DOCSLIB.ORG

The Evolutionary Ecology of Ultraviolet Floral Pigmentation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF ULTRAVIOLET FLORAL PIGMENTATION by Matthew H. Koski B.S., University of Michigan, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Matthew H. Koski It was defended on May 4, 2015 and approved by Dr. Susan Kalisz, Professor, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Nathan Morehouse, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Mark Rebeiz, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Dr. Stacey DeWitt Smith, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Tia-Lynn Ashman, Professor, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Matthew H. Koski 2015 iii THE EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF ULTRAVIOLET FLORAL PIGMENTATION Matthew H. Koski, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2015 The color of flowers varies widely in nature, and this variation has served as an important model for understanding evolutionary processes such as genetic drift, natural selection, speciation and macroevolutionary transitions in phenotypic traits. The flowers of many taxa reflect ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths that are visible to most pollinators. Many taxa also display UV reflectance at petal tips and absorbance at petal bases, which manifests as a ‘bullseye’ color patterns to pollinators. Most previous research on UV floral traits has been largely descriptive in that it has identified species with UV pattern and speculated about its function with respect to pollination. This dissertation addresses the ecological and evolutionary relevance of UV floral pattern at micro- and macroevolutionary scales. First I use a widespread plant (Argentina anserina) to describe the degree to which UV floral pattern varies, and determine the genetic contribution to variation. With the same system, I then use experimental manipulation to test whether and how the UV bullseye pattern mediates plant-pollinator interactions in the field. I then evaluate whether spatial variation in biotic (pollinator) and abiotic selective agents contribute to geographic variation in UV floral traits at regional (Colorado Rocky Mountains elevation gradient) and global (four latitudinal gradients) scales. Finally, I create a molecular phylogeny of the species-rich cinquefoil (Potentilla) group to address whether variation in UV pattern among taxa is constrained by evolutionary history, and whether biogeography and bioclimatic factors contribute to interspecific variation. Findings from this dissertation that pollinators contribute to variation in UV pattern, broaden the understanding of the traits that contribute to pollinator-mediated reproductive success of flowering plants. UV irradiance can also impose selection on UV pattern and drive latitudinal trends in floral iv pigmentation, extending an ecological rule formulated for animals—Gloger’s rule—to plants. Finally, I detected low phylogenetic signal for UV pigmentation in Potentilla, but strong biogeographic associations, which together suggest that selection could play a role in shaping UV floral variation among taxa. Overall, this dissertation enhances the understanding of how spatially varying selection regimes contribute to geographic variation and macroevolutionary patterns in a cryptic pigmentation trait in flowers. v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE...................................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………iv TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………...vi PREFACE…………………………………………………………………………………….....xix 1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….1 2.0 QUANTITATIVE VARIATION, HERITABILITY, AND TRAIT CORRELATIONS FOR ULTRAVIOLET FLORAL TRAITS IN ARGENTINA ANSERINA (ROSACEAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR FLORAL EVOLUTION………………………………………………3 2.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….3 2.2 METHODS…….……………………………………………………………………...7 2.2.1 Study system………………………………………………………………...7 2.2.2 Phenotypic variation in the field…………………………………………...8 2.2.3 UV photography and measurement of UVP………………………………8 2.2.4 Plant material for broad sense heritability and trait correlations.............9 2.2.5 Phenotypic variation in the greenhouse …………………………………10 2.2.6 Statistical analyses…………………………………………………………11 2.3 RESULTS……..……………………………………………………………………...14 2.3.1 Phenotypic variation in the field………………………………………….14 2.3.2 Phenotypic variation in the greenhouse………………………………….15 2.3.3 Broad-sense heritability …………………………………………………..15 2.3.4 Broad-sense genetic correlation…………………………………………..16 2.4 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………….16 2.4.1 Variation in UV pattern…………………………………………………..17 vi 2.4.2 Broad-sense heritability of UV pattern and spectral properties………..18 2.4.3 Trait correlations within flowers, and between flowers and leaves…….19 2.4.4 Conclusions ……..