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DEMAND REDUCTION a Glossary of Terms
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.00.XI.9 ISBN: 92-1-148129-5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the: United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Vienna, Austria, in consultation with the Commonwealth of Health and Aged Care, Australia, and the informal international reference group. ii Contents Page Foreword . xi Demand reduction: A glossary of terms . 1 Abstinence . 1 Abuse . 1 Abuse liability . 2 Action research . 2 Addiction, addict . 2 Administration (method of) . 3 Adverse drug reaction . 4 Advice services . 4 Advocacy . 4 Agonist . 4 AIDS . 5 Al-Anon . 5 Alcohol . 5 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 6 Alternatives to drug use . 6 Amfetamine . 6 Amotivational syndrome . 6 Amphetamine . 6 Amyl nitrate . 8 Analgesic . 8 iii Page Antagonist . 8 Anti-anxiety drug . 8 Antidepressant . 8 Backloading . 9 Bad trip . 9 Barbiturate . 9 Benzodiazepine . 10 Blood-borne virus . 10 Brief intervention . 11 Buprenorphine . 11 Caffeine . 12 Cannabis . 12 Chasing . 13 Cocaine . 13 Coca leaves . 14 Coca paste . 14 Cold turkey . 14 Community empowerment . 15 Co-morbidity . 15 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) . 15 Controlled substance . 15 Counselling and psychotherapy . 16 Court diversion . 16 Crash . 16 Cross-dependence . 17 Cross-tolerance . 17 Custody diversion . 17 Dance drug . 18 Decriminalization or depenalization . 18 Demand . 18 iv Page Demand reduction . 19 Dependence, dependence syndrome . 19 Dependence liability . 20 Depressant . 20 Designer drug . 20 Detoxification . 20 Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine . 21 Diuretic . 21 Drug . 21 Drug abuse . 22 Drug abuse-related harm . 22 Drug abuse-related problem . 22 Drug policy . 23 Drug seeking . 23 Drug substitution . 23 Drug testing . 24 Drug use . -
Integration of Supply and Demand Reduction Strategies: Moving Beyond a Balanced Approach
E/INCB/2004/1 I. Integration of supply and demand reduction strategies: moving beyond a balanced approach 1. The ultimate goal of both supply and demand 1987 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of reduction strategies is the same: to minimize or Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control5 and in eliminate the use and abuse of illicit drugs. If that goal various resolutions of the General Assembly, the is attained, the development of substance use disorders Economic and Social Council and the Commission on and the health and social problems associated with Narcotic Drugs. them will also be reduced. Since the supply of and 6. The General Assembly at its twentieth special demand for illicit drugs are inextricably connected, session adopted the Declaration on the Guiding programmes aimed at reducing the drug problem Principles of Drug Demand Reduction (Assembly should be integrated, complementary and mutually resolution S-20/3, annex), in which it called for a reinforcing rather than isolated or competing activities. balanced approach between demand reduction and 2. Illicit drug use is a complex behaviour dependent supply reduction, each reinforcing the other, in an upon the individual, his or her environment and the integrated approach to solving the drug problem. The drugs themselves. Illicit drug markets at all levels are Joint Ministerial Statement and further measures to affected by the interaction between the demand for implement the action plans emanating from the drugs and their availability. The interaction is twentieth special session of the General Assembly, influenced by social, cultural, economic and political adopted during the ministerial segment of the forces. -
The Effects of Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Kent Academic Repository BRIEFING PAPER FOURTEEN December 2007 THE BECKLEY FOUNDATION DRUG POLICY PROGRAMME THE EFFECTS OF DECRIMINALIZATION OF DRUG USE IN PORTUGAL Caitlin Hughes1 and Alex Stevens2 The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme (BFDPP, www.internationaldrugpolicy.net) is a non-governmental initiative dedicated to providing a rigorous independent review of the effectiveness of national and international drug policies. The aim of this programme of research and analysis is to assemble and disseminate material that supports the rational consideration of complex drug policy issues, and leads to more effective management of the widespread use of psychoactive substances in the future. The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme is a member of the International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC, www. idpc.info), which is a global network of NGOs specialising in issues related to illegal drug use and government responses to the related problems. The Consortium aims to promote objective debate on the effectiveness, direction and content of drug policies at national and international level. INTRODUCTION THE 2001 CHANGES IN Portugal In 2004, the Beckley Foundation reported on the legal changes that In July 2001, Portugal introduced a new law, Law 30/2000, which took place in Portugal in 2001 (Allen, Trace & Klein 2004). This significantly changed the legal response to drug users. The new law report aims to provide an updated overview of the effects of these decriminalized the use, possession and acquisition of all types of changes, using data from the evaluations that have been carried out illicit substances for personal use, which was defined as being up to and from new interviews with key stakeholders in Portugal. -
