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Santiago Calatrava 的 作品說起 國立臺灣大學 園藝暨景觀學系 蔡厚男([email protected]) 主講

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Santiago Calatrava 的 作品說起 國立臺灣大學 園藝暨景觀學系 蔡厚男(Hounan@Ntu.Edu.Tw) 主講 土木工程景觀之美---從Santiago Calatrava 的 作品說起 國立臺灣大學 園藝暨景觀學系 蔡厚男([email protected]) 主講 1 前言： 後工業文明、國土開發與公共建設 臺灣的國土開發與公共建設主要是由土木工程專業主導，工程設計長期以來從實用與經濟的價值思 維出發，土建構築之人文美學意識，生態友善的環境倫理，長期備受忽視甚至壓抑，工程師的養成 教育和專業實踐過程，也非常缺乏基本的人文生態與藝術美學觀念的薰陶， 國土空間美質環境的營 造始終遙遙無期。工程技術講究理性，追求效率和效用，但是也要培育對美好未來的社會想像力； 理性和感性是不可分割的。 2 Santiago Calatrava 簡歷，享有國際盛譽的建築家、結構工程大師。 1951年出生於西班牙的瓦倫西亞（Valencia)，在高中時期進行幾何數學的課外閱 讀，勒·柯布西耶(Le Corbusier，1887年10月6日－1965年8月27日)的一本小冊 子使他很感興趣。這本幾何書的自學要求就是重新設計柯布西耶的國際風格的馬 賽公寓(Unite d’Habitation,Marseilles,1947-53)室外的螺旋樓梯。後來，朗香教堂 (Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut,Ronchamp,1951-3)以那令人感受至深的複雜構造啟 發了年輕的卡拉特拉瓦對形式的感受，並使他對發掘形式背後的秘密和形態演變 的規律癡迷不已。 大學階段於瓦倫西亞建築學院修讀建築，畢業後取得建築師資格，並同步修習都 市計畫的學士後課程； 1975年前往瑞士蘇黎世的ETH（聯邦理工學院蘇黎世分校）修讀土木工程；他從 建築空間設計轉向嚴謹、抽象、數化邏輯理性思維導向的工程學術領域，卡拉特 拉瓦於1981 年完成的博士論文：「可折疊的空間結構」 (On the Foldability of Space Frames) ，闡述跨學科的可摺疊的構造形式研究。試圖系統地生成和示範： 「如何將三維空間結構摺疊變成二維結構，再轉變成為一維結構的所有可能 性。 」這個動態彈性結構的創新研究終於使卡拉特拉瓦在大學的學術研究有一 個完美的了結，而且也為他日後的職業生涯和專業發展埋下一個影響深遠的伏筆。 他的建築、工程、雕塑與傢俱設計作品，研究與專業實務橫跨藝術、科學與技術， 盡量使用最少的材料資源， 創造最大的展示機會和地景空間的融合效應(do more with less)；從結構和運動中創造如詩意般的構造形態。 歸納他的工程設計實踐的主要策略：1.結構構件進行定型化的設計； 2.異化結構 構件使不同功能的材料異化。 3 Early life and education • Calatrava was born in Benimàmet, an old municipality now integrated as an urban part of Valencia, Spain, where he pursued his undergraduate architecture degree at the Polytechnic University of Valencia along with a post-graduate course in urbanism. During his schooldays, he also undertook independent projects with a group of fellow students, bringing out two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza Following graduation in 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, for graduate work in civil engineering. In 1981, after completing his doctoral thesis, "On the Foldability of Space Frames", he started his architecture and engineering practice. 4 CAREER • Calatrava's early career was largely dedicated to bridges and train stations, with designs that elevated the status of civil engineering projects to new heights. His Montjuic Communications Tower in Barcelona, Spain (1991) in the heart of the 1992 Olympics site, as well as the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Canada (1992), were important works and turning points in his career, leading to a wide range of commissions. The Quadracci Pavilion (2001) of the Milwaukee Art Museum was his first building in the United States. Calatrava's entry into high-rise design began with an innovative 54-story-high twisting tower called Turning Torso (2005), located in Malmö, Sweden.Calatrava has designed a futurisitc train station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, at the rebuilt World Trade Center in New York City.Calatrava's style has been heralded as bridging the division between structural engineering and architecture. In the projects, he continues a tradition of Spanish modernist engineering that included Félix Candela, Antonio Gaudí, and Rafael Guastavino. Nonetheless, his style is also very personal, and derives from numerous studies of the human body and the natural world.On 10 December 2011 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture for a five year renewable term by Pope Benedict XVI. 5 Notable works Completed • Alameda Bridge and metro station, Valencia, Spain • 1983–1984, Jakem Steel Warehouse, Munchwilen, Switzerland • 1983–1985, Ernsting Warehouse, Coesfeld, Germany • 1983–1988, Wohlen High School, Wohlen, Switzerland • 1983–1990, Stadelhofen Railway Station, Zürich, Switzerland • 1983–1989, Lucerne Station Hall, Lucerne, Switzerland • 1984–1987, Bac de Roda Bridge, Barcelona, Spain • 1984–1988, Barenmatte Community Center, Suhr, Switzerland, • 1986–1987, Tabourettli Theater, Basel, Switzerland, • 1987–1992, Allen Lambert Galleria (in Brookfield Place), Toronto, Canada, • 1989–1994, TGV Station, Lyon, France • 1992, Puente del Alamillo, Seville, Spain • 1992, Puente de Lusitania, Mérida, Spain • 1992, Montjuic Communications Tower at the Olympic Ring, Barcelona, Spain • 1992, World's Fair, Kuwaiti Pavilion, Seville, Spain • 1994, Mimico Creek Bridge, Humber Bay Parks, Toronto, Ontario • 1994, Oberbaumbrücke, Berlin, Germany (1896) rebuilt and opened on November 9 • 1994–1997, Campo Volantin Footbridge, Bilbao, Spain • 1995, Trinity Bridge, footbridge over River Irwell in Manchester and Salford, Greater Manchester, England • 1996–2009, Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, Valencia, Spain • 1996, Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary island, Spain • 1998, Gare do Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal 6 Notable works • 2000, New terminal at Bilbao Airport, Bilbao, Spain • 2001, Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. • 2001, Puente de la Mujer, in the Puerto Madero barrio of Buenos Aires, Argentina • 2001, Bodegas Ysios, Laguardia, Spain • 2002, Wave, in Dallas, Texas