Thermal Analysis
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
NBS AlllOD TfiSTMl PUBLICATIONS R I.C NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH A1 11 00985941 analysls--human comtort--lndoor J /Thermal NBS-PUB-C 1977 S QC100 .U57 V491;1977 C.I V) NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 491 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards Thermal Analysis- MM Human Comfort- Indoor Environments NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' established was by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the OflSce of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essen- tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research — Lab- oratory Astrophysics^ — Cryogenics' — Electromagnetics'' — Time and Frequency*. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measure- ment, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational insti- tutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, the Office of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor Radiation — Physical Chemistry. THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services developing and promoting the use of avail- able technology; cooperates with public and private organizations in developing technological standards, codes, and test meth- ods; and provides technical advice services, and information to Government agencies and the public. The Institute consists of the following divisions and centers: Standards Application and Analysis — Electronic Technology — Center for Consumer Product Technology: Product Systems Analysis; Product Engineering — Center for Building Technology: Structures, Materials, and Safety; Building Environment; Technical Evaluation and Application — Center for Fire Research: Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering. THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effectiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus wthin the exec- utive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consist of the following divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology. THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY INCENTIVES PROGRAM seeks to affect public policy and process to facilitate technological change in the private sector by examining and experimenting with Government policies and prac- tices in order to identify and remove Government-related barriers and to correct inherent market imperfections that impede the innovation process. THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibihty of scientific informa- tion generated within NBS; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of in- formation analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical Publications — Library — Office of International Standards — Office of International Relations. ' Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C 20234. ' Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302. Standard! aonal Bureau ot OCT 2 6 1977 Thermal Analysis— Human Comfort— Indoor Environments ^ Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, Maryland February 11, 1977 Edited by: B.W. Mangum Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 J.E. Hill Institute for Applied Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 Sponsored by: The National Bureau of Standards Department of Commerce Washington, D.C. 20234 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology 1/ NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director Issued September 1977 . Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Thermal analysis-human comfort—indoor environments. (NBS special publication ; 491) (Supt. of Docs. No.: €13.10:491 1. Environmental engineering (Buildings)—Congresses. 2. Build- ings—Energy conservation—Congresses. 3. Human engineering- Congresses. I. Mangum, Billy Wilson, 1931- II. Hill, James Edward, 1942- III. United States. National Bureau of Standards. IV. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 491. QC100.U57 no. 491 |TH6014] 602Ms [697] 77-12602 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 491 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 491, 197 pages (Sept. 1977) CODEN: XNBSAV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1977 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. CIS. 10:491). Stock No. 003-003-01849-0 Price $3.25 (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing) PREFACE A symposium on "Thermal Analysis - Human Comfort - Indoor Environments" was held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., February 11, 1977, The symposium was sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards and co-chaired by Dr. B. W. Mangum, Institute for Basic Standards and Dr. J. E. Hill, Institute for Applied Technology. The symposium was prompted by the increasing emphasis on energy conservation practices in existing buildings as well as new building designs that emphasize energy conservation. Some of the practices have no effect on the thermal comfort of occupants. Others, such as limiting the use of both cooling and installed capacity of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment, lower thermostat settings in winter, higher thermostat settings in summer, and eliminating climate control in halls, entryways, and storerooms may have an adverse effect on occupants, however. The purpose of the symposium was to bring together leading scientists, engineers, architects, physiologists, and government officials who were interested in how new energy conservation strategies in buildings will affect human comfort. The symposium was success- ful in identifying and reviewing the vast amount of research work done in this field over the past fifty years. In addition, material on new and current research was presented as well as some specific suggestions for work that should be undertaken in the near future. It is hoped that the proceedings will stimulate a desire on the part of government organi- zations conducting major research programs to recognize the need for additional research in this field. The proceedings of the conference reflect, in chronological sequence, the main presen- tations by the speakers. Every effort has been made to minimize the editing and to reflect each author's original material as submitted prior to the symposium. iii Conversion Table to SI Units This publication uses customary English units for the convenience of engineers and others who use them habitually. The table below is for the reader interested in conversion to SI units. For additional information see: (1) NBS LC1078, Dec, 1976, "The Metric System of Measurement". (2) Z210. 1-1976, "ASTM/IEEE Standard Metric Practice". Quantity To convert from To Multiply by Length inch m (meter) 2.540x10"^ foot m 3.048X10""'- mile m 1.609x10^ 2 Area in2 m 6.452x10"^ 2 ft2 m 9.290x10"^ 3 Volume in^ m 1.639x10"^ 3 ft^ m 2.832x10"^ 3 gallon m 3.785x10"^ Temperature °F °C to^ = (top-32)/1.8 T. Difference Ato-, K AT =Ato^/1.8 F K °F Mass pound kg 4.536x10" ounce kg 2.835x10"^ Pressure psi Pa 6.895x10^ 2 in in Hg Pa 3.386x10^ mmHg Pa 1.333x10^ Energy Btu J 1.055x10^ MBtu J 1.055x10^ kWh J 3.600x10^ f t« Ibf J 1 "^sfivin^ kilocalorie J 4.184x10^ Power Btu/h W 2.931x10"-'" hp W 7.457x10^