DOCSLIB.ORG

From Early Pioneers to Recent Brain Network Findings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Early Pioneers to Recent Brain Network Findings Biological Psychiatry: Review CNNI Connectomics in Schizophrenia: From Early Pioneers to Recent Brain Network Findings Guusje Collin, Elise Turk, and Martijn P. van den Heuvel ABSTRACT Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a brain network disorder. The historical roots of connectomics in schizophrenia go back to the late 19th century, when influential scholars such as Theodor Meynert, Carl Wernicke, Emil Kraepelin, and Eugen Bleuler worked on a theoretical understanding of the multifaceted syndrome that is currently referred to as schizophrenia. Their work contributed to the understanding that symptoms such as psychosis and cognitive disorganization might stem from abnormal integration or dissociation due to disruptions in the brain’s association fibers. As methods to test this hypothesis were long lacking, the claims of these early pioneers remained unsupported by empirical evidence for almost a century. In this review, we revisit and pay tribute to the old masters and, discussing recent findings from the developing field of disease connectomics, we examine how their pioneering hypotheses hold up in light of current evidence. Keywords: Association fibers, Connectomics, Dissociation, History of psychiatry, Integration, Schizophrenia http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.01.002 The hypothesis that schizophrenia is a disorder of brain connectomics in schizophrenia, Figure 1 shows a selection of connectivity has its roots in the 19th century, in which mental visionary scholars that contributed to the development of the illness was first attributed to the brain [for review, see (1)]. disconnectivity theory of schizophrenia. However, the methodological tools to test the disconnectivity Of note, the nomenclature in psychiatry has changed theory were long lacking, leaving it unsupported by neuro- substantially over the years (7). In the late 19th century, the biological evidence. Moreover, during most of the 20th term “amentia” (8) was used to refer to sudden-onset con- century, the world wars and the emphasis on psychology fusion with psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and and psychoanalysis rather than biology hindered advances in catatonic features ranging from excitement to stupor. These neurobiological research of schizophrenia (2). The disconnec- patients shared many characteristics with those later tion theme reemerged in the late 20th century when neuro- described as suffering from dementia praecox (9) and schiz- imaging studies demonstrated connectivity deficits in the ophrenia (10,11). To avoid confusion, in this review, “amentia” disorder (3,4). In recent years, the application of graph theory and “dementia praecox” will be considered to refer to the to study the topological organization of the brain’s wiring clinical syndrome that is currently known as schizophrenia. network has provided a novel platform to study complex brain functions in both health and disease (5,6). These develop- ments have inspired the notion that schizophrenia might best 19th CENTURY CONNECTIONISTS be understood as a connectopathy. Up until the 19th century, it was common to believe that This narrative review provides a chronological account of insanity came from (the) God(s) as a spiritual punishment for connectomics in schizophrenia. The earliest description of the sin and disobedience (12,13). This view started to change in clinical syndrome that would form the foundation for the the mid-19th century, when influential scholars such as Ger- modern concept of schizophrenia is usually attributed to Emil man neurologist and psychiatrist Wilhelm Griesinger (1817– Kraepelin. This well-known scholar and his contemporaries in 1868) argued that mental illnesses were disorders of the brain the field of mental illness and neural connectivity are used here (14). Under Griesinger’sinfluence, most of Western psychiatric as the starting point for our historical review. Using original research started to focus on the examination of anatomical papers, reviews, and biographies of these scientists, we trace and physiological properties of the brain (2,15,16). Griesinger’s the roots of the disconnectivity theory of schizophrenia apprentice, German-Austrian neuropathologist and anatomist throughout recent history. We integrate the historical narrative Theodor Meynert (1833-1892), maintained this direction. Using with an overview of current conceptions of connectivity and the newest methods of microscopic neuroanatomy, histology, connectome organization in schizophrenia and discuss how and brain preparation, Meynert worked on mapping the the ideas of pioneering connectionists hold up in light of cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex and the underlying current evidence. Paying tribute to the historical pioneers of white matter fiber tracts (17,18)(Figure 2). He was among the SEE COMMENTARY ON PAGE & 2016 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 ISSN: 2451-9022 Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging ]]] 2016; ]:]]]–]]] www.sobp.org/BPCNNI Biological Psychiatry: CNNI The History of Connectomics in Schizophrenia Figure 1. Pioneers of schizophrenia and connectivity research. This figure shows early pioneers of connectomics and schizophrenia from the late 19th to the middle 20th century. Top row, from left to right: Wilhelm Griesinger, Theodor Meynert, Camillo Golgi, and Carl Wernicke. Middle row: Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the Alzheimer-Kraepelin lab (Alois Alzheimer, Emil Kraepelin, Robert Gaupp, and Franz Nissl), Emil Kraepelin, and Eugen Bleuler. Bottom row: the Vogt-Vogt lab (Cécile and Oskar Vogt and coworkers), Norbert Wiener, Karl Kleist, and Norman Geschwind. (Picture of Alzheimer-Kraepelin lab reproduced with permission from Kraepelin E, Hippius H, Peters G, Ploog D [1987]. The Memoirs. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. Other pictures reproduced under the creative commons license from wikipedia.org and fair use under copyright law from openlibrary.org.) first to systematically classify white matter fiber tracts into disorders to disturbances of association fibers (19,20). For association fibers—interconnecting cortical areas—and pro- example, he argued that cell loss in the basal ganglia and jection fibers—carrying motor and sensory information to and associated functional disturbances of the projection fiber from the body. Linking these fiber tracts to brain disease, system might form the biological basis of the symptoms of Meynert proposed a dichotomy of brain disorders based on Parkinson’s disease and dementia (21), while disorganized the affected fiber class, attributing current-day neurological association fibers and associated disturbances in the cooper- disorders to projection fiber pathology and psychiatric ation between frontal areas and other parts of the brain could 2 Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging ]]] 2016; ]:]]]–]]] www.sobp.org/BPCNNI Biological Psychiatry: The History of Connectomics in Schizophrenia CNNI association connections as the underlying cause of psychosis (24). He suggested that association fiber deficits could lead to abnormal activation of cortical sensory areas, resulting in symptoms such as hallucinations (24). Unfortunately, Meynert and Wernicke were never able to show histological evidence for disruptions in anatomical connectivity in schizophrenia, perhaps due, in part, to Wernicke’s untimely death from a bicycle accident in 1905 (25). It took almost another century before the development of diffusion-weighted imaging in the 1990s (26) and its application in schizophrenia from the year 2000 and onward [e.g., (27)] gave rise to the first evidence supporting their theories. Recent findings of affected fronto- temporal and frontoparietal connectivity in schizophrenia (27–29) testify to the prescience of Meynert’s and Wernicke’s theories that schizophrenia symptoms may stem from dis- ruptions in the brain’s association fibers. Carl Wernicke thus contributed to the early development of the disconnectivity theory of schizophrenia, but—in contrast to Figure 2. Meynert’s pioneering work on white matter pathways. A drawing the acclaim for his pivotal work on aphasia—this contribution by Meynert of the brain’s major white matter fascicles, differentiating short is commonly overlooked. This may be due, in part, to the U-shaped fibers, and long association fibers:arcuate,inferiorlongitudinal, popularity of German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926). uncinate, and cingulate fasciculi [Figure 3 from (145)]. F., frontal; In the sixth edition of his textbook (9), Kraepelin established a Occ., occipital; Tp., temporal pole. paradigm for psychiatry that soon spread the world (30) and laid the foundations for modern classification systems such as underlie amentia (11,20). This theory was further developed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (31). his pupil, neuropathologist Carl Wernicke (1848-1905), who— Kraepelin sorted most of the recognized forms of “insanity” like his mentor—believed that mental disorders were caused into two major categories: dementia praecox and manic- by disturbances in the connections of the brain (15). Wernicke depressive insanity. He described manic-depressive insanity proposed one of the first models of integrative processing as a mood disorder featuring episodes of exacerbation among cortical areas as the neural basis for higher cognitive followed by remission or complete recovery. Kraepelin used functions such as language (Figure 3). There were major dementia praecox to refer to a progressive deterioration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Histamine in Psychiatry: Promethazine As a Sedative Anticholinergic
