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HYBRID COMBINED CYCLES with BIOMASS and WASTE FIRED BOTTOMING CYCLE - Literature Study Miroslav P

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HYBRID COMBINED CYCLES with BIOMASS and WASTE FIRED BOTTOMING CYCLE - Literature Study Miroslav P HPT/KTH08/2002 HYBRIDCOMBINEDCYCLES WITHBIOMASSANDWASTEFIRED BOTTOMINGCYCLE -LiteratureStudy MiroslavP.Petrov LiteratureStudyReport 2002 SNEAProjectP12477-1 DepartmentofEnergyTechnology DivisionofHeatandPower RoyalInstituteofTechnology Stockholm,Sweden LiteratureStudyReport Dept.ofEnergyTechnology Div.ofHeatandPower Prof:TorstenH.Fransson Title:HybridCombinedCycleswith Keywords:Biomass,MSW,ToppingandBottoming BiomassandWastesFiredBottomingCycle. Cycle,GasTurbines,InternalCombustionEngines, ALiteratureStudy. SteamBoilers,HybridCombinedCycle. Author:MiroslavP.Petrov Reportnr:KTH/HPT08/2002 Projecttitle:“BiomassandNaturalGas” Pages:145 Figures:65 SNEAP12477-1 SupervisorsatKTH:LaszloHunyadi, Date:2002-02-13 Appendices:3 TorstenH.Fransson,JinyueYan OverallresponsibleatKTH:Prof.TorstenH.Fransson ApprovedatKTHby: Signature: Overallresponsibleatindustry: Industrialpartners: Approvedbyindustrialpartners: Signature: Abstract BiomassisoneofthemainnaturalresourcesinSweden.Thepresentlow-CO2emissioncharacteristicsofthe Swedishelectricityproductionsystem(hydroandnuclear)canberetainedonlybyexpansionofbiofuel applicationsforenergypurposes.DomesticSwedishbiomassresourcesarevastandrenewable,butnot infinite.Theymustbeutilizedasefficientlyaspossible,inordertomakesurethattheymeettheconditionsfor sustainabilityinthefuture.Applicationofefficientpowergenerationcyclesatlowcostsisessentialformeeting thischallenge.Thisappliesalsotomunicipalsolidwasteincinerationwithenergyextraction,whichshouldbe preferredtoitsdumpinginlandfills. Hybriddual-fuelcombinedcycleunitsareasimpleandaffordablewaytoincreasetheelectricefficiencyof biofuelenergyutilization,withoutbiginvestments,uncertaintiesorlossofreliabilityarisingfromcomplicated technologies.Configurationsofsuchpowercyclesareveryflexibleandreliable.Theirpotentialforhighelectric efficiencyincondensingmode,hightotalefficiencyincombinedheatandpowermodeandunrivalledload flexibilityisexploredinthisproject. ThepresentreportisaLiteratureStudythatconcentratesoncertainbiomassutilizationtechnologies,in particularthedesignandperformanceofhybridcombinedcyclepowerunitsofvariousconfigurations,withgas turbinesandinternalcombustionenginesastoppingcycles.Anoverviewofpublishedliteratureandgeneral developmenttrendsontherelevanttopicispresented.Thestudyisextendedtoencompassashortoverview ofbiomassutilizationasanenergysource(focusingonSweden),historyofcombinedcyclesdevelopmentwith referenceespeciallytocombinedcycleswithsupplementaryfiringandcoal-firedhybridcombinedcycles, repoweringofoldsteamunitsintohybridonesandcombinedcyclesforinternalcombustionengines.The hybridcombinedcycleconceptformunicipalsolidwasteincineratorsisprobablytheoptionwiththegreatest efficiencyimprovementpotential,withinthereasonablecostandscalelimits. Furthermore,aState-of-Artreportisincludedinthestudyasaseparatechapter.Descriptionsofexistinghybrid combinedcycleinstallationswithbiofuel-firedbottomingcycleinSwedenanditssurroundingcountriesare compiledinit.Thepresentationshowsthathybridcombinedcyclesareastandardtechnologyinmany