The History of Newton' S Apple Tree
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Trinity Physics – A.C.H. Cheung and G.L. Squires Isaac Newton
Trinity Physics – A.C.H. Cheung and G.L. Squires Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe Manor in the small village of Colsterworth, near Grantham, on Christmas day, 1642. His father, whose family had farmed a modest estate for several generations, died three months before Newton was born. At the age of twelve he was sent to the King’s School at Grantham, which still exists and where his signature can be seen, carved on the library wall. There, under the influence of the perceptive schoolmaster, Henry Stokes, his intellectual interests were gradually awakened. He was fascinated with the forces of moving air and water, and more abstractly with the concept of time. He built kites, a sundial, a water-clock, and a model windmill driven by a mouse urged on by corn placed in front of it. When he was seventeen his mother called him home, intending that he should manage the family farm. Fortunately, however, his uncle and the schoolmaster had recognised his talents, and persuaded her to allow him to go to university. In June 1661 he entered Trinity, his uncle’s alma mater, equipping himself with a lock for his desk, a quart bottle with ink to fill it, a notebook, a pound of candles, and a chamber-pot. He entered as a sub-sizar, a student who paid his way by waiting and performing menial duties for fellows and fellow commoners (wealthy students who dined on high table). He was awarded a scholarship in 1664, given a livery allowance of 13s 4d (67p) per annum, a stipend of the same amount, and commons, i.e. -
John Keble's Parishes a History of Hursley and Otterbourne
John Keble's Parishes: A History Of Hursley And Otterbourne By Charlotte M. Yonge John Keble's Parishes: A History Of Hursley And Otterbourne CHAPTER I - MERDON AND OTTERBOURNE The South Downs of England descend at about eight miles from the sea into beds of clay, diversified by gravel and sand, and with an upper deposit of peaty, boggy soil, all having been brought down by the rivers of which the Itchen and the Test remain. On the western side of the Itchen, exactly at the border where the chalk gives way to the other deposits, lies the ground of which this memoir attempts to speak. It is uneven ground, varied by undulations, with gravelly hills, rising above valleys filled with clay, and both alike favourable to the growth of woods. Fossils of belemnite, cockles (cardium), and lamp-shells (terebratula) have been found in the chalk, and numerous echini, with the pentagon star on their base, are picked up in the gravels and called by the country people Shepherds’ Crowns - or even fossil toads. Large boulder stones are also scattered about the country, exercising the minds of some observers, who saw in certain of them Druidical altars, with channels for the flow of the blood, while others discerned in these same grooves the scraping of the ice that brought them down in the Glacial age. But we must pass the time when the zoophytes were at work on our chalk, when the lamp-shells rode at anchor on shallow waves, when the cockles sat “at their doors in a rainbow frill,” and the belemnites spread their cuttlefish arms to the sea, and darkened the water for their enemies with their store of ink. -
(2018), No. 10 1 Seeing the Light: Being The
Seeing the Light: Being the story of Sir Isaac Newton’s prisms and papers and the means by which they came to New College ‘In the sun’s light let into my darkened chamber through a small round hole … in my window-shutter … I placed a lens … then immediately behind the lens I placed a prism … by which the projected light might be refracted either upwards or sidewise …’ Opticks (1704), Prop. IV, Prob. I, Exper. II Prologue It is one of the most famous images held in the antiquarian collections of New College Library, known around the world and reproduced in countless books and articles—the diagram hand-drawn by Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) illustrating his experiments into optics and the refraction of white light into the