=opnkjkie_]h O_eaj_a
Wolf-Rayet Stars at the Highest Angular Resolution
Florentin Millour- lnkre`a ol]pe]hhu naokhra` k^oanr]pekjo ha]`ejc pk pdaoa atpn]kn`ej]nu arajpo( Olivier Chesneau. kb i]ooera op]no ]j` pdaen eiia`e]pa re_ej) ]hpdkqcd pdeo eo jkp uap ànihu aop]^heoda`* Thomas Driebe- epu* Dksaran( pda jqi^an kb Skhb)N]uap Kjhu z -! kb _kna)_khh]loa OJa ]na ]^ha Alexis Matter. op]no ej pda okh]n re_ejepu eo ranu hks $R]j pk lnk`q_a ] decdhu nah]pereope_ _khhei]pa` Werner Schmutz/ `an Dq_dp( .,,-7 ?nkspdan( .,,3%* Pdana) kqpâks ]j`( daj_a( ] CN>* Bruno Lopez. bkna( ]hh Skhb)N]uap op]no ]na pkk naikpa Romain G. Petrov. pk ^a ol]pe]hhu naokhra` ^u ]`]lpera klpe_o* SN op]no ]na _d]n]_paneoa` ^u ]j atpn]) Jos‰ H. Groh- Dksaran( bkn ] d]j`bqh kb k^fa_po( pda kn`ej]nu du`nkcaj)`aà_eajp ola_pnqi( Daniel Bonneau. cakiapnu kb pda ejjanikop _en_qiopahh]n `kiej]pa` ^u ^nk]` aieooekj hejao kb 0 Luc Dessart opnq_pqnao $`eo_o( fapo( h]pepq`a)`alaj`ajp decdhu ekjeoa` ahaiajpo $oq_d ]o Da EE( ? ER( - Karl-Heinz Hofmann sej`o( kn araj ikna _kilhat ba]pqnao% J R kn K RE%* Pda `ajoa opahh]n sej`o _ki) Gerd Weigelt- _]j ^a `ena_phu lnk^a` sepd pda decdaop lhapahu raeh pda qj`anhuejc ]pikoldana ol]pe]h naokhqpekj ]r]eh]^ha( pdnkqcd pda ok pd]p ]j ]pikoldane_ ]j]huoeo _]j kjhu qoa kb opahh]n ejpanbankiapnu* ^a `kja sepd `uj]ie_]h( oldane_]hhu - I]t)Lh]j_g)Ejopepqp bün N]`ek]opnkjkiea( atpaj`a` ik`ah ]pikoldanao( oq_d ]o >kjj( Cani]ju pdkoa `arahkla` ^u O_diqpv ap ]h* $-545%( . K^oanr]pkena `a h] ?ôpa `#=vqn( Je_a( = _hkoan hkkg ]p Skhb)N]uap op]no Dehhean " Iehhan $-554%( kn Cnäbajan ap ]h* Bn]j_a $.,,.%* Ej pda psk h]op `a_]`ao( oecjeà_]jp / Lduoeg]heo_dao)Iapaknkhkceo_dao Skhb)N]uap $SN% op]no ^acej pdaen heba ]o lnkcnaoo d]o ^aaj ]_deara` ej pdeo K^oanr]pkneqi @]rko( Sknh` N]`e]pekj i]ooera k^fa_po $qoq]hhu K)pula oqlan) naola_p( ok pd]p SN op]no _]j ^a lh]_a` ?ajpan( Osepvanh]j` ce]jp op]no% sepd ]p ha]op ., peiao pda kj pda Danpvolnqjc)Nqooahh @e]cn]i 0 K^oanr]pkena `a L]neo( Bn]j_a i]oo kb pda Oqj* Pdaen heba eo ^neab( ]j` $DN@% sepd okia _kjà`aj_a $oaa a*c*( pdau `ea d]n`( atlhk`ejc ]o oqlanjkr]a ?nkspdan( .,,3%* ]j` ^h]opejc r]op ]ikqjpo kb da]ru Interferometric observations of high- ahaiajpo ejpk ol]_a( sde_d ]na na_u_ha` ?h]ooeà_]pekj kb SN op]no eo ^]oa` qlkj mass evolved stars provide new and ej h]pan cajan]pekjo kb op]no ]j` lh]japo* pda ]lla]n]j_a kb klpe_]h aieooekj very valuable information of their >u pda peia pdaoa i]ooera op]no ]na ja]n hejao kb `ebbanajp ekjo kb daheqi( _]n^kj( nature. With the unique capabilities of pda aj` kb pdaen odknp heba( `qnejc pda jepnkcaj ]j` ktucaj* Pda jepnkcaj)ne_d( the VLTI, direct images of their closest _d]n]_paneope_ ÑSkhb)N]uapí ld]oa( pdau kn SJ)pula( eo `aàja` ^u ] ola_pnqi environment where mass loss and `arahkl ] àan_a opahh]n sej` § ] opna]i ej sde_d daheqi ]j` jepnkcaj hejao $Da EäEE dust formation occur, can be obtained. kb l]npe_hao afa_pa` bnki pda opahh]n oqn) ]j` J EEEäR% `kiej]pa* Ej pda _]n^kj)ne_d( The breakthrough of the VLTI in terms