…………………………………………………………21 3.0 DISSECTING POLLINATOR RESPONSES TO A UBIQUITOUS ULTRAVIOLET FLORAL PATTERN IN THE WILD………………………………………………………….29 3.1 INTRODUCION………………………………………………..……………………29 3.2 METHODS………………………………………………..…………………………33 3.2.1 Study system……………………………………………………………….33 3.2.2 Study area and plant material………………………………….…………33 3.2.3 Floral manipulation…………………………………………………….….34 3.2.4 Array set up and pollinator observations………………………………..35 3.2.5 Statistical analyses…………………………………………………………38 3.3 RESULTS………………………………………………..…………………………...39 3.3.1 Absorbing arrays…………………………………………………………..39 3.3.2 Reflecting arrays…………………………………………………………..40 3.3.3 Inverse arrays……………………………………………………………...41 3.4 DISCUSSION………………………………………………..………………………41 3.4.1 Is the UV bullseye a nectar guide? ………………………………………42 3.4.2 UV reflectance or pattern: which mediates visitation?............................44 3.4.3 Pervasiveness of the UV bullseye flower pattern………………………..45 3.4.4 Implications for naturally-occurring variation in UV pattern…………46 4.0 AN ALTITUDINAL CLINE IN UV FLORAL PATTERN CORRESPONDS WITH A BEHAVIORAL CHANGE OF A GENERALIST POLLINATOR ASSEMBLAGE……….51 4.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………..………………………………….51 vii 4.2 METHODS………………………………..…………………………………………53 4.2.1 Study system………………………………..……………………………...53 4.2.2 Floral traits and altitude………………………………..…………………54 4.2.3 Pollinator assemblage and altitude………………………………..……...55 4.2.4 Pollinator response to floral bullseye size………………………………..56 4.2.5 Relationship between visit number and pollen receipt and export…….58 4.2.6 Relationship between natural variation in floral traits and pollen receipt……..………………………………..……………………………….……59 4.3 RESULTS………………………………..…………………………………………...60 4.3.1 Floral traits, pollinator assemblage, and altitude………………………..61 4.3.2 Pollinator response to floral bullsye size…………………………………61 4.3.3 Relationship between visit number and pollen receipt and export…….62 4.3.4 Relationship between natural variation in floral traits and pollen receipt……..………………………………..………………………………….…63 4.4 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………..63 5.0 FLORAL PIGMENTATION PATTERNS PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF GLOGER’S RULE IN PLANTS..………………………………..……………..…………………….……….74 5.1 INTRODUCTION..………………………………..………………………………...74 5.2 METHODS AND RESULTS..………………………………..……………………..75 5.3 DISCUSSION..………………………………..……………………………………..78 6.0 MACROEVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF FLOWER COLOR TRAITS AN ASSOCIATIONS WITH BIOGEOGRAPHY IN THE SPECIOSE CINQUEFOIL……….86 6.1 INTRODUCTION..………………………………..………………….……………..86 6.2 METHODS..………………………………..………………………………………..88 viii 6.2.1 System ……………………………..……………………………………….88 6.2.2 Phylogeny……………………………..……………………………………89 6.2.3 Phenotypic and bioclimatic data……………………………..…………...91 6.2.4 Phylogenetic signal……………………………..………………………….93 6.2.5 Correlated trait evolution……………………………..…………………..94 6.2.6 Abiotic and biogeographic associations with floral phenotype…………95 6.3 RESULTS……………………………..………………….…………………………..96 6.3.1 Phylogeny……………………………..……………………………………96 6.3.2 Floral phenotypes……………………………..…………………………...97 6.3.3 Biogeographic parameters ……………………………..…………………98 6.3.4 Phylogenetic signal……………………………..……………………….....98 6.3.5 Phylogenetic trait correlations……………………………..……………..99 6.3.6 Phylogenetically controlled geographic and abiotic associations………99 6.4 DISCUSSION……………………………..………………………………………..100 7.0 APPENDICES……………………………..………………….……………………………108 APPENDIX A……………………………..……………………………………………108 APPENDIX B……………………………..…………………………………………….111 APPENDIX C……………………………..……………………………………………112 APPENDIX D……………………………..……………………………………………115 APPENDIX E……………………………..……………………………………………127 BIBLIOGRPAHY……………………………..………………….……………………………138 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Variation for components of UV pattern (UV-absorbing area, petal area, UV proportion) measured from field-collected plants of Argentina pacifica, A. anserina, and both taxa combined (Argentina aggregate)………………………………………………………………………………22 Table 2-2: Mean (± SD) and coefficient of variation for concentration of foliar UV-absorbing compounds, components of UV pattern (UV-absorbing area, petal area, UV proportion) and spectral traits (brightness, UV reflectance, UV chroma and green chroma ) measured at the petal apex and base measured on greenhouse-grown plants of Argentina pacifica and A. anserina. …………………………………………………………………………………………………...…23 Table 2-3: Broad-sense heritability (diagonal) and trait correlations
Recommended publications
  • Leaf Indumentum Types in Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Related Genera in Iran

