DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeological Testing of 31MA77, Proposed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING OF 3lMAZ 1, PROPOSED MACON COUNTY AIRPORT EXPANSION, FRANKLIN, NORTH CAROLINA CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 312 Prepared For: T 1 his repod is printed on permanent papen In March 2000 Chicrora Faundation In the high prob&&~area tLs work identiked cted an intensive archaeological 1,498 psthoies and 162 ieatures. The mean number posed Macon County airport ol per trench is 20, although the standard expansion. That work revealed &at viauslly aU of the deviation oi: 16 reflects the sonsi$ex&ie variation &el$ to the west ol tL small Iotla Branch contained between the trenches (the number oi ranges remains attr$utAe to 3BMA-27. TLie site, based on horn 2 to 16).Regardless, it is that as many as the range of materials recovered, site size, depth of the 18.246 and 2,034 features are present in the +plowzone (Aich may provide protection to underlying high probabdi~portion of the site. ieatures), inability to identi6 the subsoil in multiple tests, and associated Listoric comections, was Of tke 168 ieatxres identiked in tLis wonk, recommended potentially eligible ior inclusion on tLe to represent burials with in situ human National Register o$ r were identrhed in the high probability site area and were accidentally uncovered during The N.C. O&ce of State Archaeology (NC stripping operations. The idedication oi these iour SHPO)concurred with tbis Anding and recommended burials suggests that at least 48 bluials are present at a program ol mechanical site stripping in order to 31MAZ%. Since there are at least an aJditionai 28 evaluate the density and distribution ol leatures at 1 burials, the nuder of total inhmations at 3HMA71. The site was divided into two broad zones may be considerably higher, ptentialiy numbering 390. hifads identiked during the stripping operations suggest that signikcant Connestee (A.D. ) and QuaUa (ca. A.D. 1450-1838) components are present, witL ithscldier (and insignificant) Archaic, Swnanoa, and Pisg& ?his study reports on that testing program. A components. series oi 80 trenches, incorporating 52,6 were opned during the lour weeks oi keld investigation. This investigation revealed a wi This included 6,197 square ieet in data sets, including a large number ol site identiked as low probability, r features (including human burials). the presence oi 46,483 square ieet in what was identike stholes (Ach are &eIY 10 reveal house patterns), and ability, reflecting an 8.21% sample. cukural remains including pottery, cut mica, stone tools, and at least one historic ar+iiaet. Moremr, the In the low prob&ility area this work iderrtilied worl reveals that these data sets are well pserved and 71 postholes and one ieature. Over a third oi these distinct. There is limited evidence of faunal remains, and the single Lateature were Iound in Trench but very preservation oi ethnabotanicai remains. 10, situated at the toe of tbe slop, in an area which me sealed deposits may be especially important lor the might better be considered intermediate or higL recovery ol and phytolith evidence. probabiiity. Nweriheless, this suggests that as many as 34.9 and 4 ieaimres exist in tLe As a result, we recommend the entire site as low probability area. eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria D (ability to yield important inlomation) at the state level of sign&cance. In addition, the linbage etween tis site and tRe historic Cherokee vlilage of Joree suggests that the site is also eligible under Criterion A (association with historic events or activities). It is woah noting that even if tLe site did not meet these clearly deiined criteria, the property might still be eligible br inclusion on the National Register for its t cujtural importance to Native If the project is ol such signiiicance that it must be conducted, then data recovery is the only compliance with the Nationd Historic Preservation Act, but also nth North Car a's 'TJmmarLed Hmm BuriaI and Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act" (NCArticle 3, Section 70-29). This repod contains a recommended data recovery Ior the site. List of Figures List of T&Ls Introduction Saurces Cited Appendix I. Artifad Catdog Appendix 2. Photo Data Sheds Appendix 3. Data Recovery Appendix 4. Analpis and Reporting on the Human ShLtal Remains Project vicinity in hfacoan County Area oi the Macon County Auport View ol the survey traei A Excavation and screening ol Unit 2 Tracked Lacbhce opening a trench iked Ieature and with metal tags Site map showing limits of anticipated &sturbance, sampling areas, and trench locations installing the Mter Iabric Trench 7'0, Feature 158 Trench 70, Feature 156 Trench 74, Feature 160 Clusters of materials at 31MAll and gjeneralized site boundaries Test Unit 1, top of subsoil Test Unit 2, top ol subsoil Artifacts Lorn 3 Pottery Lorn 31 Table 1. Trenches, Postholes, and batures 2. Size and nature of identiked ieatrares 3. Projectile points recovered at 31 I appreciate the support and assistance oJ Mr. ordinary, but they did eve* ng to assist us in Shawn Kinder and Mr. GaryVarga with our work. ' in Columbia, South Carolina. We opportunity to provide this study $or (heir use. A number oi proiessiona%colleagues have also appreciate the assistance pvided by Ms. Lin given oi their time to provide assistance in the Western Field Ofhce Archaeologist with the North pietion oI this st~.