Steampunk Und Historie Geschichte Wird Gehackt

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Steampunk Und Historie Geschichte Wird Gehackt Johannes Dillinger Steampunk und Historie Geschichte wird gehackt Steampunk und Uchronie Das Thema dieses Textes ist der Umgang mit Geschichte im Steampunk. Steam punk ist eine Strömung in Literatur, Kunst und Design, die angelehnt an die Science-Fiction des 19. Jahrhunderts über alternative Entwicklungen der Technikgeschichte spekuliert. Steampunk ist eine besondere Spielform von Uchronie. Unter ‚Uchronie‘ versteht man Spekulationen über kontrafaktische Ge- schichte, also die tentativen Antworten auf die Frage, Was wäre geschehen, wenn … . Alternative Begriffe sind ‚kontrafaktische Geschichte‘, ‚Allohistory‘ oder Alternate History. Der Steampunk als Sonderfall der Uchronie konzen- triert sich bei der Konstruktion alternativer, kontrafaktischer Geschichte stets auf einen bestimmten Zeitabschnitt, nämlich die Jahrzehnte zwischen den napoleonischen Kriegen und dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Zugleich wird inhaltlich schwerpunktmäßig nach einem bestimmten Aspekt von Geschichte, nämlich nach der Geschichte von Naturwissenschaft und Technik gefragt. Steampunk umfasst Texte, Filme, Bilder und Gegenstände, die einen alternativen Ge- schichtsverlauf im 19. oder frühen 20. Jahrhundert beschreiben bzw. darstellen oder aus diesem fiktiven alternativen Geschichtsverlauf zu stammen schei- nen. In einem für den Steampunk typischen alternativen Geschichtsverlauf setzt etwa die Industrielle Revolution früher ein, schreitet schneller voran oder hat einen größeren Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Technik und Gesellschaft. Im Steampunk wird z. B. auch darüber nachgedacht, wie die Computertechno- logie das 19. Jahrhundert verändert hätte oder schlicht, wie ein Computer aus der Zeit um 1880 ausgesehen haben könnte. Steampunk wirkt häufig komisch. Das ist durchaus beabsichtigt und dem Genre immanent. Uchronie hat immer auch einen ironischen Aspekt und lässt sich als Satire einsetzen.1 Steampunk ist das einzige erfolgreiche multimediale Cross-over im weiten Feld der Uchro- nie: Es ist präsent im Roman ebenso wie im Film, in der Musik, in Mode, De- sign und Bildender Kunst. Steampunk ist die visuellste Form von Uchronie. Keine andere Form der Spekulation über ungeschehene Geschichte hat ein so 1 Dillinger, Uchronie, S. 13-24. © Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2019 | doi:10.30965/9783657787333_015 276 Johannes Dillinger breites und vielfältiges Publikum erreicht wie der Steampunk. Auch wenn sich Steampunk in der Literatur in den 1970ern, also vor der Massennutzung von Computertechnologie, verdichtete: Seine Blüte und Vollform hätte er ohne die Kommunikationskultur des digitalen Zeitalters kaum erreichen können. Keine andere Erscheinungsweise der Uchronie hat so wie der Steampunk eine eigene vielfältige und aktive Subkultur geschaffen. Für die Jugendkultur dürfte Steam- punk sogar die einzig wichtige Form von Uchronie sein.2 Nähert man sich als Historiker dem vielgestaltigen Phänomen Steampunk an, fallen Defizite auf. Diese sind bei ihm deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als bei anderen, eher auf Geschichtswissenschaft oder Literatur eingeschränkten For- men der Uchronie. Die uchronische Was wäre geschehen, wenn-Frage kons- truiert in der Regel einen point of divergence („Bifurkationspunkt“): In der Vergangenheit wird ein Wendepunkt ausgemacht, an dem eine bestimmte Entscheidung gefällt wurde oder der Zufall die Weichen der weiteren Entwick- lung in eine gewisse Richtung gestellt hat.3 In der Uchronie lässt man diesen Wendepunkt anders verlaufen und spekuliert über die sich daraus ergebende weitere Entwicklung. Eine oft diskutierte uchronische Frage wäre z. B.: „Wie hätte sich die Geschichte entwickelt, wenn das Attentat auf Adolf Hitler am 20. Juli 1944 gelungen wäre?“ Diese Spekulationen über alternative historische Verläufe finden sich in der Belletristik ebenso wie in der Geschichtswissen- schaft. In der Regel machen diese Spekulationen ihren point of divergence sehr deutlich. Das gehört zu den Regeln des Umgangs mit ungeschehener Ge- schichte. Doch der Steampunk ist hier nachlässig: Was genau denn nun den anderen Verlauf von (Technik-)Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert ausgelöst haben soll, bleibt häufig im Dunkeln.4 Von der geschichtswissenschaftlichen Uchronie unterscheidet sich die belletristische Uchronie und vor allem der Steampunk in einer weiteren Hinsicht. Zumindest in der Geschichtswissenschaft sollte das ceteris paribus- Prinzip beachtet werden: Abgesehen von der einen Änderung am Wende- punkt soll es keine weiteren Veränderungen der historischen Bedingungen geben. Die uchronische Geschichte muss möglichst plausibel sein. Idealer- weise berücksichtigt sie alle Faktoren, die den tatsächlichen Geschichtsverlauf beeinflusst haben. Das ceteris paribus-Prinzip muss in der Geschichtswissen- schaft beachtet werden, um Uchronie als Analyseinstrument einsetzen zu können. Nur so kann eine möglichst realistische Geschichtssimulation erstellt werden, die dazu beitragen kann, Ketten von Ursachen und Folgen näher zu 2 Dillinger, Uchronie, S. 15; 189-204; 235-265. 3 Vgl. den Überblick www.uchronia.net (acc. 15.03.2018). 4 Vgl. Mokyr, King, S. 289..
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