    Leaf Indumentum Types in Potentilla (Rosaceae) and Related Genera in Iran

    Vol. 79, No. 2: 139-145, 2010 ACTA SOCIETATIS BOTANICORUM POLONIAE 139 LEAF INDUMENTUM TYPES IN POTENTILLA (ROSACEAE) AND RELATED GENERA IN IRAN MARZIEH BEYGOM FAGHIR1, FARIDEH ATTAR1, ALI FARAZMAND2, BARBARA ERTTER3, BENTE ERIKSEN4 1 Central Herbarium of Tehran University, School of Biology, University College of Science P.O. Box: 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran e-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Tehran, Department of Cell & Molecular Biology School of Biology, University College of Science P.O. Box: 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran 3 University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley California 94720-2465, USA 4 University of Göteborg, Department of Plant Environmental Sciences Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg Sweden (Received: December 5, 2009. Accepted: March 23, 2010) ABSTRACT Indumentum types of the leaves in 31 species of Potentilla L. (Rosaceae) and four related genera, especially Tylosperma Botsch., Schistophyllidium (Juz. ex Fed.) Ikonn., Drymocallis Fourr. ex Rydb., and Sibbaldia L. from Iran were investigated. Indumentum ultrastructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM observation revealed three type classes based on leaf indumentum: 1) straight (appressed erect); 2) straight-erect and crispate, and 3) crispate-floccose. The straight hair character (I type class) is widely distributed among all genera sampled and six sections of Potentilla. In contrast the crispate-floccose indumentum (III type class) is con- fined to all examined species of sections Speciosae and Pensylvanicae. While some sections especially Rectae (straight and straight crispate hairs) and Terminales (straight crispate and floccose crispate) posses two indu- mentum type classes. The present survey shows that indumentum types are of systematic importance and may form good key characters for identification purposes.
  • Iconic Bees: 12 Reports on UK Bee Species

    Iconic Bees: 12 Reports on UK Bee Species

    Iconic Bees: 12 reports on UK bee species Bees are vital to the ecology of the UK and provide significant social and economic benefits through crop pollination and maintaining the character of the landscape. Recent years have seen substantial declines in many species of bees within the UK. This report takes a closer look at how 12 ‘iconic’ bee species are faring in each English region, as well as Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Authors Rebecca L. Evans and Simon G. Potts, University of Reading. Photo: © Amelia Collins Contents 1 Summary 2 East England Sea-aster Mining Bee 6 East Midlands Large Garden Bumblebee 10 London Buff-tailed Bumblebee 14 North East Bilberry Bumblebee 18 North West Wall Mason Bee 22 Northern Ireland Northern Colletes 26 Scotland Great Yellow Bumblebee 30 South East England Potter Flower Bee 34 South West England Scabious Bee 38 Wales Large Mason Bee 42 West Midlands Long-horned Bee 46 Yorkshire Tormentil Mining Bee Through collating information on the 12 iconic bee species, common themes have Summary emerged on the causes of decline, and the actions that can be taken to help reverse it. The most pervasive causes of bee species decline are to be found in the way our countryside has changed in the past 60 years. Intensification of grazing regimes, an increase in pesticide use, loss of biodiverse field margins and hedgerows, the trend towards sterile monoculture, insensitive development and the sprawl of towns and cities are the main factors in this. I agree with the need for a comprehensive Bee Action Plan led by the UK Government in order to counteract these causes of decline, as called for by Friends of the Earth.
  • Potentilla Spp.)-The Five Finger Weeds 1