~d~.In p icdax Dr. David Moore Carolina Okce of State Archaeology in hhedle and Tom Padgett (NC Mr. Steve Claggett, State Archamlogist with the North OT), Dr. Bad Webb (TGR Garrow), Mr. Ken Carolina O&ce oi Skate Achaeology in RoLinsm, and Dr. David Weaver (Wake Forest University) have generously given oi their time and expertise. In I appreciate the assistance ol aver in preparing the recovery and analpis nvestigations. The maps man skeletal remains at 3HAn/lA27'. prepared by Ms. Debi Hacker and her constant reciated. In addition, we I also appreciate the proiessional and cordial appreciate the assistance oi everyone at AppalacLian assistance Lorn Mr. James Bird and Mr. Brian Burgers Construction. In we need to thank Mr. Jake ol Ace Eastern Bmd of CAeroLee Historic Preservation Henderson lor his care and EM in equipment 016ce; Mr. Greg kchardson, Executive Director, NC operation. I also appreciate the assistance 04 everyone Inkan Mairs Commission; as weU as other interested mi& Macon County; our requests were oken out oi the in&vi$ua!s, such as Mr. B Pisg& and Connestee remains. The study found that the runway expansion d any cultural resources on the east side oi the branch. On the west side, however, site 31M.,A71 North Caroha (Figure 1).The airport is reported to be was found to be very large and ptentiJYPigpikcant. one of the few landing strip capable ol handling mid- The site was recornmen incLusion on the Nztt-ional promoting tjle need for expansion. The airport Iacility a Jeteminration with which the State Historic is situated in the mi Preservation O&ce concurred. sunom&cJ, by steep topography to the north and south (Figure 2). A hther testing plan was dewloped by Dr. stem Field Okce Archaeologist with XHZ 2800 Chicora Foundation wms the No& Carolina OIhce of State Archaeology in y W.K. Dickson LO conduct a cultural Ashedle. This discussed in greater detail in a resources study necessary for the expansion o$ t IoUowing section, specilied th the steep slops of ounty airport. The projed the site a 2% sample should b cted to mechanical this survey r~asconducted to assist stripping, wMe in the more Ievei site areas an 8% d Macon County comply with the sample should be stripped. The goal of this work was to provisions 04 the National Historic Presemtion Act. identliy Ieature density and types. With a&tional input The work wdd invohe extending the existing concrete Lorn W.K. Dickson on the actual limits ol anticipated runway and taxiway Lorn t disturbance resulting lrom the expansion project were to tLe west, along with relocation of utilities and other associated coxastmction issues (such zs the filling in oi: 20 acres arere expected to be involved in also include grading and preparing oi a safety area tLe project. extencling west oK the runway dlor an a I ' Let. The entire survey area, therelore, included a] testing wzs cornpieked approximately 26.6 acres. The investigation included to Chicara on July 20. examining the end oi the existing runway at the western our testing to edge ol the airport, as weU aa the a&c pn JI& 24 arid an agreement was arest, on the opposite si approved by W.K. Dicbon on September 8, 2000. A I B,S,C~. copy of the testing scope ol work and our proposar was re completed on November 9, with a total ol rson hours being devoted to the held ns. h additional 42 person hours were field notes and associated management activities. management summary aras submitted by Chicora tbe reburial oi any identihed human skeletal remains . Dicbon on Noveder 14,2000. whicL are removed horn the site. This letter was iomrded iie the of this investigation were ead agency ofhcial lor this clearly dehned to needed management project. In addition, copies of thi assistance, the large area of the site exposed and plotted surrmary were provi&d to the State Ar does address a variety of more scholarly research Steve Ciaggett; the Chero e Tribal Historic interests. For example, t!ae distsrrlbutio~og remains on Presemtion ~lhcer,Mr. James ; as well as Macon the site -provides a speculative glimpse ol intra-site County and other interested pariies. patterning. The small collection of adiiacts gathered during the mechanical stripping helps to better identi& the cultural assemblages identilied witlrr the site.
Recommended publications
  • Senator Gooch of the 51St a RESOLUTION Recognizing The

