Performance Analysis of Bicycle Driven by Gear and Shaft Transmission System

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN EMERGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME-3, ISSUE-4, APR-2016 E-ISSN: 2349-7610 Performance Analysis of Bicycle Driven By Gear and Shaft Transmission System

Vijayan.S.N1, Prabin.K.B2, Venkatasubramanian.D3, Pon madasamy.M4 and Sakthivel.M5 1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India. 2,3,4,5UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India Email [email protected]

ABSTRACT The normal bicycle is the one of the medium of the travelling and used for riding, sports, riding in off road purposes. In recent years many accidents occurred in off-road riding bicycle due to the lack of torque required to drive and land the bicycle in its position and continue the ride safely specially in sports bicycle. The aim of this work is to overcome these problems by introducing new mechanical transmission system with the help of internal gear technology called shaft driven system to maximize the torque of off-road bicycle using gear and shaft transmission system with normal riding condition. A shaft driven bicycle is a bicycle that uses a shaft drive instead of a chain drive which contains two set of bevel gear at both the ends to make a new kind of transmission system and transmit motion through 90 degrees angle. It replaces the traditional methods and reduces the accidents to the hill riders.

Keywords: bicycle, shaft, torque, transmission system.

1. INTRODUCTION The design of bevel gear produces less vibration and less noise A shaft-driven bicycle is a bicycle that uses a drive shaft than conventional straight-cut or spur-cut gear with the instead of a chain to transmit power from the pedals to the rear straight teeth. The shaft drives only needs periodic lubrications wheel. Shaft drives were introduced over a century ago, but using a grease gun to keep the gears running quite, smooth and were mostly supplanted by chain-driven bicycles due to the efficient transfer of energy from the pedals to the rear wheel. gear ranges possible with sprockets and derailleur. If bevel- It is attractive in look compared with chain driven bicycle. gear could be accurately and cheaply cut by machinery, it is 2. DRIVEN AND DRIVE SHAFT possible that gears of this description might supplant, to a Recently, due to advancements in internal gear technology, a great extent. Shaft-driven bikes have a large bevel gear where small number of modern shaft – driven bicycles have been a conventional bike would have its chain ring. This meshes introduced. The torque that is produced from the pedal and with another bevel gear mounted on the drive shaft. The use of transmission must be transferred to the rear wheels to push the bevel gears allows the axis of the drive torque from the pedals vehicle forward and reverse. The drive shaft must provide a to be turned through 90 degrees. The drive shaft then has smooth, uninterrupted flow of power to the axles. The drive another bevel gear near the rear wheel hub which meshes with shaft and differential are used to transfer this torque. The a bevel gear on the hub where the rear sprocket would be on a various functions of drive shaft are transmitting torque from conventional bike, and canceling out the first drive torque the transmission to the foot pedal. During the operation, it is change of axis. necessary to transmit maximum low-gear torque developed by

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN EMERGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME-3, ISSUE-4, APR-2016 E-ISSN: 2349-7610

the pedal and the drive shaft must be capable of rotating at the bend in any direction, and is commonly used in shafts that very fast speed required by the vehicle also operate through transmit rotary motion. constantly changing angles between the transmission, the differential and the axles. 5. SELECTION OF BEVEL GEAR Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts 3. LITERATURE REVIEW intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves Design and fabricated a shaft drive system for the users to are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on rotate the back wheel of a two wheeler using propeller shaft shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at [1] and studied the various drive mechanisms of bicycle, other angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a tricycle or like vehicles to optimize operating performance [2]. cone. Two important concepts in gearing are pitch surface and The effect of gender on commuter cyclists’ intersection pitch angle. The pitch surface of a gear is the imaginary crossing times were investigated [3]. The crank torque in road toothless surface that you would have by averaging out the cycling on level and uphill using different pedaling cadences peaks and valleys of the individual teeth. The pitch surface of in the seated position was analyzed [4] and revealed the an ordinary gear is the shape of a cylinder. The pitch angle of various methods to know the human energy using Bicycle a gear is the angle between the face of the pitch surface and Ergometer and this information can be used as a guide for the axis. The most familiar kinds of bevel gears have pitch increasing fitness and building muscular endurance [5]. angles of less than 90 degrees and therefore are cone-shaped. Fabricate a shaft driven bicycle to reduce the wastage of This type of bevel gear is called external gear because the gear human power on bicycle riding with aid of two bevel gears teeth point outward. The pitch surfaces of meshed external [6]. Also estimated a torque variation from Pedal Motion in bevel gears are coaxial with the gear shafts the apexes of the Cycling [7]. Found the effects of chain ring type on two surfaces are at the point of intersection of the shaft axes. performance during a 1km time trial and physiological responses over a six week period [8]. A strain gauge 6. METHODOLOGY instrumented pedals system output were analyzed and

compare with SRM torque analysis system for right and left

peak crank torque, crank angle of peak torque and power [9].

