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Study Guide Pp Table of Contents Acknowledgements p. i Introduction to the study guide pp. ii-v Introduction-Kristallnacht pp. 1-8 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions pp. 8-9 Learning Activities pp. 9-10 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Kristallnacht pp. 11-18 Enrichment Activities Focusing on the Response of the Outside World pp. 18-24 and the Shanghai Ghetto Horst Abraham’s Timeline pp. 24-32 Maps-German and Austrian Refugees in Shanghai p. 32 Introduction-The Kindertransport pp. 33-39 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 39 Learning Activities pp. 39-40 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Sir Nicholas Winton, Other Holocaust pp. 41-46 Rescuers and Rescue Efforts During the Holocaust Marietta Ryba’s Timeline pp. 46-49 Maps-Kindertransport travel routes p. 49 2 Introduction-Theresienstadt pp. 50-58 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions pp. 58-59 Learning Activities pp. 59-62 Enrichment Activities Focusing on The Holocaust in Czechoslovakia pp. 62-64 Hannah Messinger’s Timeline pp. 65-68 Maps-The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia p. 68 Introduction-Auschwitz pp. 69-77 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 77 Learning Activities pp. 78-80 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Theresienstadt pp. 80-83 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Auschwitz pp. 83-86 Edith Stern’s Timeline pp. 87-90 Maps-Auschwitz p. 90 t Introduction-Jewish Children During the Holocaust pp. 91-98 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 98 Learning Activities pp. 99-100 3 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Jews in the Kovno Ghetto and in Nazi Occupied France pp.100-106 Paula Tritsch’s Timeline pp. 106-110 Maps-Escape from German-occupied Europe; France p. 110 Introduction- American Liberators of Nazi Concentration Camps pp. 111-116 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 117 Learning Activities pp. 117-120 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Nazi Concentration Camps and pp. 121-123 their Liberators Enrichment Activities Focusing on the Postwar Employment of Nazi p. 124 Scientists Hal Strauss’ Timeline pp. 124-129 Maps-Dora-Nordhausen p. 129 Introduction pp. 130-134 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions pp. 134-135 Learning Activities pp. 135-139 Glossary pp. 140-147 Resources p. 148 Message from the Film’s Director-Ethan Bensinger pp. 149-151 Information on the Study Guide’s Author - Dr. Elliot Lefkovitz p. 152 4 “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing”---Edmund Burke A number of historians regard the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938 as the beginning of the Holocaust. - 30,000 Jews were rounded up and sent to concentration camps; - 7,500 Jewish stores were smashed and looted; - 267 synagogues burned to the ground and many others were attacked and damaged; - 100 Jews killed, and countless others beaten; There were some Jewish suicides; - Many Jewish institutions were vandalized. These Nazi-sponsored attacks, on Kristallnacht, the Night of the Broken Glass, took place throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland in full view of neighbors of Jewish victims, most of whom stood by. Though there were instances of courageous support, Kristallnacht ended the possibility for any continuing viable Jewish existence in the Third Reich. The German pretext for the attacks of Kristallnacht was the spontaneous reaction to the shooting of a German diplomat in Paris on November 7, 1938 by 17-year-old Herschel Grynspan. But Kristallnacht was a planned and coordinated action. Its purpose was to terrify Jews still remaining in the expanding Nazi empire into leaving. The problem was that for many there was nowhere to go. On October 28, 1938, the Nazis forcibly deported 17,000 Jewish men, women and children with Polish citizenship from Germany. Among them were the parents of Herschel Grynszpan, who had been living in Germany since 1911. The Jews were thrown out of the country with no warning and with great brutality, and the largest number were left stranded near the Polish/German border town of Zbasyn without adequate food, water and shelter. They were unable to enter Poland, because the Polish government had previously banned Polish Jews living abroad from returning. When Herschel, who was living with his aunt and uncle in Paris, heard what had happened to his parents, he went to the Germany Embassy in Paris and shot diplomat Ernst vom Rath. In his pocket was found a postcard to his parents. It read: "With God's help. My dear parents, I could not do otherwise, may God forgive me, the heart bleeds when I hear of your tragedy... I must protest so that the whole world hears my protest, and that I will do. Forgive me.” 1 Vom Rath died two days later, on the afternoon of November 9. That evening Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s propaganda minister and a fanatic