    Senator Gooch of the 51St a RESOLUTION Recognizing The

    16 LC 39 1175 Senate Resolution 956 By: Senator Gooch of the 51st A RESOLUTION 1 Recognizing the Sautee and Nacoochee Valley Historic Districts and dedicating three roads 2 in their honor; and for other purposes. 3 WHEREAS, the Nacoochee Valley was the point of intersection of two major trails used by 4 early Native Americans, where a settlement was formed called Little Chota; and 5 WHEREAS, the Unicoi Trail passed through the Valley across Unicoi Gap going to 6 Hiawassee, North Carolina, East Tennessee, and then Kentucky, and the Rabun Trail began 7 with Coosa to Tugaloo River, Sautee Creek, and Bean Creek and then entered the Valley, 8 exiting at Dukes Creek to Dahlonega then Northeast Alabama; and 9 WHEREAS, the Sautee Valley, adjacent to the Nacoochee Valley, has its center point at 10 Highway 255 and Lynch Mountain Road; and 11 WHEREAS, a toll road was constructed by early settlers on the Unicoi Trail through the 12 Cherokee Nation and was called the Unicoi Turnpike; and 13 WHEREAS, gold was first discovered in 1828 in the Valley, then a part of Habersham 14 County, and in 1857, White County was cut out of Habersham; gold mining companies were 15 given permission by the Georgia Legislature in 1858 to put in hydraulic mining techniques 16 in the Valley; and 17 WHEREAS, Governor Hardman acquired the Nichols-Hunnicutt Hardman Estate with a 18 home and the Cherokee Native American Burial Mound in the Nacoochee Valley in 1903, 19 which is still one of the most photographed sites in Georgia; and 20 WHEREAS, massive timber companies operated in the Valley in the early 20th century, and 21 in the 1920s, the Smithsonian Museum excavated the Nacoochee Mound in the Valley and 22 found Cherokee Native American artifacts; and S.
  • 12,770 ± 320 GX-16. Waterville, Maine Shells 10,820 B.C. 12,210 ± 290 Duplicate of Above 10,260 B.C

    12,770 ± 320 GX-16. Waterville, Maine Shells 10,820 B.C. 12,210 ± 290 Duplicate of Above 10,260 B.C

    Geochron Laboratories, Inc. Radiocarbon Measurements II Item Type Article; text Authors Krueger, Harold W.; Weeks, C. Francis Citation Krueger, H. W., & Weeks, C. F. (1966). Geochron Laboratories, Inc. radiocarbon measurements II. Radiocarbon, 8, 142-160. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200000096 Publisher American Journal of Science Journal Radiocarbon Rights Copyright © The American Journal of Science Download date 01/10/2021 02:08:25 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/653882 [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 8, 1966, P. 142-160] GEOCHRON LABORATORIES, INC. RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS II HAROLD W. KRUEGER and C. FRANCIS WEEKS Geochron Laboratories, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts INTRODUCTION The following list presents dates on a small fraction of the total number of measurements made during 1964 and 1965 as well as data on some samples previously dated but not published. Results not appearing have not been released by our clients. Procedures of analysis are essentially unchanged from those reported previously (Geochron I). Additional counting equipment identical to that previously described has been installed during the past year. De- tails of the apparatus and procedure for separating collagen from the bone samples may be found in Krueger (in press). SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Eastern United States 12,770 ± 320 GX-16. Waterville, Maine shells 10,820 B.C. 12,210 ± 290 Duplicate of above 10,260 B.C. Shells of Hiatella arctica, from pit on Drummond Ave., Waterville, Maine (44° 34' N Lat, 69° 38' W Long). Found in shelly till. Coll. 1957 and subm. by C. A.
  • 2016 Athens, Georgia