b]_a ^u pda n]`e]pera lnaooqna § atlah ) kn S?)pula( daheqi( _]n^kj( ]j` ktucaj of angular resolution as well as spectral hejc i]oo ]p ] pnaiaj`kqo n]pa $ql pk hejao $? EEäER( Da EäEE ]j` K EEEäRE% `kiej]pa ä/ resolution allows competing theoretical -, I+un% sdeha pdau ]na oujpdaoeoejc pda aieooekj)heja ola_pnqi* ?]opkn( models, based on indirect constraints, ahaiajpo da]rean pd]j du`nkcaj ej pdaen =^^kpp " Ghaej $-531% `aikjopn]pa` pd]p to be tested. The high angular resolu- _knao* Kja kb pda _d]n]_paneope_o kb SN dkp)op]n sej`o _kqh` ^a atlh]eja` ^u tion made available by the VLTI shows op]no eo pda hks du`nkcaj _kjpajp kb pda _kjoe`anejc n]`e]pekj lnaooqna ]hkja* Ej that there is still a lot to discover about ]pikoldana `qa pk pda opnellejc)kbb kb pdeo a]nhu ik`ah( a]_d ldkpkj eo o_]ppana` these massive stars. pda kqpan h]uano ]o ] naoqhp kb pda opnkjc kj_a ]p ikop( ]j` pdeo eo oqbà_eajp pk i]oo hkoo* >abkna ]j` `qnejc pda SN `nera K>)op]n sej`o( sdeha ikna `ebà_qhpeao ld]oa( oq_d op]no afa_p ] h]nca ]ikqjp sana aj_kqjpana` bkn SN op]no* Ik`ah I]ooera op]no opnkjchu ejâqaj_a pdaen oqn ) kb i]ppan( ikna pd]j -, I( ]j` sepd ]pikoldana opq`eao d]ra ]`r]j_a` oqbà ) nkqj`ejco `qa pk pdaen atpnaia pai) rahk_epeao ql pk /,,, gi+o( sde_d pdaj _eajphu pk aj]^ha pda `apaniej]pekj kb lan]pqna( hqiejkoepu( ]j` i]oo)hkoo n]pa* oqnnkqj`o pda _ajpn]h op]n ej pda bkni kb opahh]n pailan]pqnao( hqiejkoepeao( ]^qj) Ej ]``epekj( pdau ]na odknp)hera`( ]j` c]o ]j` `qop* `]j_ao( ekjeoejc âqtao ]j` sej` lnklan ) pdaen b]pa eo pk atlhk`a ]o _kna)_khh]loa peao kb SN op]no* Sd]p nai]ejo qj_anp]ej oqlanjkr]a* =ikjc pda atpajoera vkkh) Pdaknape_]hhu( pda arkhqpekj kb ] SN op]n ]na pda gejai]pe_o kb pda sej` ]j` pda kcu kb i]ooera op]no( Skhb)N]uap op]no aj`o sepd pda _khh]loa kb epo _kna ]j`( sej` ]__ahan]pekj h]s* Bqnpdanikna( nkp]) lnk^]^hu nalnaoajp pda h]op op]ca kb opahh]n ]o ] nqha( pda bkni]pekj kb ] ^h]_g dkha kn pekj eo ranu `ebà_qhp pk ia]oqna ej SN arkhqpekj( fqop ^abkna pda atlhkoekj ]o ] ] jaqpnkj op]n k__qno* Ajancape_ Pula E^ op]no( oej_a ldkpkoldane_ ba]pqnao ]na oqlanjkr]* Ok b]n( Skhb)N]uap op]no d]ra ]j` E_ oqlanjkr]a $OJa% ]na pdkqcdp ]^oajp* Pdeo l]n]iapan eo _nq_e]h sdaj ^aaj i]ejhu opq`ea` ^u ia]jo kb ola_) pk ^a `ena_p `ao_aj`]jpo kb i]ooera SN _kjoe`anejc CN>o* pnko_klu ]j` ola_pnklkh]neiapnu( ^]oa` op]no $oaa( bkn ejop]j_a( ?nkspdan( .,,3%* kj ol]pe]hhu qjnaokhra` k^oanr]pekjo* Ep eo jks na_kcjeoa` pd]p hkjc)`qn]pekj =pikoldane_ ik`aho kb SN op]no ]na Jkjapdahaoo( pdana eo atpajoera are`aj_a c]ii])n]u ^qnopo $CN>o% ]na hejga` pk l]n]iapaneoa` ^u pda ejjan ^kqj`]nu kb ^ej]nepu ]j` cakiapne_]h _kilhatepu pda _khh]loa kb i]ooera op]no* Pda ianc) n]`eqo N ( ]p decd Nkooah]j` klpe_]h kb pda ja]n^u sej` ej i]ju Skhb)N]uap ejc kb pda _kilkjajpo ej ] ^ej]nu ouo) `alpd $pule_]hhu ]^kra -,%( ^qp kjhu pda op]no* Ej pdeo _kjpatp( decd ]jcqh]n naokhq) pai( ej_hq`ejc ] n]le`hu nkp]pejc SN( eo klpe_]hhu pdej l]np kb pda ]pikoldana pekj pa_djemqao àhh pda c]l( oej_a pdau _]j _kjoe`ana` pk ^a kja kb pda _d]jjaho eo oaaj ^u pda k^oanran* Pdanabkna( pda
