status: Synonym of Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Balistes punctatus Gmelin, 1789 [=Balistes punctatus Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1472, Balistes ciliaris Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:471, Balistes dichrostigma Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Guichenot) 1861:261, Balistes guttatus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:467, Balistes liberiensis Steindachner [F.] 1867:64, Balistes radiata Bowdich [S. L.] 1825:233, Fig. 45] Notes: [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Indian Ocean (?). Current status: Valid as Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Morocco to Angola, some offshore islands. Habitat: marine. (ciliaris) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Marankan, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (dichrostigma) [Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 10 [for 1858]; ref. 1149] Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. (guttatus) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality known. Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (liberiensis) [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe v. 4 (no. 8); ref. 20462] Monrovia, Liberia. Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (radiata) [Fishes of Madeira; ref. 590] Porta Praya, St. Jago Island, Cape Verde Islands. Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Balistes rotundatus Marion de Proce, 1822 [=Balistes rotundatus Marion de Procé [P.-M.] 1822:130] Notes: [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris [Sér. 3] [v. 9] (for 1822); ref. 17601] Manila Bay, . Current status: Valid as Balistes rotundatus Marion de Procé 1822. Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758 [=Balistes vetula Linnaeus [C.] 1758:329, Balistes bellus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:467, Balistes equestris Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:31, Balistes vetula trinitatis Nichols [J. T.] & Murphy [R. C.] 1914:265, Fig. 3, Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Ascension Island. Current status: Valid as Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Distribution: Atlantic Ocean. Habitat: marine. (bellus) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (equestris) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American seas. Current status: Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (trinitatis) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 33 (art. 20); ref. 14163] Trindade, Martin Vaz Islands, off southeastern Brazil, South Atlantic, 20°31'S, 29°19'W. Current status: Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Balistes willughbeii Lay & Bennett, 1839 [=Balistes willughbeii Lay [G. T.] & Bennett [E. T.] 1839:68, Pl. 21 (fig. 2)] Notes: [The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; ref. 2730] Acapulco, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Balistes willughbeii Lay & Bennett 1839. Balistidae. Distribution: Circumglobal. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Balistoides Fraser-Brunner, 1935 [=Balistoides Fraser-Brunner [A.] 1935:659, 662, Guaperva Sonnerat [P.] (ex Willughby) 1774:226] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 15 (no. 90); ref. 1489] Masc. Balistes viridescens Bloch & Schneider 1801. Type by original designation. •Valid as Balistoides Fraser-Brunner 1935 -- (Matsuura 1980:44 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:121 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:357 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:878 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:58 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3913 [ref. 26315], Allen et al. 2006:1871 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Motomura et al. 2017:230 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:376 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Balistoides Fraser-Brunner 1935. Balistidae. (Guaperva) [Observations sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, Paris v. 3; ref. 30219] Fem. Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority in favor of Balistoides Fraser-Brunner 1935. •In the synonymy of Balistoides Fraser-Brunner 1935. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides Fraser-Brunner 1935. Balistidae. Species Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Balistes conspicillum Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:474, Guaperva maculatus Sonnerat [P.] 1774:443, Pl. 2, Balistes niger Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Sonnerat) 1788:10, Pl. 85 (fig. 152 [?352])] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Samoa, north to Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia and Lord Howe Island. Habitat: marine. (maculatus) [Observations sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, Paris v. 3; ref. 30220] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean; Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (niger) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Balistes viridescens Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:477, Balistes brasiliensis Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:470, Guaperva cinerea Sonnerat [P.] 1774:78, Guaperva communis Sonnerat [P.] 1774:226, Pls. 1-2, Pachynathus nigromarginatus Tanaka [S.] 1908:39, Pl. 1 (fig. 4)] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] [No locality stated] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Wake Atoll and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia and Tonga. Habitat: marine. (brasiliensis) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Brazilian seas. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (cinerea) [Observations sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, Paris v. 4; ref. 30221] [Locality not stated] probably Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (communis) [Observations sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, Paris v. 3; ref. 30219] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. (nigromarginatus) [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Misaki, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Swainson, 1839 [=Canthidermis (subgenus of Balistes) Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 325] Notes: [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Fem. Balistes oculatus Gray 1831. Type by subsequent designation. Spelled Canthidermes on pp. 194, 437 (index), Canthidermis on p. 325. First type designation apparently by Bleeker 1866:11 [ref. 417] as Balistes oculatus; not Balistes angulosus designated by Swain 1882:282 [ref. 5966]. •Valid as Canthidermis Swainson 1839 -- (Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Fedoryako 1979:981 [ref. 8721], Matsuura 1980:66 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:120 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Aboussouan & Leis 1984:452 [ref. 13661], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:878 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:63 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3913 [ref. 26315], Matsuura 2003:1964 [ref. 27119], Parin 2003:S33 [ref. 28536], Allen et al. 2006:1872 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:550 [ref. 33547], Motomura et al. 2017:230 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Canthidermis Swainson 1839. Balistidae.

