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Oliver Von Bohlen Und Halbach.Pdf Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach and Rolf Dermietzel Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Related Titles Thiel, G. (ed.) Transcription Factors in the Nervous System Development, Brain Function, and Diseases 2006 ISBN 3-527-31285-4 Becker, C.G., Becker, T. (eds.) Model Organisms in Spinal Cord Regeneration 2006 ISBN 3-527-31504-7 Bähr, M. (ed.) Neuroprotection Models, Mechanisms and Therapies 2004 ISBN 3-527-30816-4 Frings, S., Bradley, J. (eds.) Transduction Channels in Sensory Cells 2004 ISBN 3-527-30836-9 Smith, C.U.M. Elements of Molecular Neurobiology 2003 ISBN 0-471-56038-3 Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach and Rolf Dermietzel Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects 2nd completely revised and enlarged edition The Authors n All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, Dr. Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach editors, and publisher do not warrant the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology information contained in these books, University of Heidelberg including this book, to be free of errors. Im Neuenheimer Feld 307 Readers are advised to keep in mind that 69120 Heidelberg statements, data, illustrations, procedural Germany details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Prof. Dr. med. Rolf Dermietzel Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research Library of Congress Card No.: applied for University of Bochum British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Universitätsstr. 150 A catalogue record for this book is available 44780 Bochum from the British Library. Germany Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publica- tion in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper Composition K+V Fotosatz GmbH, Beerfelden Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Bookbinding Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei GmbH, Heppenheim ISBN-13: 978-3-527-31307-5 ISBN-10: 3-527-31307-9 V Contents Preface for the Second Edition XIII Preface for the First Edition XV 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Neuroactive Substances 3 1.1.1 Neurotransmitters 4 1.1.2 Neuromodulators 5 1.2 Receptors and Transporters 8 1.2.1 Ionotropic Receptors 9 1.2.2 Metabotropic Receptors 10 1.2.3 Receptor Regulation 13 1.2.4 Transporters 14 1.3 Distribution and Localization of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators 15 1.4 The Blood–Brain Barrier 16 1.5 Volume Transmission and Wiring Transmission 18 2 Methods 21 2.1 Bio- and Radioisotope Assays 22 2.2 Microdialysis and Electrochemical Detection 24 2.2.1 Microdialysis 24 2.2.2 Electrochemical Detection 24 2.3 Chromatography 26 2.3.1 Affinity Chromatography 26 2.3.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 27 2.3.3 Proteomics: Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology 28 2.4 Autoradiography 30 2.5 Immunohistochemical Methods 31 2.6 In situ Hybridization 33 2.7 Staining and Neuroanatomical Tract Tracing 34 2.8 Electrophysiology 36 2.8.1 In vivo Recording 36 VI Contents 2.8.2 In vitro Recording 37 2.9 Behavioral Testing 41 2.9.1 Classic Conditioning 41 2.9.2 Operant Conditioning 42 2.9.3 Further Behavioral Tests 42 3 Neurotransmitters 46 3.1 Acetylcholine 46 3.1.1 General Aspects and History 46 3.1.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 47 3.1.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 48 3.1.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 49 3.1.5 Biological Effects 55 3.1.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurogenerative Diseases 57 3.2 Dopamine 59 3.2.1 General Aspects and History 59 3.2.2 Differentiation and Localization of the Dopaminergic System 60 3.2.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 62 3.2.4 Release, Re-uptake and Degradation 64 3.2.5 Receptors and Signal Transduction 65 3.2.6 Biological Effects 69 3.2.7 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 70 3.3 c-Amino Butyric Acid 75 3.3.1 General Aspects and History 75 3.3.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 75 3.3.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 76 3.3.4 GABA Transporters 77 3.3.5 Receptors and Signal Transduction 78 3.3.6 Biological Effects 84 3.3.7 Neurological Disorders and Neurogenerative Diseases 85 3.4 Glutamate and Aspartate 90 3.4.1 General Aspects and History 90 3.4.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 91 3.4.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 92 3.4.4 Transporters 92 3.4.5 Receptors and Signal Transduction 93 3.4.6 Biological Effects 103 3.4.7 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 106 3.5 Glycine 108 3.5.1 General Aspects and History 108 3.5.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 109 3.5.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 109 3.5.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 110 3.5.5 Biological Effects 113 3.5.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 113 Contents VII 3.6 Histamine 114 3.6.1 General Aspects and History 114 3.6.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 115 3.6.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 116 3.6.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 117 3.6.5 Biological Effects 119 3.6.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 121 3.7 Norepinephrine 123 3.7.1 General Aspects and History 123 3.7.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 123 3.7.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 125 3.7.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 127 3.7.5 Biological Effects 129 3.7.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 130 3.8 Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) 132 3.8.1 General Aspects and History 132 3.8.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 133 3.8.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 133 3.8.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 135 3.8.5 Biological Effects 139 3.8.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 139 4 Neuromodulators 144 4.1 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 144 4.1.1 General Aspects and History 144 4.1.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 145 4.1.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 145 4.1.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 145 4.1.5 Biological Effects 146 4.1.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 147 4.2 Anandamide (Endocannabinoids) 149 4.2.1 General Aspects and History 149 4.2.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 150 4.2.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 150 4.2.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 152 4.2.5 Biological Effects 155 4.2.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 156 4.3 Angiotensin 158 4.3.1 General Aspects and History 158 4.3.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 159 4.3.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 159 4.3.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 162 4.3.5 Biological Effects 165 4.3.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 166 4.4 Atrial Natriuretic Factor 169 VIII Contents 4.4.1 General Aspects and History 169 4.4.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 169 4.4.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 170 4.4.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 171 4.4.5 Biological Effects 172 4.4.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 173 4.5 Bombesin and Related Neuropeptides 175 4.5.1 General Aspects and History 175 4.5.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 175 4.5.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 176 4.5.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 176 4.5.5 Biological Effects 177 4.6 Calcitonin and Calcitonin Gene-related Protein 178 4.6.1 General Aspects and History 178 4.6.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 179 4.6.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 180 4.6.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 180 4.6.5 Biological Effects 182 4.6.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 183 4.7 Cholecystokinin 184 4.7.1 General Aspects and History 184 4.7.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 185 4.7.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 186 4.7.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 187 4.7.5 Biological Effects 188 4.7.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 190 4.8 Corticotropin-releasing Factor 192 4.8.1 General Aspects and History 192 4.8.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 192 4.8.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 194 4.8.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 195 4.8.5 Biological Effects 196 4.8.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 196 4.9 Dynorphin 199 4.9.1 General Aspects and History 199 4.9.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 200 4.9.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 201 4.9.4 Receptors and Signal Transduction 202 4.9.5 Biological Effects 203 4.9.6 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 203 4.10 Eicosanoids and Arachidonic Acid 205 4.10.1 General and History Aspects 205 4.10.2 Biosynthesis and Degradation 206 4.10.3 Receptors and Signal Transduction 207 4.10.4 Biological Effects 208 Contents IX 4.10.5 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 208 4.11 Endorphin 211 4.11.1 General Aspects and History 211 4.11.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 211 4.11.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 211 4.11.4 Biological Effects 214 4.11.5 Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases 215 4.12 Enkephalin 216 4.12.1 General Aspects and History 216 4.12.2 Localization Within the Central Nervous System 217 4.12.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation 218 4.12.4
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