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Understanding Illicit Drug Markets, Supply-Reduction Efforts, and Drug-Related Crime in the EU RAND Europe

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Understanding Illicit Drug Markets, Supply-Reduction Efforts, and Drug-Related Crime in the EU RAND Europe THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. 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Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discus- sions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instruments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research profes- sionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for re- search quality and objectivity. Understanding illicit drug markets, supply- reduction efforts, and drug-related crime in the European Union Beau Kilmer and Stijn Hoorens, editors Prepared for the European Commission, DG Justice, Freedom and Security EUROPE This study has been produced by RAND Europe with the financial support of the Commission of the European Communities (contract JLS/2008/C2/001). The study does not necessarily reflect the opinions and views of the European Commission, nor is it bound by its conclusions. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2010 European Communities All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the European Commission. Published 2010 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 Westbrook Centre, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 1YG, United Kingdom RAND URL: http://www.rand.org RAND Europe URL: http://www.rand.org/randeurope To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface The European Drugs Strategy concentrates on demand reduction and supply reduction through international cooperation and research, information and evaluation. However, efforts to provide insight into the different aspects of Europe’s illicit drug problems have largely focused on indicators developed to assess demand-side strategies. The development of measures capturing dimensions of the supply of different illicit substances is an emerging field in the EU. To advance these efforts, the European Commission DG Justice, Freedom and Security commissioned RAND Europe to recommend indicators for improving the understanding of illicit drug markets, supply-reduction efforts, and drug- related crime in the EU. This document presents the results of this effort. We anticipate that this document will be of interest to policymakers from the European Commission, as well as other governmental bodies which are concerned with measuring the effectiveness of their drug supply-reduction strategies. It will also be of interest to law enforcement agencies, forensic laboratories and international organisations focusing on drug markets and organised crime. We believed it will also be a valuable resource for researchers with a specific interest in the policy analysis of drugs markets. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to serve the public interest by improving policymaking and informing public debate. Its clients are European governments, institutions and firms with a need for rigorous, impartial, multidisciplinary analysis. For more information about RAND Europe or this document, please contact: Stijn Hoorens Dr Beau Kilmer RAND Europe RAND Drug Policy Research Center Westbrook Centre 1776 Main Street Milton Road PO Box 2138 Cambridge, CB4 1YG Santa Monica, CA 90407 United Kingdom USA Tel: +44 1223 353 329 Tel: +310 393 0411 x 6005 Fax: +44 1223 358 845 Fax: +310 260 8160 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] ii Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................ii Table of Figures .......................................................................................................... v Table of Tables..........................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 Executive summary ..........................................................................1 Beau Kilmer, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula and Stijn Hoorens Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 Key insights ................................................................................................................. 2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 10 Closing thoughts ....................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2 Introduction...................................................................................17 Stijn Hoorens and Beau Kilmer CHAPTER 3 A framework for thinking about drug markets...............................19 Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Beau Kilmer and Priscillia Hunt 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Background: an economic framework for thinking about the market for drugs. .............................................................................................................. 20 3.3 Indicators and policy-relevant data for understanding drug markets ................ 24 3.4 Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 4 Indicators for understanding supply-reduction efforts ...................45 Beau Kilmer, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Priscillia Hunt and Lila Rabinovich 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 45 4.2 RAND’s framework for supply-side interventions............................................ 46 4.3 Sources of supply and supply-reduction strategies............................................ 49 4.4 Indicators for understanding supply-reduction strategies ................................. 61 4.5 Conclusions..................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 5 Indicators for understanding drug-related crime............................83 iii Emma Disley, Stijn Hoorens, Priscillia Hunt, Beau Kilmer, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Lila Rabinovich and Jennifer Rubin 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 83 5.2 Previous approaches to thinking about drug-related crime ............................... 84 5.3 The RAND framework for thinking about drug-related crime......................... 88 5.4 Drug-related crime data................................................................................... 90 5.5 Possible indicators of drug-related crime.......................................................... 94 5.6 The nature of the association between drugs and crime: A review of the literature.......................................................................................................... 96 5.7 Generating attribution factors.......................................................................... 98 5.8 Conclusions................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 6 Insights from three case studies.................................................... 105 Stijn Hoorens, Susan Kirk, Lila Rabinovich and Emma Disley 6.1 The United Kingdom.................................................................................... 107 6.2 Czech Republic.............................................................................................
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