$2.50 NO. 64 SEPTEMBER 1983 International Edition $3.00
/Acim a g in g . Computer Knowledge
x Design your own !\ V educational software
Elementary students use Logo
Establish an effective computer curriculum in your school system
Turtle Graphics for the VIC-20 and C64
More Than in the Valley
I Look a\ a Personal Computer
See page 28 See page 60 See page 37
Atari Painting Program Wraps Up
A Product Catalog for the Atari and Apple
Text Compression and Encryption Will Remember (If you . ■* . ,r *■> . *•,*- fCS&p Imagine a system that would record all MAGIC MEMORY4 is built for th&axr^V; the wonderous, valuable information puter rookie Everyone can relate to -/ you have assimilated onto a single tiny MAGIC MEMORY* becauseitsfofrft is^ r disk. (No more scattered bits of paper, familiar. It looks like an address book ''1 business cards, etc.) Imagine the same but its not. Its more. Like the address system giving you a typed sheet you book MAGIC MEMORY" presents an could put into a notebook or print out A thru Z index tabulation on the right for a party and instantly change, or add edge of the video display The user to, at a moments notice. Imagine cross- simply selects a tab and the book is referencing to suit both your business opened to the proper page(s). A second needs and personal desires so that all set of tabs are available that can be your data was organized into one little labeled by the user (i e companies one black book! On top of all this — imagine deals with, birthdays, lists, wines, having fun putting it together. shops, etc.) Yet MAGIC MEMORY" is or any of its
MAGIC MEMORYS screen wilt instantly any type . of infasmatSolh' yoti r ■store lane i-yuuf -■ ‘ MAGUC^MEMWV* '^designed tc operate on an APPLE tfe and still re main totally compatible with APPLE II The system will operate in 40 columns or 80 columns-. You may also use the 70-column display that requires no ad ditional hardware
MAGIC MEMORY™ retails for $99 95. much more versatile than the old paper Catl 213/985-5763. Use your imagina address book. This system can instantly tion to outwit your organizational woes “Imagine” no more. ARTSCI, INC. add or delete information, sort proudly announces MAGIC MEMORY™, alphabetically, and transfer data to the complete advanced database other locations in the book. M/> i' MfcWURi ‘ s a iM /enuik 4BTSC., INC system. MAGIC MEMORY is made to simplify the information storage process. The typical first-time computer user has no human experience that will help him to relate to a computer’s methods of handling information. Therefore, his learning ability is hampered and re mains so for many hours of use, UNLESS the computer has been designed to run simply.
One of the features in the print section 213/985-5763 of MAGIC MEMORY™ is the ability to 5547 Satsuma Avenue *!,*.,. a print out any or all of the address book, North Hollywood, Ca 91601 Commodore - 64 „ Word Processors AJIR.
SCRIPT 64 EXECUTIVE WORD PROCESSOR
Rated best by COMMODORE. This is the finest word processor available. Features include line and paragraph insertion/deletion, indenta tion, right and left justification, titles, page numbering, characters per inch, etc. All features are easy to use and understand. With tabs, etc. SCRIPT-64 even includes a dictionary/spelling checker to make sure your spelling Is correct. The dictionary is user customizable to any technical words you may use. Furthermore, all paragraphs can be printed in any order so doctors, lawyers, real estate agents, and homeowners will find contract writing and everyday letters a snap. To top things off, there is a 100 page manual and help screens to make learning how to use SCRIPT-64 a snap. This word processor is so complete we can't think of anything it doesn't have. When com bined with the complete database you have a powerful mailmerge and label program that lets you customize any mailing list with per sonalized letters. List $99.95. Sale $79.00. (plus postage) Disk Only. COMPLETE DATA BASE
This is a user friendly database that makes any information easy to store and retrieve. The user defines the fields and then can add change, delete and search for any category he wants. When combined with the SCRIPT-64 Executive Word Processor you can search out any category (zip codes, hair color, etc.) and print super personalized letters. List $89.00. Sale $69.00. (plus postage) Disk Only.