respects.Thesespecificconfigurationshavebeenchosenasthemostrewardingonesoutofvarious alternativesandhaveprovedtheiradvantagesincommercialoperation. ThemajorresearchprojectfollowingthisLiteratureStudywillfocusoninvestigationofpossibleefficiency improvementofbiomassenergyutilizationbyapplicationofhybridconfigurationswithnaturalgasfiredgas turbineandinternalcombustionenginesastoppingcycles. (Svensktitel:Hybridcyklermedgasturbiner/kolvmotorerochbiobränsle-elleravfallseldadepannor.) Approvedfordistribution: Open Name/company Address Locality HybridCombinedCycleswithBiomassandWasteFiredBottomingCycle.ALiteratureStudy.MiroslavPetrov,Feb2002 CONTENTS: Page: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS….……………………………………………………… 3 ABBREVIATIONS…..……………………………………………………………… 4 1.INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… 5 1.1.Background……………………………………………………………... 5 1.2.Objectives……………………………………………………………….. 6 1.2.1.Objectivesofthemainresearchproject………………………6 1.2.2.ObjectivesoftheLiteratureStudy……………………………..6 1.3.Definitions……………………………………………………………….. 7 1.4.Methodology…………………………………………………………….. 9 2.BIOMASSANDMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEASFUELS…………..….….. 11 2.1.UtilizationofBiomassandMSWworldwideandinSweden……. 11 2.1.1.Importanceofbiofuelsassourcesofenergy………………….11 2.2.2.BiomassutilizationinSweden…………………………………..13 2.1.3.BiomassandMSWresourcebaseinSweden………………..16 2.2.Combustionpropertiesofbiofuels………………………………….. 19 2.2.1.Elementalstructureofbiomass.Ashcomposition……………19 2.2.2.Theenergyvalueofbiomass.Combustionkinetics………….23 2.2.3.Pollutantemissions………………………………………………25 2.3.TechnologiesforbiomassandMSWenergyutilization…………. 26 2.3.1.Directcombustion………………………………………………..26 2.3.2.Upgradingtogaseousfuels……………………………………..32 2.3.3.Upgradingtoliquidfuels…………………………………………35 2.4.Biofuelhandlingandpreparation.LifeCycleAnalysis……………40 3.HISTORYANDDEVELOPMENTOFHYBRIDCOMBINEDCYCLES. HCCWITHCOAL-FIREDBOTTOMINGCYCLE….………………………….. 45 3.1.Toppingcyclesandfuels……………………………………………….45 3.2.Bottomingcyclesandfuels…………………………………………….45 3.3.Combinedcycles…………………………………………………………46 3.4.ReviewofsupplementaryfiredCCandcoal-firedHCC………….. 48 1 HybridCombinedCycleswithBiomassandWasteFiredBottomingCycle.ALiteratureStudy.MiroslavPetrov,Feb2002 4.HCCWITHBIOMASSORMSWASBOTTOMINGFUEL………………...… 65 4.1.HCCwithbiomassasbottomingfuel……………………………….. 65 4.2.HCCwithMSWasbottomingfuel……………………………………. 70 5.SPECIALATTENTIONTOINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES COMBINEDCYCLES………………………………………………………….… 77 6.STATE-OF-ARTOFEXISTINGBIOMASSHYBRIDCOMBINEDCYCLES INSWEDENANDITSNEIGHBOURINGCOUNTRIES……………………… 92 6.1.Finland 6.1.1.Kirkniemiindustrialcogenerationpowerplant………………92 6.1.2.TheindustrialcogenerationunitinKotka……………………96 6.2.Sweden 6.2.1.TheCHPplantinSandviken…………………………………. 99 6.2.2.TheoldCHPunitinEskilstuna……………………………….101 6.2.3.TheMSW-firedCHPplantinLinköping(Gärstad)………….105 6.2.4.TheCHPplantinKarlskoga………………………………….109 6.2.5.ThenewCHPunitinHelsingborg……………………………….111 6.3.Denmark 6.3.1.TheMSW-firedCHPplantinHorsens………………….……115 6.3.2.ThenewCHPunit“Avedøre2”….……………………………117 6.4.AfewwordsaboutotherrelevantexamplesinNorthernEurope 6.4.1.TheMSWincineratorinAlkmaar,TheNetherlands,toppedby internalcombustionengines…………………………………122 6.4.2.MSWincineratorandgasturbineHCCinGermany…………123 6.4.3.IndustrialHCCco-generationforthepulp&paperindustry inGermany…………………………………………………….124 7.DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSIONS…….