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Haida Laas Journal - March 2009

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Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 HAIDA LAAS JOURNAL of the HAIDA NATION March 2009 1 Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 HAIDA LAAS JOURNAL of the HAIDA NATION published by the Council of the Haida Nation [ March 2009 ] 2 3 Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 > A TIMELINE SHOWING SOME OF THE DISEASES THAT SCOURGED THE ISLANDS. From 1774 - 1890 waves of disease ran through populations on the coast up into Alaska and across the Arctic. These wave of disease originated with newcomers and swept down from the north CONTENTS coast and up from the south. Smallpox was the most deadly but in the mix were measles, influenza, cholera, mumps, venerial diseases and others. Strange New Sickness - Kil’iljuss, Barb Wilson ii From a pre-contact population estimate of 180,000 First Nations (in the area now known as British Smallpox: what it is 3 Columbia) only 35 - 40,000 survived this period. Diseases in the western Arctic introduced by whalers kill over a ten year period nine For those of us at Bones Bay: Speaking about the 4 On Haida Gwaii, from an estimated population out of ten people. of 20,0000, approximately 600 survived - only potlatch held at Alert Bay to honour the Haida .03% of the population. at Bones Bay 1647 - influenza 1692 - measles epidemic 1920 - First Nations’ population reachest lowest point. Sometimes, it’s all right there - Kil’iljuss, Barb Wilson 6 For those of us at Bones Bay: Kwiaahwah Jones 7 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 1740 - 1770s Amherst Way 12 Russians begin trading on the coast. Juan Perez comes in contact with Haidas. 1675 - influenza Captain Cook explores west coast. As late as 1928, an influenza For those of us at Bones Bay: Vince Collison 15 epidemic in the Mackenzie Valley killed many people. For those of us at Bones Bay: Beau Dick 17 by Kil’iljuss, Barb Wilson STRANGE NEW SICKNESS For those of us at Bones Bay: Candace Weir 21 The years 1700 to 1900 were a time of great upheaval for He writes: “After Victoria was settled, flotillas of people all over Haida Gwaii. Smallpox, measles, dysentery, Haida Canoes were continually resorting there, and The knife that shut up: Rand Flem-Ath & Rose Flem-Ath 26 consumptions, influenza and other communicable diseases a whole chapter might be written on the wars which wiped out thousands of people. In documents starting in the broke out between them and the Kwakiutl tribes along For those of us at Bones Bay: Christian White 33 1770s right through to 1918 there is clear evidence of these their route. There were one or two notable encoun- epidemics.1 ters with the whites as well, particularly that at Cape Tom Dyer is my name: Jusquan 38 Mudge. Later the Small-pox broke out and carried Although the authors do not in many cases state or describe the the people off by hundreds. Doleful tales are related From the past, feeling smallpox: Captain Gold 43 impact on our population, it was enormous. Trade and travel at the present day of large flotillas of canoes, which brought us in contact with all regions and people of the Pacific started from Victoria and other points along the coast is North West coast. Our oral family histories and birth certificates mainly responsible.” tell the stories of children being born in places now located in ILLUSTRATIONS the United States. Swanton collected some of his first Haida In the video Women of the Inlet, the people of Jarvis stories at Port Townsend in the Olympic Peninsula area.2 Inlet talk about a Haida canoe left there. It is one Photos: all photos courtesy of Vince Collison unless otherwise noted. story of many that verifies our knowledge of people The Haida nation went from an estimated population of 20,000 dying all along the coast as they tried to return to Timeline showing some of the diseases that scourged the Islands. 