at the Southern Methodist University Meadows Museum[5] • 2003, James Joyce Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland • 2003, Auditorio de Tenerife, the architect's first performing arts facility, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain • 2004, redesign of Athens Olympic Sports Complex, Athens, Greece • 2004, Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay, Redding, California, USA • 2004, Three bridges (called Harp, Cittern and Lute) spanning the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands • 2004, University of Zurich, "Bibliothekseinbau" library remodelling, Zürich, Switzerland • 2005, The bridge connecting the Ovnat shopping mall and the Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson) in Petah Tikva, Israel • 2005, Turning Torso, Malmö, Sweden • 2007, 3 Bridges on the A1 Motorway and TAV Railway, Reggio Emilia, Italy • 2007-2012 Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, Dallas, Texas, U.S. • 2008, Chords Bridge at the entrance to Jerusalem, Israel, a light rail bridge • 2008, Ponte della Costituzione footbridge from Piazzale Roma over the Grand Canal, Venice, Italy • 2008-2009, Technion Obelisk, monument on the Technion campus in Haifa, Israel • 2009, Liège-Guillemins TGV Railway Station, Liège, Belgium • 2009, Samuel Beckett Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland • 2009, Caja Madrid Obelisk, Madrid, Spain • 2011, Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain, [Spanish wiki: es:Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo [pictures] 7 Under construction/proposed • World Trade Center Transportation Hub, New York City, U.S. • University of South Florida Polytechnic, Lakeland, FL, U.S. • Atlanta Symphony Center, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. • Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Oviedo, Spain • Medio Padana TAV Station, Reggio Emilia, Italy • Maastricht University Campus, Maastricht, Netherlands • Palma de Mallorca's Opera, Spain • High-rise buildings on stilts on the River Liffey in Dublin[6] • New railway station in Mons, Belgium • Hotel, Train Station and Two Bridges at Denver International Airport • Museu do Amanhã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Calatrava has also submitted designs for a number of notable projects which were eventually awarded to other designers, including the Reichstag in Berlin and the East London River Crossing. 8 Unbuilt projects • Collserola communications tower in Barcelona (1991). A tower shaped like a big white spaceship was proposed, but Norman Foster ultimately designed the tower. • A bridge in Toronto to the Toronto Island Airport. Locals did not support the airport. • A campus building for Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada. His design was dropped for a less expensive design.[7] • New cathedral for the Diocese of Oakland, California, USA. Preliminary design dropped in favor of that by local architect Craig Hartman (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, San Francisco). • New bridge across Cávado River, Barcelos, Portugal. It was dropped due to lack of funds. • Substitute bridge (Wettstein Bridge) across Rhine River, Basel, Switzerland. It did not pass the cantonal referendum. A less expensive bridge was built instead. • 80 South Street, 835-foot-tall (255 m) stack of 10 condominium units on New York City's East River, starting at $27 Million each.[8] • Chicago Spire Chicago IL. Lack of funding 9 Recognition • Calatrava has received numerous recognitions. In 1988, he was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by the SOM Foundation.[9] In 1990, he received the "Médaille d'Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique", in Paris. In 1992 he received the prestigious Gold Medal from the Institution of Structural Engineers. In 1993, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held a major exhibition of his work called "Structure and Expression". In 1998 he was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In 2004, he received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (AIA). • In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Award by the Council for the Arts of MIT. The award is among the most esteemed arts awards in the US.[10] • He is also a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council. Awards • 1979 August Perret Award • 1992 London Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal • 1993 Toronto Municipality Urban Design Award • 1996 Gold Medal for Excellence in the Fine Arts from the Granada Ministry of Culture • 1997 Honoris Causa degree awarded by Delft University of Technology • 1999 Prince of Asturias Award in Arts • 2000 Algur H. Meadows Award for Excellence in the Arts from the Meadows School of the Arts, Southern Methodist University • 2004 James Parks Morton Interfaith Award from the Interfaith Center of New York • 2005 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal • 2006 Eugene McDermott Award in the Arts from the Council for the Arts at MIT
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