Nazi, obtained permission from Hitler to launch a pogrom against the Jewish communities in Germany, Austria and the German- occupied Sudetenland, formerly a part of Czechoslovakia. Publicly, the Nazi propaganda machine claimed it was a spontaneous uprising by German people in revenge for the murder of vom Rath. That night, rioting Nazi Storm Troopers, SS men, party members and others set fire to synagogues. Fire companies stood by, allowing the synagogues to burn. They stepped in only when the flames threatened to spread to “Aryan” property. Several hundred synagogues were destroyed or heavily damaged along with Torah scrolls, prayer books and Bibles. The attackers looted and destroyed some 7,500 Jewish businesses. Many Jewish homes, schools, orphanages, hospitals and cemeteries were vandalized, and 30,000 Jewish men were thrown into concentration camps. There they were starved and beaten. Following Kristallnacht, Jews were completely driven out of the German economy. They were compelled to sell their businesses and their valuables at a fraction of their worth. Jewish children remaining in German schools were expelled. Jews were forbidden entry to all public places. Jewish organizations were abolished or thoroughly stripped of their autonomy. The Nazis speeded up coercive measures to promote emigration. The Jewish community was fined one billion Reichsmarks as “reparations” for the murder of vom Rath, and the government confiscated the proceeds from all insurance claims paid to Jews from the damage to their homes and businesses. Hermann Goering, Hitler’s second in command at the time, declared, “I would not like to be a Jew in Germany.” Jews imprisoned in concentration camps were released if they could demonstrate that they had a valid visa to another country. Quickly, the search for refuge became desperate, but doors everywhere were closed to the Jews of Central Europe. As many as 1,000 of them died in concentration camps due to maltreatment, malnutrition, lack of adequate sanitation, disease, the bitter cold, and despair. German public opinion did not, generally speaking, approve of the excesses of Kristallnacht, which brought people face-to-face with violence and brutality. From this, the Nazi government learned to plan attacks on Jews and other “enemies of the Reich” with more care and carry them out in greater secrecy. There were very few in Germany, however, who openly condemned what had occurred. The German churches were largely silent. The reaction of Western powers was one of shock and dismay, but little or no retaliatory action. There was widespread condemnation of the pogrom in the American press, and President Roosevelt recalled the American ambassador to Germany and ordered that current refugee quotas be filled. But existing policies and attitudes did not undergo any fundamental change. In the wake of Kristallnacht, Nazi Jewish policy fell more and more under control of the SS, which was to become the key instrument in the Nazi destruction of European Jewry. With 2 Kristallnacht, the Nazis crossed the line from segregation, humiliation and fitful expropriation of Jews to outright physical assault and total expropriation. The explosion of Nazi sadism in Kristallnacht vividly revealed the Nazis’ bottomless hatred for the Jews and lust for violence. It became an ominous harbinger of the coming genocide. The morning of November 10, 1938, Horst Abraham, then 20, stepped out onto the balcony of his family’s apartment in Berlin to check the weather. “I smelled smoke so I went to my parents’ bedroom. I said, ‘Papa, turn on the radio, I smell smoke outside.’ ” Horst heard that the synagogues of Berlin were burning. “At that moment, I decided that we cannot stay in Germany,” he said. Horst Fritz Abraham was born on December 27, 1917 in Berlin. His family lived in a working class neighborhood in the eastern part of the German capital. His father worked fulltime for the Jewish community of Berlin and part-time as a shoemaker. His mother managed the shoe repair shop. Soon after the Nazis came to power on January 30, 1933, Mr. Abraham got his first experience of anti-Semitism. On April 1, the Nazis announced a one-day boycott of all Jewish stores. “Shop windows of Jewish-owned shops were painted with Star of David signs,” Mr. Abraham remembered. His family’s shop was among them. “Uniformed Nazi Storm Trooper guards stood in front of the entrance to keep people from entering our shop,” he said. Brown shirted SA Storm Troops marched down the Berlin streets. They sang: “When Jewish blood flows from the knife, it tastes twice as good.” With the family business in decline, and the Nazi creation of quotas for Jewish students in German schools, both Mr. Abraham and his younger sister, Vera, had to leave school and find jobs. He was 16 at the time and she was 14. As anti-Semitic restrictions mounted and the Nazi drive to expel Jews from Germany accelerated, Horst and his sister, like many young German Jews, explored ways to leave Germany.
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