2 prior to 1770 to less than 600 by the end of the 19th century.3 Xaaydaa Gwaay. • Bill Reid illustration from Raven’s Cry by Christie Harris and Bill Reid 24, 25 It is impossible to track the members of families in an orderly 1 Green 1829, p 33; Poole 1863, p 158; Crosby, 1907, p 105; Blackman 1984, manner as the diseases also had a huge impact on our oral 158; Langess 1984, p 262; Miller 1984, p 144; Boyd 1999, pp 266-268; Coqualeetza Story 1886 to 1956, n.n.p. history. Most ways for passing on the information have been 2 McDonald 1972, pp 35, 53, 150 Michael Nicoll Yaghulanaas illustration from A Tale of Two Shaman 44 broken. Knowledge has been lost and many of the people from 3 Fedje 2001, p 25 whom these oral histories would have been gathered have long Timeline Sources: The coming of the spirit of pestilence : introduced infectious diseases and population passed on. In Swanton’s book, The Haida there is a written decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874 - Boyd, Robert T. (Robert Thomas) account of the deaths that occurred in Victoria and along the and the Haida Gwaii Museum at Kaay Llnagaay. coast as we travelled home. Photo above right: A gauge for measuring the size of smallpox pustules, made by Young’s of Edinburgh. The data for the timeline has been taken from various sources and is by no means complete. From the first days of A doctor could relate a patient’s pustules to four typical sizes, ranging from half an inch to four fifths of an inch contact up to the recent past there have been many waves of disease that scourged the land killing over 90% of the in diameter. Haida population as well as a high percentage of other First Nations throughout the coast and Arctic. Image number: 10289190: Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library 4 5 Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 Haida Laas Journal - March 2009 Speaking about the potlatch held at Smallpox is an infectious disease Alert Bay to honour the Haida unique to humans. at Bones Bay. Smallpox is also known by the latin names Variola or Variola vera, which means spotted, or varus, meaning pimple. The term smallpox was first used in Europe in the 15th century to distinguish Variola from syphilis. FOR THOSE Variola major is the worse of the two OF US AT strains of smallpox and kills about 30% of those infected. Variola minor is a milder form and kills about 1% of its BONES BAY victims. Of all children infected about It was an invitation, but it wasn’t delivered in a 80% didn’t survive. way many are familiar with, says Candace Weir, who travelled to the Alert Bay potlatch at the invi- Symptoms appear suddenly and include tation of artist and hereditary leader, Beau Dick. a high fever, headache, body pains and sometimes nausea and vomiting. This “There was no formal, ‘golden-western-civilized- continues for the duration of the way-invitation’ for this event, it wasn’t put out illness. Two or three days later, and like that. It was oral. This is how our people used generally fourteen days after first to do things — the word was spread up and down V the coast and the message would get around. WHA T IT IS People would either go or not, and we went — we took the invitation seriously. […] We’d heard the fact that they were infected with smallpox. They had been exposure to the disease, a rash begins on the about the trip and we knew its significance, we told this by a trusted source. They knew many wouldn’t make face, hands and feet. This is the most contagious were going!” it home and with that knowledge they prepared a place for time. The rash spreads over the whole body and them; it was isolated but it had good water, food and firewood in about three days the rash will turn into red So began the preparations. People were and it is in this place, Bones Bay, that many Haida came to end spots and then become raised pus-filled lesions. contacted, gifts gathered, masks carved and their days. These blisters are about the size of a dime. Sometimes the regalia and arrangements were made and fi- blisters merge and cover large parts of the body. It takes nally, 30 people travelled to Alert Bay where Beau Dick had been told this story many times while grow- about a month for the disease to run its course. For people who survive, the blisters become scabs and slowly fall off. another 30 Haida from the urban areas joined ing up, and he in turn told the story to any Haida that would About six weeks after infection most of the scabs are gone but them. The potlatch that people were invited listen. He talked about it for many years and one day, he set leave permanent scars on the body and for some blindness in to was put on by Beau Dick. It was to bring a time and place to bring closure to this chapter of shared one or both eyes. closure to an event that in the past left Haida Kwakwaka’wakw and Haida history. wandering away from home, and today to Smallpox is believed to have emerged in human populations about bring honour to those resting at Bones Bay. The story of the Alert Bay potlatch is told in these pages by 10,000 BC. During the 18th century it is estimated that the disease those who were there.
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