UNIVERSIDAD AUT ´ONOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Departamento De Ecologıa the ROLE of BIOTIC INTERACTIONS in the ECOLOGY

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UNIVERSIDAD AUT ´ONOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Departamento De Ecologıa the ROLE of BIOTIC INTERACTIONS in the ECOLOGY UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA´ DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Departamento de Ecolog´ıa THE ROLE OF BIOTIC INTERACTIONS IN THE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF THE LITTLE BUSTARD: FROM NICHE RELATIONSHIPS TO BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES Memoria presentada por Roc´ıoTarjuelo Mostajo para optar al Grado de Doctor en Ecolog´ıa por la Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid Bajo la direccion´ de los doctores: Manuel B. Morales Prieto Juan Traba D´ıaz Profesor Titular Profesor Titular Departamento de Ecolog´ıa Departamento de Ecolog´ıa Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid TESIS DOCTORAL Madrid, Septiembre de 2015 A mis padres. A mis perros. Presentaci´on Es un hecho indiscutible que el ser humano esta´ causando profundos cambios en la mayor parte de los ecosistemas del planeta y, debido a las necesidades, cada vez mas´ exigentes, de una poblacion´ humana en conti- nuo aumento, es previsible que las presiones se incrementen en muchas regiones del planeta. Ante este escenario de cambio global, son muchas las voces que, desde distintos sectores, reclaman medidas efectivas para salvaguardar la biodiversidad actualmente amenazada. Para responder a las demandas conservacionistas de la sociedad, es fundamental deter- minar cuales´ son los factores y mecanismos que afectan a la distribucion´ de las especies y las escalas a las que operan. Mientras que a escala con- tinental son las variables relacionadas con el clima, como la temperatura y las precipitaciones, las que condicionan el rango de distribucion´ de las especies, a escala regional y local adquieren una gran preponderancia el habitat´ y las relaciones bioticas.´ Son precisamente la degradacion,´ modi- ficacion,´ fragmentacion´ o incluso desaparicion´ de los habitats´ algunos de los factores mas´ influyentes en el declive poblacional de muchas especies. Ademas,´ estas alteraciones en los habitats´ pueden conllevar cambios en las interacciones que establecen las especies que conviven en una mis- ma comunidad. Sin embargo, dichas relaciones bioticas´ raramente son tenidas en cuenta a la hora de proponer medidas de conservacion,´ las cuales se focalizan generalmente en mejorar o reestablecer las condicio- nes f´ısicas alteradas por el hombre, quiza´ debido a que los cambios en el medio f´ısico son mas´ facilmente´ apreciables y a la falta de conocimiento respecto a la red de interacciones en muchas comunidades. A pesar de ello, es necesario sobreponerse a dichas dificultades si queremos llegar a conocer con precision´ cuales´ son las interacciones que establecen las especies entre s´ı y como´ estas´ afectan al fitness de los organismos y, por ende, a la viabilidad de las poblaciones. En la actualidad, las aves ligadas a los medios agr´ıcolas se encuentran entre las especies de aves mas´ amenazadas de Europa. Muchas de ellas han sufrido importantes declives poblacionales atribuidos a los drasti-´ cos cambios que han tenido lugar en estos paisajes, como consecuencia fundamentalmente de una intensificacion´ en las practicas´ agrarias para maximizar la produccion´ agr´ıcola. La intensificacion´ agraria ejerce sus efectos a distintos niveles, desde la disminucion´ en la disponibilidad de v vi alimento para las cr´ıas hasta la modificacion´ o perdida´ de habitats´ pa- ra la nidificacion.´ Entre estas aves esteparias, la situacion´ del sison´ es particularmente preocupante ya que, tras el importante declive sufrido a lo largo del siglo XX, las poblaciones de la Pen´ınsula Iberica´ y Francia, que aglutinan mas´ de la mitad de la poblacion´ mundial, continuan´ en progresivo descenso sin mostrar signos de recuperacion.´ Mientras que el conocimiento respecto a la seleccion´ del habitat´ de los machos de sison´ durante la epoca´ reproductora es extenso y ha servido para proponer y aplicar medidas de conservacion,´ los estudios que contemplan el papel de las interacciones bioticas´ son ciertamente escasos y en su mayor´ıa se centran en determinar los mecanismos evolutivos de formacion´ de leks. Por tanto, es un tema aun´ pendiente determinar que´ tipo de relaciones bioticas´ establece el sison´ tanto con otros individuos de la especie como con otras especies de la comunidad de aves esteparias y como´ pueden dichas interacciones afectar a la regulacion´ y dinamica´ poblacional de esta especie, lo cual permitir´ıa mejorar las medidas de conservacion.´ La presente tesis doctoral aborda el papel de las relaciones bioticas´ en el uso del habitat,´ la distribucion´ espacial a escala de paisaje y el compor- tamiento del sison.