    BJPsych Advances (2019), vol. 25, 265–268 doi: 10.1192/bja.2019.21 CLINICAL Histamine in psychiatry: REFLECTION promethazine as a sedative anticholinergic John Cookson (strongly influenced by the ideas of Claude Bernard John Cookson, FRCPsych, FRCP, is SUMMARY and Louis Pasteur). There he met Filomena Nitti, a consultant in general adult psych- iatry for the Royal London Hospital The author reflects on discoveries over the course daughter of a former prime minister of Italy. They of a century concerning histamine as a potent and East London NHS Foundation married in 1938 and she became her husband’slife- chemical signal and neurotransmitter, the develop- Trust. He trained in physiology and long co-worker. They moved in 1947 to the pharmacology at the University of ment of antihistamines, including promethazine, Institute of Health in Rome. In 1957 he was Oxford and he has a career-long and chlorpromazine from a common precursor, interest in psychopharmacology. His and the recognition of a major brain pathway awarded a Nobel Prize for his work in developing duties have included work in psychi- involving histamine. Although chlorpromazine has drugs ‘blocking the effects of certain substances atric intensive care units since 1988. been succeeded by numerous other antipsycho- occurring in the body, especially in its blood vessels He has co-authored two editions of tics, promethazine remains the antihistamine and skeletal muscles’ (Oliverio 1994). He and his Use of Drugs in Psychiatry, published recommended for sedation in acutely disturbed by Gaskell. research student Marianne Staub introduced the Correspondence: Dr John Cookson, patients, largely because it is potently anticholiner- first antihistamine in 1937, developed by altering Tower Hamlets Centre for Mental gic at atropinic muscarinic receptors and therefore the structures of drugs found to block known trans- Health, Mile End Hospital, Bancroft anti-Parkinsonian: this means it is also useful in mitters – acetylcholine and adrenaline – such as atro- Road, London E1 4DG, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Cortical and Subcortical Neuroanatomical Signatures of Schizotypy in 3,004 Individuals Assessed in a Worldwide ENIGMA Study
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.29.21255609; this version posted April 30, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . Cortical and Subcortical Neuroanatomical Signatures of Schizotypy in 3,004 Individuals Assessed in a Worldwide ENIGMA Study Matthias Kirschner, MD1,2*; Benazir Hodzic-Santor, BA1*; Mathilde Antoniades, PhD3; Igor Nenadic, MD4; Tilo Kircher, MD PhD4; Axel Krug, PhD4;29; Tina Meller, PhD4; Dominik Grotegerd, PhD6; Alex Fornito, PhD5; Aurina Arnatkeviciute, PhD5; Mark A Bellgrove, PhD5; Jeggan Tiego, PhD5; Udo Dannlowski, MD PhD6; Katharina Koch, PhD6; Carina Hülsmann, MSc6; Harald Kugel, PhD35; Verena Enneking, MSc6; Melissa Klug, PhD6; Elisabeth J. Leehr, PhD6; Joscha Böhnlein, MSc6; Marius Gruber, MSc6; David Mehler, PhD6; Pamela DeRosse, PhD7,30,31; Ashley Moyett, MSc7; Bernhard T. Baune, MD PhD6,8; Melissa Green, PhD9,32; Yann Quidé, PhD9,32; Christos Pantelis, MD10; Raymond Chan, PhD 11; Yi Wang, PhD11; Ulrich Ettinger, PhD12; Martin Debbané, PhD13; Melodie Derome, PhD13; Christian Gaser, PhD14; Bianca Besteher, MD14; Kelly Diederen, PhD3; Tom J Spencer, PhD3; Paul Fletcher, MD, PhD36; Wulf Rössler, MD15,33,34; Lukasz Smigielski, PhD15; Veena Kumari, PhD16; Preethi Premkumar, PhD16; Haeme R. P. Park, PhD17; Kristina Wiebels, PhD17; Imke Lemmers-Jansen, PhD18; James Gilleen, PhD3,19; Paul Allen, PhD19; Petya Kozhuharova, MSc19; Jan-Bernard Marsman, PhD20; Irina Lebedeva, PhD21; Alexander Tomyshev, MSc21; Anna Mukhorina, PhD21; Stefan Kaiser, MD22; Anne-Kathrin Fett, PhD3,23; Iris Sommer, MD PhD20; Sanne Schuite-Koops, PhD20; Casey Paquola, PhD1; Sara Larivière, MSc1; Boris Bernhardt PhD1; Alain Dagher, MD1; Phillip Grant, PhD24; Theo G.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Schizophrenia Symptoms, Schizotypy, and Normal Personality
    Schizophrenia Bulletin doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz005 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/schbul/sbz005/5310427 by [email protected] on 27 August 2019 Common Taxonomy of Traits and Symptoms: Linking Schizophrenia Symptoms, Schizotypy, and Normal Personality David C. Cicero*,1, Katherine G. Jonas2, , Kaiqiao Li2, Greg Perlman2, and Roman Kotov2 1Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; 2Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY *To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 808-956-3695, fax: 808-956-4700, e-mail: [email protected] The associations among normal personality and many Introduction mental disorders are well established, but it remains Trait-based paradigms, which have treated psychopa- unclear whether and how symptoms of schizophrenia and thology as fully dimensional, have been useful in under- schizotypal traits align with the personality taxonomy. standing psychopathology, particularly internalizing and This study examined the joint factor structure of nor- externalizing disorders.1–3 The Hierarchical Taxonomy mal personality, schizotypy, and schizophrenia symptoms of Psychopathology (HiTOP) seeks to improve on tra- in people with psychotic disorders (n = 288) and never- ditional diagnostic systems, such as the Diagnostic and psychotic adults (n = 257) in the Suffolk County Mental Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and Health Project. First, we evaluated the structure of International Classification of Diseases (ICD), and con- schizotypal (positive schizotypy, negative schizotypy, and ceptualize psychopathology dimensionally.4 A major mistrust) and normal traits. In both the psychotic-disor- dimension within HiTOP is the psychotic spectrum, der and never-psychotic groups, the best-fitting model had which ranges from normal personality to schizotypal 5 factors: neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, traits to frank psychosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Neuropsychiatrists on Wagner-Jauregg's Staff in Vienna at the Time of the Nobel Award: Ordeal and Fortitude