    Potentilla Spp.)-The Five Finger Weeds 1

    r Intriguing World of Weeds iiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.)-The Five Finger Weeds 1 LARRY W. MITICH2 INTRODUCTION In 1753 Linneaus named the genus Potentilla in his Species Plantarum (4). The common name five finger is m cd frequently for this group of plants ( 18, 29). The genus, in the rose family (Rosaceae), is composed of about 500 north temperate species (50 in North America, 75 Euro­ pean species) of mostly boreal herbs and shrubs. Indeed, Potentilla extends far into arctic regions (22, 29). How­ ever, a few species are south temperate. And although less common, some species are also found in alpine and high 11,ountain regions of the tropics and South America; P. anserinoides Lehm. is a New Zealand native (27). Cinquefoil, which means five leaves, is an old herb, full of mystery and magic, which matches the charm Rough cinquefoil, Potentilla norvegica L. of its name. The plant protects its frag­ ile blooms in bad weather by contract­ ing the leaves so that they curve over the liver in humans (29). It was prescribed as a tea or in and shelter the flower (11). Cinquefoil wine for diarrhea, leukorrhea, kidney stones, arthritis, was credited with supernatural powers, cramps, and reducing fever (22). However, in recent times and was an essential ingredient in love divination. Accord­ the roots are being used for a gargle and mouthwash (11). ing to Alice Elizabeth Bacon, frogs liked to sit on this In America the outer root bark of creeping cinquefoil (P. plant-"the toad will be much under Sage, frogs will be in reptans L.) is used to stop nosebleeds.
  • Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska

    Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska

    Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska Cover photographs by (top to bottom, left to right): Tara Chestnut/Hannah E. Anderson, Jamie Fenneman, Vanessa Morgan, Dana Visalli, Jamie Fenneman, Lynda K. Moore and Denny Lassuy. Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska This document is based on An Aquatic Plant Identification Manual for Washington’s Freshwater Plants, which was modified with permission from the Washington State Department of Ecology, by the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University for Alaska Department of Fish and Game US Fish & Wildlife Service - Coastal Program US Fish & Wildlife Service - Aquatic Invasive Species Program December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ x Introduction Overview ............................................................................. xvi How to Use This Manual .................................................... xvi Categories of Special Interest Imperiled, Rare and Uncommon Aquatic Species ..................... xx Indigenous Peoples Use of Aquatic Plants .............................. xxi Invasive Aquatic Plants Impacts ................................................................................. xxi Vectors ................................................................................. xxii Prevention Tips .................................................... xxii Early Detection and Reporting
  • Book of Abstracts.Pdf

    Book of Abstracts.Pdf

    1 List of presenters A A., Hudson 329 Anil Kumar, Nadesa 189 Panicker A., Kingman 329 Arnautova, Elena 150 Abeli, Thomas 168 Aronson, James 197, 326 Abu Taleb, Tariq 215 ARSLA N, Kadir 363 351Abunnasr, 288 Arvanitis, Pantelis 114 Yaser Agnello, Gaia 268 Aspetakis, Ioannis 114 Aguilar, Rudy 105 Astafieff, Katia 80, 207 Ait Babahmad, 351 Avancini, Ricardo 320 Rachid Al Issaey , 235 Awas, Tesfaye 354, 176 Ghudaina Albrecht , Matthew 326 Ay, Nurhan 78 Allan, Eric 222 Aydınkal, Rasim 31 Murat Allenstein, Pamela 38 Ayenew, Ashenafi 337 Amat De León 233 Azevedo, Carine 204 Arce, Elena An, Miao 286 B B., Von Arx 365 Bétrisey, Sébastien 113 Bang, Miin 160 Birkinshaw, Chris 326 Barblishvili, Tinatin 336 Bizard, Léa 168 Barham, Ellie 179 Bjureke, Kristina 186 Barker, Katharine 220 Blackmore, 325 Stephen Barreiro, Graciela 287 Blanchflower, Paul 94 Barreiro, Graciela 139 Boillat, Cyril 119, 279 Barteau, Benjamin 131 Bonnet, François 67 Bar-Yoseph, Adi 230 Boom, Brian 262, 141 Bauters, Kenneth 118 Boratyński, Adam 113 Bavcon, Jože 111, 110 Bouman, Roderick 15 Beck, Sarah 217 Bouteleau, Serge 287, 139 Beech, Emily 128 Bray, Laurent 350 Beech, Emily 135 Breman, Elinor 168, 170, 280 Bellefroid, Elke 166, 118, 165 Brockington, 342 Samuel Bellet Serrano, 233, 259 Brockington, 341 María Samuel Berg, Christian 168 Burkart, Michael 81 6th Global Botanic Gardens Congress, 26-30 June 2017, Geneva, Switzerland 2 C C., Sousa 329 Chen, Xiaoya 261 Cable, Stuart 312 Cheng, Hyo Cheng 160 Cabral-Oliveira, 204 Cho, YC 49 Joana Callicrate, Taylor 105 Choi, Go Eun 202 Calonje, Michael 105 Christe, Camille 113 Cao, Zhikun 270 Clark, John 105, 251 Carta, Angelino 170 Coddington, 220 Carta Jonathan Caruso, Emily 351 Cole, Chris 24 Casimiro, Pedro 244 Cook, Alexandra 212 Casino, Ana 276, 277, 318 Coombes, Allen 147 Castro, Sílvia 204 Corlett, Richard 86 Catoni, Rosangela 335 Corona Callejas , 274 Norma Edith Cavender, Nicole 84, 139 Correia, Filipe 204 Ceron Carpio , 274 Costa, João 244 Amparo B.
  • The Genetic Architecture of UV Floral Patterning in Sunflower

