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Water Development in Ethiopia's Pastoral Areas

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Water Development in Ethiopia's Pastoral Areas 2012 Water Development in Ethiopia’s Pastoral Areas A synthesis of existing knowledge and experience Magda Nassef with Mulugeta Belayhun Published in 2012 by Save the Children USA and Overseas Development Institute Contents Copyright © 2012 Save the Children USA Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce material from this report for their own publications, as long as they are not being sold commercially. As copyright holder Save the Children request due Tables, figures & boxes iv acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. Abbreviations v Acknowledgements vi The research for this publication was co-funded Executive summary vii by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), working through the Research-inspired Policy and 1 Introduction 1 Practice Learning in Ethiopia (RiPPLE) Programme 1.1 Context and rationale 1 in Ethiopia (2006–2011); Save the Children USA 1.2 Scope and structure 2 (SC-US) working through the Enhanced Livelihoods in Southern Ethiopia/Enhanced Livelihoods in the 2 Pastoralism and water: an introduction 5 Mandera Triangle (ELSE/ELMT) Program (2007–2010); and CARE Ethiopia, working through the Global 2.1 Importance of pastoralism to livelihoods and the economy 5 Water Initiative (GWI). 2.2 The pastoral livelihood strategy 7 2.3 Challenges to pastoralism and the rangelands 8 The editing, design and printing of this publication 2.4 Social organisation and customary institutions for land and water management 8 was made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for 3 ‘External’ water development, 1970s–1991 11 International Development (USAID) under the Cooperative Agreement No 663-A-00-09-00413-00. 3.1 Rangeland and pastoralism under the Derg regime 11 The contents are the responsibility of the authors 3.2 Water development under the Derg 11 and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID 3.3 Changes in thinking 14 or the United States Government, ODI, Save the Children USA or Care. 4 Water development, 1991–the present 17 Photo credits: 4.1 The evolving landscape: actors and interventions 17 pp. x, 1, 5, 6, 7, 12, 16, 19, 28, 30, 42 © Kelly Lynch, 4.2 Pastoralists 17 Save the Children USA. 4.3 Federal government 18 pp. 2, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 22, 23, 25, 35, 36, 37, 40 4.4 Regional government 23 © Save the Children USA, Ethiopia Country Office, 4.5 NGOs and development agencies 25 Livelihood Unit. 5 Lessons learnt and ways forward 31 Designed by Nicky Barneby @ Barneby Ltd Edited by Nat Mason 5.1 Good practice: the practitioners’ perspective 31 5.2 Unpacking the challenges and reviewing successes 32 5.3 Recommendations 39 References 43 Annex 1: National strategies and laws influencing development in pastoral areas 46 Annex 2: Major government water and pastoral development programmes 48 Annex 3:Water development guidelines 50 Tables, figures & boxes Abbreviations Tables CDD Community-driven Development OGPC Oromia Growth Corridors Plan Table 1: Ministries involved in water and pastoral DFID UK Department for International OPDC Oromia Pastoral Development Commission development in Ethiopia ........................................ 20 Development OWWDSE Oromia Water Works Design and Table 2: National government programmes and EC European Commission Supervision Enterprise projects including water development components in ECHO Humanitarian Aid Department of the EC PA Peasant Association pastoral regions ..................................................21 ELMT Enhanced Livelihoods in the Mandera Triangle PADD Pastoral Areas Development Department Table 3: Water development in humanitarian ELSE Enhanced Livelihoods in Southern Ethiopia PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained response and development scenarios ......................... 25 EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Development to End Poverty Table 4: ‘Good practice’ principles for water Democratic Front PCAE Pastoralist Concern Association Ethiopia development in pastoral areas ................................. 31 EU European Union PCDP Pastoral Community Development Project Table 5: Selected coordination efforts relevant to FAO Food and Agriculture Organization PLI Pastoral Livelihood Initiative water and pastoral development in Ethiopia ................. 34 FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal GIS Geographic Information System PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Figures GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation PSNP Productive Safety Net Programme Figure 1: Annual Rainfall ....................................... 3 GNP Gross National Product PSNP-PAP PSNP Pastoral Areas Pilot Figure 2: Pastoralist, agro-pastoralist and non-pastoral GWI Global Water Initiative RDD Regional Drought Decision populations in Afar, Oromia and Somali regions ............. 