……………………………………...125 8.Sammanfattning(påsvenska)…………………………………………………. 128 LISTOFREFERENCES……………………………………………………………. 130 AppendixA.1.Chemicalelementsinbiomass AppendixA.2.ImpactofmoisturecontentonLHVofbiomassfuel AppendixA.3.Shortdiscussiononcycleefficiencies 2 HybridCombinedCycleswithBiomassandWasteFiredBottomingCycle.ALiteratureStudy.MiroslavPetrov,Feb2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Theentireproject,partofwhichisthisLiteratureStudy,isfinanciallysupportedbythe SwedishNationalEnergyAdministration(StatensEnergimyndighet),withinthe programmeframeworkTermiskaProcesserförElproduktion.Theircontributionis gratefullyacknowledged. IamextremelygratefultoProf.TorstenFranssonandAssoc.Prof.LaszloHunyadiat theDivisionofHeatandPowerTechnologyinKTH,forthechancetoworkonthis excitingproject.GratitudeisalsoduetoallmysupervisorsintheAdvisoryGroup, whosehelp,remarksandsuggestionsclearedthewayforthisreportandthewhole projectwork. Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketothankmyfellowstudentsandothercolleaguesfrom theDivisionofHeat&PowerTechnologyandthewholeDepartmentofEnergy TechnologyatKTH,fortheirsupportandfortheniceatmosphere. 3 HybridCombinedCycleswithBiomassandWasteFiredBottomingCycle.ALiteratureStudy.MiroslavPetrov,Feb2002 ABBREVIATIONS BC BottomingCycle BFB BubblingFluidisedBed CC CombinedCycle CFB CirculatingFluidisedBed CHP CombinedHeat&Power DFCC Dual-FuelCombinedCycle FB FluidizedBed FD ForcedDraught(fan) GT GasTurbine GTCCGasTurbineCombinedCycle ha hectare(aunitforlandarea=10’000m2) HCC HybridCombinedCycle HFO HeavyFuelOil HHV HigherHeatingValue(offuels) HRSG HeatRecoverySteamGenerator HP HighPressure ICE InternalCombustionEngine ICECC InternalCombustionEngineCombinedCycle ID InducedDraught(fan) IGCC IntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle LFO LightFuelOil LHV LowerHeatingValue(offuels) LP LowPressure MP MediumPressure MSW MunicipalSolidWaste NG NaturalGas NOx NitricOxides(generalisedformulation) PFBC PressurisedFluidisedBedCombustion PM ParticulateMatter ppm parts-per-million(=mg/Nm3) ppmv parts-per-milliononvolumebasis(=ml/Nm3) RDF RefuseDerivedFuel SOx SulphuricOxides(generalisedformulation) ST SteamTurbine TC ToppingCycle UHC UnburnedHydroCarbons VOC VolatileOrganicCompounds %wt %byweight(masspercent) %v %byvolume(volumetricpercent) 4 HybridCombinedCycleswithBiomassandWasteFiredBottomingCycle.ALiteratureStudy.MiroslavPetrov,Feb2002 Chapter1:“Introduction” 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Background Biomasshasbeenusedasfuelsincethedawnofhumankind.Inthelasttwocenturies however,ithasbeengraduallyreplacedbyfossilfuels,whichareusedinever-rising quantities(althoughinmanydevelopingcountriesbiomassisstillthemostimportant localenergyresource).Industrialization,large-scalecentralizedpowergenerationand productionoffuelsfortransportationhaveruledouttheuseofbiomassasamajor energyresource.Itnowcontributesaverysmallfractionoftheprimaryenergymixof theindustrializednations,althoughstillbeingimportantfordevelopingcountries. Currently,interestinbiomassenergyutilizationisrisingagain.Severalmajorfactors forthiscanbementioned:decreasingpollutantemissions(especiallycarbondioxide),
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