4. COMPONENTS OF BICYCLE A bicycle is made up of alloy steel to optimize and minimize the weight of bicycle. The bevel gears are used for transmitting power at a Constant velocity ratio between two shafts whose axes intersect at a certain angle. A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to transmit power or motion. It provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and the like and controls the geometry of their motion. For the smooth operation of Shaft, bearing mechanism is used. To have very less friction loss the two ends of shaft are pivoted into the same dimension bearing. A Fig. 1 Methodology universal joint or coupling in a rigid rod that allows the rod to The Problems occurred in the chain drive transmission system has been found and collects the data’s required to solve the problems also components required to modified the

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN EMERGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME-3, ISSUE-4, APR-2016 E-ISSN: 2349-7610

transmission system. Speed and torque value of existing TABLE I transmission system have been calculated. Design all COMPONENTS USED IN GEAR AND SHAFT components with help of Creo Parametric 2.0 for shaft drive TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

transmission system and fabricated the same. Finally calculate Sl. No. Name of Component Quantity the torque produced in shaft transmission system and validate 1 Crown gear 1 2 Crown plate 1 the results obtained. These steps were mentioned in fig 1. 3 Crown bolt 3

4 Pinion 1 7. WORKING PRINCIPLE 5 Bearing 3 Design a suitable drive shaft and replacement of chain drive to 6 Universal joint 1 transmit power from the pedal to the wheel without slip. It 7 Shaft 3 8 Bevel gear 3 needs only a less maintenance. It is cost effective. Propeller 9 Bevel gear for wheel 1 shaft strength is more and also propeller shaft diameter is less 10 Pedal connecting 1 and it absorbs the shock. Because the propeller shaft center is fitted with the universal joint is a flexible joint. It turns into Fig 2 shows a assembled view of gear and shaft transmission any angular position. The both end of the shaft are fitted with system made by Creo parametric 2.0. Table 1 shows a the bevel pinion, the bevel pinion engaged with the crown and components used in gear and shaft transmission system. power is transmitted to the rear wheel through the propeller shaft and gear. 9. FABRICATION

8. DESIGN OF GEAR AND SHAFT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Some of the assumptions were considered during design process such as the shaft rotates at constant speed about its longitudinal axis with perfectly balanced condition for uniform and circular cross section shaft. The stress-strain relationship for composite material is linear and elastic by excluding all damping and nonlinear effects.

Fig. 3 Fabricated setup of modified gear and shaft transmission system

Fig 3. Clearly shows the modified gear and shaft transmission system in normal bicycle by replacing chain and sprocket transmission system.

10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. 2 Components used and Assembled view of gear and shaft Diameter of sprockets, speed of chain drive and torque values transmission system were calculated for existing bicycle which is tabulated in table 2 and various calculated values for shaft drive transmission system was tabulated in table 3. With reference to the value calculated from normal bicycle, speed and torque of gear and shaft transmission system were calculated for every stage. In normal bicycles obtained torque value is 2.93Nm. In gear and

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN EMERGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME-3, ISSUE-4, APR-2016 E-ISSN: 2349-7610

shaft drive bicycle obtained torque value is 3.4Nm at first 11. CONCLUSION stage of transmission and 5.3Nm torque in final stage. From these results the transmission system made by gear and shaft From this work it is concluded that the shaft drive produced high torque when compare to chain transmission transmission system is more efficient, when compared to chain system. drive transmission system. Using chain drive transmission system transmission of power is very low compared to shaft TABLE II driven transmission system from pedal to wheel. Shaft drive RESULTS FOR EXISTING BICYCLE transmission system produced high torque when compared to

CALCULATED chain drive transmission system for constant load and speed. SI.No DESCRIPTION VALUES

Smaller sprocket diameter, REFERENCES 1 79 mm d 1 [1] M.Rama Narasimha Reddy, “Design & Fabrication of

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pp.214-219. TABLE III [3] Nikki Wheeler, Ryan Conrad, “A Statistical Analysis of RESULTS FOR MODIFIED BICYCLE Bicycle Rider Performance: The impact of gender on

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Speed of gear, NG 107 rpm [4] William Bertucci, Frederic Grappe, Amaury Girard, st I transmission Andrew Betik, Jean Denis Rouillon, “Effects on the crank stage Speed of pinion, NP 499 rpm 1 torque profile when changing pedalling cadence in level (Spiral bevel gear) Torque produced on 3.4 N.m ground and uphill road cycling”, Journal of Biomechanics Gear & Pinion, T 38 (2005) 1003–1010. IInd transmission Diameter of coupling 7 mm [5] Pramar P. Bakane, Dr. K. S.Zakiuddin, “Analysis of stage shaft, d 2 Bicycle Ergometer: A Review”, International Journal of (Universal joint) Diameter of pin, d 4 mm p Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume Speed of gear, N 312 rpm IIIrd transmission G 3, Issue 5, May 2013. stage Speed of pinion, N 499 rpm [6] Ashish S. Gawande, Avinash E. Gedam, Prof. A. A. 3 P (Straight bevel Khond, Aniket G. Pipre, Nitesh C. Bajait, “Design and Torque produced on gear) 3.4 N.m Gear & Pinion, T Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle”, Vol. 3, Issue 02, 2015. th Speed of gear, NG 208 rpm IV transmission [7] Quintana-Duque, J.-C., Dahmen, T., Saupe, D, stage Speed of pinion, N 312 rpm 4 P “Estimation of Torque Variation from Pedal Motion in (Straight bevel Torque produced on Cycling”, International Journal of Computer Science in gear) 5.3 N.m Gear & Pinion, T Sport, Volume 14/2015/Edition 1. [8] Christiane R. O’Hara, Robert D. Clark, Todd Hagobian, Karen McGaughey, “Effects of Chainring Type (Circular

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN EMERGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME-3, ISSUE-4, APR-2016 E-ISSN: 2349-7610

vs. Rotor Q-Ring) on 1km Time Trial Performance Over Six Weeks in Competitive Cyclists and Triathletes”, International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering Vol. 06 (2012) No. 01, pp. 025-040. [9] Rodrigo R. Bini, Patria A. Hume, Andre Cerviri, “A comparison of cycling SRM crank and strain gauge instrumented pedal measures of peak torque, crank angle at peak torque and power output”, 5th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology (APCST).