colours of the spectrum when channelled through a prism. It is such a well-known picture that seeing the original sketch (for that, essentially, is what it is), as opposed to a reproduction, can have a profound effect on people—this author, for example, has witnessed at least one school science teacher reduced to tears in its presence! The drawing is contained within the second of four bound volumes of Newton’s papers (New College MS 361/1- 361/4). Amongst these papers are to be found drafts of his writings on theology and historical/biblical chronology, including A short chronicle from the first memory of things in Europe to the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great (datable to 1701-2 and later), along with drafts and notes for The original of monarchies (1701-2 and later). -
Faith-Based Unit on Isaac Newton
Marbles For Good Downloads are a work in progress. Please send your ideas and feedback to author Rich Maxwell. [email protected] Faith-based Unit on Isaac Newton Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done. – Isaac Newton It is widely held that Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientists who ever lived. Unfortunately, less is written about his devotion to God. From a very early age, he learned to read from the Bible and in his lifetime, spent more time on theology than on science. Newton’s driving force; behind all of his discoveries and inventions, was to know God and God’s Creation. Sarah Dry in The Newton Papers writes, “Newton wrote roughly 10 million words. He in fact wrote over 10,000 letters. Only 3 million words are related to science and math. Over half of the writing, 5 million of the 10 million words, are about God.” Christianity Today add, “Newton wrote more than 1.3 million words on biblical subjects. Isaac Newton Pursued God “’You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind.’ This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like it: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets.” (Matthew 22:37-39) Introduction: More than 300 years ago, very early on a Christmas morning, a baby boy was born on a farm in England. -
Maty's Biography of Abraham De Moivre, Translated
Statistical Science 2007, Vol. 22, No. 1, 109–136 DOI: 10.1214/088342306000000268 c Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2007 Maty’s Biography of Abraham De Moivre, Translated, Annotated and Augmented David R. Bellhouse and Christian Genest Abstract. November 27, 2004, marked the 250th anniversary of the death of Abraham De Moivre, best known in statistical circles for his famous large-sample approximation to the binomial distribution, whose generalization is now referred to as the Central Limit Theorem. De Moivre was one of the great pioneers of classical probability the- ory. He also made seminal contributions in analytic geometry, complex analysis and the theory of annuities. The first biography of De Moivre, on which almost all subsequent ones have since relied, was written in French by Matthew Maty. It was published in 1755 in the Journal britannique. The authors provide here, for the first time, a complete translation into English of Maty’s biography of De Moivre. New mate- rial, much of it taken from modern sources, is given in footnotes, along with numerous annotations designed to provide additional clarity to Maty’s biography for contemporary readers. INTRODUCTION ´emigr´es that both of them are known to have fre- Matthew Maty (1718–1776) was born of Huguenot quented. In the weeks prior to De Moivre’s death, parentage in the city of Utrecht, in Holland. He stud- Maty began to interview him in order to write his ied medicine and philosophy at the University of biography. De Moivre died shortly after giving his Leiden before immigrating to England in 1740. Af- reminiscences up to the late 1680s and Maty com- ter a decade in London, he edited for six years the pleted the task using only his own knowledge of the Journal britannique, a French-language publication man and De Moivre’s published work. -
Family of Newton