    2016 Athens, Georgia

    SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 ATHENS, GEORGIA BULLETIN 59 2016 BULLETIN 59 2016 PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 THE CLASSIC CENTER ATHENS, GEORGIA Meeting Organizer: Edited by: Hosted by: Cover: © Southeastern Archaeological Conference 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CLASSIC CENTER FLOOR PLAN……………………………………………………...……………………..…... PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………….…..……. LIST OF DONORS……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……. SPECIAL THANKS………………………………………………………………………………………….….....……….. SEAC AT A GLANCE……………………………………………………………………………………….……….....…. GENERAL INFORMATION & SPECIAL EVENTS SCHEDULE…………………….……………………..…………... PROGRAM WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26…………………………………………………………………………..……. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27……………………………………………………………………………...…...13 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28TH……………………………………………………………….……………....…..21 SATURDAY, OCTOBER 29TH…………………………………………………………….…………....…...28 STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION ENTRIES…………………………………………………………………..………. ABSTRACTS OF SYMPOSIA AND PANELS……………………………………………………………..…………….. ABSTRACTS OF WORKSHOPS…………………………………………………………………………...…………….. ABSTRACTS OF SEAC STUDENT AFFAIRS LUNCHEON……………………………………………..…..……….. SEAC LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS FOR 2016…………………….……………….…….…………………. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 59, 2016 ConferenceRooms CLASSIC CENTERFLOOR PLAN 6 73rd Annual Meeting, Athens, Georgia EVENT LOCATIONS Baldwin Hall Baldwin Hall 7 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin
  • A Spatial and Elemental Analyses of the Ceramic Assemblage at Mialoquo (40Mr3), an Overhill Cherokee Town in Monroe County, Tennessee

    A Spatial and Elemental Analyses of the Ceramic Assemblage at Mialoquo (40Mr3), an Overhill Cherokee Town in Monroe County, Tennessee

    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2019 COALESCED CHEROKEE COMMUNITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: A SPATIAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE AT MIALOQUO (40MR3), AN OVERHILL CHEROKEE TOWN IN MONROE COUNTY, TENNESSEE Christian Allen University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Allen, Christian, "COALESCED CHEROKEE COMMUNITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: A SPATIAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE AT MIALOQUO (40MR3), AN OVERHILL CHEROKEE TOWN IN MONROE COUNTY, TENNESSEE. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5572 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Christian Allen entitled "COALESCED CHEROKEE COMMUNITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: A SPATIAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE AT MIALOQUO (40MR3), AN OVERHILL CHEROKEE TOWN IN MONROE COUNTY, TENNESSEE." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Kandace Hollenbach, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald Schroedl, Julie Reed Accepted for the Council: Dixie L.
  • Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W

    Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W

    .'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami­ nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo­ graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora­ tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi­ fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa­ tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications.
  • Sequoyah Hills Area Map Legend

