土木工程景觀之美---從Santiago Calatrava 的 作品說起 國立臺灣大學 園藝暨景觀學系 蔡厚男([email protected]) 主講

1 前言： 後工業文明、國土開發與公共建設 臺灣的國土開發與公共建設主要是由土木工程專業主導，工程設計長期以來從實用與經濟的價值思 維出發，土建構築之人文美學意識，生態友善的環境倫理，長期備受忽視甚至壓抑，工程師的養成 教育和專業實踐過程，也非常缺乏基本的人文生態與藝術美學觀念的薰陶， 國土空間美質環境的營 造始終遙遙無期。工程技術講究理性，追求效率和效用，但是也要培育對美好未來的社會想像力； 理性和感性是不可分割的。

2 Santiago Calatrava 簡歷，享有國際盛譽的建築家、結構工程大師。

1951年出生於西班牙的瓦倫西亞（Valencia)，在高中時期進行幾何數學的課外閱 讀，勒·柯布西耶(Le Corbusier，1887年10月6日－1965年8月27日)的一本小冊 子使他很感興趣。這本幾何書的自學要求就是重新設計柯布西耶的國際風格的馬 賽公寓(Unite d’Habitation,Marseilles,1947-53)室外的螺旋樓梯。後來，朗香教堂 (Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut,Ronchamp,1951-3)以那令人感受至深的複雜構造啟 發了年輕的卡拉特拉瓦對形式的感受，並使他對發掘形式背後的秘密和形態演變 的規律癡迷不已。 大學階段於瓦倫西亞建築學院修讀建築，畢業後取得建築師資格，並同步修習都 市計畫的學士後課程； 1975年前往瑞士蘇黎世的ETH（聯邦理工學院蘇黎世分校）修讀土木工程；他從 建築空間設計轉向嚴謹、抽象、數化邏輯理性思維導向的工程學術領域，卡拉特 拉瓦於1981 年完成的博士論文：「可折疊的空間結構」 (On the Foldability of Space Frames) ，闡述跨學科的可摺疊的構造形式研究。試圖系統地生成和示範： 「如何將三維空間結構摺疊變成二維結構，再轉變成為一維結構的所有可能 性。 」這個動態彈性結構的創新研究終於使卡拉特拉瓦在大學的學術研究有一 個完美的了結，而且也為他日後的職業生涯和專業發展埋下一個影響深遠的伏筆。

他的建築、工程、雕塑與傢俱設計作品，研究與專業實務橫跨藝術、科學與技術， 盡量使用最少的材料資源， 創造最大的展示機會和地景空間的融合效應(do more with less)；從結構和運動中創造如詩意般的構造形態。

歸納他的工程設計實踐的主要策略：1.結構構件進行定型化的設計； 2.異化結構 構件使不同功能的材料異化。 3 Early life and education

• Calatrava was born in Benimàmet, an old municipality now integrated as an urban part of Valencia, Spain, where he pursued his undergraduate architecture degree at the Polytechnic University of Valencia along with a post-graduate course in urbanism. During his schooldays, he also undertook independent projects with a group of fellow students, bringing out two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza Following graduation in 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, for graduate work in civil engineering. In 1981, after completing his doctoral thesis, "On the Foldability of Space Frames", he started his architecture and engineering practice.

4 CAREER

• Calatrava's early career was largely dedicated to bridges and train stations, with designs that elevated the status of civil engineering projects to new heights. His Montjuic Communications Tower in Barcelona, Spain (1991) in the heart of the 1992 Olympics site, as well as the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Canada (1992), were important works and turning points in his career, leading to a wide range of commissions. The Quadracci Pavilion (2001) of the Milwaukee Art Museum was his first building in the United States. Calatrava's entry into high-rise design began with an innovative 54-story-high twisting tower called Turning Torso (2005), located in Malmö, Sweden.Calatrava has designed a futurisitc train station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, at the rebuilt World Trade Center in New York City.Calatrava's style has been heralded as bridging the division between structural engineering and architecture. In the projects, he continues a tradition of Spanish modernist engineering that included Félix Candela, Antonio Gaudí, and Rafael Guastavino. Nonetheless, his style is also very personal, and derives from numerous studies of the human body and the natural world.On 10 December 2011 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture for a five year renewable term by Pope Benedict XVI.