    History of Psychiatry Women neuropsychiatrists on Wagner-Jauregg’s staff in Vienna at the time of the Nobel award: ordeal and fortitude Lazaros C Triarhou University of Macedonia, Greece Running Title: Women Neuropsychiatrists in 1927 Vienna Corresponding author: Lazaros C. Triarhou, Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Education, University of Macedonia, Egnatia 156, Thessalonica 54006, Greece. E-Mail: [email protected] ORCID id: 0000-0001-6544-5738 2 Abstract This article profiles the scientific lives of six women on the staff of the Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Vienna in 1927, the year when its director, Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. They were all of Jewish descent and had to leave Austria in the 1930s to escape from the National Socialist regime. With a solid background in brain science and mental disorders, Alexandra Adler (1901–2001), Edith Klemperer (1898–1987), Annie Reich (1902–1971), Lydia Sicher (1890– 1962) and Edith Vincze (1900–1940) pursued academic careers in the United States, while Fanny Halpern (1899–1952) spent 18 years in Shanghai, where she laid the foundations of modern Chinese psychiatry, before going to Canada. At the dawn of their medical career, they were among the first women to practice neurology and psychiatry both in Austria and overseas. Keywords Women in psychiatry, Jewish physicians, University of Vienna, Interwar period, Austrian Annexation 3 Introduction There is a historic group photograph of the faculty and staff of the Neurology and Psychiatry Clinic in Vienna, taken on 7 November 1927 (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia
    The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia: The Muse and the Mad Hatter By Paul Kiritsis The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia: The Muse and the Mad Hatter By Paul Kiritsis This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Paul Kiritsis All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3165-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3165-9 For Christos Stamboulakis TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... xi Foreword........................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ..................................................................................................................... 7 Schizophrenia as a Social Construct Chapter Two .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Dimensions in Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication and External Validation of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Psychology, Department of Department of Psychology Winter 12-12-2016 Defining Dimensions In Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication And External Validation Of The chiS zotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU). Elaina Montague University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Montague, Elaina, "Defining Dimensions In Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication And External Validation Of The chiS zotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU)." (2016). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology. 90. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/90 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Defining Dimensions in Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication and External Validation of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU). by Elaina Montague, M.A. A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of The Clinical Psychology Training Program In Fulfillment of the Masters-Equivalent Research Project (MERP) Proposal
    [Show full text]
  • On Henry Miller
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. In Praise of Flight There is no salvation in becoming adapted to a world which is crazy. — Henry Miller, The Colossus of Maroussi La fuite reste souvent, loin des côtes, la seule façon de sauver le bateau et son équipage. Elle permet aussi de découvrir des rivages inconnus qui surgiront à l’horizon des calmes retrouvés. Rivages inconnus qu’ignoreront toujours ceux qui ont la chance apparente de pouvoir suivre la route des cargos et des tankers, la route sans imprévu imposée par les compagnies de trans- port maritime. Vous connaissez sans doute un voilier nommé “Désir.” — Henri Laborit, Éloge de la fuite A man wakes. He knows exactly what is going to happen today, or at least he thinks he does (like everyone, he knows that the unexpected might occur at any time, that he might go to see his doctor and be told he has an inoperable cancer, or his girlfriend, who stood by him all through that messy divorce, will call him at the office mid- morning to say that she has met someone else, but he keeps the thought of random harm • 1 For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. at bay as well as he is able, usually by means of a combination of superstition, moral duplicity, and steady, if uninventive, self- medication).
