Sustainability 2020, 12, 8360

Review Integrated and Consolidated Review of Management and Bio-Based Biodegradable : Challenges and Opportunities

Supplementary Material–Policies

Table S1. Global Frameworks, Declarations and Conventions Signed to Date to Protect the Marine Environment.

Date No. of Framework/Declaration/Commitment Targets/Goal Additional Comments Signed/launched Signatories/Parties As of March 2018, there London Convention on the Prevention of Marine are 87 Contracting To control sea pollution The United States of America Pollution by Dumping of and Other Matter [48] 1972 Parties to the London through marine dumping is a contracting party

Convention Convention for the control dumping of harmful Dumping Convention [47] Prevention of Marine substances from ships and 1972 13 signatories Pollution by Dumping aircraft into the sea, including from Ships and Aircraft plastic International Convention for the Prevention of Marine prevention of pollution of complete ban imposed on the Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL 73/78) and its 174 Member States and 3 the marine environment 1973 disposal into the sea of all revised Annex V Associate Members. by ships from operational forms of plastics. [49,272] or accidental causes. for the prevention of Paris Convention Replaced by OSPAR 1974 13 countries marine pollution from [50,272] Convention of 1992 land-based sources Legally Binding Regional Plan on Marine Management. After amendment in 1995, it Initially adopted in To reduce or eliminate Barcelona Convention (The Convention for the Protection 22 countries as became known as 1976 and amended marine pollution from sea of the Against Pollution) [51, 272] signatories (a) “Convention for the in 1995. and land-based sources. Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean” Sustainability 2020, 12, 8360

Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn preservation of wildlife Marine animals such as turtles 1979 129 member states Convention) [273] and habitats & cetaceans are included. The Convention for Cooperation in the Protection, Provides an inclusive legal Management and Development of the Marine and 1981 To protect the marine area framework for all Coastal Environment of the Atlantic Coast of the West, 22 signatories from Mauritania to South programmes in West, Central Central and Southern Africa Region (Abidjan [274] Africa which (14,000 km). and Southern Africa Convention) It is an international agreement birthed during the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 168 parties& European Prevention and control of 1982 third United Nations [272,275] Union marine pollution Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Prevent, reduce and 1983 26 parties out of 28 Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider control marine pollution It is legally binding. countries Caribbean Region [276] from various activities. To protect the Western It is a regional legal Nairobi Convention [277] 1985 10 contracting parties Indian Ocean Region framework umbrella agreement for Regional legal framework of The Convention for the Protection of Natural Resources the protection, of the the Action Plan for managing 12 Pacific Island and Environment of the South Pacific Region (Noumea 1986 marine and coastal the Natural Resources and Countries Convention/ SPREP Convention) [278] environment of the South Environment of the South Pacific Region. Pacific adopted in 1982. Minimise movement of 187 members, 53 on the Control of Transboundary between signatories. Haiti and Amended in 2019 in to include Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1992 countries, especially from America signed but yet contaminated plastic waste. [42,272] developed countries to less to ratify. developed ones. To control land-based 6 countries (Bulgaria, Convention on the Bucharest Convention [272,279] pollution sources, waste 1992 Georgia, Romania, Protection of the Black Sea dumping and working jointly, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine) Against Pollution and to clean accidents. The Convention for the Combined the Oslo and Paris OSPAR Convention [272,280] 15 signatories plus the Protection of the Marine 1992 Conventions (1972 & 1974 EU Environment of the North- respectively). East Atlantic Sustainability 2020, 12, 8360

Also known as the To prevent and eradicate Helsinki Convention Convention on the Protection 1992 10 contracting parties marine pollution in the [272,281,282] of the Marine Environment of area the Baltic Sea Area Regional action plan on marine litter management Management of litter in 2008 A regional framework. (RAPMALI) for the wider Caribbean region [283] the Caribbean region It is a framework for a Endorsed by 64 Honolulu Strategy comprehensive and global Has three goals and associated 2011 governments and the [272,284,285] effort to prevent, reduce strategies European Commission and control marine litter. Protection of the Marine Manilla Declaration 65 Governments and the 2012 Environment from Land- Global Programme of Action [286] European Commission based Activities over 375 participants Significant reduction of Also referred to as Rio Ocean Rio +20 Declaration [20,272,287] 2012 from 169 organizations marine litter Declaration and 46 countries Followed by another United Nations Environment Assembly Resolution 1/6 Marine plastic debris and resolution 2/11 (UNEA II) in 2014 (UNEA I) [288] microplastics 2016 also addressing similar issues. This was followed by another G7 Action Plan to Combat Marine Litter Combating marine litter, 2015 7 countries Action Plan in 2017 by G20 [289] specifically plastic. countries. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) anthropogenic underwater Addressing impacts of XIII/10 [272,290] 2016 196 states noise on marine and coastal . biodiversity is also assessed prevention and reduction Advocating for efforts on G7 Ise-Shima Leaders' Declaration of marine litter, 2016 7 countries resource efficiency and the [272] specifically plastic, from 3Rs (Reduce, , Recycle) land-based sources. To significantly reduce and prevent marine litter It is voluntary, not legally 19 countries and the G20 Action Plan on Marine Litter [272] 2017 by 2025 in support of the binding, countries do not feel European Union. United Nations’ SDG 14 compelled to act. target. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8360

A platform to assist in the Voluntary. Its linked to the Global Network of the Committed (GNC) 19 countries and the implementation of the G20 2017 UNEP´s Global Partnership on [272] European Union. Action Plan. Its goal is to Marine Litter (GPML) address marine litter To reduce additional Builds on to the 2017 Action pollution by marine plastic 19 countries and the Plan. Remains voluntary. The Osaka Blue Ocean Vision G20 [291] 2019 litter to zero by 2050 European Union. importance of plastic is also through a comprehensive acknowledged. life-cycle approach