War on Drugs: Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy
WAR ON DRUGS REPORT OF THE GLOBAL COMMISSION ON DRUG POLICY JUNE 2011 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS GLOBAL COMMISSION Asma Jahangir, human rights activist, former UN Special Rapporteur on Arbitrary, Extrajudicial and ON DRUG POLICY Summary Executions, Pakistan Carlos Fuentes, writer and public intellectual, Mexico César Gaviria, former President of Colombia Ernesto Zedillo, former President of Mexico Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former President of To learn more about the Commission, visit: Brazil (chair) www.globalcommissionondrugs.org George Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece Or email: [email protected] George P. Shultz, former Secretary of State, United States (honorary chair) Javier Solana, former European Union High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, Spain John Whitehead, banker and civil servant, chair of the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, United States Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations, Ghana Louise Arbour, former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, President of the International Crisis Group, Canada Maria Cattaui, Petroplus Holdings Board member, former Secretary-General of the International Chamber of Commerce, Switzerland Mario Vargas Llosa, writer and public intellectual, Peru Marion Caspers-Merk, former State Secretary at the German Federal Ministry of Health Michel Kazatchkine, executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, France Paul Volcker, former Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve and of the Economic Recovery Board Richard Branson, entrepreneur, advocate for social causes, founder of the Virgin Group, co-founder of The Elders, United Kingdom Ruth Dreifuss, former President of Switzerland and Minister of Home Affairs Thorvald Stoltenberg, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Norway EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The global war on drugs has failed, with Our principles and recommendations can devastating consequences for individuals be summarized as follows: and societies around the world. -
Toward a More Effective Drug Policy Mathea Falco [email protected]
University of Chicago Legal Forum Volume 1994 | Issue 1 Article 3 Toward a More Effective Drug Policy Mathea Falco [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf Recommended Citation Falco, Mathea () "Toward a More Effective Drug Policy," University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 1994: Iss. 1, Article 3. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1994/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Chicago Legal Forum by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Toward a More Effective Drug Policy Mathea Falcot Although drug abuse is no longer front page news, America's drug problem is still very real. In 1992, the Office of Manage- ment and Budget estimated that drug abuse cost the nation $300 billion annually in lost productivity, crime, health care, and acci- dents.' Seventy-four million Americans acknowledge using illegal drugs; six million are believed to be so seriously addicted they require treatment.2 As many as 375,000 babies are born exposed every year; many of them are permanently damaged by their mothers' drug use.' If tobacco and alcohol are included as drugs of abuse, the toll is even greater. Together, they account for 490,000 deaths annually, and untold suffering for the users and their families.4 In an October 1993 report, the Institute for Health Policy at Brandeis University concluded that substance abuse is the single largest preventable cause of death in this country.' In the past decade, drug offenses have overwhelmed the criminal justice system. -
LEGALIZATION of DRUGS: the WRONG ANSWER TOA Ie COMPLEX PROBLEM ~ ~ I F ~( ~ T ~ I I ~ L ~ .~ I I
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. LEGALIZATION OF DRUGS: THE WRONG ANSWER TOA Ie COMPLEX PROBLEM ~ ~ I f ~( ~ t ~ I i ~ l ~ .~ I i United states Attorney's Office Northern District of Ohio November, 1991 149448 U.S. Department of Justice • National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating It. Points of view or opi nlons stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by • U.S. States Attorney's Offlce for the Northern Dist. of Ohio to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyright owner. '. LEGALIZATION OF DRUGS: THE WR.ONG ANSWER TOA • COMPLEX PROBLEM United states Attorney's Office Northern District of Ohio • November, 1991 PREFACE This document was prepared to respond to some of the confusing colloquy being advanced by the proponents of the legalization of drugs and to provide factual data to refute the legalization position. While every possible argument cannot be included, this document does address the majority of those arguments made by the proponents of • legalization and it suggests a number of practical premises for rejecting the legalization of drugs. Advocates for the legalization of drugs make arguments which initially appear to be sound. However, as the pages that follow will show, under close analysis, each argument will fail. -