    The Genetic Architecture of UV Floral Patterning in Sunflower

    Annals of Botany 120: 39–50, 2017 doi:10.1093/aob/mcx038, available online at https://academic.oup.com/aob The genetic architecture of UV floral patterning in sunflower Brook T. Moyers1,2,*,†, Gregory L. Owens1,†, Gregory J. Baute1 and Loren H. Rieseberg1 1Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Room 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada and 2Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] †G. L. Owens and B. T. Moyers are co-first authors. Received: 16 September 2016 Returned for revision: 26 November 2016 Editorial decision: 25 February 2017 Accepted: 14 March 2017 Published electronically: 27 April 2017 Background and Aims The patterning of floral ultraviolet (UV) pigmentation varies both intra- and interspecifi- cally in sunflowers and many other plant species, impacts pollinator attraction, and can be critical to reproductive success and crop yields. However, the genetic basis for variation in UV patterning is largely unknown. This study examines the genetic architecture for proportional and absolute size of the UV bullseye in Helianthus argophyllus, a close relative of the domesticated sunflower. Methods A camera modified to capture UV light (320–380 nm) was used to phenotype floral UV patterning in an F2 mapping population, then quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified using genotyping-by-sequencing and linkage mapping. The ability of these QTL to predict the UV patterning of natural population individuals was also assessed. Key Results Proportional UV pigmentation is additively controlled by six moderate effect QTL that are predic- tive of this phenotype in natural populations.
  • Autumn Willow in Rocky Mountain Region the Black Hills National

    Autumn Willow in Rocky Mountain Region the Black Hills National

    United States Department of Agriculture Conservation Assessment Forest Service for the Autumn Willow in Rocky Mountain Region the Black Hills National Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Forest Custer, South Dakota Wyoming April 2003 J.Hope Hornbeck, Carolyn Hull Sieg, and Deanna J. Reyher Species Assessment of Autumn willow in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming J. Hope Hornbeck, Carolyn Hull Sieg and Deanna J. Reyher J. Hope Hornbeck is a Botanist with the Black Hills National Forest in Custer, South Dakota. She completed a B.S. in Environmental Biology (botany emphasis) at The University of Montana and a M.S. in Plant Biology (plant community ecology emphasis) at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Carolyn Hull Sieg is a Research Plant Ecologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Flagstaff, Arizona. She completed a B.S. in Wildlife Biology and M.S. in Range Science from Colorado State University and a Ph.D. in Range and Wildlife Management (fire ecology) at Texas Tech University. Deanna J. Reyher is Ecologist/Soil Scientist with the Black Hills National Forest in Custer, South Dakota. She completed a B.S. degree in Agronomy (soil science and crop production emphasis) from the University of Nebraska – Lincoln. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Autumn willow, Salix serissima (Bailey) Fern., is an obligate wetland shrub that occurs in fens and bogs in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Disjunct populations of autumn willow occur in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Only two populations occur on Black Hills National Forest lands: a large population at McIntosh Fen and a small population on Middle Boxelder Creek.
  • Ventura County Plant Species of Local Concern

