Name: Date: Per: ___ Astronomy: Stars Notes Outline Which Star Is Closest

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Name: ____________________________ Date: ___________________ Per: ___ Astronomy: Stars Notes Outline Which star is closest to our sun? In which star system is it? What is the definition of a light year, and what distance is it in kilometers? How long does it take for light from the sun to reach the edge of our solar system? _______________ What is the distance in light years and kilometers for each of the following? Proxima Centauri ___________________ ly ________________ km Center to edge of Milky Way ___________________ly ________________km What is parallax? In general, how is parallax used to measure distances to stars? What three factors are used to classify stars? How are the colors and temperatures of stars related? Which stars are hotter? Cooler? What is a star’s apparent brightness? What 2 factors influence apparent brightness? What is a star’s absolute brightness? How does it differ from apparent brightness? How is a spectrometer used to determine a star’s composition? What 2 elements make up over 95% of a star’s mass? ___________________ and __________________ What is a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? What important information can it provide about a star? What are Main Sequence stars and what are their characteristics? What are Giants and Supergiants? What are white dwarfs? How does star form from a nebula? What is hydrostatic equilibrium? Why do high-mass stars have shorter life spans than low-mass stars? How does a star become a red giant? What happens between a star’s red giant phases? What element provides the fuel for nuclear fusion? Explain how a star can have more than one red giant phase. What types of star clusters are there and how do they differ? How do we know that the universe is expanding? .

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Negreiros Lecture II
General Relativity and Neutron Stars - II Rodrigo Negreiros – UFF - Brazil Outline • Compact Stars • Spherically Symmetric • Rotating Compact Stars • Magnetized Compact Stars References for this lecture Compact Stars • Relativistic stars with inner structure • We need to solve Einstein’s equation for the interior as well as the exterior Compact Stars - Spherical • We begin by writing the following metric • Which leads to the following components of the Riemman curvature tensor Compact Stars - Spherical • The Ricci tensor components are calculated as • Ricci scalar is given by Compact Stars - Spherical • Now we can calculate Einstein’s equation as 휇 • Where we used a perfect fluid as sources ( 푇휈 = 푑푖푎푔(휖, 푃, 푃, 푃)) Compact Stars - Spherical • Einstein’s equation define the space-time curvature • We must also enforce energy-momentum conservation • This implies that • Where the four velocity is given by • After some algebra we get Compact Stars - Spherical • Making use of Euler’s equation we get • Thus • Which we can rewrite as Compact Stars - Spherical • Now we introduce • Which allow us to integrate one of Einstein’s equation, leading to • After some shuffling of Einstein’s equation we can write Summary so far... Metric Energy-Momentum Tensor Einstein’s equation Tolmann-Oppenheimer-Volkoff eq. Relativistic Hydrostatic Equilibrium Mass continuity Stellar structure calculation Microscopic Ewuation of State Macroscopic Composition Structure Recapitulando … “Feed” with diferente microscopic models Microscopic Ewuation of State Macroscopic Composition Structure Compare predicted properties with Observed data. Rotating Compact Stars • During its evolution, compact stars may acquire high rotational frequencies (possibly up to 500 hz) • Rotation breaks spherical symmetry, increasing the degrees of freedom.
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