5 Notable works

Completed • Alameda Bridge and metro station, Valencia, Spain • 1983–1984, Jakem Steel Warehouse, Munchwilen, Switzerland • 1983–1985, Ernsting Warehouse, Coesfeld, Germany • 1983–1988, Wohlen High School, Wohlen, Switzerland • 1983–1990, Stadelhofen Railway Station, Zürich, Switzerland • 1983–1989, Lucerne Station Hall, Lucerne, Switzerland • 1984–1987, Bac de Roda Bridge, Barcelona, Spain • 1984–1988, Barenmatte Community Center, Suhr, Switzerland, • 1986–1987, Tabourettli Theater, Basel, Switzerland, • 1987–1992, Allen Lambert Galleria (in Brookfield Place), Toronto, Canada, • 1989–1994, TGV Station, Lyon, France • 1992, Puente del Alamillo, Seville, Spain • 1992, Puente de Lusitania, Mérida, Spain • 1992, Montjuic Communications Tower at the Olympic Ring, Barcelona, Spain • 1992, World's Fair, Kuwaiti Pavilion, Seville, Spain • 1994, Mimico Creek Bridge, Humber Bay Parks, Toronto, Ontario • 1994, Oberbaumbrücke, Berlin, Germany (1896) rebuilt and opened on November 9 • 1994–1997, Campo Volantin Footbridge, Bilbao, Spain • 1995, Trinity Bridge, footbridge over River Irwell in Manchester and Salford, Greater Manchester, England • 1996–2009, Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, Valencia, Spain • 1996, Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary island, Spain • 1998, Gare do Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal 6 Notable works

• 2000, New terminal at Bilbao Airport, Bilbao, Spain • 2001, Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. • 2001, Puente de la Mujer, in the Puerto Madero barrio of Buenos Aires, Argentina • 2001, Bodegas Ysios, Laguardia, Spain • 2002, Wave, in Dallas, Texas at the Southern Methodist University Meadows Museum[5] • 2003, James Joyce Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland • 2003, Auditorio de Tenerife, the architect's first performing arts facility, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain • 2004, redesign of Athens Olympic Sports Complex, Athens, Greece • 2004, Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay, Redding, California, USA • 2004, Three bridges (called Harp, Cittern and Lute) spanning the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands • 2004, University of Zurich, "Bibliothekseinbau" library remodelling, Zürich, Switzerland • 2005, The bridge connecting the Ovnat shopping mall and the Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson) in Petah Tikva, Israel • 2005, Turning Torso, Malmö, Sweden • 2007, 3 Bridges on the A1 Motorway and TAV Railway, Reggio Emilia, Italy • 2007-2012 Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, Dallas, Texas, U.S. • 2008, Chords Bridge at the entrance to Jerusalem, Israel, a light rail bridge • 2008, Ponte della Costituzione footbridge from Piazzale Roma over the Grand Canal, Venice, Italy • 2008-2009, Technion Obelisk, monument on the Technion campus in Haifa, Israel • 2009, Liège-Guillemins TGV Railway Station, Liège, Belgium • 2009, Samuel Beckett Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland • 2009, Caja Madrid Obelisk, Madrid, Spain • 2011, Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain, [Spanish wiki: es:Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo [pictures] 7

Under construction/proposed • World Trade Center Transportation Hub, New York City, U.S. • University of South Florida Polytechnic, Lakeland, FL, U.S. • Atlanta Symphony Center, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. • Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, Oviedo, Spain • Medio Padana TAV Station, Reggio Emilia, Italy • Maastricht University Campus, Maastricht, Netherlands • Palma de Mallorca's Opera, Spain • High-rise buildings on stilts on the River Liffey in Dublin[6] • New railway station in Mons, Belgium • Hotel, Train Station and Two Bridges at Denver International Airport • Museu do Amanhã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Calatrava has also submitted designs for a number of notable projects which were eventually awarded to other designers, including the Reichstag in Berlin and the East London River Crossing.

