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Cartographic User Interface Design Models for Mobile Location-Based Services Applications

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Cartographic User Interface Design Models for Mobile Location-Based Services Applications Cartographic user interface design models for mobile Location-Based Services applications A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Karen Wealands B.Geom(Hons) B.Sc School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences Science, Engineering and Technology Portfolio RMIT University August 2007 DDeeccllaarraattiioonn This is to certify that: (a) except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the candidate alone; (b) the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; (c) the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; (d) any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and (e) ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Karen Wealands (née Urquhart) 2 March 2008 AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttss There are many people who have contributed to the preparation of this thesis, which at times felt like a never-ending saga, and I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to each and every one of them. It is appropriate that I begin by thanking Suzette Miller, my second supervisor, without the support of whom I would never have completed the research. Not only did Suzette always provide intellectual input and feedback of the utmost value, she was also a source of never- ending encouragement throughout the entire research process. I will never forget the support she provided as both my mentor and friend. Next I’d like to thank my senior supervisor, Bill Cartwright, for providing me with the opportunity to undertake this study in the first place. Always ready with novel ideas, Bill’s knowledge and experience in the field of Multimedia Cartography proved invaluable in shaping the direction of the research, while his ongoing feedback made a major contribution to the quality of the results. At different stages of the research, a number of ‘consultants’ provided much-valued support in developing an understanding specific technologies and research procedures about which I knew very little in the beginning. One such person was Peter Benda, who was instrumental in introducing me to the intricacies of User-Centred Design and provided significant input and feedback during the design of the research methodology. Also of immense support were the staff from Webraska Australia, and later Tenzeng, who offered a wealth of technical and theoretical knowledge and support relating to mobile Location-Based Services. I’d particularly like to thank Kirk Mitchell and Cheryl Quirion who were both involved in the original ARC Linkage research proposal and who provided guidance and intellectual support as I made the study my own. Another important area to express my gratitude concerns the user group at the centre of the research. I’d particularly like to thank Sensis for their research collaboration, not only in granting access to their evaluator database (from which the user group was sourced), but also their assistance with developing and publishing the user profiling questionnaire and providing access to, and training for, the Sensis usability laboratory. Special thanks go to specific Sensis staff for all their coordination efforts in this respect – Peter Benda, Lesley Forsyth and Mark Reed. I sincerely hope that Sensis find the research results valuable to the development of future products. Additional thanks go to the users themselves, who were integral to the success and Acknowledgements v outcomes of the research methodology, as well as to Gita Pupedis of RMIT University, who provided valuable assistance and feedback during the user evaluations. Above all, I would like to thank my family and friends for simply being there throughout the undertaking of my PhD, always ready to provide support, companionship and encouragement. Thank you all dearly for listening to my worries and complaints and for knowing when not to ask how my thesis was going. While I’d like to name everyone, I will limit myself to just a few special mentions. To my Mum, thank you for so patiently enduring all of those long discussions about the difficulties I was having, always offering a sympathetic ear and endless cups of tea. To my cat, Claude, thanks for keeping me company all those long hours spent at the computer – always within patting distance. To my dog, Bernie, thanks for the cuddle breaks and for getting me away from the computer and into the fresh air every day. And finally, to my husband, Steve, thank you for everything. You are my rock, my biggest support. You never lost faith in me, even when I lost faith in myself. I owe the completion of this thesis to your love and encouragement – it’s yours as much as it is mine. vi Acknowledgements TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss Declaration ______________________________________________________________ iii Acknowledgements_______________________________________________________ iv Table of Contents ________________________________________________________vii List of Figures __________________________________________________________ xiv List of Tables ___________________________________________________________ xxi List of Acronyms _______________________________________________________ xxiii Thesis Terminology_____________________________________________________ xxiv Thesis Summary __________________________________________________________1 1 Introduction___________________________________________________________5 1.1 Context of the Research _____________________________________________5 1.2 Problem Statement _________________________________________________7 1.3 Research Objectives ________________________________________________9 1.4 Scope and Nature _________________________________________________10 1.4.1 Research Scope __________________________________________________ 10 1.4.2 Nature of the Programme ___________________________________________ 11 1.5 Thesis Outline ____________________________________________________12 1.6 Chapter Summary _________________________________________________15 2 Mobile LBS: Technology, Use and User Issues_____________________________17 2.1 Introduction ______________________________________________________17 2.2 Geospatial Information _____________________________________________17 2.2.1 Definition________________________________________________________ 17 2.2.2 Communication mediums ___________________________________________ 18 2.2.2.1 Paper and print ___________________________________________ 18 2.2.2.2 Digital databases__________________________________________ 19 2.2.2.3 Multimedia_______________________________________________ 20 2.2.2.4 Distributed computer networks _______________________________ 20 2.2.3 Mobility _________________________________________________________ 21 2.3 Mobile Location-Based Services ______________________________________22 2.3.1 Enabling technologies _____________________________________________ 23 2.3.1.1 Locating the user__________________________________________ 23 2.3.1.2 Geospatial information processing ____________________________ 26 2.3.1.3 Interaction / presentation devices _____________________________ 27 2.3.1.4 Information transmission ____________________________________ 29 2.3.2 Applications _____________________________________________________ 32 2.4 Success Factors for mLBS __________________________________________33 2.4.1 Benefits over traditional mechanisms__________________________________ 34 2.4.2 Limitations of the technology ________________________________________ 35 2.4.3 Contextual considerations __________________________________________ 38 2.5 Use and User Issues _______________________________________________41 2.5.1 MLBS usefulness _________________________________________________ 42 2.5.2 Geospatial experience and information usefulness _______________________ 44 2.5.3 Geospatial knowledge and cognition __________________________________ 44 2.6 Chapter Summary _________________________________________________46 viii Table of Contents 3 Communicating Geospatial Information to Mobile Users ____________________ 49 3.1 Introduction______________________________________________________ 49 3.2 Representation, Presentation and Interaction ___________________________ 49 3.2.1 Definitions_______________________________________________________ 49 3.2.2 Maps and map-related representations ________________________________ 52 3.2.2.1 Map representation forms ___________________________________ 53 3.2.2.2 Map-related representation forms _____________________________ 56 3.2.2.3 Cross-cutting features ______________________________________ 59 3.2.3 Representation in mobile systems ____________________________________ 63 3.2.3.1 Natural interaction _________________________________________ 64 3.2.3.2 Information presentation ____________________________________ 65 3.3 Existing Research_________________________________________________ 67 3.3.1 MLBS case studies ________________________________________________ 68 3.3.1.1 Project descriptions ________________________________________ 68 3.3.1.2 Cartographic representation _________________________________ 73 3.3.1.3 User-focused research methods ______________________________ 78 3.3.2 Mobile cartography ________________________________________________ 83 3.3.3 Vehicle navigation systems _________________________________________ 87 3.4 Implications for the research_________________________________________ 91 3.5 Chapter Summary_________________________________________________
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