    Ventura County Plant Species of Local Concern

    Checklist of Ventura County Rare Plants (Twenty-second Edition) CNPS, Rare Plant Program David L. Magney Checklist of Ventura County Rare Plants1 By David L. Magney California Native Plant Society, Rare Plant Program, Locally Rare Project Updated 4 January 2017 Ventura County is located in southern California, USA, along the east edge of the Pacific Ocean. The coastal portion occurs along the south and southwestern quarter of the County. Ventura County is bounded by Santa Barbara County on the west, Kern County on the north, Los Angeles County on the east, and the Pacific Ocean generally on the south (Figure 1, General Location Map of Ventura County). Ventura County extends north to 34.9014ºN latitude at the northwest corner of the County. The County extends westward at Rincon Creek to 119.47991ºW longitude, and eastward to 118.63233ºW longitude at the west end of the San Fernando Valley just north of Chatsworth Reservoir. The mainland portion of the County reaches southward to 34.04567ºN latitude between Solromar and Sequit Point west of Malibu. When including Anacapa and San Nicolas Islands, the southernmost extent of the County occurs at 33.21ºN latitude and the westernmost extent at 119.58ºW longitude, on the south side and west sides of San Nicolas Island, respectively. Ventura County occupies 480,996 hectares [ha] (1,188,562 acres [ac]) or 4,810 square kilometers [sq. km] (1,857 sq. miles [mi]), which includes Anacapa and San Nicolas Islands. The mainland portion of the county is 474,852 ha (1,173,380 ac), or 4,748 sq.
  • Page 1 植物研究雜誌 J. Jpn. Bot. 79: 326 333 (2004) Possible Role Of

    Page 1 植物研究雜誌 J. Jpn. Bot. 79: 326 333 (2004) Possible Role Of

    植物研究雑誌 J. J. Jpn. Bo t. 79: 79: 326-333(2004) Possible Possible Role of the Nectar-Guide-like Mark in Flower Explosion in in Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. (Leguminosae) Hiroshi Hiroshi TAKAHASHI Departrilent Departrilent of Biology ，Faculty of Education ，Gifu University ，Gifu ， 501-1193 JAPAN (Received (Received on January 21 ， 2004) Desmodium paniculatum ， which is from North America and is naturalized widely in Japan ，exhibits characteristics typical to explosive f1 owers ，i. e. ， has no retum to original position position in the wings and keel ，spreads a pollen cloud at flower explosion ，rarely has re- visits visits by pollinators ， and is nectarless. The explosion is induced by bee-proboscis inser- tion into into tion the opening between the standard- and the wing-base ， with no force other needed. needed. The f1 0wer possesses marked spots in the basal part of the standard ，that 訂 e very similar similar to the nect 紅 guides common in the nectariferous f1 0wers of Papilionoideae. However ，they 紅 e not guide marks to introduce bees to reward objects ， because it does not not have any reward in the basal p紅t. They appe 征 to function as a guide mark to help bees bees make the f1 0wer explode. Bees can obtain the pollen reward only after insertion of their their proboscis into the opening under the mark. Key words: Desmodium pαniculatum ，explosive f1 ower ，Leguminosae ，nectar guide ，pol- len len guide. Flowers Flowers that provide their pollinators nec- was referred to as a tongue-guide by tar tar as a reward ，especially those with hidden Westerkamp (1997).
  • CHANGES in the DISTRIBUTION RANGE of POTENTILLA TUCUMANENS/S (ROSACEAE), an ENDANGERED CRYPTIC Speciesi