8 Unbuilt projects • Collserola communications tower in Barcelona (1991). A tower shaped like a big white spaceship was proposed, but Norman Foster ultimately designed the tower. • A bridge in Toronto to the Toronto Island Airport. Locals did not support the airport. • A campus building for Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada. His design was dropped for a less expensive design.[7] • New cathedral for the Diocese of Oakland, California, USA. Preliminary design dropped in favor of that by local architect Craig Hartman (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, San Francisco). • New bridge across Cávado River, Barcelos, Portugal. It was dropped due to lack of funds. • Substitute bridge (Wettstein Bridge) across Rhine River, Basel, Switzerland. It did not pass the cantonal referendum. A less expensive bridge was built instead. • 80 South Street, 835-foot-tall (255 m) stack of 10 condominium units on New York City's East River, starting at $27 Million each.[8] • Chicago Spire Chicago IL. Lack of funding

9 Recognition • Calatrava has received numerous recognitions. In 1988, he was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by the SOM Foundation.[9] In 1990, he received the "Médaille d'Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique", in Paris. In 1992 he received the prestigious Gold Medal from the Institution of Structural Engineers. In 1993, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held a major exhibition of his work called "Structure and Expression". In 1998 he was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In 2004, he received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (AIA). • In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Award by the Council for the Arts of MIT. The award is among the most esteemed arts awards in the US.[10] • He is also a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council. Awards • 1979 August Perret Award • 1992 London Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal • 1993 Toronto Municipality Urban Design Award • 1996 Gold Medal for Excellence in the Fine Arts from the Granada Ministry of Culture • 1997 Honoris Causa degree awarded by Delft University of Technology • 1999 Prince of Asturias Award in Arts • 2000 Algur H. Meadows Award for Excellence in the Arts from the Meadows School of the Arts, Southern Methodist University • 2004 James Parks Morton Interfaith Award from the Interfaith Center of New York • 2005 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal • 2006 Eugene McDermott Award in the Arts from the Council for the Arts at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) • 2006 Honorary Engineering Degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute • Designation as a Global Leader for Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in Davos • 2007 Honorary Engineering Degree from Columbia University • 2007 Awarded with the Spanish National Architecture Award • Design Futures Council Senior Fellow 10

Criticism

• Calatrava's work in Bilbao has been criticized for impracticality. The airport lacks facilities and the bridge's glass tiles are prone to break and get slippery under the local weather,[12] which impelled the local administration to add anti-slip treads to its decking, altering the appearance of the bridge. In 2007, Calatrava sued Bilbao[13] for allowing Arata Isozaki to remove a bar from the bridge to connect it to the Isozaki Atea towers. The judge ruled against Calatrava, on the grounds that, although the building design is protected by intellectual property law, public safety is more important than intellectual property.[14] In a 2009 appeal, he received €30,000 in compensation. The Isozaki joint has been cited as both bold and destructive.[by whom?] • Calatrava gifted the Municipality of Venice with the project of a new bridge on the "Canal Grande" in 1996. As of 2007, the project was still under construction and has gone through numerous structural changes, because of the mechanical instability of the structure and the excessive weight of the bridge,[15] which would cause the banks of the canal to fail. In 10 years the project had been inspected by more than 8 different consultants and the cost had risen to three times the original expectations.[16] The work was finally completed in August 2008. The bridge has been criticized for its impractical design; it has many steps embedded in its relatively steep pavement, which makes it uncomfortable to walk on, especially for the elderly. Moreover, it does not have a ramp, so that it cannot be used by wheelchair users. • Some of Calatrava's works have been plagued with cost overruns, secrecy, and construction problems.[17] For example, Calgary's Peace Bridge, which was slated to open in 2010, has been delayed due to faulty welding. As of June 2011, the bridge remained uncompleted.

11 Calatrava對土木建築結構的 看法與解讀；相較於大多數設 計者習慣地將結構單元與系統 加以隱藏的作法完全不同， Calatrava毫不遮掩地以結構 體作為建築物外觀的主要元素， 並藉由獨特的造型賦予力與美 的表現，使構築物彷彿成為一 座空間雕塑和公共藝術。