.2 The Messenger 135 ä I]n_d .,,5 `apaniej]pekj kb N `alaj`o kj pda _]j ^a naokhra` ^u ]j ejpanbankiapan( Lnk^ejc pda sej` kb pda _hkoaop SN op]n6 . ]ooqilpekjo i]`a kj pda rahk_epu h]s kb lnkre`a` pd]p ] iejeiqi ola_pn]h naokhq) G Rah pda sej`( _kjoe`anejc pd]p pule_]h SJ pekj kb 1,, eo ]r]eh]^ha* Pdanabkna( k^oanr) . ]j` S? sej`o d]ra na]_da` ] oecjeà_]jp ejc pda HBN kb SN op]no sepd hkjc)^]oaheja =ikjc ]hh SN op]no( G Rah eo ^u b]n pda bn]_pekj kb pdaen paniej]h rahk_epu ^abkna klpe_]h ejpanbankiapnu kbbano pda kllknpq) _hkoaop( sepd ] sahh)gjksj `eop]j_a pk`]u pdau ^a_kia klpe_]hhu pdej ej pda _kjpejq) jepu pk lnk^a pdaen sej`o ej pda bkhhksejc kb //2 Ω 4 l_ $Jknpd ap ]h*( .,,3%( sdehop qi $aola_e]hhu ej pda ja]n) ]j` ie`)EN%* s]uo6 ]hh kpdano ]na ^aukj` - gl_* Ksejc pk epo nah]pera lnkteiepu( G. Rah eo nah]perahu ^necdp Pule_]h o_]hao bkn N ]na /ä2 N( `alaj`) ejc kj pda ola_pn]h oq^)pula $?nkspdan( ä >u ia]oqnejc pda atpajoekj kb pda HBN ]j` d]o ^aaj opq`ea` ej cna]p `ap]eh( .,,3%* Ej pda ja]n)EN( pda i]ej kl]_epu _kil]na` pk pda _kjpejqqi* Pda ol]pe]h i]ejhu qoejc ola_pnko_klu* Pdnkqcd . _kiao bnki bnaaäbnaa ejpan]_pekjo( ]j` ]j` gejai]pe_]h _d]n]_paneope_o kb pda ola_pnk o_kle_ auao( G Rah eo odksj pk ^a pda _kjpejqqi)bkniejc nacekj eo ikna sej` _]j ^a ^appan ejbanna` ]j` pda sej` ] ^ej]nu SN ' K ouopai $S?4 ' K3*1EEE( atpaj`a` ]p hkjcan s]rahajcpdo( na]_d) rahk_epu h]s $aola_e]hhu sepd ]__aoo pk L 9 34*1/ `]uo%( pdqo kbbanejc ]__aoo pk odknpan s]rahajcpd `]p]% lkooe^hu _kj) pda bqj`]iajp]h l]n]iapano kb pda SN ejc .ä2 N * Pda _kna n]`eqo kb SJ op]no eo h]ncan pd]j kb S? op]no( ^qp pda sej` opn]eja`* op]n( qoq]hhu k^p]eja` kjhu ej`ena_phu kb S? op]no eo `ajoan( ]j` pda _kjpejqqi pdnkqcd pda opq`u kb epo `ajoa ]j` b]op bknio b]npdan ]s]u bnki pda _kna n]`eqo* ä >u at]iejejc ]ju `are]pekj bnki sej`* Pda lnaoaj_a kb T)n]u aieooekj ej =o ] _kjoamqaj_a( pda _kjpejqqi `e]i) oldane_epu kb pdaoa k^fa_po* Eb SN op]no pda ouopai $Ogejjan ap ]h*( .,,-% _kqh` ^a apan eo ]^kqp pda o]ia( kb pda kn`an kb sana n]le` nkp]pkno( kja skqh` atla_p atlh]eja` ^u ]j T)n]u)aieppejc ^ks)odk_g opnkjc s]rahajcpd)`alaj`ajp `are]) ^apsaaj pda K)op]n sej` ]j` pda SN)op]n -,ä., N( _knnaolkj`ejc pk ] `e]iapan kb ]^kqp ,*-ä,*. i]o bkn okqn_ao ]p pekjo bnki oldane_]h ouiiapnu( ]o s]o sej` $pda ok)_]hha` sej`äsej` _khheoekj . - gl_* Pdeo eilheao pd]p pda _kjpejqqi kb `apa_pa` bkn pda hqiejkqo ^hqa r]ne]^ha vkja( WSS?VY%* G Rah s]o k^oanra` ^u ^kpd SJ) ]j` S?)pula SN op]no nai]ejo op]n H ?]n sepd =I>AN+RHPE $Saecahp ap pda J]nn]^ne ejpajoepu ejpanbankiapan( klan) qjnaokhra` bkn pda RHPE ej pda ja]n)EN( ]h*( .,,3% bkn at]ilha* ]pejc ]p ]nkqj` ,*01 …i( ]o a]nhu ]o -524 araj sepd pda hkjcaop $-/, i)o_]ha% ^]oa) $D]j^qnu >nksj ap ]h*( -53,%( ^qp oej_a hejao* Uap( pdeo _kj_hqoekj `kao jkp dkh` ä >u at]iejejc pda `are]pekjo ]j` lan) pda k^oanr]pekjo h]_ga` ola_pn]h naokhq) bkn pda heja)bkniejc nacekjo $HBN% pd]p _]j pqn^]pekjo kb pda SN sej` bnki lqnahu pekj( pdau _kqh` jkp naokhra pda SS?V* n]`e]h ikpekj* Oq_d `are]pekjo i]u ^a hk_]pa` ]p pule_]hhu 1ä1, N ]j` pd]p knecej]pa bnki `qop bkni]pekj ranu _hkoa Kqn pa]i k^oanra` G. Rah ej @a_ai^an pk okia kb pdaoa dkp op]no* .,,0 qoejc pda =I>AN+RHPE ejopnqiajp Figure 1. Left: Oeiqh]pekj kb pda ol]pe]h atpajp kb ] sepd pda ]ei kb _kjopn]ejejc r]nekqo S?4 op]n sej` ej pda _kjpejqqi ]p .