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Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking 2014/8

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Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking 2014/8 1 TRACKING ACCESS TO NONSOLID FUEL FOR COOKING 2014/8 Supported by A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACTIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Some 4.3 million deaths each year in the developing world To support the achievement of these goals, a starting point are traceable to household Why is this issue important? must be set, indicators developed, and a framework established to air pollution caused by the Traditional home cooking practices are a major health track those indicators until 2030. The World Bank and International inefficient use of solid fuels for risk across the developing world Energy Agency have led a consortium of 15 international agencies household cooking and other to produce data on access to nonsolid fuel for the SE4ALL Global purposes. Although 1.6 billion The World Health Organization estimates that in 2012 about 4.3 mil- Tracking Framework. Launched in 2013, the framework defines people gained access to lion deaths occurred because of exposure to household air pollution access to modern cooking solutions is as the use of nonsolid fuels nonsolid fuels between 1990 caused by smoke from the incomplete combustion of fuels such as for the primary method of cooking. Nonsolid fuels include (i) liquid and 2010, reliance on solid fuels wood, coal, and kerosene. Inefficient energy use in the home also fuels (for example, kerosene, ethanol, or other biofuels), (ii) gaseous expanded in Sub-Saharan Africa poses substantial risks to safety, causing burns and injuries across fuels (such as natural gas, LPG, and biogas), and (iii) electricity. These and Southern Asia. Future the developing world. are in contrast to solid fuels such as (i) traditional biomass (wood, efforts to increase access to Achieving universal access to modern energy services, including charcoal, agricultural residues, and dung), (ii) processed biomass nonsolid fuels could focus on cooking fuel, is one of the three complementary objectives of the (pellets, briquettes); and (iii) other solid fuels (such as coal and 20 countries that account for Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Formally launched in lignite). The measurement of access to nonsolid fuels is underpinned 85 percent of the global deficit. the UN General Assembly in September 2012 and co-chaired by the by several databases, including the WHO Global Household Energy president of the World Bank Group and the UN Secretary-General, Database (box 1). SE4ALL calls governments, businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges by 2030 (SE4ALL 2012). Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee is a senior economist in the World Box 1. Assembling the data on access to modern cooking fuels Bank’s Energy Practice Elisa Portale is an To arrive at the figures quoted here, various household data sources 1990 and 2010 (Bonjour and others 2012). This model derived solid fuel energy economist in the were leveraged to establish a historical series of data on primary fuel use estimates for 193 countries. For cooking solutions, data are primarily use between 1990 and 2010. For the WHO Global Household Energy from the DHS, national censuses or national household surveys, and same practice. Database, data were collected from nationally representative household MICS. surveys as well as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Living Heather Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys The mixed model used here was developed by the WHO to track progress Adair-Rohani (MICS), and the World Health Survey (WHS). Surveys such as the DHS toward the United Nations Millennium Development Goals—to gauge, and the LSMS/income-expenditure surveys are typically conducted for example, the rates of child malnutrition and access to water and and Sophie every 3–4 years, while most censuses are held every 10 years. Given sanitation access—and for WHO reporting on household solid fuel use. Bonjour are the infrequency and the regional distribution of some surveys, some This model accounts for regions, countries, and time as spline functions technical officers at the World Health countries have gaps in available data. A mixed model was used to obtain only. Spline function estimates are restricted to values ranging from zero Organization. a set of annual access rates to nonsolid fuel for each country between to one. 2 TRACKING ACCESS TO NONSOLID FUEL FOR COOKING What is the current level of access? Figure 2a. Top 20 high-impact countries: home to 2.4 billion of the 2.8 billion people who use solid fuel The global rate of access—at 59 percent—masks India 705 stark differences between regions China 613 Bangladesh 135 The share of the global population using primarily nonsolid fuels Indonesia 