他認為美學可以由力學的工程 設計來表現，就像自然界中林 木蟲鳥的形體美感也多來自其 本身力學作用的型態需求，因 此自然萬物也常常成為他創作 靈感的來源。

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 創作的典範性—運動的詩意

專業化和碎裂化知識主宰的20世紀 現代史中，Santiago Calatrava是 少數具備全方位通識學養的工程和 空間專業技術的傑出人才。

從他創作完成的建築、工程、雕塑 和傢俱等設計作品中，反映出從結 構與運動中創造出的如詩的構造形 態。

作品橫跨藝術、科學與技術，在運 動與平衡之間激盪，把記憶與創意 結合在一起，在解決問題的同時也 發掘創新的方法；作品風格不但將 文藝美感滲透融入個人生活和職業 生涯，而且也開創工程設計實踐的 新典範。

22 在這些典範中，Calatrava有選 擇性地追溯了已經成熟的知識體 系，將它們在每個工程中重新應 用和詮釋。他以創新的視角審視 過去，既巧妙地符合了建築的規 律，又拓寬了人們對於建築結構 更為基本和全面的問題理解。

他通過打破常規慣例和工程專業 之間的障礙，使我們重新思考形 式、結構與建築(空間)功能之間 的關係。他的結構造型宛如雕塑 藝術，表現為一種對高深技術的 實驗性探索。他的高技術性探索 又成為抽象的美學思想、雕塑和 工程技術的組成部分，從而深化 為對文藝之美的鑑賞力、生命和 建築在人類社會中的意義等一系 列問題的深入探討。

23

基於古老的傳統，大多數建築師、工程師、藝術家盡可能追求結構 系統的穩固和完全閉合的形式以確保安全，而另一些卻力求使它們 掙脫束縛、生長並在空中翱翔。為了解釋亨利·柏格森的理論，人 們必須抽絲剝繭地大膽創新，而不是墨守成規。Calatrava則認為 設計是在人類的生命意識與欲望驅使下，所產生的想像性創造。

Calatrava的工程構築設計使人聯想到肌體組織相互配合的複雜機 制與原理。這使他的橋梁、瞭望塔和建築對應並強化著城市景觀效 果，如同生長成活在城市景觀中的複雜有機體一般。然而他所採用 的構造形式，卻不是因襲模仿，而是創新獨特的結構造型。

24 他的設計從自然中、從人的骨髓和循環系統以及生物的皮膚組織一一尤其是人的身軀的功能和動作中 汲取靈感。為了研究人體運動的形態，他還從特技表演中總結出生命和運動的意義；舞蹈家通過動作 對地心引力進行挑戰一一是在變化的世界中捕捉動感的形態結果。 當Calatrava 設計的結構像樹木一 樣出現在城市中時，它強調了這個景觀自身的特性而不是壓抑自身軀體的欲望。當建築處於城市中被 遺忘和邊緣化的角落時，Calatrava的創造張力給城市帶來了希望和重生的理想。 25 Calatrava的結構作品無論 何時都同時具備三個特色： 1.作為構築物，它們穩定且 抵抗了瓦解建築物的力量； 2.作為空間(也指作為容器和 通道)，它們容納了使用者 和他們的行為；3.作為圍護 體，它們充分圍合了空間。

他一再自我要求選用適當材 料與幾何形體以形成最優化 的設計方案。在以後的日子 裡，這些最初的思想經過拓 展和交融，適應了複雜的專 案要求，並矗立在具有挑戰 性的環境中。展開設計的策 略要求效率和效果並重一一 滿足複雜的設計主題和永恒 的律動感，即使是在最苛刻 的工址場地上也能煥發構造 形體的光芒。

26 卡拉特拉瓦將運動引入三個建築 的面向：結構、空間、圍合體， 通過三個面向的融合，運動在建 築中激起的動感，傳譯成功能性 或標誌性作用。作為構築物其穩 定且抵抗了瓦解建築物的力量 ； 作為空間它容納了使用者和他們 的行為活動；作為圍合體則統合 了空間構成。

這些項目的某些部分可以運動或 為運動的裝置服務，而且它們象 徵性地傳達了運動的思想。這種 對基本結構依照運動規律進行重 組，使得卡拉特拉瓦躋身于一系 列將功能、認知或審美結合在他 們的設計中的、劃時代的建築師、 工程師、藝術家之列。

27 Calatrava的設計思考和思想根源 ，概分為三個 層面： 1.首先他用最好的方式解決了現存的問題； 2.其次，又用這些問題解決的方式再現成為設 計想像最為核心的信念與欲望； 3.最後，Calatrava的設計讓我們思考這些作品 背後隱藏的信念與欲望源自何處？