TOTAL WORD PROCESSOR PLUS 5 2
This top quality word processor was specially designed for PROTECTO ENTERPRIZES. Features include line and paragraph insert and delete, right and left justification, multiple copies, and line spacing. Extra functions include mailmerge, embedded footnotes, extra user defined character sets, plus a complete label program. List $69.90. Sale $56.00. (plus postage) Disk add $7.00.
QUICK BROWN FOX WORD PROCESSOR
(Cartridge). Nationally advertised all purpose word processor that uses menu control to let you manipulate your text. Includes the features most often asked for including right and left justification, wordwrap, and more. List $69.00. Sale $59.00. (plus postage).
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No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 1 Editor Translator /MCftO A New Reader/ Highlights Punch Combo
E ducation is the basis of all that is learned. It is the vehicle by which we gain the skills and knowledge that we use to exist. The quality of that education determines, to a great ex tent, the quality of our lives. Today we face sweeping changes in the methods of instruction. The reason for these changes? The microcomputer. The RS232C/TTY 256 Character buffer September issue of MICRO takes a look at what is happening in the field of Code Conversation options ABOUT Punches 110 CPS computer education. Dave Malmberg’s “Turtle Graphics THE Readers 150 CPS COVER Parallel Input for for the VIC-20 and C64” (pg. 28) was originally designed to teach his own Keyboard Entry The colorful graphic on youngsters the basics of computer pro MICRO’S cover is an gramming. The task becomes fun and interpretive representation easy using the "turtle,” which can be of this month’s feature — ADDMASTER moved like a paint brush, leaving CORPORATION Education — as * behind colorful pictures on the screen. 416 Junipero Serra Drive conceived by artist "Making More than Money in the San Gabriel, California 91776 Curt Witt. (213) 285-1121 Silicon Valley" (pg. 32) is a report on a business that is not "just another soft ware company." Marjorie Morse compilation of educational software discusses her interview with Nathan manufacturers. Schulhof, president and founder of To round out your learning ex CP/M9 Silicon Valley Systems. perience this month, MICRO includes FOR YOUR COMMODORE® C-64 Many school systems are using "A Personal Look at a Personal Com LOGO programs in the elementary puter” by Richard Vile (pg. 66), "Using grades. Phil Daley provides a brief Signed Arithmetic on the 6502" by synopsis of the Hillsboro-Deering, NH, Randall Hyde [pg. 72), "Machine- school program and presents some Language Input Routines for Com samples. See "Logo in the Schools" modore Computers" by Thomas Henry (pg. 34). (pg. 88), and "Text Compression and “The Silicon Blackboard” by Encryption" by Walter Luke (pg. 92). Emmalyn H. Bentley (pg. 39) is a com Also included are "Using VIC and prehensive discussion of the use of C64 ROM Routines from Basic" by computers in education. Examples of Terry Peterson (pg. 96), "Swap RAM • Run All CPM® Formated Software how different kinds of schools are in or EPROM for Your ROM” by Ralph • Supports 5'/,’ or 8" Disk Drives stituting computer cirriculums in their Tenny (pg. 100), "Displaying PET’s • Z-80, Disk and DMA Controller on systems are presented. Keyboard Matrix” by Werner Kolbe Interface Card Marian Lorenze and Allan Moose (pg. 104), and "Signed Binary • Plugs into the Commodore 64® Expansion describe the scope of applications for Multiplication with the MC 6809” by Port educational software and the various T. f. Wagner and G. ]. Liponski • Uses Soft Sectored IBM 5%" and 8" Format Disk Drives factors involved in designing such [Pg- H I). programs. A typical program is pre Interface Card Don't miss our on-going columns: with 8" Disk D rive ...... sented in "Writing Instructional Soft PET Vet (now known as Commodore Interface Card /1Q Q 00 ware” (pg. 44). Compass), From Here to Atari, CoCo with 5'// Disk D riv e ...... *tv7\3 And finally, Dan Weston has a pro Bits, and Interface Clinic,- and part 3 of Interface Card without Disk Drive...... O ^K 7 gram that places text on the hi-res Paul Swanson's "Mode 10 Atari Paint
® Commodore 64 is a registered trademark of screen without using turtle graphics. ing Program” (pg. 58). Paul rounds out Commodore Business Machines, Inc. See "Hi-Res Characters for Logo" his program by adding convenient line, ®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. (pg. 50). circle, and rectangle commands. ___ L ___ To Order MICRO completes the education To ensure that your on-going educa O N C O N Phone (913) 827-0629 feature with an "Educational Resource tion is a rewarding experience, read 825 N. 5th Street ENGINEERING, INC. Saiina, Kansas 67401 List" (pg. 54). Here you will find a MICRO! JMCftO
2 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 PrintMate 150 THE MOST ADVANCED PRINTER IN ITS CLASS.
