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The Biology and Management of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus Palmeri S

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The Biology and Management of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus Palmeri S Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 The biology and management of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) in Indiana Douglas J. Spaunhorst Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Agriculture Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Spaunhorst, Douglas J., "The biology and management of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) in Indiana" (2016). Open Access Dissertations. 1003. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1003 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. i THE BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF PALMER AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS PALMERI S. WATS) IN INDIANA A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Douglas J. Spaunhorst In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy i December 2016 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ProQuest Number:10245028 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10245028 Published by ProQuest LLC ( 2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank God and my wife Megan for their patience and support of me while completing my Ph.D. degree. Thank you to my advisors and committee, Drs. Bill Johnson, Bryan Young, Steve Weller, Steve Hallett and Bob Pruitt for their guidance and creating an environment for success and learning. It has been a challenging task, filled with trials, tribulation, and joy. I also owe a large part of my academic success to my brother Bryan. His determination and sacrifice for our country has given me the extra nudge to push through difficult tasks. Thank you to my fellow graduate students, both current and past, for their friendship and help with my research as well as our graduate school experiences. Thank you to my family in Missouri and here in Indiana for your support and encouragement. Finally, thank you to my Uncle Don who allowed me to help him around the farm at a young age. It was those experiences that taught me hard work paid off and kindled the love for agriculture in my heart. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Distribution of Palmer Amaranth .................................................................... 1 1.2 Biology of Palmer Amaranth ........................................................................... 2 1.3 Utility of Herbicides for Control of Palmer Amaranth .................................... 7 1.4 Influence of Cover Crops on Palmer Amaranth Control ................................. 9 1.5 Influence of Tillage Timing on Palmer Amaranth Emergence ..................... 10 1.6 A Phylogenetic Map of Palmer Amaranth..................................................... 12 1.7 Literature Review Summary .......................................................................... 14 1.8 Literature Cited .............................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2. DISTRIBUTION OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT PALMER AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS PALMERI) IN INDIANA: USING WHOLE-PLANT GREENHOUSE AND MOLECULAR ASSAYS ........................................................................................ 25 2.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Materials and Methods .................................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Whole-Plant Herbicide Resistance Screen ....................................... 30 2.3.1.1 Seed Collection and Seed Germination ............................ 30 2.3.1.2 Experimental Design ......................................................... 31 2.3.1.3 Treatments and Data Collection ........................................ 31 2.3.1.4 Data Analysis .................................................................... 32 2.3.2 Confirmation of Herbicide Resistance with Molecular Assays ....... 32 2.3.2.1 Plant Material .................................................................... 32 2.3.2.2 EPSPS Gene Amplification .............................................. 33 2.3.2.3 ALS Tryptophan 574 Leucine Mutation ........................... 33 2.3.2.4 PPO ∆G210 Mutation ....................................................... 34 2.4 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 34 2.5 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 39 iv 2.6 Literature Cited .............................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 3. INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE FREQUENCY AND TIMING ON PALMER AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS PALMERI) EMERGENCE IN INDIANA.................... 56 3.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 56 3.2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Materials and Methods .................................................................................. 59 3.3.1 Site Description ................................................................................ 59 3.3.2 Weekly Data Collection ................................................................... 59 3.3.3 Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis ................................. 61 3.4 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 62 3.4.1 Influence of Tillage Treatment ........................................................ 63 3.4.2 Practical Implications....................................................................... 66 3.5 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 67 3.6 Literature Cited .............................................................................................. 68 CHAPTER 4. PHENOLOGY OF FIVE PALMER AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS PALMERI) ACCESSIONS GROWN IN NORTHERN INDIANA ................................. 77 4.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 77 4.2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 79 4.3 Materials and Methods .................................................................................. 83 4.3.1 Site Description ................................................................................ 83 4.3.2 Palmer amaranth Seed Preparation and Planting ............................. 83 4.3.3 Weekly Data Collection ................................................................... 84 4.3.4 Palmer amaranth Harvest ................................................................. 85 4.3.5 Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis ................................. 86 4.4 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 88 4.4.1 Palmer amaranth Growth and Inflorescence Emergence ................. 88 4.4.2 Palmer amaranth Biomass and Seed Production ............................. 92 4.4.3 Frequency of Male and Female Palmer amaranth ........................... 95 4.4.4 Environmental Implications ............................................................. 96 4.5 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 99 4.6 Literature Cited ............................................................................................ 100 CHAPTER 5. PALMER AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS PALMERI) CONTROL WITH PREPLANT HERBICIDE PROGRAMS CONTAINING DICAMBA, ISOXAFLUTOLE, AND 2,4-D ...................................................................................... 120 5.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................ 120 5.2 Introduction .................................................................................................. 122 5.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 124 5.3.1 Site Description .............................................................................
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