131 “More than two-thirds of Nigeria 118 for cooking was 59 percent in 2010; the other 2.8 billion people on Pakistan 111 the planet still relied mainly on solid fuels. About 78 percent of that Ethiopia 81 the rural population in the Congo, DR 61 population lived in rural areas, and 96 percent was geographically Vietnam 49 developing world depends 46 concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, and Philippines on solid fuels. The situation Myanmar 44 Southeastern Asia (figure 1). Tanzania 42 Sudan 35 is particularly stark in Sub- Within the developing world, the rate of access to nonsolid fuel Kenya 33 Uganda 32 Saharan Africa (94 percent), varies from 19 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa to about 95 percent in Afghanistan 27 Western Asia and 100 percent in Northern Africa. Except in Western Nepal 25 Oceania (79 percent), Mozambique 22 Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and Northern Africa, more than 22 Southeastern Asia Korea, DR two-thirds of the rural population in the developing world depends Ghana 20 (77 percent), and Southern on solid fuels. The situation is particularly stark in Sub-Saharan Africa 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Access deficit (millions of people) Asia (73 percent).” (94 percent), Oceania (79 percent), Southeastern Asia (77 percent), and Southern Asia (73 percent). These four regions together account Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 for three-quarters of the total rural use of solid fuel in the world. In urban areas, more than 70 percent of the population has access to nonsolid fuels, except in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rate is just Efforts to increase access to nonsolid fuel should focus on 20 42 percent. “high-impact” countries. These account for 85 percent (2.4 billion people) of the absolute global access deficit (figure 2a). Eleven of the 20 countries are in Asia and nine in Sub-Saharan Africa. India Figure 1. Deficit in access to nonsolid fuel, 2010 (in millions) and China together account for 1.3 billion users of solid fuel. Among another group of 20 low-access countries (figure 2b), 18 are in Sub- Other Saharan Africa. 124 The rate of access to nonsolid fuel spans a wide range. In SSA 690 Sub-Saharan Africa 21 countries show less than 10 percent access Rural to nonsolid fuel. By contrast, near-universal access (greater than Nonsolid fuel, Solid fuel, SA 2,179 95 percent) is found in 73 countries of the world (37 of which are 4.1 billion, 2.8 billion, 1,018 59% 41% developing countries). SEA 308 EA Urban 637 598 How has access evolved historically? Gains in access to nonsolid cooking fuel between Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 1990 and 2010 were tempered by population growth Note: The regional groupings used in this figure, and in this note generally, are those used The share of the global population with access to nonsolid fuel by the United Nations. SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; SA = Southern Asia; SEA = Southeast Asia; EA = East Asia. rose from 47 percent (2.5 billion people) in 1990 to approximately 3 TRACKING ACCESS TO NONSOLID FUEL FOR COOKING Figure 2b. Top 20 low-access countries: home to 369 million of Table 1. Regional trends in access to nonsolid fuel, 1990–2010 the 2.8 billion people who use solid fuel % of total population with access to nonsolid fuel Timor-Leste 8.0 Congo, DR 7.0 1990 2000 2010 Togo 5.6 Tanzania 5.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 14 17 19 Mozambique 5.0 “The share of the global Somalia 4.7 Oceania 14 24 31 Burundi 4.4 Southern Asia 16 30 40 population with access to Niger 4.0 CAR 3.8 Southeast Asia 29 40 48 nonsolid fuel rose from Lao PDR 3.7 Uganda 3.6 East Asia 37 48 55 47 percent (2.5 billion Malawi 3.4 Guinea 3.2 Caucasus and Central Asia 58 73 85 people) in 1990 to Guinea-Bissau 2.4 Ethiopia 2.2 Latin America and Caribbean 73 81 86 approximately 59 percent Liberia 2.2 Sierra Leone 2.0 Western Asia 83 90 95 Rwanda 2.0 (4.1 billion people) in 2010.” Mali 2.0 Northern Africa 88 96 100 Madagascar 2.0 Industrialized world 95 98 99 0 2 4 6 8 10 Accessrate (% of population) World 47 54 59 Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 59 percent (4.1 billion people) in 2010. The access rate in rural areas The growth rate of access to nonsolid fuel in urban areas, at increased over the same period from 26 percent to 35 percent; in 1.7 percent, far outpaced the rural growth rate of 0.6 percent. urban areas, from 77 percent to 84 percent. Dramatic progress was Nevertheless, the rapid pace of urban population growth over this made in the Caucasus and Central Asia and in Southern Asia, which period made it difficult for nonsolid fuel access in urban areas to registered increases of 27 and 24 percentage points, respectively, keep up, with the expansion of access falling short of population over the two decades.
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