Public Expenditure on Supply Reduction Policies
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON SUPPLY REDUCTION POLICIES PREMS 062717 Authors: Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen Claudia Costa Storti Thomas Kattau Sania Mikulic Fatima Trigueiros Fivos Papamalis Laura Piscociu Sergey Tsarev PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON SUPPLY REDUCTION POLICIES Authors: Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Claudia Costa Storti EMCDDA Thomas Kattau Pompidou Group Sania Mikulic Office for combating drugs abuse Government of the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb Fatima Trigueiros General Directorate for Interventions on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies, Lisbon Fivos Papamalis Advisor to the Greek National Drug Coordinator, Athens Laura Piscociu Romanian National Anti-Drug Agency, Bucharest Sergey Tsarev State Medical Institution “Chapaevsk Narkology Hospital”, Samara Council of Europe The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe or the Pompidou Group. All requests concerning the reproduction or translation of all or part of this document should be addressed to the Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). All other correspondence concerning this document should be addressed to the Pompidou Group. Cover and layout: Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe This publication has not been copy- edited by the SPDP Editorial Unit to correct typographical and grammatical errors. © Council of Europe, May 2017 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents -
Drug Policy Debate
(formerly legalization harm reduction debate.doc) Michael Hallstone, Ph.D. drug_policy.pdf [email protected] Drug Policy Debate Introduction Since the mid 1980’s the US has approached our illicit drug problems by “waging the War on Drugs.” We have spent billions upon billions upon billions and locked up millions of people and still there is no compelling evidence that the US drug problem has gotten better. Perhaps it has even gotten worse. Actually our approach to the US drug problem has remained fairly constant since drugs were made illegal in the early 1900’s, it is just since the 1980’s that we’ve begun to be more punitive and using the “War on Drugs” metaphor. Drug usage rates certainly fluctuate somewhat over time but remain relatively constant and the availability of illegal drugs has not lessened. Clearly, a person can still buy any drug they want on the streets, and you want to know the dirty little secret about the War on Drugs? You can lock people up in prison for using drugs and that person can still buy any drug they want in prison [although it costs more in prison than on the streets]. Drug Policy Options Exist on a Spectrum or Continuum There has been considerable debate in academia on what we should do about our drug problem. The goal of this lecture is to describe some of the drug policy options. Some of these polices are quite different, but some are similar or related. When two policies seem similar it is because they are! Think about some drug policies as existing on a continuum or spectrum where there can be considerable overlap between them. -
Race and the War on Drugs Michael Tonry [email protected]
University of Chicago Legal Forum Volume 1994 | Issue 1 Article 4 Race and the War on Drugs Michael Tonry [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf Recommended Citation Tonry, Michael () "Race and the War on Drugs," University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 1994: Iss. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1994/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Chicago Legal Forum by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Race and the War on Drugs Michael Tonryt "Take no prisoners," a slogan of wars ruthlessly fought, has asits equivalent in the War on Drugs launched and conducted by the Reagan and Bush administrations, "make them all prisoners." American prison and jail populations tripled between 1980 and 1993,1 primarily due to increased numbers of drug con- victions2 and longer sentences for drug offenders.' These pat- terns, the intended effects of recent drug policies, might have been justifiable if there had been grounds when the war was first launched in 1988 and 1989 for believing that drug use was in- creasing or that tougher penalties would reduce drug trafficking. To the contrary, drug use in America had been declining since the early 1980s,4 and there existed no plausible grounds for be- lieving that increased penalties would reduce drug trafficking. The War on Drugs included law enforcement, treatment, and educational components, but the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy ("ONDCP") loudly proclaimed that emphasis should be given to law enforcement. -
Drug Policy Reform in Practice Experiences with Alternatives in Europe and the US