*-, ≈i $okhe` Pda ànop( ]j` opehh ikop _kiikj( iapdk` l]n]iapano kb pda ouopai( oq_d ]o pda heja% ]j` ej pdnaa `ebbanajp aieooekj hejao $? EEE .*-- ≈i ä `]od)`kppa` heja7 ? ER .*,3 ≈i ä `kppa` heja7 ? ER kb ia]oqnejc pda ]jcqh]n atpajp kb ]j ^necdpjaoo n]pek kb pda psk _kilkjajpo( .*,4 ≈i ä `]oda` heja%* Pda ]ll]najp oeva kb pda SN ]opnklduoe_]h k^fa_p sepd ] opahh]n ejpanban) pda ola_pn]h ]j` ol]pe]h atpajp kb pda op]n ej pda aieooekj hejao _]j ^a ]o iq_d ]o pse_a kiapan eo pk qoa ]j e`a]heoa` qjebkni `eo_ SS?V( ]j` pda ]jcqh]n oeva ]ook_e]pa` pda _kjpejqqi oeva* Right: Oeiqh]pa` ei]cao kb pda pk ik`ah pda opahh]n ldkpkoldana* Ej na]h) sepd ^kpd pda _kjpejqqi ]j` pda hejao o]ia op]n ej pda _kjpejqqi nacekj ]nkqj` .*-, ≈i $_ajpna% ]j` ej pda ? ER .*,3 ≈i heja $necdp%* Pda epu( SN op]no ]na jkp Ñd]n`)a`ca`í ej aieppa` ^u pda SN op]n* =I>AN `aherana` _kjpejqqi _]j ^a `ao_ne^a` ^u ] C]qooe]j ejpajoepu pda _kjpejqqi( sde_d bknio `ena_phu ej pda ola_pn]hhu `eolanoa` reoe^ehepeao ]o sahh `eopne^qpekj( sdeha pda oqlanlkoepekj kb _kjpejqqi sej` $oaa Becqna -%* ]o `ebbanajpe]h ]j` _hkoqna ld]oao ]j`( kb ]j` heja âqt ha]`o pk ]j ejpajoepu `eopne^qpekj pd]p _]j ^a `ao_ne^a` ^u ] hei^)`]ngaja` `eo_*
R p ( ) 0 10 20 30 2.5
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x u fl 1.5 d e z i l a m r 1.0 o N
0.5
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 R p ( )
The Messenger 135 ä I]n_d .,,5 .3 =opnkjkie_]h O_eaj_a Iehhkqn B* ap ]h*( Skhb)N]uap Op]no ]p pda Decdaop =jcqh]n Naokhqpekj
_kqnoa( ]hok ] ola_pnqi kb pda k^fa_p* oej_a sa k^oanra` ] oal]n]pekj kb ej`alaj`ajp ola_pnqi kb pda SN _ki) ', *-- . @qnejc pdaoa k^oanr]pekjo( =I>AN /*2. ä,*/, i]o( eilhuejc ] `eop]j_a kb lkjajp kb G Rah ej pda G)^]j`* Pdeo '/4 sknga` sepd ] naokhqpekj kb N 9 -1,, ej /24 ä-/ l_( sde_d eo ej ]cnaaiajp sepd ]hhksa` qo pk _kil]na pda SN ola_pnqi pda ola_pn]h ^]j` -*51ä.*-3 …i* Sa ejpan ) na_ajp ola_pnkldkpkiapne_ aopei]pao* sepd heja)^h]jgapa` n]`e]pera pn]joban lnapa` pda =I>AN `]p] ej pda _kjpatp =j ej`alaj`ajp k^oanr]pekj ^u pda ik`aho kb SN op]no $@aoo]np ap ]h*( .,,,%* kb ] ^ej]nu ouopai sepd qjnaokhra` _ki) Ou`jau Qjeranoepu Opahh]n Ejpanbankiapan Pda i]p_d ^apsaaj pda ejbanna` SN lkjajpo( jacha_pejc( pk ] ànop ]llnkte ) $OQOE% _kjània` ]j` naàja` pda `eop]j_a ola_pnqi ]j` pda ik`ahha` ola_pnqi eo . '4 i]pekj( pda sej`äsej` _khheoekj vkja âqt aopei]pa kb G Rah ]p //2 ª3 l_ $Jknpd ap _kjpne ^qpekj ]j` pda atpajoekj kb pda ]h*( .,,3%* SN sej` $Iehhkqn ap ]h*( .,,3%* >]oa` kj Figure 2. G. Rah ]o oaaj ^u =I>AN ej .,,0 $Iehhkqn pda ]__qn]pa ola_pnko_kle_ kn^ep ]j` Ej _kjpn]op pk OQOE( sde_d qoao ^nk]`) ap ]h*( .,,3%6 pda k^oanr]pekjo $hksan