Species Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger, 1888) [=Balistes macrolepis Boulenger [G. A.] 1888:666, Canthidermis villosus Fedoryako [B. I.] 1979:985 [21], Fig. 1B-C] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887 (pt 4); ref. 14479] Muscat, Oman, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea and northwestern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine. (villosus) [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 19 (no. 6) (art. 119); ref. 8721] Indian Ocean, 12°29'N, 44°23'E. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthidermis maculata (Bloch, 1786) [=Balistes maculatus Bloch [M. E.] 1786:25, Pl. 151, Balistes adspersus Tschudi [J. J. Von] 1846:31, Balistes americanus Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1473, Balistes angulosus Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:210, Balistes aureolus Richardson [J.] 1845:126, Pl. 59 (figs. 1-4), Balistes azureus Lesson [R. P.] 1831:121, Poissons Pl. 10 (fig. 2), Balistes bicolor Shaw [G.] 1804:407, Pl. 168 (top), Balistes brevissimus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:56, Pl. 3 (fig. 1), Canthidermis longirostris Tortonese [E.] 1956:77, Fig. 1, Balistes longissimus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:60, Pl. 3 (fig. 3), Balistes longus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:37, Balistes macropterus Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:465, Balistes melanopterus Cope [E. D.] 1871:478, Balistes munumum Montrouzier [X.] 1857:496 [218], Balistes oculatus Gray [J. E.] 1831:no page number, Pl. 90 (fig. 1), Balistes rufus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:36, Balistes senticosus Richardson [J.] 1848:23, Pl. 9 (figs. 5-8), Balistes um Montrouzier [X.] 1857:495 [217], Canthidermis viola Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1926:534, Pl. 1] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 2; ref. 465] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Current status: Valid as Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas. Habitat: marine. (adspersus) [Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana; ref. 4469] Huacho, . Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (americanus) [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] American seas. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (angulosus) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (aureolus) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (azureus) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (bicolor) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (brevissimus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] New Guinea and Australia. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (longirostris) [Rivista di Biologia Coloniale v. 14 (for 1954); ref. 12230] Dahlak Island, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (longissimus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Vanikoro Island, Santa Cruz Islands, southwestern Pacific; Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (longus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (macropterus) [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] American Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (melanopterus) [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] Darien, Panama. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (munumum) [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (oculatus) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] India. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (rufus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (senticosus) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; ref. 3744] Sea of China. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (um) [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (viola) [Philippine Journal of Science v. 31 (no. 4); ref. 2122] Manukan, Cagayan Islands, Sulu Sea, Philippines. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill, 1815) [=Balistes sufflamen Mitchill [S. L.] 1815:467, Balistes asperrimus Cope [E. D.] 1871:478, Balistes macrops Poey [F.] 1860:326, Balistes sobaco Poey [F.] 1860:324] Notes: [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Distribution: Western and eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (asperrimus) [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] Probably St. Martin Island, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (macrops) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (sobaco) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Melichthys Swainson, 1839 [=Melichthys (subgenus of Balistes) Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 325, Oncobalistes Fowler [H. W.] 1946:213] Notes: [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Balistes ringens Osbeck (not of Linnaeus) 1765 (= Balistes niger Bloch 1786). Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Bleeker 1866:10 [ref. 417] as "Balistes ringens Osb." Possibly based on a misidentified type species. Melanichthys Günther 1870:212, 227 [ref. 1995] (not of Temminck & Schlegel) apparently is an unjustified emendation. •Valid as Melichthys Swainson 1839 -- (Randall & Klausewitz 1973:58 [ref. 7581], Matsuura 1980:40 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:120 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:879 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:60 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3912 [ref. 26315], Matsuura 2003:1964 [ref. 27119], Allen et al. 2006:1872 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Motomura et al. 2017:230 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Melichthys Swainson 1839. Balistidae. (Oncobalistes) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 98; ref. 1456] Masc. Oncobalistes erythropterus Fowler 1946. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Melichthys Swainson 1839 -- (Randall & Klausewitz 1973:58 [ref. 7581], Matsuura 1980:40 [ref. 6943]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys Swainson 1839. Balistidae.

Species Melichthys indicus Randall & Klausewitz, 1973 [=Melichthys indicus Randall [J. E.] & Klausewitz [W.] 1973:(60) 64, Figs. 4-6] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 54 (nos 1/3); ref. 7581] Goy Huyong, Similian Islands, Thailand [, eastern Indian Ocean], 8°29'N, 97°39'E, depth 1-4 meters. Current status: Valid as Melichthys indicus Randall & Klausewitz 1973. Balistidae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar, western Mascarenes, and Chagos Archipelago east to Sumatra, Java and Bali. Habitat: marine.