    CHANGES in the DISTRIBUTION RANGE of POTENTILLA TUCUMANENS/S (ROSACEAE), an ENDANGERED CRYPTIC Speciesi

    ISSN 0373-580 X Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 36 (1-2): 151 - 157. 2001 CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION RANGE OF POTENTILLA TUCUMANENS/S (ROSACEAE), AN ENDANGERED CRYPTIC SPECIESi MARTA ARIAS23, JUAN DIAZ RICCI4 and ATILIO CASTAGNARO4 Summary: A correct taxonomic identification is essential for the preservation of biodiversity. In this paper we present simple morphological characters for the identification of the new species recently described, Potentilla tucumanensis. The reproductive period of this species occupies about 10% of the last part of its lifecycle, is considered cryptic because in the vegetative stage it has many morphological similarities with other cohabiting related species; it can be easily confused with them and it is reproductively isolated. Our study also revealed that for the last hundred years P. tucumanensis has suffered a dramatic habitat retraction. Possible causes of this area retraction are discussed. If P tucumanensis had not been recognized asa new species, it would have most likely disappeared without being noticed. Key words: Potentilla tucumanensis, Duchesnea indica, Fragaria vesca, endangered species, cryptic species, anthropogenic changes. Resumen: Cambios en el rango de distribución de Potentilla tucumanensis (Rosaceae), una especie críptica en peligro de extinción. Una correcta identificación taxonómica es esencial para la preservación de la biodiversidad. En este trabajo se presentan caracteres morfológicos sencillos para diferenciar la nueva especip, Potentilla tucumanensis recientemente descripta. Esta especie, cuyo período reproductivo ocupa el 10% final de su ciclo de vida, es considerada críptica debido a que puede ser confundida por su similitud en estado vegetativo, con especies con las cuales cohabita y está aislada reproductivamente. Además, se muestra que en los últimos cien años, P.
  • Lundberg Et Al. 2009

    Lundberg Et Al. 2009

    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (2009) 269–280 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Allopolyploidy in Fragariinae (Rosaceae): Comparing four DNA sequence regions, with comments on classification Magnus Lundberg a,*, Mats Töpel b, Bente Eriksen b, Johan A.A. Nylander a, Torsten Eriksson a,c a Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden b Department of Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Box 461, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden c Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-10405, Stockholm, Sweden article info abstract Article history: Potential events of allopolyploidy may be indicated by incongruences between separate phylogenies Received 23 June 2008 based on plastid and nuclear gene sequences. We sequenced two plastid regions and two nuclear ribo- Revised 25 February 2009 somal regions for 34 ingroup taxa in Fragariinae (Rosaceae), and six outgroup taxa. We found five well Accepted 26 February 2009 supported incongruences that might indicate allopolyploidy events. The incongruences involved Aphanes Available online 5 March 2009 arvensis, Potentilla miyabei, Potentilla cuneata, Fragaria vesca/moschata, and the Drymocallis clade. We eval- uated the strength of conflict and conclude that allopolyploidy may be hypothesised in the four first Keywords: cases. Phylogenies were estimated using Bayesian inference and analyses were evaluated using conver- Allopolyploidy gence diagnostics. Taxonomic implications are discussed for genera such as Alchemilla, Sibbaldianthe, Cha- Fragariinae Incongruence maerhodos, Drymocallis and Fragaria, and for the monospecific Sibbaldiopsis and Potaninia that are nested Molecular phylogeny inside other genera. Two orphan Potentilla species, P. miyabei and P. cuneata are placed in Fragariinae.
  • Floristic Quality Assessment Report

    Floristic Quality Assessment Report

    FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDIANA: THE CONCEPT, USE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) the State tree of Indiana June 2004 Final Report for ARN A305-4-53 EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 Prepared by: Paul E. Rothrock, Ph.D. Taylor University Upland, IN 46989-1001 Introduction Since the early nineteenth century the Indiana landscape has undergone a massive transformation (Jackson 1997). In the pre-settlement period, Indiana was an almost unbroken blanket of forests, prairies, and wetlands. Much of the land was cleared, plowed, or drained for lumber, the raising of crops, and a range of urban and industrial activities. Indiana’s native biota is now restricted to relatively small and often isolated tracts across the State. This fragmentation and reduction of the State’s biological diversity has challenged Hoosiers to look carefully at how to monitor further changes within our remnant natural communities and how to effectively conserve and even restore many of these valuable places within our State. To meet this monitoring, conservation, and restoration challenge, one needs to develop a variety of appropriate analytical tools. Ideally these techniques should be simple to learn and apply, give consistent results between different observers, and be repeatable. Floristic Assessment, which includes metrics such as the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and Mean C values, has gained wide acceptance among environmental scientists and decision-makers, land stewards, and restoration ecologists in Indiana’s neighboring states and regions: Illinois (Taft et al. 1997), Michigan (Herman et al. 1996), Missouri (Ladd 1996), and Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003) as well as northern Ohio (Andreas 1993) and southern Ontario (Oldham et al.