lhkpo% ]na àppa` pda Dell]n_ko `eop]j_a $.14 '0- l_%( pda ^]j` àhpano( =I>AN ]hhksa` qo pk `eo ) oq__aoobqhhu ^u ] ik`ah ejrkhrejc ] SN op]n ]j` ]j ä/- K op]n $cnau hejao%* Kja _]j atpn]_p pda ola_pnqi kb atla_pa` oal]n]pekj ]p pda peia kb pda lanoa pda G)^]j` hecdp sepd ] naokhqpekj kb pda Skhb)N]uap op]n ]hkja bnki pdeo ik`ah)àppejc k^oanr]pekjo s]o 1*- Ω ,*5 i]o* Dks ) -1,,* Pdanabkna( sa sana ]^ha pk oal] ) $pkl)necdp l]jah( ^hqa _qnra% ]j` _kil]na ep sepd ] aran( kqn k^oanr]pekjo odksa` pd]p n]pa pda ola_pn] kb pda psk _kilkjajpo7 n]`e]perahu)`neraj SN sej` ik`ah ola_pnqi $na` pda Dell]n_ko `eop]j_a s]o ej_knna_p e*a*( sa k^p]eja`( bkn pda ànop peia( ]j _qnra%* Pda cajan]h reas kb pda ouopai $pkl)habp% ]hok ejrkhrao ] sej`äsej` _khheoekj vkja*
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I V V V V I I I I I I e e e e H C H C C C H H C O star Wind-wind collision zone 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 Wavelength (µm) Wind blown cavity Background image: DSS2 Orbital Phase 0.32
6 UT2−UT3 UT2−UT3 1 0 ) d ) y a d t r i ( l a i 4 r ( e b
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a i n e t r e n r u e e s r f f o e i l
f 2 f D i UT2−UT4 C UT2−UT4 D −1 –4
0 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 Wavelength (µm) Wavelength (µm) Wavelength (µm)
.4 The Messenger 135 ä I]n_d .,,5 nah]perahu ckk`( at_alp bkn okia nacekjo pdeo ]``epekj]h hecdp okqn_a ej pda ouopai h]s sepd ] opaal ejjan nacekj ]j` ] â]p sdana pda i]p_d eo sknoa $aola_e]hhu ej ] ^apsaaj pda psk i]ej op]no* Eb pdeo kqpan nacekj* Ha]rejc ]oe`a pda pa_dje_]h bas aieooekj hejao ]j` ej okia l]npo okqn_a eo _kjània`( ep skqh` ^a hk_]pa` `ap]eho( pdeo ^]oe_]hhu eilheao pd]p `ebbanajp kb pda _kjpejqqi( oaa Becqna .%* Pdeo oqc) _hkoan pk pda K op]n pd]j pk pda SN rahk_epu h]so lna`e_p ] `ebbanajp atpajp caopo pd]p ]o ] oa_kj` kn`an lanpqn^]) op]n ]j` skqh` _kjpne^qpa ]llnktei]pahu kb pda HBN* Pdanabkna( sa ]na _qnnajphu pekj( ]j ]``epekj]h hecdp okqn_a ej pda ouo) 1! kb pda pkp]h âqt kb pda ouopai $e*a*( _kjpejqejc kqn ejraopec]pekjo kj G. Rah pai i]u ]bba_p kqn àp* Sa _da_ga` pd]p ]``epekj]h bnaaäbnaa aieooekj%* Pdeo eo ej sepd pda RHPE pk `eoajp]jcha ^appan pda pdeo i]ncej]h ieoi]p_d _]jjkp _kia bnki ]cnaaiajp sepd pda atla_p]pekjo bnki `ebbanajp hecdp _kjpne^qpekjo ej pdeo b]o_e) ] â]p _kjpejqqi aieooekj( ]j` pdanabkna( Iehhkqn ap ]h* $.,,3% ]j`( lkooe^hu( sa j]pejc ouopai* sa b]rkqna` pda lnaoaj_a kb ]j ]``e) d]ra `apa_pa` pda sej`äsej` _khheoekj pekj]h _kil]_p hecdp okqn_a ej pda ouopai* vkja $SS?V% ^apsaaj pda psk op]no* Pda `qop bkni]pekj lqvvha =bpan pd]p ànop opq`u( sa _]nnea` kqp bkhhks) Dksaran( kpdan abba_po( oq_d ]o pda HBN ql k^oanr]pekjo kb G. Rah ej .,,2 ]j` atpajp( _]j ]hok ]bba_p kqn ejpanbankiapne_ Kja _d]hhajcejc lnk^hai nah]pa` pk SN .,,3* Ej ]``epekj pk ] naàjaiajp kb pda oecj]h* Ej`aa`( ej pda l]op( `ebbanajp rahk_) op]no eo qj`anop]j`ejc dks `qop _]j bkni kn^ep]h okhqpekj kb Jknpd ap ]h*( $.,,3%( epu h]so sana qoa` bkn ik`aho kb G. Rah( ej pda dkopeha ajrenkjiajp kb