@rnralogtcal ~tmoranba RELATING TO THE FAMILY OF NEWTON. ~tibattl~ ~tintelJ. LONDON: TAYLOR AND CO,, PRINTERS, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, W,C, 1871; PEDIGREE OF NEWTON. Oopied from an ent'l'!f made by Sir Isaac Newton, 2 D 14 in tke College of .Arms, witk additions b9 tke Rev. Jol,,n Mi'J'ekouse, Rector qf Oolsterwortk. John Newton, of Westby in the County of Lincoln in Basingthorp Parish, first mentioned in the Visit. of Lincoln in the year 1634. =;= . I I I I . Thomas Newton of John Newton of Richard Newton William Newton~ of ,Anne daugh- ... 2nd son of John West by aforesaid 3rd son of John Gunnerby in the ter of .•. Newton aforesaid. by deed dated 19th Newton, what County of Lincoln Kellum in What became of him, December 1562 became of him, 4th son of John the county of or his descendants, buried in Westby or his descen- baptized at Westby Lincoln is not yet kuown. Church 22nd Dec. dants, is not yet 30th August 1541. [ ... Kelham [Probably buried at 1563. as appears by known. as appears by the of Ropsley J. Colsterworth as a the register of that Reg. and was Grand Thomas Newton was · church, son and father of John buried there Feb. 20. heir of John afore Newton, mentioned 1572.] said, and who pur• in the said Visitation chased an estate at of Lincoln to have W olstrope in Colster• been 8 years old in worth parish in the the year 1634 and said county. who was afterwards r Baronet. I [Thomas Newton of Gonerby bur. -
Newton, Isaac, Sir (1642 – 1727), Natural Philosopher, Mathematician and Astronomer, Was Born at Woolsthorpe Manor, Near Colsterworth [Ketteringham, 1995]
Newton, Isaac, Sir (1642 – 1727), natural philosopher, mathematician and astronomer, was born at Woolsthorpe Manor, near Colsterworth [Ketteringham, 1995]. He attended School in Grantham and continued his studies at Cambridge University. Shortly after Newton graduated in 1665, Cambridge University was closed as a precaution against the Great Plague and Newton returned to Woolsthorpe, where during the next 18 months, he developed the method of “fluxions”, the basis of the calculus. He also continued his studies on light and optics, including the famous experiment in which he passed a beam of sunlight through a prism to split white light into its constituent colours. Perhaps most famous of all, he observed the apple fall, which led him to develop the concept of gravitation [English, 1977; See also Cambridge University Library; Fara; Maury; Newton Project; O’Connor and Robertson; Parsons; ODNB] Sites associated with Newton: There are several sites in Lincolnshire with connections with Newton, especially in the vicinity of Colsterworth and Grantham. Woolsthorpe Manor: In addition to the Manor House, there is also a Science Discovery Centre and exhibition [National Trust; Tanford and Reynolds]. Address: Woolsthorpe Manor, 23 Newton Way, Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, nr Grantham, Lincs NG33 5NR Tel 01476 860338 E [email protected] Website: http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/scripts/nthandbook.dll?ACTION=PROPERTY&PROPERTYID=82 Colsterworth Parish Church: Inside the church, mounted on the wall in a small gangway at the rear of the organ, is a sundial made by Isaac Newton as a boy. The sundial was formerly on the south front of Woolsthorpe Manor, but was moved to the church in 1877 [Antram]. -
Accounts of Debates in the House of Commons, March–April 1731, Supplementary to the Diary of the First Earl of Egmont
Accounts of Debates in the House of Commons, March–April 1731, Supplementary to the Diary of the First Earl of Egmont D. W. Hayton Introduction John Perceval (1683–1748), fourth baronet, of Burton Hall, near Kanturk in County Cork, created first Baron Perceval (in 1715), first Viscount Perceval (1723) and first Earl of Egmont (1733) in the Irish peerage, sat in the British House of Commons for the government borough of Harwich in the parliament of 1727–34, and left to posterity a diary containing accounts of debates in the Commons which constitute the best source for parliamentary proceedings during the period of Sir Robert Walpole’s prime ministership.1 This was published by the Historical Manuscripts Commission in three volumes between 1905 and 1909, as appendices