7 HRF Humanitarian Response Fund RDP Rangelands Development Project Figure 3: Timeline of events influencing water IDP Irrigation Development Programme RDPP Regional Drought Preparedness Programme development and the rangelands in Ethiopia ................. 13 IIED International Institute for Environment and RDPS Rural Development Policies, Strategies and Figure 4: Formal governance structure in Ethiopia ........ 18 Development Instruments Figure 5: NGOs and development organisations IRC International Rescue Committee RiPPLE Research-inspired Policy and Practice working on water development in pastoral IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management Learning in Ethiopia areas of Ethiopia ................................................. 33 LDC Local Development Committee SC-US Save the Children USA Figure 6: Functionality of boreholes in Daro Lebu MDG Millennium Development Goal SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and woreda, Oromia region ......................................... 35 MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Peoples Region Development UAP Universal Access Programme Boxes MoFA Ministry of Federal Affairs UK United Kingdom Promoting irrigated agriculture in Ethiopia ................... 2 MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic UN United Nations WUAs in Ethiopia and relevance in the Development UNDP UN Development Programme pastoral context ................................................. 18 MoI Ministry of Information US United States Use of natural resource and socioeconomic MoWR Ministry of Water Resources USAID US Agency for International Development mapping and analysis in the PSNP ..............................22 MST Mobile Support Team WSDP Water Sector Development Programme Platform for integrated water development MUS Multiple Use Services WSSDP Water Supply and Sanitation Development in Oromia region ................................................ 32 NGO Non-governmental Organisation Programme OCHA Office for the Coordination of WSSP Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Humanitarian Affairs Programme ODI Overseas Development Institute WUA Water Users’ Association OFDA Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance iv Tables, figures and boxes Abbreviations v Acknowledgements Executive summary The authors would like to express their thanks to the initiating this study. Thanks to Eva Ludi, Research In Ethiopia’s arid areas, where pastoralism is the development and humanitarian agencies. Solutions to partners who supported this research, namely: the Fellow at ODI, London, Adrian Cullis, former dominant livelihood, practical field experience over water shortages at the time were technocratic and Overseas Development Institute (ODI), working Director of the Food and Livelihoods Programme, as the past forty years indicates that water development top-down, with little consideration of pastoral through the Research-inspired Policy and Practice well as the rest of the team at SC-US Ethiopia divorced from an in-depth understanding of pastoral livelihood strategies or the customary institutions Learning in Ethiopia (RiPPLE) Programme in Ethiopia including and especially Fiona Flintan, former Regional livelihoods can compromise sustainable development underpinning them. The construction of large ponds, (2006–2011), funded by UKaid from the UK NRM Technical Advisor for the ELSE/ELMT Program in the long term, even if it stems water shortages in for example, made water available year-round, Department for International Development (DFID); and Coordinator for the NRM Technical Working the short term. encouraging permanent settlement and perennial CARE Ethiopia, working through the Howard G. Group in Addis Ababa, and Charles Hopkins, Pastoral Pastoral water point construction significantly grazing in areas which were previously used only Buffet Foundation-funded Global Water Initiative Program Manager for CARE Ethiopia, and the rest of predates the involvement of the state and other seasonally. Overgrazing and erosion were frequently (GWI); and Save the Children USA (SC-US) working the team at CARE for support during the study and actors. Customary water management practices were observed around these water points, and increasingly through the US Agency for International comments on earlier drafts. I would also like to thank (and still are) tailored to a mobile livelihood system, sedentary herds amplified the incidence of human and Development (USAID)-funded Enhanced Livelihoods the staff of ODI’s RiPPLE Programme in Addis Ababa which itself is a response to the requirements of livestock health problems. in Southern Ethiopia/Enhanced Livelihoods in the and Hawassa, who have facilitated the work in Ethiopia. dryland environments where climate is highly variable Shifts in thinking regarding water development in Mandera Triangle
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