Species Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786) [=Balistes niger Bloch [M. E.] 1786:27, Pl. 152 (fig. 2), Melichthys bispinosus Gilbert [C. H.] 1890:125, Balistes fuscolineatus Seale [A.] 1901:9, Fig. 4, Balistes kib Montrouzier [X.] 1857:495 [217], Balistes kibitar Montrouzier [X.] 1857:494 [216], Balistes mauritianus Regan [C. T.] 1903:414, Pl. 13 (fig. 4), Balistes piceus Poey [F.] 1863:180, Balistes radula Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1848:21, Pl. 6 (figs. 1-4), Balistes sillone Le Danois [Y.] 1961:519] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 2; ref. 465] No locality [? China]. Current status: Valid as Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas. Habitat: marine. (bispinosus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Clarion and Socorro Islands. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (fuscolineatus) [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 14358] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (kib) [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. (kibitar) [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (mauritianus) [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 3620] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (piceus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 15; ref. 18561] Havana, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (radula) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; ref. 3744] Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. (sillone) [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 32 (no. 6) (1960); ref. 21538] Indian seas. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Melichthys vidua (Richardson, 1845) [=Balistes vidua Richardson [J.] (ex Solander) 1845:128, Pl. 59 (figs. 9-12), Oncobalistes erythropterus Fowler [H. W.] 1946:213, Fig. 73, Balistes vidua kamoharai Abe [T.] 1958:178, Pachynathus nycteris Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:199] Notes: [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] and Tahiti, Society Islands. Current status: Valid as Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: East Africa, South Africa and Réunion (western Mascarenes) east to Hawaiian Islands, Line Islands, Marquesas Islands and Gambier Islands, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Great Barrier Reef (Australia), New Caledonia and Tonga; Revillagigedo Archipelago (Mexico). Habitat: marine. (erythropterus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 98; ref. 1456] Aguni Shima, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (kamoharai) [Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan Spec. No. 2; ref. 12041] Japan. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (nycteris) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Odonus Gistel, 1848 [=Odonus Gistel [J.] 1848:XI, Erythrodon Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1852:34, Pyrodon Kaup [J. J.] 1855:222, Xenodon Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1836:52, Zenodon (subgenus of Capriscus) Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 325] Notes: [Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs; ref. 1822] Masc. Xenodon (Balistes) niger Rüppell 1836. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Xenodon Rüppell 1836, preoccupied; predates Erythrodon Rüppell 1852 and Pyrodon Kaup 1855. •Valid as Odonus Gistel 1848 -- (Matsuura 1980:33 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:120 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Aboussouan & Leis 1984:452 [ref. 13661], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:879 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:57 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3912 [ref. 26315], Allen et al. 2006:1873 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Odonus Gistel 1848. Balistidae. (Erythrodon) [Fische und deren Skelette; ref. 3846] Masc. Xenodon (Balistes) niger Rüppell 1836. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Xenodon Rüppell 1836, preoccupied in Amphibia; replaced earlier by Odonus Gistel 1848. •Objective synonym of Odonus Gistel 1848 -- (Matsuura 1980:33 [ref. 6943]). Current status: Synonym of Odonus Gistel 1848. Balistidae. (Pyrodon) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 2571] Masc. Xenodon (Balistes) niger Rüppell 1836. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Xenodon Rüppell 1836, twice replaced before Kaup 1855. •Objective synonym of Odonus Gistel 1848. Current status: Synonym of Odonus Gistel 1848. Balistidae. (Xenodon) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Masc. Xenodon niger Rüppell 1836. Type by monotypy. Spelled Zenodon by Swainson 1839:194, 325 [ref. 4303]. Genus is in the part published in 1836, species in 1837. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Xenodon Boie 1827 in Amphibia; replaced by Odonus Gistel 1848, Erythrodon Rüppell 1852, and Pyrodon Kaup 1853. Type based on "Baliste noir" Lacepède 1798; Günther 1870 renamed niger Rüppell as Balistes erythrodon; not Balistes niger Bloch 1786. •In the synonymy of Odonus Gistel 1848 -- (Matsuura 1980:33 [ref. 6943], Allen et al. 2006:1873 [ref. 29098]). Current status: Synonym of Odonus Gistel 1848. Balistidae. (Zenodon) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Generally regarded as a misspelling for Xenodon Rüppell; see Xenodon Rüppell. •In the synonymy of Odonus Gistel 1848 -- (Matsuura 1980:33 [ref. 6943]). Current status: Synonym of Odonus Gistel 1848. Balistidae.

Species Odonus niger (Ruppell, 1836) [=Xenodon (Balistes) niger Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1836:[53], Pl. 14 (fig. 3), Balistes erythrodon Günther [A.] 1870:228] Notes: [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Marquesas Islands and Society Islands, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to southern Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia), New Caledonia and Tonga. Habitat: marine. (erythrodon) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Pseudobalistes Bleeker, 1865 [=Pseudobalistes (subgenus of Balistes) Bleeker [P.] 1865:Pls. 218, 225, Notes: [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises; ref. 416] Masc. Balistes flavimarginatus Rüppell 1829. Type by monotypy. Apparently dates to Pl. 218 and Pl. 225 (1865, in part 19), with type as flavimarginatus of Bleeker = Balistes flavimarginatus Rüppell 1829; viridescens appears in Pl. 231 (part 20); corresponding text (99, 110) not published until 1869. Also in Bleeker 1866:11 [ref. 417] with type designated as viridescens (also 1869:99 [ref. 416]). •Valid as Pseudobalistes Bleeker 1865 -- (Matsuura 1980:35 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:123 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:880 [ref. 5714], Matsuura 2001:3912 [ref. 26315], Allen et al. 2006:1873 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Motomura et al. 2017:231 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Pseudobalistes Bleeker 1865. Balistidae.