Easy-to-use. Fast. Excellent print operating mode from the front %" high. Got a graph on the quality. of the printer. screen? Need a custom font or logo? Do it with an AP-PAK. These are the features every pc EXPANDABLE PRINT BUFFER and microsystem user wants. Increase performance with buffers OUR BOTTOM LINE These are the same features we that take you from 2 K to 68 K to Superior performance starts at build into every PrintMate 150. provide high-speed interleaved $995 on a PrintMate 150. We And there’s one more thing... printing with computing. wouldn’t print that if we didn’t value. No other printer offers more mean it. Call or write us today. versatility for the price. At $995, EASY WITH PAPER l-800'821-8848 the wide-carriage PrintMate 150 Three paper paths—front, back is an exceptional value. or bottom—make the PrintMate 150 one very easy-to-use HIGH SYSTEM THRUPUT machine. Print at 150 cps. Advanced logic- OEM’s: Ask us about custom seeking impact printing. Accelerat DOWNLINE LOADABLE FONTS AP-PAKs and low-cost private ed print head slew rate. High Custom character sets may be labeling. speed paper advance. downloaded to a PrintMate 150 with a 4K or larger buffer. PRINT CAPABILITIES 10, 12, 15 or 17 characters per PRINT WITH STYLE inch. High-density, high-speed No other printer offers more - A i n p i correspondence printing, plus graphics support for the price. 4 double-wide for emphasis. It’s true. Our exclusive AP-PAK™, available for most popular com Micro Peripherals, Inc. SoftSwitch™ KEYPAD puters, lets you print in dozens of 4426 South Century Drive Establish, change or display the stylized fonts, in characters up to Salt Lake City, UT 84107 /M C ftO Advancing Computer Knowledge
MICRO P.O. Box 6502, Amherst, NH 03031 (603) 889-4330
Managing Editor Marjorie Morse Technical Editors Phil Oaley Loren Wright Tom Marshall Assistant Editor Emmalyn H. Bentley Office MgrJEditorial Assistant Maureen Dube Programming John Hedderman Contributing Editors Cornells Bongers Dave Malmberg John Steiner Jim Strasma Paul Swanson Richard C. Vile, Jr. Art Director/Production Helen Bergeron Typesetter Lynda Fedas Advertising Sales Manager—Bob Mackintosh Sheila McDonough Advertising Representative Dealer Sales Sales Manager—Kathie Maloof Linda Hensdill Circulation Cindy Schalk Accounting Donna M. Tripp Prasldent/Edttor-ln-Chief Robert M. Tripp Publisher John G. Grow Associate Publisher/ Circulation Manager Nancy Lapointe
MICRO is published monthly by: MICRO, Amherst, NH 03031. Second Class postage paid at Amherst, NH 03031 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication Number 483470 ISSN. 0271-9002 Send subscrip tions, change of address, USPS Form 3579 requests for back issues and all other fulfill ment questions to MICRO, 10 Northern Blvd., P.O. Box 6502, Amherst, NH 03031, or call (603) 889-4330, Telex: 955329 TLX SRVC, 800-227-1617. Subscription rates (pel yeat): U.S. $24.00, $42.00 / 2 yr. Foreign surface mail $27.00. Air mail: Europe $42.00; Mexico, Central America, Middle East, North Africa, Central Africa. $48.00; South America, South Africa, Far East, Australasia, New Zealand $72.00. Copyright © 1983 by MICRO. All Rights Reserved.