他以最基本的設計理念，將設計的完美解決之 道、對於需求攸關的理解、試驗性的創作和大 膽的探索精神融合在每一個工程中，他的設計 是獨到的，因為他不是從各種簡單的妥協方案 中進行折衷，而是從更高水準的綜合中達到和 諧的昇華。這些不僅要求他非常出色地掌握許 多領域的知識，而且要求他具有更高的創造能 力和設計欲望。

這種過程產生了設計過程中的新產物：一種雕 塑與工具的結合物， 一種創新的、更為寬廣的 技術的定義，以及一種屬于當代建築師、工程 師和藝術家共有的實踐範疇。通過對藝術、建 築和工程邊界的超越，Calatrava 用自己的設計 拓展了人造環境的視野，並且為改善城市和景 觀與人類社會提供了新契機。

28 除了解決問題，對現實提出批評和質疑，具有冒險精神和“夢幻般的作品”之外，Calatrava的設計還有另一重要因 素。在他早期的形體、結構與運動的困惑後面是對於哲學問題的持續思考。Calatrava似乎想為人類行為的道德體系 進行定義，並用幾何的方式解決這些問題。在所有的點、線、面和體的構成中，展現一段更精彩的生活。

29 Coesfeld, German 1983-1985 Ernsting WareHouse

30 1983-1990 Stadelhofen Station,Zurich

31 Toronto, Canada 1987-1992 BCE BCE Place Galleria

32 Seville, Spain 1987-1992 Alamillo Bridge

33 Barcelona, Spain 1987-1992 Bach de Roda Bridge

34 St. Gallen, Switzerland 1988-1998 Pfalzkeller Emergency Service Centre

35 1989-1992 Montjuic Communication Tower,Barcelona

36 1989-1994 Lyon Airport Station, Lyon

37 Ondarroa, Spain 1989-1995 Puerto Bridge

38 Bilbao, Spain 1990-2000 Sondica Airport Terminal& Control Tower

39 Valencia, Spain 1991-1995 Alameda Bridge and Metro Station

40 1993-1998 Orient Station, Lisbon

41 1994-1997 Campo Volantin Bridge, Bilbao

42 43 Murcia, Spain 1996-1998 Manrique Bridge 1991-2003 Tenerife Opera House, Tenerife Spain

44 1991-2004 City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia

45 Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 1994-2001 Milwaukee Art Museum

46 1999-2005 High Rise in Malmo, Sweden

47 Laguardia, Alava, Spain 1998-2000 Bodegas Ysios in San Sebastian

48 1998 Footbridge Puerto Mujer in Buenos Aires

49 2004 Olympic Sports Complex , Athens Bridges over the Hoofdvaart in Haarlemmermeer

50 2004 Katehaki Bridge , Athens

51 2008, Chords Bridge at the entrance to Jerusalem, Israel, a light rail bridge

52 2008, Ponte della Costituzione footbridge from Piazzale Roma over the Grand Canal, Venice

2009, Samuel Beckett Bridge, bridge over River Liffey, Dublin, Ireland

53 2011, Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias

54 結語

基礎公共設施為城鄉創造越來越多的公共空間，交通運輸 設施在此快速發展的社會尤其重要。就如同公路系統必須 Butterfly Bridge 履行交通、運輸、聯絡的多種功能，也可以發揮作為公共 生活空間及主要城鄉地景構成的角色，它必須與其他市區 道路系統、人行徒步系統、水資源管理、地方經濟振興、 公共服務設施、以及生態系統等相互聯繫整合。這些複雜 的社會需求不但要求工程技術的理性，也需要人文藝術美 學的感性。

Gateshead Millennium Bridge 橋梁開闔的動態模型

猶如眼睛開闔 的設計概念

55 Dogana Gate 參考資料

Tzonis, Alexander ,and L. Lefaivre,(1994). Movement, Structure and the Work of Santiago Calatrava. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag. Tzonis, Alexander (1999). Santiago Calatrava: The Poetics of Movement. London: Thames & Hudson. Tzonis, Alexander (2004). Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works. Rizzoli. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Calatrava

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