´ A lo largo de los cinco manuscritos que conforman esta tesis doctoral se desgrana cuales´ son los efectos de las relaciones establecidas tanto con individuos de la misma especie como con la avu- tarda, una especie con la que frecuentemente coexiste y con la que, tanto por su proximidad filogenetica´ como por la similitud en cuanto a sus re- querimientos ecologicos´ durante la epoca´ reproductora, podr´ıa mantener relaciones de competencia. As´ı, los tres primeros cap´ıtulos se centran en esclarecer la posible existencia de competencia entre el sison´ y la avu- tarda y destacar algunas recomendaciones de gestion´ que promuevan la conservacion´ de ambas especies en aquellas zonas donde se encuentran coexistiendo. En concreto, en el CAPITULO´ 2 se analiza por primera vez la existencia de relaciones de competencia entre el sison´ y la avutarda en el marco de la teor´ıa del nicho ecologico,´ analizando relaciones de denso-dependencia en el grado de solapamiento de nicho entre las dos especies y si la avutarda induce modificaciones en el nicho realizado del sison.´ Tras ello, el CAPITULO´ 3 ahonda en la existencia de interacciones competitivas y como´ estas´ afectan a los procesos denso-dependientes de seleccion´ de habitat´ tanto del sison´ como de la avutarda. En el CAPITU-´ LO 4 se evalua´ la idoneidad de zonas de uso exclusivo de las especies frente a zonas de coexistencia con el objetivo de proponer medidas de conservacion´ para la gestion´ local de aquellas regiones donde cohabitan el sison´ y la avutarda. El CAPITULO´ 5 pasa a abordar el efecto de las rela- ciones entre coespec´ıficos en el sison´ y, en concreto, se centra en evaluar vii el papel que cumplen los nucleos´ de machos reproductores establecidos durante la epoca´ de cortejo en la posterior distribucion´ espacial de las hembras con cr´ıas, considerando ademas´ el uso del habitat´ de las mis- mas. En el CAPITULO´ 6 se estudia si las diversas actividades humanas realizadas en los medios agrarios, con un particular interes´ en la activi- dad cinegetica´ debido a su destacada relevancia socio-economica´ en estas zonas rurales y a los efectos que tiene sobre la fauna, inducen cambios comportamentales a la vez que generan estres´ fisiologico´ en el sison.´ Fi- nalmente, los principales resultados obtenidos a lo largo de los distintos cap´ıtulos que integran la tesis doctoral se discuten de manera conjunta en el CAPITULO´ 7, en el que ademas´ se proponen ideas que sirvan de base para investigaciones futuras. Agradecimientos Durante estos 5 anos,˜ han sido muchas las personas que han aportado su granito de arena, de diversas formas, para que esta tesis haya llegado finalmente a buen puerto. Por ello, quiero daros a todos vosotros mi mas´ profundo agradecimiento. Vaya esto´ por adelantado. Sin embargo, me voy a permitir detenerme en aquellos que de manera mas´ directa han estado conmigo durante el desarrollo de la tesis. Creo que la ocasion´ lo merece. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a mis directores, Manolo y Juan, porque hace 5 anos˜ confiaron en m´ı para realizar esta tesis doctoral. Gracias por el tiempo que me habeis´ dedicado y por los valiosos consejos. Gracias a vosotros he podido ampliar mis conocimientos y espero que me sirvan para continuar en el mundo de la investigacion.´ Haber llegado al final del camino es tambien´ un merito´ vuestro. Al Ministerio de Educacion´ debo agradecer la concesion´ de la beca pre- doctoral de formacion´ de profesorado universitario (FPU-AP2009-0762) para la realizacion´ de esta tesis doctoral, as´ı como por haberme conce- dido todas las ayudas para estancias breves que he solicitado a lo largo de los 4 anos˜ de disfrute de la beca. Estas estancias en distintos pa´ıses han contribuido indiscutiblemente al enriquecimiento de mi corta carre- ra investigadora pero ademas´ han supuesto una muy grata experiencia personal. Ahora me detengo con mis companeros˜ de la celda 211, una de las mejores celdas con la que uno se puede topar. Con ellos he pasado gran parte del tiempo empleado para realizar esta tesis, disfrutando de gran- des momentos y alguna que otra chuche. Carlos, con quien mas´ tiempo he compartido despacho, siempre ha estado mas´ que dispuesto a echar- me una mano para Resolver (;P) cualquiera de mis dudas, compartir sus grandes conocimientos matematicos´ (¡es lo que tiene ser ingeniero!), y hablar sobre isodars. La maquetacion´ de esta tesis tambien´ se la debo en parte a el.´ Carlos, eres una maquina´ y estoy convencida de que tendras´ una brillante carrera investigadora. Cristina fue la ultima´ en llegar pero, como al final las tesis se alargan mas´ de lo que inocentemente uno preve,´ hemos acabado pasando bastante tiempo juntas, parloteando de temas variopintos, algunos sobre ciencia y la mayor´ıa sobre otros asuntos. Ani-´ mo Cris, no desesperes, respira hondo y disfruta desarrollando tu tesis, ix x que te va a quedar estupenda. No me puedo olvidar de Berta, con la que me he re´ıdo a mas´ no poder con sus disparatadas ocurrencias e insultos (desde el carino)˜ pero con la que tambien´ compart´ı discusiones mas´ se- rias acerca del mundo de la ciencia. Con Desi y Violeta pase´ mis primeros meses en el despacho, y ahora alguna que otra reunion´ anual. Aunque no hayan sido habitantes de la celda, han tenido un papel muy importante como companeros˜ de fatigas y por supuesto de los obligados desayunos matutinos.
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