Drug policy reform in practice Experiences with alternatives in Europe and the US A shortened Spanish version of this article was published under the title “La reforma de las políticas de drogas, Experiencias alternativas en Europa y Estados Unidos”, in Nueva Sociedad No 222, July-August 2009, <http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3623_1.pdf>. Tom Blickman and Martin Jelsma Transnational Institute - TNI Summary This article provides an overview of European drug policy practices regarding harm reduction, decriminalization of consumption and possession, and more tolerant policies towards cannabis, particularly in The Netherlands and several states in the US. The discussion about drug policy is often hampered by polarized positions of a war on drugs versus legalization. This dichotomy obscures the fact that much experience has been gained regarding less repressive approaches, offering a broad panorama of guiding principles and lessons learned. Introduction In February 2009, the Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy, convened by former presidents Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil, César Gaviria of Colombia and Ernesto Zedillo of Mexico, issued a report evaluating the impact of the “war on drugs” policies, framing recommendations for safer, more efficient, humane policies.1 The report proposed a paradigm shift in strategy concerning the Latin American drug problem; a critical review of deficiencies in the prohibitionist strategy adopted by the Unites States; and an assessment of harm reduction achieved in the European Union. The long-term solution for the drug problem is to drastically reduce demand in main consumer countries, the Commission argued. Treating drug users in a public health context and reducing drug consumption are preconditions for success in reducing production and eliminating drug trafficking networks. -
An Assessment of Recent Changes in Drug Use and Drug Policies in The
AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT CHANGES IN DRUG USE AND DRUG POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES Back in the National Spotlight: An Assessment of Recent Changes in Drug Use and Drug Policies in the United States Beau Kilmer Gregory Midgette Clinton Saloga RAND Drug Policy Research Center RAND Corporation RAND Graduate School Improving Global Drug Policy: Comparative Perspectives and UNGASS 2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Key Findings • Drugs are back in the national spotlight in the United States, but for different reasons than they were 25 years ago. • Over the past decade, the United States’ marijuana consumption rapidly escalat- ed, heroin consumption increased, at least in part as a byproduct of a prescrip- tion opioid epidemic, and cocaine consumption plummeted. • In addition to the unprecedented changes in marijuana policies in the United States, there have been other noteworthy changes to U.S. drug policies at both the state and federal levels over the past decade. • Recent actions taken by U.S. states and the administration of President Barack Obama Administration are intensifying discussions about drug policy alterna- tives in the United States and abroad. Policy Recommendations • We are optimistic that changes in treatment quality and accessibility will signifi- cantly improve social welfare. • We are encouraged by recent efforts to reduce the length of incarceration for non-violent drug offenders and by evidence suggesting that criminal justice re- sources can be reallocated to create credible deterrent threats that reduce both incarceration and crime at the same time. • The Obama administration’s commitment to some harm reduction approaches also seems promising, but these efforts—as well as the others just mentioned— should be rigorously evaluated. -
The National Drug Control Strategy: 1996
THE NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGY: 1996 ESID E PR EN H T T F O O F T E H P E LU M U R N E O IB U U S Y C F U I F C I F I N C L F E I O T O P O F N L E E A O D V T R I IO NT S T N O T AL C A U D G T C R U E E S X E The White House THE NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL STRATEGY: 1996 To the Congress of the United States I am pleased to transmit to the Congress the 1996 National Drug Control Strategy. This Strategy carries forward the policies and principles of the 1994 and 1995 Strategies. It describes new directions and initia- tives to confront the ever-changing challenges of drug abuse and trafficking. This past March I convened the White House Leadership Conference on Youth, Drug Use, and Vio- lence in order to focus the Nation’s attention on two major health problems faced by young people today — drug use and violence. The conference brought together over 300 young people, parents, clergy, com- munity and business leaders, judges, prosecutors, police, entertainers, media executives, researchers, and treatment and prevention specialists from across America to examine solutions and keep us moving for- ward with proven strategies. The Vice President, General Barry McCaffrey, and I met with the partici- pants in a series of roundtable discussions, discussing how to strengthen the efforts of families, the media, communities, schools, businesses, and government to reduce drug use and violence.