to its sixteenth report.2 Elsewhere in Perceval’s large personal archive in the British Library other examples survive of the diarist’s craft and some of these have been published: in 1962 Robert McPherson edited the ‘journal’ compiled by Perceval from notes, minutes and papers while he was a trustee of the Georgia Society in the 1730s;3 in 1969 Aubrey Newman printed fragments from 1749–51 and 1760, illustrating the politics of the ‘Leicester House’ faction, with which Perceval was involved;4 in 1982 the present author published excerpts relating to Irish parliamentary proceedings in 1711 and 1713 from a ‘journal of public affairs’ kept by Perceval between 1711 and 1718;5 and in 1989 Mark Wenger edited Perceval’s diary of his travels in 1701 as a young man through the eastern and northern counties of England.6 Occasional references in the Historical Manuscripts Commission volumes indicate that Perceval had compiled other accounts of events – specifically of parliamentary debates – and forwarded them in correspondence. -
RHS the Garden 2012 Index Volume 137, Parts 1-12
Index 2012: Volume 137, Parts 112 Index 2012 The The The The The The GardenJanuary 2012 | www.rhs.org.uk | £4.25 GardenFebruary 2012 | www.rhs.org.uk | £4.25 GardenMarch 2012 | www.rhs.org.uk | £4.25 GardenApril 2012 | www.rhs.org.uk | £4.25 GardenMay 2012 | www.rhs.org.uk | £4.25 GardenJune 2012 | www.rhs.org.uk | £4.25 RHS TRIAL: LIVING Succeed with SIMPLE WINTER GARDENS GROWING BUSY LIZZIE RHS GUIDANCE Helleborus niger PLANTING IDEAS WHICH LOBELIA Why your DOWNY FOR GARDENING taken from the GARDEN GROW THE BEST TO CHOOSE On home garden is vital MILDEW WITHOUT A Winter Walk at ORCHIDS SHALLOTS for wildlife How to spot it Anglesey Abbey and what to HOSEPIPE Vegetables to Radishes to grow instead get growing ground pep up this Growing chard this month rough the seasons summer's and leaf beet at Tom Stuart-Smith's salads private garden 19522012: GROW YOUR OWN CELEBRATING Small vegetables OUR ROYAL for limited spaces PATRON SOLOMON’S SEALS: SHADE LOVERS TO Iris for Welcome Dahlias in containers CHERISH wınter to the headline for fi ne summer displays Enjoy a SUCCEED WITH The HIPPEASTRUM Heavenly summer colour How to succeed ALL IN THE MIX snowdrop with auriculas 25 best Witch hazels for seasonal scent Ensuring a successful magnolias of roses peat-free start for your PLANTS ON CANVAS: REDUCING PEAT USE IN GARDENING seeds and cuttings season CELEBRATING BOTANICAL ART STRAWBERRY GROWING DIVIDING PERENNIALS bearded iris PLUS YORKSHIRE NURSERY VISIT WITH ROY LANCASTER May12 Cover.indd 1 05/04/2012 11:31 Jan12 Cover.indd 1 01/12/2011 10:03 Feb12 Cover.indd 1 05/01/2012 15:43 Mar12 Cover.indd 1 08/02/2012 16:17 Apr12 Cover.indd 1 08/03/2012 16:08 Jun12 OFC.indd 1 14/05/2012 15:46 1 January 2012 2 February 2012 3 March 2012 4 April 2012 5 May 2012 6 June 2012 Numbers in bold before ‘Moonshine’ 9: 55 gardens, by David inaequalis) 10: 25, 25 gracile ‘Chelsea Girl’ 7: the page number(s) sibirica subsp. -
Nominalism and Constructivism in Seventeenth-Century Mathematical Philosophy
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Historia Mathematica 32 (2005) 33–59 www.elsevier.com/locate/hm Nominalism and constructivism in seventeenth-century mathematical philosophy David Sepkoski Department of History, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA Available online 27 November 2003 Abstract This paper argues that the philosophical tradition of nominalism, as evident in the works of Pierre Gassendi, Thomas Hobbes, Isaac Barrow, and Isaac Newton, played an important role in the history of mathematics during the 17th century. I will argue that nominalist philosophy of mathematics offers new clarification of the development of a “constructivist” tradition in mathematical philosophy. This nominalist and constructivist tradition offered a way for contemporary mathematicians to discuss mathematical objects and magnitudes that did not assume these entities were real in a Platonic sense, and helped lay the groundwork for formalist and instrumentalist approaches in modern mathematics. 