4 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Education Feature begins page 28
92 Text Compression Articles and Encryption Columns Walter Luke, Jr. 58 Mode 10 Atari Save memory and increase Painting Program, the strength of your code 12 Commodore Part 3 96 Using VIC and C64 Compass (formerly Paul Swanson PET Vet) Add lines, rectangles, and ROM Routines from Loren Wright circles to your Mode 10 BASIC Get more from your disk drive program Terry M. Peterson Save machine-language 16 From Here to Atari programs from BASIC Paul Swanson without a monitor! Atari Logo and light pens 100 Swap RAM or EPROM 20 CoCo Bits for Your ROM John Steiner Ralph Tenny Radio Shack’s MC-10, and Replace an 8K ROM with two information on a CoCo low-cost EPROMs. Bulletin Board 66 A Personal Look at a 24 Apple Slices Personal Computer Jules Gilder j Richard C. Vile, Jr. l News on Apple’s new DOS j A personal look at buying and the Mackintosh j and using a microcomputer 112 Interface Clinic | 72 Using Signed Arithmetic on the Ralph Tenny j 6502 More on power supplies j Randall Hyde 104 Displaying PET’s A technique to overcome the Keyboard Matrix problem of missing signed Werner Kolbe comparisons Enhance your program DEPARTMENTS conversion and keyboard 82 Product Catalog for scanning routines Apple and Atari 2 September Highlights 7 Editorial Our product resource list 111 Signed Binary concludes 8 Letters/Microbes/Updates Multiplication with 118 New Publications 88 Machine-Language the MC6809 120 Hardware Catalog Input Routines for T. J. Wagner and 124 Software Catalog G. J. Liponski 132 Next Month in MICRO Commodore 133 Reviews in Brief Computers Use the MUL instruction to multiply signed binary 143 Advertiser’s Ir Thomas Henry integers 144 News Page Input both string and numeric data to your M + a?*2® = a?*27 + a6*26 + ... +
Commodore a o * 2 °
No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 5 ^ ie& vcUe 7clec**HM UKcc4ti6H& 10610 BAYVIEW (Bayview Plaza) RICHMOND HILL, ONTARIO, CANADA L4C 3N8 (416) 884-4165 A\a° 00 oo S '8? 0 - C64-LINK RTC The Smart 64 RTC
Call or write payments Serial by VISA, Cartridge Audio I/O MASTERCARD Expansion Slot Switch RF Video Port Cassette Port Users Port or BANK TRANSFER. Mail orders also by ’I certified check, etc. IEEE Disks C64-LINK (2031) (4040) Tape (8050) (8250) (9090)
IEEE Printers 1541 Drive or VL3 Cable M any more 64s And VL16 (4022)(8023) to Parallel 1525 Printer (8300) Printer etc. or 1515 Printer
(future) IEEE to Parallel IEEE to Serial or VL4 Cable Interface Cartridge Interface to Standard Mother Board Parallel True Serial M odem Devices Devices
Give These Expanded ? CP/M Capabilities To Your 64 ★ The ability to transfer data from any type of device to another (IEEE, Serial, Parallel)
★ BASIC 4.0 which allows you to run more PET BASIC programs and gives you extended disk and I/O commands. POWER A n d ★ The ability to have several 64s on line together - sharing common IEEE PAL® devices such as disks or printers with Spooling Capability.