pdaoa dkp Iehhkqn ap ]h* $.,,4% sana ]^ha pk hk_]pa a*c*( ] opaal rahk_epu h]s kn ] _ki^eja` op]no* Ep pqnjo kqp pd]p oaran]h kb pda `qopu SN op]no d]n^kqn ] ok)_]hha` lejsdaah ja^qh]( ]o odksj na_ajphu ^u pda k^oan) Figure 3. Sd]p gej` kb reoe^ehepu oec) j]pqna _]j sa atla_p bnki ] lej) r]pekjo kb Pqpdehh ap ]h* $oaa( bkn at]ilha( 60 sdaah ja^qh]; Pdeo at]ilha qoejc pdaen ]npe_ha ej .,,4%* Bnki ]j ejpanbank) ] lejsdaah Ñpku ik`ahí $pkl)habp% iapne_ lkejp kb reas( lejsdaah ja^qh]a 40 ehhqopn]pao pda sdenhlkkh od]la kb ]lla]n ej pda reoe^ehepeao ]o pule_]h sdenh) pda .@ reoe^ehepu i]l $^kppki)habp% ]o sahh ]o pda lh]pa]q)hega od]la lkkh ik`qh]pekjo pd]p _]j ^a `apa_pa` 20 kb pda reoe^ehepeao pks]n`o hkjcan sepd pda _qnnajp lanbkni]j_a kb pda RHPE
) ^]oahejao( ]o oaaj bnki pda n]`e]h
s $oaa Becqna /%* Sdaj pda jqi^an kb `]p]) a _qpo ej pda ^kppki)necdp l]jah* = oapo eo ranu heiepa`( _hqao pk pda lnaoaj_a
m 0 psk)_kilkjajp C]qooe]j eo ]hok ( odksj bkn _kil]neokj* Pdaoa psk kb ] lejsdaah _]j ]hok _kia bnki ] lh]) _d]n]_paneope_ reoe^ehepu oecj]pqnao pa]q)hega od]la ej pda reoe^ehepeao pks]n`o −20 lnkre`a _hqao pk pda lnaoaj_a kb hkjcan ^]oahejao* Kb _kqnoa pda `apa_pekj ] lejsdaah ]nkqj` ] `qopu SN kb jas lejsdaah ja^qh]a skqh` lnkre`a op]n* −40 ] ikna `ena_p are`aj_a kb pda ^ej]nepu kb pda k^oanra` op]no( ^qp ] _ha]n `apa_pekj −60 kb pda qj`anhuejc ^ej]nu ej gjksj lej) sdaaho eo ]hok kja kb pda ck]ho kb opq`u) ejc pdaoa `qopu SN op]no* Ql pk jks( sa −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 d]ra oq__aoobqhhu k^oanra` ] bas `qopu (mas)
1.0 150
100 0.8
50 0.6 y ) t i l i m ( b
0 i s V i
V 0.4 −50
−100 0.2 −150
0 50 100 150 −150 −100 −50 0 50 100 150 Baseline length (m) U (m)
The Messenger 135 ä I]n_d .,,5 .5 =opnkjkie_]h O_eaj_a Iehhkqn B* ap ]h*( Skhb)N]uap Op]no ]p pda Decdaop =jcqh]n Naokhqpekj
1.0 0.4
0.3 y y t t i i l l i i b b i i
s 0.2 s i i V V 0.5
0.1
0.0 0.0 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 Base length (m) Spatial frequency (as–1) 0.15
Figure 4. At]ilhao sdana lejsdaah oecj]pqnao ej SN op]no i]u d]ra ^aaj `apa_pa` ^u pda RHPE* Top-left: SN04])^( pkcapdan sepd pda o]ia lejsdaah Ñpku ik`ahí ]o ej Becqna /* Pda k^oanra` `]p] ]na 0.10 i]ncej]hhu i]p_da` ^u ] C]qooe]j od]la $bqhh heja% ]j` i]u ^a ^appan atlh]eja` ^u pda lejsdaah ik`ah y t i
l $`]oda` hejao%* Top-right: SN--4( sdana ] psk) i b
i C]qooe]j ik`ah $na` heja% `kao jkp i]p_d pda =I>AN s i `]p] $^h]_g hejao% ]p hkjcan ^]oahejao* Ej l]npe_qh]n( V pda omq]na` reoe^ehepu ^qil ]j` pda jkj)vank _hkoqna 0.05 ld]oa $jkp odksj% ]na opnkjc dejpo pd]p ] lejsdaah ]hok naoe`ao ej pdeo ouopai* Lower panel: Pda IE@E ia]oqnaiajpo kb SN-,0 odks pda pule_]h reoe^ehepu ik`qh]pekj bnki pda ]hna]`u gjksj lejsdaah* Pda `ebbanajp _qnrao nalnaoajp `ebbanajp RHPE ^]oaheja 0.00 hajcpdo ]j` kneajp]pekjo* 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Spatial frequency (as–1)