Species Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Ruppell, 1829) [=Balistes flavimarginatus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:33] Notes: [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1829). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Comoros, Madagascar and western Mascarenes east to Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Balistes fuscus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:471, Balistes caerulescens Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:32, Pl. 7 (fig. 2), Balistes reticulatus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:312, Balistes rivulatus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1837:56, Pl. 16 (fig. 2)] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality stated [Indian Ocean]. Current status: Valid as Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (caerulescens) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (reticulatus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] [Tonga-Tabou] Tongatapu, Tonga, south Pacific; Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (rivulatus) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Pseudobalistes naufragium (Jordan & Starks, in Jordan, 1895) [=Balistes naufragium Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] in Jordan 1895:488] Notes: [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 5; ref. 2394] Astillero at Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Pseudobalistes naufragium (Jordan & Starks 1895). Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Baja California to Ecuador. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Rhinecanthus Swainson, 1839 [=Rhinecanthus (subgenus of Balistes) Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 325] Notes: [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Balistes ornatissimus Lesson 1831. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Swain 1882:282 [ref. 5966]. •Valid as Rhinecanthus Swainson 1829 -- (Tyler 1980:121 [ref. 4477], Randall & Steene 1983 [ref. 6023], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:880 [ref. 5714], Matsuura & Shiobara 1989 [ref. 13563], Lindberg et al. 1997:59 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3913 [ref. 26315], Allen et al. 2006:1874 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Struthers 2015:1715 [ref. 34302], Fricke et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus Swainson 1839. Balistidae. Species Rhinecanthus abyssus Matsuura & Shiobara, 1989 [=Rhinecanthus abyssus Matsuura [K.] & Shiobara [Y.] 1989:315, Fig. 1] Notes: [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 36 (no. 3); ref. 13563] Off northeastern coast of Kume-jima Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, 26°21.0'N, 126°50.5'E, depth 150 meters. Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus abyssus Matsuura & Shiobara 1989. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Ryukyu Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Balistes aculeatus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:328, Monacanthus cheverti Alleyne [H. G.] & Macleay [W.] 1877:355, Pl. 17 (fig. 3), Balistes heteracanthus Bleeker [P.] 1859:22, Balistapus aculeatus var. obscurus Borodin [N. A.] 1930:62, Balistes ornatissimus Lesson [R. P.] 1831:119, Poissons Pl. 10 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Indo-West Pacific. Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal, South Africa; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia and Lord Howe Island. Habitat: marine. (cheverti) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 1 (pts 3-4); ref. 101] No locality [northern Queensland, Australia, or Papua New Guinea]. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (heteracanthus) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 6 (art. 2); ref. 14003] Doreh Bay [Doreh], off Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia, New Guinea, ca. 0°53'25''S 134°05'29''E. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (obscurus) [Bulletin Vanderbilt Marine Museum v. 1 (art. 2); ref. 16069] Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (ornatissimus) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Bora Bora, Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Rhinecanthus assasi Forsskal, 1775 [=Balistes assasi Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:75, xiv] Notes: [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus assasi (Forsskål 1775). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Oman, . Habitat: marine.

Species Rhinecanthus cinereus (Bonnaterre, 1788) [=Balistes cinereus Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Sonnerat) 1788:20, Pl. 86 (fig. 353), Balistes arcuatus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:466] Notes: [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus cinereus (Bonnaterre 1788). Balistidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Comores, Madagascar, western Mascarenes, Maldives. Habitat: marine. (arcuatus) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus cinereus (Bonnaterre 1788). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Rhinecanthus lunula Randall & Steene, 1983 [=Rhinecanthus lunula Randall [J. E.] & Steene [R. C.] 1983:46, Figs. 8-10] Notes: [Freshwater and Marine Aquarium v. 6 (no. 7); ref. 6023] Outside barrier reef about 1/4 mile east of Teavaraa Pass, Papara, Tahiti, Society Islands, depth 15 meters. Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus lunula Randall & Steene 1983. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Queensland, Australia to Pitcairn Island. Habitat: marine. Species Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) [=Balistes rectangulus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Lacepède & Commerson) 1801:465, Balistes cinctus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:335, Balistes echarpe Anonymous [Lacepède [B. G. E.]] 1798:682, Balistes erythropteron Lesson [R. P.] 1831:123, Poissons Pl. 10 (fig. 3), Balistes garnoti Castelnau [F. L.] 1873:107, Balistes medinilla Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:206, Pl. 46 (fig. 2)] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Lord Howe Island and Kermadec Islands, and Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine. (cinctus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. (echarpe) [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (no. 287) (for 24 Sept. 1798); ref. 13098] Mauritius. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (erythropteron) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Bora Bora, Society Islands. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (garnoti) [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Noble Island, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (medinilla) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] From îles des Papous. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Balistes verrucosus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:328, Balistes praslensis Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:332, Balistes praslinensis Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:205, Pl. 46 (fig. 1), Balistes praslinoides Lesson [R. P.] 1831:117, Poissons Pl. 9 (fig. 3), Balistes tamaked Montrouzier [X.] 1857:493 [215], Balistes viridis Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:476] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] India. Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden, East Africa, Seychelles, Mauritius (Mascarenes) and Chagos Archipelago east to Philippines and Vanuatu, north to southern Japan, south to Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (praslensis) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (praslinensis) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Praslin Island; Waigeo [Waigiou], Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (praslinoides) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Port Praslin, New Ireland Island, Bismarck Archipelago. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (tamaked) [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. (viridis) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Sufflamen Jordan, 1916 [=Sufflamen Jordan [D. S.] 1916:27, Cotilla Billberg [G. J.] 1833:52, Hemibalistes (subgenus of Sufflamen) Fraser-Brunner [A.] 1935:662, Pachynathus (subgenus of Capriscus) Swainson [W.] 1839:194, 326] Notes: [Copeia No. 29; ref. 2405] Neut. Balistes capistratus Shaw 1804. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Pachynathus Swainson 1839 in fishes (ruled in Opinion 29 of the ICZN to be a typographical error for Pachygnathus; preoccupied by Pachygnathus Dugés 1834 in arachnids). Cotilla Billberg 1833 is a senior synonym (see Kullander 2016:109 [ref. 34147]), but Sufflamen Jordan 1916 is in prevailing usage and therefore here used as the valid name for the genus. •Valid as Sufflamen Jordan 1916 -- (Matsuura 1980:47 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980:123 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Aboussouan & Leis 1984:452 [ref. 13661], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:58 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3913 [ref. 26315], Allen et al. 2006:1875 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2018:379 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Sufflamen Jordan 1916. Balistidae. (Cotilla) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Fem. Cotilla frenata Billberg 1833. Type by monotypy. Based on the "Baliste bride" of Lacepède (1798: 378). Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority in favor of Sufflamen Jordan 1916 is followed (ICZN Art. 23.9). •Synonym of Sufflamen Jordan 1916 -- (Kullander 2016:109 [ref. 34147]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen Jordan 1916. Balistidae. (Hemibalistes) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 15 (no. 90); ref. 1489] Masc. Balistes bursa Bloch & Schneider 1801. Not available from Fraser-Brunner 1935; two included species and no type designated after 1930 (Art. 13.3). Can date to Burton 1936 in Zoological Record for 1935 (see remarks on Art. 13.3 in Appendix A in Eschmeyer 1990 [ref. 20647]). •In the synonymy of Sufflamen Jordan 1916 -- (Matsuura 1980:48 [ref. 6943]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen Jordan 1916. Balistidae. (Pachynathus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Masc. Pachynathus triangularis Swainson 1839 (= Balistes capistratus Shaw 1804). Type by monotypy. Regarded as a misspelling for Pachygnathus (Opinion 29) and therefore preoccupied by Pachygnathus Dugès 1834 in arachnids; replaced by Sufflamen Jordan 1916. •Objective synonym of Sufflamen Jordan 1916 -- (Matsuura 1980:47 [ref. 6943], Allen et al. 2006:1875 [ref. 29098]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen Jordan 1916. Balistidae.

Species Sufflamen albicaudatum (Ruppell, 1829) [=Balistes albicaudatus Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:33] Notes: [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Sufflamen albicaudatum (Rüppell 1829). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea and Gulf of Oman. Habitat: marine. Species Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Balistes bursa Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Sonnerat & Bonnaterre) 1801:476, Balistes communis Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Sonnerat) 1788:19, Pl. 85 (fig. 351)] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] In mare indicum [Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean]. Current status: Valid as Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and South Africa,Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia, New Caledonia and Rapa. Habitat: marine. (communis) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) [=Balistes chrysopterus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:466, Balistes mungopark Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:681, 682, Balistes subarmatus Gray [J. E.] 1831:no page number, Pl. 90 (fig. 3), Balistes verrucosus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:33] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Coromandel Coast, India. Current status: Valid as Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Samoa, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (mungopark) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 4; ref. 4929] Sumatra, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (subarmatus) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (verrucosus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian seas. Current status: Synonym of Balistes niger Park 1794. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille, 1804) [=Balistes fraenatus Latreille [P. A.] 1804:74, Balistes amboinensis Gray [J. E.] 1831:no page number, Pl. 90 (fig 2), Balistes capistratus Shaw [G.] 1804:417, Cotilla frenata Billberg [G. J.] 1833:52, Balistes mitis Bennett [E. T.] 1832:169] Notes: [Tableau méthodique des poissons.; ref. 17490] No locality stated. Current status: Valid as Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Australia, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Habitat: marine. (amboinensis) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (capistratus) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (frenata) [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (mitis) [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Sufflamen verres (Gilbert & Starks, 1904) [=Balistes verres Gilbert [C. H.] & Starks [E. C.] 1904:153, Pl. 26 (fig. 49)] Notes: [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences v. 4; ref. 1639] (Pacific) Panama. Current status: Valid as Sufflamen verres (Gilbert & Starks 1904). Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Baja California to Ecuador. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Xanthichthys Kaup, in Richardson, 1856 [=Xanthichthys Kaup [J. J.] in Richardson 1856:313] Notes: [Ichthyology. In: The Encyclopaedia Britannica v. 12; ref. 3747] Masc. Balistes curassavicus Gmelin 1789. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Xanthichthys Kaup 1856 -- (Randall et al. 1978 [ref. 5532], Fedoryako 1979:991 [ref. 8721], Matsuura 1980:59 [ref. 6943], Tyler 1980 [ref. 4477], Arai 1983:199 [ref. 14249], Aboussouan & Leis 1984:452 [ref. 13661], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714], Lindberg et al. 1997:59 [ref. 23547], Matsuura 2001:3913 [ref. 26315], Matsuura 2003:1964 [ref. 27119], Allen et al. 2006:1876 [ref. 29098], Pyle & Earle 2013:1 [ref. 32891], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576]). Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys Kaup 1856. Balistidae.