    [Show full text]
  • The Placement of Hypomania Within a Structural Model Of
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa THE PLACEMENT OF HYPOMANIA WITHIN A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY INCLUDING THOUGHT DISORDER AND INTERNALIZING SPECTRA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY DECEMBER 2017 By Jonathan R. Cohn Thesis Committee: David Cicero, Chairperson Charlene Baker Charles Mueller Keywords: structural psychopathology, schizotypy, hypomania, OCD, thought disorder Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Current Study .....................................................................................................................14 Method ..........................................................................................................................................15 Participants ........................................................................................................................15 Materials ............................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicol Rev 2004; 23 (1): 21-31 GHB SYMPOSIUM 1176-2551/04/0001-0021/$31.00/0
    Toxicol Rev 2004; 23 (1): 21-31 GHB SYMPOSIUM 1176-2551/04/0001-0021/$31.00/0 2004 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved. γ-Butyrolactone and 1,4-Butanediol Abused Analogues of γ-Hydroxybutyrate Robert B. Palmer1,2 1 Toxicology Associates, Prof LLC, Denver, Colorado, USA 2 Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, USA Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................21 1. Clinical Effects .......................................................................................................23 2. Diagnosis and Management ..........................................................................................25 3. Withdrawal ..........................................................................................................26 4. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................29 Abstract γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a GABA-active CNS depressant, commonly used as a drug of abuse. In the early 1990s, the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) warned against the use of GHB and restricted its sale. This diminished availability of GHB caused a shift toward GHB analogues such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) as precursors and surrogates. Both GBL and 1,4-BD are metabolically converted to GHB. Furthermore, GBL is commonly used as a starting material for chemical conversion to GHB. As such, the clinical presentation and management of GBL and 1,4-BD
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Being in Schizotypy: the Effect of Subclinical Psychotic Experiences
    Psicothema 2018, Vol. 30, No. 2, 177-182 ISSN 0214 - 9915 CODEN PSOTEG Copyright © 2018 Psicothema doi: 10.7334/psicothema2017.100 www.psicothema.com Well-being in schizotypy: The effect of subclinical psychotic experiences Ascensión Fumero1, Rosario J. Marrero1 and Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero2 1 Universidad de La Laguna and 2 Universidad de La Rioja Abstract Resumen Background: Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct that includes Bienestar en esquizotipia: efecto de las experiencias psicóticas atenuadas. positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions. The healthy schizotypal Antecedentes: la esquizotipia es un constructo multidimensional que model suggests that positive schizotypal features could be associated incluye las dimensiones positiva, negativa y de desorganización cognitiva. with better psychological functioning. The aim of this study was to El modelo de esquizotipia saludable sugiere que los rasgos esquizotípicos analyze whether schizotypal features are associated with subjective and positivos podrían estar asociados con un mejor funcionamiento psychological well-being, and consider whether psychotic-like experiences psicológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar si los rasgos affect well-being. Method: These relationships were investigated in two esquizotípicos se asociaban con el bienestar subjetivo y psicológico, y si hundred non-clinical Spanish adults (mean age = 34.80, S.D. = 14.20). las experiencias psicóticas atenuadas afectaban al bienestar. Método: en Results: Negative schizotypal features were associated with lower well- el estudio participaron 200 adultos españoles (edad media = 34.80, S.D. being, whereas positive schizotypal features were related with greater = 14.20). Resultados: los rasgos esquizotípicos negativos se asociaron well-being. Individuals with subclinical psychotic experiences scored con bajo bienestar y los positivos con mayor bienestar.