Skhb)N]uap op]no sepd pda RHPE( sde_d =I>AN+RHPE ejopnqiajp* >kpd k^fa_po nai]ng]^ha _d]jcao ej pda `qop aieooekj ehhqopn]pao pda lkpajpe]h kb klpe_]h+EN ejpan) d]ra ]jcqh]n `e]iapano kb ]^kqp 0ä2 i]o d]ra ^aaj k^oanra` ej pda l]op psk `a_) bankiapnu pk _kjpne^qpa pk pda b]o_ej]pejc ej pda G)^]j` ]j` ie`)EN oevao kb pda ]`ao( SN --4 eo _h]ooeàa` ]o ] lani]jajp mqaopekj kb pda ^ej]nepu kb pdaoa op]no* kn`an kb -,ä-1 i]o* Pda oevao ia]oqna` `qop lnk`q_an* Pda atpaj`a` `qop ajra) ]na mqepa h]nca( _kil]na` pk pda at la_pa` hkla kb SN --4 s]o oq__aoobqhhu naokhra` SN 04] eo ] S? op]n lnk`q_ejc `qop oeva kb oejcha SN op]no $,*-ä,*1 i]o%( bkn pda ànop peia ^u Uq`ej ap ]h* $.,,-% ej pda bkni kb anqlpekjo( sde_d oqccaopo ]j` pdaoa psk k^fa_po ]na lnk^]^hu psk qoejc ^eola_pnqi ola_gha ejpanbankiapnu pda lnaoaj_a kb ] _kil]jekj* Ep eo bkqj` ckk` _]j`e`]pao pk d]n^kqn lejsdaah sepd pda 2)iapna >P= $H]nca =hp]veiqpd pk ^a sepdej - ]n_oa_kj` kb pda psk ja^qh]a( araj pdkqcd jk _ha]n oecj]pqna Pahao_kla%* Uq`ej ap ]h* _kj_hq`a` pd]p pda da]rehu na``aja`( klpe_]hhu reoe^ha _hqopano d]o ^aaj bkni]hhu `apa_pa` uap $Becqna 0%* ]ll]najp `e]iapan kb SN --4#o ejjan `qop @]jgo - ]j` .( sde_d ]na pdaioahrao Pdaoa psk p]ncapo ]na `aàjepahu ejpan ) odahh ^kqj`]nu eo -3 Ω - i]o* Sa na_ajphu oal]n]pa` ^u kjhu . ]n_oa_kj`o* =jkpdan aopejc ^a_]qoa pdau lnk`q_a `qop ]j`( ia]oqna` SN --4 sepd =I>AN ej hks) k^fa_p pd]p ]hok oaaio pk ^a ] `qopu daj_a( ]na hegahu ^ej]nu _]j`e`]pao( ola_pn]h naokhqpekj ik`a $oaa Becqna 0%* SN op]n $IOT2? C/,1*0,-/ ' ,,*,-3,% ^ahkjcejc pk ] ukqjc op]n)bkniejc nacekj =p ànop ch]j_a( pda =I>AN reoe^ehepeao oqc ) s]o bkqj` _hkoa pk SN04]( sde_d sa sdkoa `eop]j_a eo ikna ]__qn]pahu gjksj caop pd]p pdana eo ]j qjnaokhra` _kilk) dana]bpan `ajkpa ]o SN04])^* Jk klpe_]h pd]j eo qoq]h bkn SN `eop]j_ao* jajp _kjpne^qpejc ]llnktei]pahu -1! pk _kqjpanl]np eo nalknpa` ej pda hepan]pqna pda pkp]h G)^]j` âqt* Ej ]``epekj( kja _]j ]j` pda FDG ldkpkiapnu bkn pdeo okqn_a SN --4 eo ] decdhu arkhra`( _]n^kj)ne_d oaa pd]p pda G)^]j` reoe^ehepu eo jkp oldane) bnki pda Psk Ie_nkj =hh Ogu Oqnrau Skhb)N]uap op]n kb ola_pn]h pula S?-,* _]hhu ouiiapne_( ]j` sa `apa_pa` jkj) $.I=OO% odkso ] ola_pn]h od]la ej`e_]) Ep eo pda pden` ^necdpaop Skhb)N]uap op]n vank _hkoqna ld]oao* Pdaoa _hqao ehhqopn]pa pera kb ]j k^fa_p sepd decd atpej_pekj ej pda G)^]j` $G 9 /*21%( ]j` epo h]nca EN) pd]p pda kran]hh od]la kb pda ia]oqna`
$=R z -, i]c%* SN04] ]j` SN 04])^ at_aoo eo ]ppne^qpa` pk ]j ajrahkla _ki) reoe^ehepu kb SN --4 eo ej mq]hep]pera ]cnaa) sana oq__aoobqhhu k^oanra` sepd pda lkoa` kb _]n^kj]_akqo `qop* Oej_a jk iajp sepd pda reoe^ehepu oecj]pqna atla_pa`
/, The Messenger 135 ä I]n_d .,,5 bnki ] olen]h)hega `qop `eopne^qpekj* ?qn) cakiapnu ]j` pda aldaianeo kb pdeo hejao* K^oanrejc sepd odknpan s]rahajcpdo najphu( pda ejpanlnap]pekj kb pda na_ajphu okqn_a sana jkp ]__qn]pahu gjksj* Pdaoa $D kn F ^]j`o( kn araj reoe^ha%( skqh` k^p]eja` =I>AN `]p] eo ^aejc oq^fa_pa` k^oanr]pekjo lnkieoa pk ar]hq]pa lna) ^kkop pdeo naoa]n_d àah`( ]o ^kpd pda ejpan) pk ] ikna `ap]eha` ]j]huoeo* _eoahu pda oeva kb pda `qop)bkniejc nacekj bankiapan naokhqpekj ]j` pda HBN atpajp ]j` pda `qop lnk`q_pekj kb pda ouopai( ]o ej_na]oa pks]n`o odknpan s]rahajcpdo* Pda ikop na_ajp `qopu SN op]n k^oanra` reasa` ]p decd ol]pe]h naokhqpekj* Pdeo skqh` klaj pda lkooe^ehepu pk `ena_phu sepd pda RHPE ok b]n s]o SN -,0 sepd r]he`]pa pda _kilapejc ik`aho bkn SN pda IE@E ejopnqiajp* SN-,0 eo pda ]n_da) sej`o kn( i]u^a( _kqh` araj ha]` pk jas pula kb pda _khhe`ejc)sej` ^ej]nu _na]pejc Lnkola_po ]j` qjatla_pa` naoqhpo* ] ^a]qpebqh lejsdaah ouopai( sde_d s]o ànop `apa_pa` ^u pda pa_djemqa kb Pda opq`eao `ao_ne^a` _knnaolkj` ]lanpqna i]ogejc sepd pda Ga_g paha) pk skng ej lnkcnaoo sepd pda RHPE bkn Nabanaj_ao o_kla $Pqpdehh ap ]h*( .,,4%* Sa k^oanra` k^oanrejc SN op]no* Jk ei]cejc kb pdaoa ?nkspdan( L* =* .,,3( =N="=( 01( -33 ep sepd IE@E qoejc psk kb pda ]qtehe]nu okqn_ao d]o ^aaj `kja ql pk jks( ^qp ?]opkn( F* E* ap ]h* -531( =lF( -51( -13 pahao_klao* Pda reoe^ehepeao odks pda oec) pda =I>AN ejopnqiajp( sepd pdnaa paha) @aoo]np( H* ap ]h* .,,,( IJN=O( /-1( 0,3 j]pqna kb psk âqt `eopne^qpekjo kj pda o_klao _ki^eja`( d]o okia ei]cejc Cnäbajan( C* ap ]h* .,,.( ="=( .,,.( /43( .00 okqn_a6 ] C]qooe]j)od]la` `qopu ajra) _]l]^ehepeao* = ànop ei]ca kb ] lejsdaah( D]j^qnu >nksj( N* ap ]h* -53,( IJN=O( -04( -,/ Dehhean( @* F* " Iehhan( @* H* -554( =lF( 052( 0,3 hkla oqnnkqj`ejc pda ^ej]nu ouopai sepd naokhqpekjo iq_d decdan pd]j oejcha Iehhkqn( B* ap ]h* .,,3( ="=( 020( -,3 ]j` lnk`q_ejc 4,ä5,! kb pda âqt ej pda lqleh pahao_klao( skqh` ^a ] iehaopkja ej Iehhkqn( B* ap ]h* .,,4( OLEA( 3,-/ ie`)ejbn]na`( ]j` pda `qop lejsdaah* EN hkjc)^]oaheja ejpanbankiapne_ naoa]n_d Jknpd( F* N* ap ]h* .,,3( IJN=O( /33( 0-1 Pda _d]n]_paneope_ lejsdaah oecj]h eo oaaj kj `qopu SN op]no ]j` skqh` lnk^]^hu O_diqpv( S* ap ]h* -545( ="=( .-,( ./2 Ogejjan O*H* ap ]h* .,,-( =lFH( 114( --/ ^u IE@E ]o ] _koeja ik`qh]pekj( arkhrejc pneccan ikna RHPE k^oanrejc lnkcn]iiao Pqpdehh( L* C* ap ]h* .,,4( =lF( 231( 254 sepd peia ]o pda lejsdaah nkp]pao ]j` ej pdeo àah`* Kj pda kpdan d]j`( na]_dejc r]j `an Dq_dp( G* =* .,,-( Jas =opnkjkiu Nareas( pda ejpanbankiapan ^]oaheja hajcpd ]j` kne) oqbà_eajp `uj]ie_ n]jca sepd =I>AN+ 01( -/1 ajp]pekj _d]jca $oaa Becqna 0%* Oq_d RHPE ej ia`eqi ola_pn]h naokhqpekj ik`a( Saecahp( C* ap ]h* .,,3( ="=( 020( 43 Uq`ej( >* ap ]h* .,,-( ="=( /35( ..5 ] heiepa` ]ikqjp kb `]p] skqh` ^a at) skqh` ]hhks kja pk `ena_phu _kjopn]ej pda pnaiahu `ebà_qhp pk ejpanlnap eb pda chk^]h SN sej` rahk_epu àah` ej pda aieooekj
Ei]ca kb Fqlepan p]gaj ej ja]n)ejbn]na` hecdp sepd pda RHP Iqhpe)_kjfqc]pa =`]lpera klpe_o @aikjopn]pkn $I=@% lnkpkpula ejopnqiajp kj -3 =qcqop .,,4* Pdeo _khkqn _kilkoepa eo bknia` bnki ] oaneao kb ei]cao p]gaj kran ] peia ol]j kb ]^kqp ., iejqpao( pdnkqcd pdnaa àhpano ]p .*. ≈i $Go)^]j`%( .*-0 ≈i $>n]_gapp)G _kjpejqqi% ]j` .*-3 ≈i $>n]_gapp)G%* Pda àhpano oaha_p du`nkcaj ]j` iapd]ja ]^oknlpekj ^]j`o* Pda ol]pe]h naokhqpekj eo ]^kqp 5, iehhe]n_oa_) kj`o ]_nkoo pda sdkha `eo_( _knnaolkj`ejc pk /,, gi kj pda lh]jap oqnb]_a* Oaa AOK LN //+,4 bkn ikna `ap]eho
The Messenger 135 ä I]n_d .,,5 /-