Species Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett, 1832) [=Balistes auromarginatus Bennett [E. T.] 1832:168, Balistes calolepis Hollard [H. L. G. M.] in Guichenot 1853:183, Balistes gutturosus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:63] Notes: [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: western Mascarenes and Chagos Archipelago east to Hawaiian Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to southern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. (calolepis) [Sagra, R. de la, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba; ref. 18164] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (gutturosus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall et al., 1978 [=Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall [J. E.], Matsuura [K.] & Zama [A.] 1978:701, Figs. 2D, 7, Xenobalistes punctatus Heemstra [P. C.] & Smith [M. M.] 1983:1, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 5532] 4 kilometers southeast of pass, Manihi Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago [French Polynesia, South Pacific], depth 350 feet. Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama 1978. Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Saint Brandon's Shoals, Agalega Islands and Maldives east to Central America (Galapagos Islands), north to Ryukyu Islands, Ogasawara Islands and Hawaiian Islands, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine. (punctatus) [The J.L.B Smith Institute of Ichthyology Special Publication No. 26; ref. 5414] Beach at Van Stadens River mouth, eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama 1978. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Xanthichthys greenei Pyle & Earle, 2013 [=Xanthichthys greenei Pyle [R. L.] & Earle [J. L.] 2013:3, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Biodiversity Data Journal 1.e994; ref. 32891] Kiribati Atoll, directly off fuel tanks near London, outside of freighter ship, 1°59'7884'N, 157.29'10.32"W, depth 300 feet (90 meters), Line Atoll. Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys greenei Pyle & Earle 2013. Balistidae. Distribution: Kiribati Atoll, Line Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Xanthichthys lima (Bennett, 1832) [=Balistes lima Bennett [E. T.] 1832:168] Notes: [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys lima (Bennett 1832). Balistidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine. Species Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard, 1854) [=Balistes lineopunctatus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:65] Notes: [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard 1854). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific, antiequatorial: East Africa, South Africa, Comores and western Mascarenes east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) [=Balistes mento Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:228, Xanthichthys gotonis Tanaka [S.] 1918:481, Pl. 131 (fig. 372), Xanthichthys purus Tanaka [S.] 1918:484, Pl. 133 (fig. 374)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 221); ref. 18348] Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Islands, off western Mexico. Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Balistidae. Distribution: Pacific, antitropical: southern Japan east to Hawaiian Islands and eastern Pacific from California (U.S.A.) to Colombia; Pitcairn and Easter Island. Habitat: marine. (gotonis) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 27; ref. 14911] Tokyo market, said to have come from Idzu [Izu], Japan. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (purus) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 27; ref. 14911] Tokyo market, said to have come from Idzu [Izu], Japan. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus, 1758) [=Balistes ringens Linnaeus [C.] 1758:329, Balistes cicatricosus Poey [F.] 1860:327, Balistes curassavicus Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1472, Balistes elongatus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:69, Balistes heckelii Müller [J. W. von] 1864:183, Balistes nigra Osbeck [P.] 1771:93, Balistes nitidus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:36, Balistes notatus Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:36] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Ascension Island. Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic and Ascension Island. Habitat: marine. (cicatricosus) [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (curassavicus) [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Curaçao. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (elongatus) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Azores, northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (heckelii) [Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada und Mexico; ref. 14184] Mexico. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (nigra) [A voyage to China and the East Indies v. 1-2; ref. 18499] Ascension Island. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (nitidus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. (notatus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Several localities. Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Xenobalistes Matsuura, 1981 [=Xenobalistes Matsuura [K.] 1981:191] Notes: [Bulletin of the National Science Museum Series A (Zoology) v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2910] Masc. Xenobalistes tumidipectoris Matsuura 1981. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Xenobalistes Matsuura 1981 -- (Heemstra & Smith 1983 [ref. 5414], Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714], Matsuura 2001:3917 [ref. 26315], Allen et al. 2006:1877 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:8 [ref. 33576]). •Genus possible based on prejuveniles of Xanthichthys -- (R. Winterbottom, pers. comm., 5 Apr. 2006). Current status: Valid as Xenobalistes Matsuura 1981. Balistidae. Species Xenobalistes tumidipectoris Matsuura, 1981 [=Xenobalistes tumidipectoris Matsuura [K.] 1981:192, Figs. 1-10] Notes: [Bulletin of the National Science Museum Series A (Zoology) v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2910] Off Marianas Islands, 20°33'N, 145°15'E (stomach content). Current status: Valid as Xenobalistes tumidipectoris Matsuura 1981. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Mariana Islands. Habitat: marine. ****************************************************

Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Epimonus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1815:92 [Analyse de la nature; ref. 3584] As "Epimonus R. sp. do." meaning Epimonus Rafinesque for a species in a preceding genus (Balistes). Not available, name only. Balistidae.