    [Show full text]
  • Schizotypy—Do Not Worry, It Is Not All Worrisome
    View metadata,Schizophrenia citation and Bulletin similar vol. papers 41 suppl. at core.ac.uk no. 2 pp. S436–S443, 2015 brought to you by CORE doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu185 provided by Serveur académique lausannois Schizotypy—Do Not Worry, It Is Not All Worrisome Christine Mohr*,1 and Gordon Claridge2 1Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; 2Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques, Institut de Psychologie, Bâtiment Geopolis, Quartier Mouline, Bureau Geo – 4117, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; tel: ++41-21-692-37-53, fax: ++41-21-692-32-65, e-mail: [email protected] A long-standing tradition in personality research in psychol- thus assumed that knowledge acquired from schizotypy ogy, and nowadays increasingly in psychiatry, is that psy- research will also enlighten our knowledge of schizo- chotic and psychotic-like thoughts are considered common phrenia. Within this taxonomic tradition, it is no surprise experiences in the general population. Given their widespread that deficits and similarities with schizophrenia are high- occurrence, such experiences cannot merely reflect patholog- lighted.6 Sticking to a purely pathological perspective, ical functioning. Moreover, reflecting the multi-dimensional- however, seems one-sided when considering that scores ity of schizotypy, some dimensions might be informative for in such self-report questionnaires vary widely in the gen- healthy functioning while others less so. Here, we explored eral population.4,7 Moreover, in longitudinal studies, the these possibilities by reviewing research that links schizotypy large majority of so-called “psychosis-prone” individuals to favorable functioning such as subjective wellbeing, cogni- (high in self-reported schizotypy), will never experience tive functioning (major focus on creativity), and personality a psychiatric illness.4,5 Thus, it is possible that individu- correlates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neuro Nobels
    NEURO NOBELS Richard J. Barohn, MD Gertrude and Dewey Ziegler Professor of Neurology University Distinguished Professor Vice Chancellor for Research President Research Institute Research & Discovery Director, Frontiers: The University of Kansas Clinical and Translational Science Grand Rounds Institute February 14, 2018 1 Alfred Nobel 1833-1896 • Born Stockholm, Sweden • Father involved in machine tools and explosives • Family moved to St. Petersburg when Alfred was young • Father worked on armaments for Russians in the Crimean War… successful business/ naval mines (Also steam engines and eventually oil).. made and lost fortunes • Alfred and brothers educated by private teachers; never attended university or got a degree • Sent to Sweden, Germany, France and USA to study chemical engineering • In Paris met the inventor of nitroglycerin Ascanio Sobrero • 1863- Moved back to Stockholm and worked on nitro but too dangerous.. brother killed in an explosion • To make it safer to use he experimented with different additives and mixed nitro with kieselguhr, turning liquid into paste which could be shaped into rods that could be inserted into drilling holes • 1867- Patented this under name of DYNAMITE • Also invented the blasting cap detonator • These inventions and advances in drilling changed construction • 1875-Invented gelignite, more stable than dynamite and in 1887, ballistics, predecessor of cordite • Overall had over 350 patents 2 Alfred Nobel 1833-1896 The Merchant of Death • Traveled much of his business life, companies throughout Europe and America • Called " Europe's Richest Vagabond" • Solitary man / depressive / never married but had several love relationships • No children • This prompted him to rethink how he would be • Wrote poetry in English, was considered remembered scandalous/blasphemous.
    [Show full text]