    Sequoyah Hills Area Map Legend

    NORTH BELLEMEADE AVE ACTIVE WORK ZONES Sequoyah Hills Area Pipe-bursting Phase 3 Wastewater Rehabilitation Project A Kenesaw Avenue between Cherokee Boulevard and Work Zones: June 1-4, 2021 Westerwood Avenue Easement between Hillvale Issue Date: June 3, 2021 KINGSTON PIKE Circle and Kenesaw Avenue Easement between Bluff Drive and Cheowa Circle BOXWOOD SQ Manhole Installations B Easement between Dellwood C Drive and Glenfield Drive KITUWAH TRL CCTV Easement between Talahi Southbound lane Drive and Iskagna Drive INSPECTIONS EAST HILLVALE TURN of Cherokee Paving & Restoration Closed-Circuit TV BoulevardWEST HILLVALE TURN CLOSED (CCTV) D C Boxwood Square Inspection crews 7 a.m. – 3 p.m., will work Thursday, June 4 Natural Gas System Work throughout LAKE VIEW DR the Phase 3 area Northbound D Cherokee Boulevard for the lane will be used between Kituwah Trail and to alternate Cheowa Circle (June 4 ONLY duration of weather permitting) this project traffic flow with flaggers present Temporary lane A closures as needed WOODHILLGreenway PL will remain openHILLVALE CIR MANHOLE A BLUFF DR REHABILITATION CHEOWA CIR Trenchless DELLWOOD DR manhole repairs/ OAKHURST DR KENESAW AVE TOWANDArehabilitation TRL B will take place in roadwaysSCENIC DR and GLENFIELD DR CHEROKEE BLVD off-road easements throughout the Phase 3 work zone Tennessee River for the duration of this project KENILWORTH DR Temporary lane/road closures as needed ALTA VISTA WAY WINDGATE ST ISKAGNA DR WOODLAND DR SEQUOYAH RESTORATION HILLS & PAVING Crews will EAST NOKOMIS CIR follow in recently B excavated areas WEST NOKOMIS CIR throughoutSAGWA DR TALAHI DR the Phase 3 work area SOUTHGATE RD for the duration of work KENESAW AVE TemporaryBLUFF VIEW RD lane closures as needed KEOWEE AVE TUGALOO DR W E S Map LegendAGAWELA AVE TALILUNA AVE Current Work Zones Sequoyah Greenway CHEROKEE BLVD.
  • The Savannah River System L STEVENS CR

    The Savannah River System L STEVENS CR

    The upper reaches of the Bald Eagle river cut through Tallulah Gorge. LAKE TOXAWAY MIDDLE FORK The Seneca and Tugaloo Rivers come together near Hartwell, Georgia CASHIERS SAPPHIRE 0AKLAND TOXAWAY R. to form the Savannah River. From that point, the Savannah flows 300 GRIMSHAWES miles southeasterly to the Atlantic Ocean. The Watershed ROCK BOTTOM A ridge of high ground borders Fly fishermen catch trout on the every river system. This ridge Chattooga and Tallulah Rivers, COLLECTING encloses what is called a EASTATOE CR. SATOLAH tributaries of the Savannah in SYSTEM watershed. Beyond the ridge, LAKE Northeast Georgia. all water flows into another river RABUN BALD SUNSET JOCASSEE JOCASSEE system. Just as water in a bowl flows downward to a common MOUNTAIN CITY destination, all rivers, creeks, KEOWEE RIVER streams, ponds, lakes, wetlands SALEM and other types of water bodies TALLULAH R. CLAYTON PICKENS TAMASSEE in a watershed drain into the MOUNTAIN REST WOLF CR. river system. A watershed creates LAKE BURTON TIGER STEKOA CR. a natural community where CHATTOOGA RIVER ARIAIL every living thing has something WHETSTONE TRANSPORTING WILEY EASLEY SYSTEM in common – the source and SEED LAKEMONT SIX MILE LAKE GOLDEN CR. final disposition of their water. LAKE RABUN LONG CREEK LIBERTY CATEECHEE TALLULAH CHAUGA R. WALHALLA LAKE Tributary Network FALLS KEOWEE NORRIS One of the most surprising characteristics TUGALOO WEST UNION SIXMILE CR. DISPERSING LAKE of a river system is the intricate tributary SYSTEM COURTENAY NEWRY CENTRALEIGHTEENMILE CR. network that makes up the collecting YONAH TWELVEMILE CR. system. This detail does not show the TURNERVILLE LAKE RICHLAND UTICA A River System entire network, only a tiny portion of it.
  • Program Wednesday Afternoon April 22, 2009 Wednesday Evening April