Parabalistes (subgenus of Balistes) Bleeker [P.] 1865:Pl. 225 [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises; ref. 416] Masc. Balistes chrysospilos Bleeker 1853. Type by monotypy. Apparently dates to Pl. 225 in Atlas (1865); corresponding text (pp. 98, 110) not published until 1869; also in Bleeker 1866:10 [ref. 417]. A second species was figured with question on Pl. 231 on same date; type by monotypy (type also designated in 1866:10 [ref. 417] and in corresponding text in 1869). Original spelling of species is chrysospilos, subsequently changed by Bleeker to chrysospilus. Current status: Uncertain. Balistidae.

Tobinia Whitley [G. P.] 1933:47 [Australian Museum Magazine v. 5 (no. 2); ref. 6595] Fem. Tobinia paragaudata Whitley 1933. Type by monotypy. Not available from this date, no separate generic description, and combined description does not meet requirements of Art. 13.4. Subsequent publication in an available way not investigated. Balistidae.

(species) capistratus, Balistapus Tilesius [W. G. von] 1820:306, 309, Pl. 9 [Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg v. 7; ref. 4407] Balistidae. Habitat: marine. acanthuroides, Balistes Curtiss [A.] 1938:128 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. •Synonymized with Teuthis lituratus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) by Curtiss 1944:22 [ref. 12574]. Acanthuridae. Habitat: marine. albifasciatus, Balistes Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.] in Bleeker 1851:16 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 11); ref. 16836] Not available, name mentioned in the synonymy of Balistes aculeatus. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. albipunctatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. albomarginatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. angulosus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:57 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Pacific. No types known. Appeared as "Balistes angulosus Étiq. du Mus." Apparently independent of but preoccupied by Balistes angulosus Quoy & Gairmard 1824; objectively invalid. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. angusticauda, Balistes Mitchill [S. L.] 1818:327 [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review v. 2 (no. 5, art. 1); ref. 30214] New York City, New York, U.S.A., from Atlantic. No types known. Based on a drawing. Monacanthidae. annularis, Balistes Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:16, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:41 [ref. 3595]. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. armatus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:469 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. barffi, Balistes Curtiss [A.] 1938:129 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. See the second entry for this species. barffi, Balistes Curtiss [A.] 1938:130 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. Curtiss 1944:23 [ref. 12574] recognized he used this name on the previous p. 129 for another species; he synonymized barffi on p. 130 with Balistes aculeatus Linnaeus; barffi on p. 130 also is a homonym of barffi p. 129 and is not available. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. batillium, Balistes Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 111 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, Chiereghini name and description mentioned in synonymy. Also not available from Ninni 1872:39 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid. Balistidae. beeri, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1860:53 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 8 (art. 7); ref. 379] Badjoa, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. bipes, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:37 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. caper, Balistes Giorna [M. E.] 1809:6 [Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences, littérature et beaux-arts, Turin, Sér. Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques. [v. 16] (pt 1) (for 1805-1808); ref. 1808] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. castaneus, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1845:126, Pl. 59 (figs. 5-8) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Pacific. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1848.3.18.22. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. chrysospilos, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1853:94 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 16911] Lawajong, Solor Island, Indonesia. Bleeker specimens: ?BMNH 1864.11.28.131 (1). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. cirrhosus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. ellioti, Balistes Day [F.] 1889:478 [The fauna of British India v. 2; ref. 4888] Madras, India. No types known. Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. Based on a drawing. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. erythropterus, Balistes Swainson [W.] 1838:193, Fig. 27 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian . v. 1; ref. 4302] No locality. Perhaps not intended as new but as Balistes erythropteron Lesson 1831. Balistidae. fasciatus, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:409 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "Baliste echarpe" of Lacepède. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. fimbriatus, Balistes Forster [J. R.] in Richardson 1845:128 [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Not available, name mentioned in synonymy Balistes vidua; from Tahiti. Balistidae. fuscatus, Balistes Rafinesque [C. S.] 1814:19 [Précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques de Mr. C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz; ref. 3582] Atlantic, between the Azores and U.S.A. No types known. fuscus, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:378 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] No locality. Appeared as "Balistes fuscus, maculâ pectorali maximâ, postremisque pinnarum marginibus albis,...."; regarded as non-binominal and not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. Balistidae. gaimardii, Balistes (Canthidermis) Swainson [W.] 1839:325 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Frey. Zool. p. 210 -- which is Quoy & Gaimard [ref. 3574]. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. griseus, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:350, Pl. 15 (fig. 1) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Balistes griseus, dorso maculis lenticularibus ...."; regarded as non-binominal, mentioned in footnote, thus not available; from Mauritius. See ICZN Opinion 89. Balistidae. guttatus, Balistes Cuvier [G.] 1816:153 [Le Règne v. 2; ref. 993] Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. Name only, not available; also as name only in Cuvier 1829:374 [ref. 995]. •Nomen nudum, family Balistidae -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]). Balistidae. hihpe, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1845:127, Pl. 60 (fig. 2) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] China Seas, Canton. No types known. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:218 [ref. 11606]). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. hispidulus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:35 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian seas. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. humilus, Balistes Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1924:434 [Philippine Journal of Science v. 25 (no. 4); ref. 10939] South coast of Cotabato Province, Mindanao, Philippines. Holotype: BSMP 10252 (presumed destroyed). Paratypes: BSMP (31) presumed destroyed. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. immaculatus, Balistes maculatus var. Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:465 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Apparently an unnamed variety, immaculatus not in type style of other varieties (not Latinized as such); not available from above source. Balistidae. jellaka, Balistes Cuvier [G.] 1829:372 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Vizagapatam, India. No types at MNHN. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. Available from footnote as, "Bal. jellaka, N., Lamayellaka, Russel, 1, 22." •Unknown status -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. linguatula, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:35 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian seas. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. lunulatus, Balistes Risso [A.] 1827:175 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. marmoratus, Balistes Marion de Procé [P.-M.] 1822:130 [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris [Sér. 3] [v. 9] (for 1822); ref. 17601] Mer des Indes. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. melanopleura, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1849:73 [Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore) v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 316] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. membranaceus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. mordax, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. nebulosus, Balistes Poey [F.] 1860:328 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. niger, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:370 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Balistes niger, lineâ albâ dorsi Commerson"; regarded as non-binominal and name only, thus not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. nigricans, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:375 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Balistes nigricans; rostro, maculis, pinnis pectoris, dorsi, ani, dimidiâque caudâ, exalbidis; ...."; regarded as non-binominal and first published in synonymy, thus not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. Balistidae. nigricans, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. nigropunctatus, Balistes Osbeck [P.] 1765:147 [Reise nach Ostindien und China; ref. 3311] South China Sea, southwest of Macao, China. Originally as nigro- punctatus. Name and locality only; not available. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. nummiferus, Balistes Hermann [J.] 1804:298 [Observationes zoologicae; ref. 2146] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. oire, Balistes Bennett [F. D.] 1840:262 [Narrative of a whaling voyage round the globe v. 2; ref. 260] Raiatea, Society Islands. No types known. Originally orié. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. ornatissimus, Balistes Swainson [W.] 1838:190, Fig. 25 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. v. 1; ref. 4302] No locality. Perhaps not intended as new; objectively invalid; objectively invalid, preoccupied by Balistes ornatissimus Lesson 1831. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. papillosus, Balistes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:328 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] No locality. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. papuensis, Balistes Macleay [W.] 1883:279 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 2); ref. 17587] Hood Bay, Papua New Guinea. Holotype (unique): AMS I.9110. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. pellion, Balistes Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824-25:211, Pl. 45 (figs. 3-8) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] South Australia. Holotype: MNHN B- 2028. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:521-522 [ref. 21538]. •Incertae sedis in Balistidae -- (Allen et al. 2006:1877 [ref. 29098]). Balistidae. Habitat: marine. pellucidus, Balistes Hermann [J.] 1804:299 [Observationes zoologicae; ref. 2146] Ascension Island. No types known. •Doubtful species; needs redescription if valid -- (Wirtz et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33516]). Current status: Uncertain as Balistes pellucidus Hermann 1804. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. punctatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. quadrilineatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. ruficaudus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. schmittii, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1852:37 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 11); ref. 16836] Padang, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. signatus, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:416 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "Baliste grand-tache" of Lacepède. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. sonneratii, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:406 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean; Tahiti. Based on literature sources. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. spinosus, Balistes Meuschen [F. C.] 1778:23 [Museum Gronovianum; ref. 17682] Original not seen. Not available, published in a rejected work (Opinion 260). Balistidae. striatus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:32 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. theresae, Balistes Curtiss [A.] 1938:131 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. trilineatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. Balistidae. unimaculatus, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:410 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "Le Baliste Pralin" of Lacepède. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. vetula, Chaetodon Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xviii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Not available, name only; from Malta; perhaps for Balistes vetula Linnaeus. Balistidae. villosus, Balistes Cuvier [G.] 1816:153 [Le Règne Animal v. 2; ref. 993] Name only, not available; also as name only in Cuvier 1829:374 [ref. 995] -- but see Beaunier et al. 2008:293, 299 [ref. 28887]. •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:299 [ref. 28887]). Balistidae. villosus, Monocanthus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] (ex Ehrenberg) 1854:333, Pl. 12 (fig. 2) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Holotype: MNHN B-2033 or B-2034. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:293 [ref. 28887]. Based on Balistes villosus Cuvier 1816. •Status uncertain -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:293 [ref. 28887]). Balistidae. vingens, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:472 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean and Simco. Corrected to ringens in corregenda and therefore refers to Balistes ringens Bloch and is not an original description; not available. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. virescens, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:408 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "le Baliste verdatre" of Lacepède. Balistidae. Habitat: marine. surcatus, Xanthichthys de Buen [F.] 1963:63, Fig. 30 [Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepción v. 35/36 (1960-61); ref. 4325] Cook Bay, Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): CIZ. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.