2011 AICP Review Course FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE TRANSPORTATION
April 2011
Tom Schulze, AICP Senior Director New Jersey Transit
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Functional Areas of Practice [25%]
A. Natural resources and H. Economic development environmental quality and revitalization plans B. Land use I. Historic preservation C. Infrastructure (e.g., water, sewer, J. Urban design power, telecommunications) K. Housing D. Energy L. Neighborhood issues E. Public services (e.g., public safety, M. Rural and small town education, human services) planning F. Transportation N. Comprehensive planning G. Recreation O. Community Development
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Transportation Planning • Planning tools:
– Travel forecasting
– Population and employment forecasting
– Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ)
– Travel Demand Model • Travel Demand Management (TDM) • Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Travel Modeling Four steps of the Urban Transportation Modeling System (UTMS) or the Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS)
1) trip generation (predicts the number of daily household trips
2) trip distribution (predicts where each trip goes)
3) modal choice (which predicts which travel mode is chosen
4) route assignment (predicts travelers’ routes on roads, rail lines, or bus lines. This traffic flow on network links is then described in terms of volume (quantity) and in terms of speed (quality)
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Elements of Transportation Systems • Hierarchy of Roads
– Major or principal arterials – Minor arterials – Collectors – Local roads • Terms – Conflict Point – Cartway – Average Daily Trips (ADTs) – Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Transportation Measures Daily trips by household type
A SAMPLE OF ROUGH TRIP GENERATION RATES Single family detached home 9 - 10 trips per day Duplex 7 trips per day Apartment (Under 20 dwelling units/acre) 8 trips per day Apartment (Over 20 dwelling units/acre ) 6 trips per day Mobile home 5 trips per day
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Transportation Measures Parking Ratio
A SAMPLE OF ROUGH PARKING SPACE REQUIREMENTS Residence 0.2-2 spaces per 1000 sq. ft. of gross floor area Shopping center 1-5 spaces per 1000 sq. ft. of gross floor area
Office 0.5-3 spaces per 1000 sq. ft. of gross floor area Industrial facility 0.67-3.5 spaces per 1000 sq. ft. of gross floor area
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Transportation Measures • Levels of Service (LOS) A= Free flow B=Reasonably free flow C=Stable flow D=Approaching unstable flow E=Unstable flow F=Forced or breakdown flow • Volume to Capacity ratio
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Transportation Planning • Impacts of transportation systems • Modal split • Alternative transportation choices • Transit Oriented Development (TOD) • Role of Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) • Transportation Improvement Programs (TIP) • Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Transportation Federal Acts • Federal-aid Highway Act Of 1916 • Federal Highway Act Of 1921 • Federal-aid Highway Act Of 1934 • National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, 1956 • Federal-aid Highway Act Of 1962 • Urban Mass Transportation Act, 1964 • Federal Highway Act Of 1973 • Energy Policy Conservation Act, 1975
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Transportation Federal Acts • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1990 • Clean Air Act of 1970 & 1990 Amendments • Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) • Transportation Equity Act For The 21st Century (TEA-21) • Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) , 2005
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Trends and Issues • Concurrency/Adequate Public Facilities • Financial constraints • Conformity • Traffic calming • Adequacy of information • Movement of goods • Environmental Justice • Spatial mismatch hypothesis • Complete Streets
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Miscellaneous Facts • The nation’s first subway: Boston,1897 • Average vehicle occupancy rate in the United States: approximately 1.4 persons • Paratransit: includes private/public carpooling and subscription bus/taxi services
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Funding • States and MPOs must identify project funds that will be readily available over the three-to-five-year life of the Transportation improvement Program. • Public funds by national average
– 21% from federal government – 52% from state government – 27% from local government
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Funding Federal Trust Fund Sources
– Gasoline tax: 51% – 18.4 cents per gallon – Diesel fuel: 24% – Gasohol: 16% – Fees on tires, trucks and other user charges: 9% – General fund appropriations (sometimes)
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Funding State Transportation Funds
– Fuel tax • Average state tax: 20 cents • New Jersey: 14.5 cents per gallon • Pennsylvania: 31.1 cents per gallon • Highest is Wisconsin at 32.1 cpg – Tolls • Delaware’s major source (over 50%) – General fund appropriations – Bond issue proceedings
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Funding Local Transportation Funds
– General fund appropriations • About 1/2 – Property tax • About 1/6 – The remaining 1/3 • Bond issue proceeds • Investment income • Fees/user fees • Locally enacted retail sales taxes • Tolls • Benefit assessment districts
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION Funding • Federal level – Mass Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund – 2.86 cents of 18.4 cent-per-gallon tax • State level – 10 states do not use gas tax for transit – 19 state spend less than 1 percent on transit – 4 states spend between 15 and 25% of their gas tax on transit • Local level – Sale taxes, property tax, general revenue, advertising, and fares
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PRACTICE - TRANSPORTATION