    Program Wednesday Afternoon April 22, 2009 Wednesday Evening April

    THURSDAY MORNING: April 23, 2009 23 Program Wednesday Afternoon April 22, 2009 [1A] Workshop NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL DATA FOR ARCHAEOLOGY Room: L404 Time: 1:00 AM−4:30 PM Wednesday Evening April 22, 2009 [1] SYMPOSIUM ARCHAEOLOGY BEYOND ARCHAEOLOGY Room: Marquis Ballroom Time: 6:00 PM−9:00 PM Organizers: Michael Smith and Michael Barton Chairs: Michelle Hegmon and Michael Barton Participants: 6:00 Michael Smith—Just How Useful is Archaeology for Scientists and Scholars in Other Disciplines? 6:15 Tim Kohler—Model-Based Archaeology as a Foundation for Interdisciplinary and Comparative Research, and an Antidote to Agency/Practice Perspectives 6:30 Michael Barton—From Narratives to Algorithms: Extending Archaeological Explanation Beyond Archaeology 6:45 Margaret Nelson—Long-term vulnerability and resilience 7:00 Joseph Tainter—Energy Gain and Organization 7:15 Patrick Kirch—Archaeology and Biocomplexity 7:30 Rebecca Storey—Urban Health from Prehistoric times to a Highly Urbanized Contemporary World 7:45 Carla Sinopoli—Historicizing Prehistory: Archaeology and historical interpretation in Late Prehistoric Karnataka, India 8:00 Michelle Hegmon—Crossing Spatial-Temporal Scales, Expanding Social Theory 8:15 Robert Costanza—Sustainability or Collapse: What Can We Learn from Integrating the History of Humans and the Rest of Nature? 8:30 Robert Costanza—Discussant 8:45 James Brooks—Discussant Thursday Morning April 23, 2009 [2] GENERAL SESSION RECENT RESEARCH IN CENTRAL AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Room: International C Time: 8:00
  • Georgia Genealogy Research Websites Note: Look for the Genweb and Genealogy Trails of the County in Which Your Ancestor Lived

    Georgia Genealogy Research Websites Note: Look for the Genweb and Genealogy Trails of the County in Which Your Ancestor Lived

    Genealogy Research in Georgia Early Native Americans in Georgia Native inhabitants of the area that is now Georgia included: *The Apalachee Indians *The Cherokee Indians *The Hitchiti, Oconee and Miccosukee Indians *The Muskogee Creek Indians *The Timucua Indians *The Yamasee and Guale Indians In the late 1700’s and early 1800’s, most of these tribes were forced to cede their land to the U.S. government. The members of the tribes were “removed” to federal reservations in the western U.S. In the late 1830’s, remaining members of the Cherokee tribes were forced to move to Oklahoma in what has become known as the “Trail of Tears.” Read more information about Native Americans of Georgia: http://www.native-languages.org/georgia.htm http://www.ourgeorgiahistory.com/indians/ http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/ang/American_Indians_of_Georgia Some native people remained in hiding in Georgia. Today, the State of Georgia recognizes the three organizations of descendants of these people: The Cherokee Indians of Georgia: PO Box 337 St. George, GA 31646 The Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokee: PO Box 1993, Dahlonega, Georgia 30533 or PO Box 1915, Cumming, GA 30028 http://www.georgiatribeofeasterncherokee.com/ The Lower Muscogee Creek Tribe: Rte 2, PO Box 370 Whigham, GA 31797 First People - Links to State Recognized Tribes, sorted by state - http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Links/state- recognized-tribes-in-usa-by-state.html European Settlement of Georgia Photo at left shows James Oglethorpe landing in what is now called Georgia 1732: King George II of England granted a charter to James Oglethorpe for the colony of Georgia to be a place of refuge.
  • The Judicial History of the Cherokee Nation from 1721 to 1835

    The Judicial History of the Cherokee Nation from 1721 to 1835

    This dissertation has been 64—13,325 microfilmed exactly as received DICKSON, John L ois, 1918- THE JUDICIAL HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE NATION FROM 1721 TO 1835. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1964 History, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE JUDICIAL HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE NATION FROM 1721 TO 1835 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JOHN LOIS DICKSON Norman, Oklahoma 1964 THE JUDICIAL HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE NATION FROM 1721 TO 1835 APPROVED BY A M ^ rIfaA:. IÀ j ^CV ' “ DISSERTATION (XMHTTEE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Grateful acknowledgement is extended to the follow­ ing persons vdio have helped me both directly and indirectly: Miss Gabrille W. Jones and Mrs. H. H. Keene of the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art, Ttilsa, Okla­ homa; Miss Sue Thorton and Mrs. Reba Cox of Northeastern State College, Tahlequah, Oklahoma; Miss Louise Cook, Mrs. Dorothy Williams, Mrs. Relia Looney, and Mrs. Mar on B. At­ kins of the Oklahoma Historical Society; and to Mrs. Alice Timmons of the Phillips Collection as well as the entire staff of the University of Oklahoma Library. Particularly, I would like to thank Mr. Raymond Pillar of Southeastern State College Library for his help in making materials avail­ able to me. I also wish to thank all members of my doctoral com­ mittee at the University of Oklahoma and also President Allen £• Shearer, Dr. James Morrison, and Dr. Don Brown of South­ eastern State College.
  • Treaty Signers: Yellow Indicates Middle and Overhill, Red Letter Indicates Are Lower

