The North-West Frontier, Imperial Intelligence, and the Geopolitics of Empire, 1849-1901
“SCIENTIFIC FRONTIER” The North-West Frontier, Imperial Intelligence, and the Geopolitics of Empire, 1849-1901 Jingwei Xu Seminar Advisor: Professor Rebecca Kobrin Second Reader: Professor Manan Ahmed 6 April, 2016 Columbia University Department of History 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Map………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Introduction: The North-West Frontier: Geography, Knowledge, and Power………………….3 Chapter 1: Violence and the Foundations of the British Intelligence State, 1849-1878…….…13 Chapter 2: The “Great Game,” Imperial Security, and the Development of the “Scientific Frontier”……………………………………………………………………………….…33 Chapter 3: The Creation of the North-West Frontier Province: An Argument…………………51 Conclusion: The North-West Frontier, Intelligence, and the Praxis of Empire……………….62 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………….66 2 MAP Fig. 1: North-West Frontier Province, ca. 1916. From Sir James Douie, The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916). 3 INTRODUCTION The North-West Frontier: Geography, Knowledge, and Power “Outside of the English Universities no school of character exists to compare with the Frontier; and character is there moulded, not by attrition with fellow men in the arts of studies of peace, but in the furnace of responsibility and on the anvil of self-reliance.” - Lord Curzon, 1907.1 Delivering the 1907 Romanes Lecture at Oxford University, Lord Curzon (Viceroy of India, 1899- 1905; Foreign Secretary, 1919-1924) argued that the British experience on its imperial frontiers
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