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Résumé Cet article soutient que la tradition philosophique du nominalisme, évidente dans les travaux de Pierre Gassendi, Thomas Hobbes, Isaac Barrow et Isaac Newton, a joué un rôle important dans l’histoire des mathématiques pendant le dix-septième siècle. L’argument princicipal est que la philosophie nominaliste des mathématiques est à la base du développement d’une tradition « constructiviste » en philosophie mathématique. Cette tradition nominaliste et constructiviste a permis aux mathématiciens contemporains de pouvoir discuter d’objets et quantités mathématiques sans présupposer leur réalité au sens Platonique du terme, et a contribué au developpement desétudes formalistes et instrumentalistes des mathématiques modernes. -
Calculation and Controversy
calculation and controversy The young Newton owed his greatest intellectual debt to the French mathematician and natural philosopher, René Descartes. He was influ- enced by both English and Continental commentators on Descartes’ work. Problems derived from the writings of the Oxford mathematician, John Wallis, also featured strongly in Newton’s development as a mathe- matician capable of handling infinite series and the complexities of calcula- tions involving curved lines. The ‘Waste Book’ that Newton used for much of his mathematical working in the 1660s demonstrates how quickly his talents surpassed those of most of his contemporaries. Nevertheless, the evolution of Newton’s thought was only possible through consideration of what his immediate predecessors had already achieved. Once Newton had become a public figure, however, he became increasingly concerned to ensure proper recognition for his own ideas. In the quarrels that resulted with mathematicians like Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) or Johann Bernoulli (1667–1748), Newton supervised his disciples in the reconstruction of the historical record of his discoveries. One of those followers was William Jones, tutor to the future Earl of Macclesfield, who acquired or copied many letters and papers relating to Newton’s early career. These formed the heart of the Macclesfield Collection, which has recently been purchased by Cambridge University Library. 31 rené descartes, Geometria ed. and trans. frans van schooten 2 parts (Amsterdam, 1659–61) 4o: -2 4, a-3t4, g-3g4; π2, -2 4, a-f4 Trinity* * College, Cambridge,* shelfmark* nq 16/203 Newton acquired this book ‘a little before Christmas’ 1664, having read an earlier edition of Descartes’ Geometry by van Schooten earlier in the year. -
Isaac Barrow
^be ©pen Court A MONTHLY MAGAZINE S>et»otc^ to tbe Science of l^eUdion, tbe l^elfdfon ot Science, anb tbc BXiCnsion ot tbe Itelidioud parliament Ibea Founded by Edwabo C. Hegeuol VOL. XXX. (No. 2) FEBRUARY, 1916 NO. 717 CONTENTS: MM Frontispiece. Isaac Barrow. Isaac Barrow: The Drawer of Tangents. J. M. Child 65 ''Ati Orgy of Cant.'' Paul Carus 70 A Chippewa Tomahawk. An Indian Heirloom with a History (Illus- trated). W. Thornton Parker 80 War Topics. —In Reply to My Critics. Paul Carus 87 Portraits of Isaac Barrow 126 American Bahaism and Persia 126 A Correction 126 A Crucifix After Battle (With Illustration) ^ 128 ^be i^pen Court publiebing CompaniS i CHICAGO Per copy, 10 cents (sixpence). Yearly, $1.00 (in the U.P.U., 5i. 6d). Entered w Secoad-QaM Matter March j6, 1897, at the Post Office at Chicago. III., under Act of Marck 3, \\j% Copyright by The Open Court Publishing Company, 1916 tTbe ©pen Court A MONTHLY MAGAZINE S>et»otc^ to tbe Science ot l^eUdion, tbe l^elfdfon ot Science* anb tbe BXiCndion ot tbe 1{eliaiou0 parliament Ibea Founded by Edwabo C Hegeueb. VOL. XXX. (No. 2) FEBRUARY, 1916 NO. 717 CONTENTS: Frontispiece. Isaac Barrow. Isaa£ Barrow: The Drawer of Tangents. J. M. Child 65 ''A7i Orgy of Cant.'" Paul Carus 70 A Chippewa Totnahawk. An Indian Heirloom with a History (Illus- trated). W. Thornton Parker 80 War Topics. —In Reply to My Critics. Paul Carus 87 Portraits of Isaac Barrow • 126 American Bahaism and Persia 126 A Correction 126 A Crucifix After Battle (With Illustration) 128 ^be ®pen Court publisbino CompaniS I CHICAGO Per copy, 10 cents (sixpence).