    Treaty Signers: Yellow Indicates Middle and Overhill, Red Letter Indicates Are Lower

    Treaty Signers: Yellow indicates Middle and Overhill, Red Letter indicates are Lower Pre-American Revolution Treaty 1684 between two Cherokee towns with English Traders of Carolina, Established beginning a steady trade in deerskins and Indian slaves. Nation's leaders who signed were- Corani the Raven (Ka lanu): Sinnawa the Hawk (Tla nuwa): Nellawgitchi (possibly Mankiller): Gorhaleke: Owasta: all of Toxawa: and Canacaught, the Great Conqueror: Gohoma: Caunasaita of Keowee. Note: Majority of signers are actually Shawnee. Gorheleke Aka George Light Sky or Letsky better known as Bloody Fellow later commissioned by George Washington. This mixed signers. Treaty with South Carolina, 1721 Ceded land between the Santee, Saluda, and Edisto Rivers to the Province of South Carolina. Note: Settlers encroached violating Treaty Treaty of Nikwasi, 1730 Trade agreement with the Province of North Carolina through Alexander Cumming. Note: Cummings was not authorized by the crown to negotiate on behalf of England. He fled debtor’s prison to the colonies. Articles of Trade and Friendship, 1730 Established rules for trade between the Cherokee and the English colonies. Signed between seven Cherokee chiefs (including Attakullakulla) and George I of England. Note: No Cessions. Treaty with South Carolina, 1755 Ceded land between the Wateree and Santee Rivers to the Province of South Carolina. Note: Settlers encroached violating Treaty. Treaty of Long-Island-on-the-Holston, 1761 Ended the Anglo-Cherokee War with the Colony of Virginia. Note: Settlers encroached violating Treaty. Page 1 of 7 Treaty of Charlestown, 1762 Ended the Anglo-Cherokee War with the Province of South Carolina. No Cessions, Colonists continued to encroach.
  • The Politics of Place: the Role of Regionalism in Mid-Eighteenth Century Anglo-Cherokee Diplomacy

    The Politics of Place: the Role of Regionalism in Mid-Eighteenth Century Anglo-Cherokee Diplomacy

    THE POLITICS OF PLACE: THE ROLE OF REGIONALISM IN MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ANGLO-CHEROKEE DIPLOMACY A thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Western Carolina University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By Stephen Matthew Scheflow Director: Dr. Andrew Denson Associate Professor of History History Department Committee Members: Dr. Honor Sachs, History Dr. Robert Ferguson, History November 20 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis has taken a considerable amount of time and energy to complete over the past few years and many thanks are in order. I would first like to thank those who believed that I had what it takes to pursue a master’s degree in history. I first learned about writing history in Dr. William Reger’s historiography class at Illinois State University. Dr. Reger’s courses always seemed to have disproportionately high expectations and page lengths for assignments. I owe him thanks for making semester projects seem less daunting after having completed several in the many courses I took with Dr. Reger. Secondly, I’d like to thank Dr. Alan Lessoff. Dr. Lessoff supervised my undergraduate capstone and always pushed me to produce the best work possible. Without Dr. Lessoff’s encouragement, I might not have chosen to pursue a graduate degree. Next, I would like to thank the faculty of Western Carolina University’s history department. From my early excursions into applying for graduate schools, Dr. Elizabeth McRae always made Cullowhee feel like the best destination. I want to thank her for all her work in helping me choose WCU, as well as the continued help throughout my time at WCU.