★ Built-in machine language monitor
★ A built-in terminal or modem program which allows the system to communi Spooling cate through a modemto many bulletin board systems arid other computer Other mainframes. ■'s * ' s to Cartridges Printer ★ Compatibility with C P/M . >. ' Copyrights and Trademarks C64 fs.a copyright of Commodore Business Machines. Inc. C64-CI.NK is a copyright of Richvale Tele- ■Veommunications. CP/M is a registered trademark of • ^Digital:’ Research. POWER is a trademark of Pro- Contact your local Commodore dealer or RTC. y #fessibnar Software. PAL is a copyright of Brad ' Templeton. ______/AlCftO Editorial
Who's schools?.. .Teachers? Parents? take note and jump aboard if Students? School Administrators? enough parents showed interest. Minding Or is any one group the answer? If you are tentative about ap Computer These problems are addressed in proaching your child's school depth in Emmalyn H. Bentley's regarding a computer program, it Education? article on page 39 of this issue. would probably be best if you did Emmalyn contends that, a little research first. Read educa although the group actually tion features in magazines like developing the computer cur MICRO, and contact schools that O ur education feature this riculum should be familiar with you know already have a com month particularly empha both hardware and software puter program. Present facts and sizes the methods used to available (the teachers or school suggestions (and perhaps finan teach grade-school students how adminstration?), the parents can cial estimates] and you probably to use and understand computers. provide the major inspiring force will have greater success. Once We'd like to pose a question to to get a program started. again, Emmalyn's article on page our readers regarding computer After talking with several 39 provides more details and sug education in classrooms. But first teachers working in schools gestions for you on this topic. a little discussion. where computer programs have Today's children need to Elementary students today been established, it seems that know how to operate computers. m u st learn how to use computers. the origins of these programs Simple programming skills Of course not all students will follow a definite trend. First, a should be second nature to them work with computers as a profes teacher with some computer by high-school graduation. sion, but it is a sure bet that they knowledge decides that it would Parents can provide the inspira will need to know how to operate be a good idea to bring computers tion and motivation necessary to systems for word processing, into the classroom. Then this intiate these programs. database management, inventory teacher trys to convince the prin control, etc. The point is, if cipal and/or school board that a children do not learn how to use computer program would be computers in grade school, they worth the expense. Finally a will be at a disadvantage later in budget is allocated and equip Enter Our life. ment is ordered. Generally the Many educators do see the teacher responsible for the idea is Graphics Contest!!! handwriting on the wall and have responsible for setting up and implemented extensive computer maintaining the curriculum. On We're sponsoring an exciting curriculums in their schools. rarer occasions a budget is contest for those of you interested Other educators know they established and a teacher with in designing graphics pictures. should offer computer training programming expertise is hired You could win one of many prizes but don't know how to go about specifically for the job. — big and small! Just use your it. So they buy a few microcom But what about the schools favorite graphics program on your puters and put them in the lacking teachers or board mem favorite microcomputer (either a classroom with teachers who bers with computer knowledge? Commodore, Apple, Atari, or have little or no computer train This is the point at which parents Color Computer] and create! ing; the systems sit unused unless can begin participating. Any Turn to page 134 for all the someone knows how to load parent concerned about the details! PACMAN. And there are still education of his/her children schools with no evidence of com should be concerned with puters at all. establishing a computer program Who is responsible for making in the school. Probably many of sure effective computer cur the schools not yet hopping on Marjorie Morse riculums are established in the the computer bandwagon would Managing Editor
No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 7 /AlCftO Updates and Microbes
Reverse Instructions the stack high byte first, followed by Print Control Bug the low byte (which is the reverse of In R andall H yde’s a rtic le , the order on the 6502 stack). As shown "Parameter Passing in Assembly in the original article, for the 6809 ex- Language, Part 2" (61:94), Mr. Hyde ample, the high byte pointing to the A large number of MICRO readers gave examples for several processors of target string is incremented before the have written to me expressing interest in my Print Control routine published a string printing routine which used the low byte. This will of course produce return address on the stack to point to an incorrect address. The remedy is to in MICRO (58:29). One of these readers, the string to be printed. In the 6809 reverse the order of the instructions Richard C. Greig of Radian Tech routine, the return address is stored on as follows: nology, wrote to inform me of a bug when the routine is used to output program-listings. This bug will occur PRTLOOP LDA [3,S] 6809 VERSION only rarely, but it can be a source of BEQ ALLDONE errors. The problem is this: Both JSR PUTC CHAR OUTPUT ROUTINE PRNTCTRL and Applesoft use the in INC 4,S INCREMENT LOW BYTE ternal Applesoft subroutine STROUT BNE PRTLOOP (STRing OUT) to print lines of text. INC 3,S INCREMENT HIGH BYTE Normally, this produces no problem. ON PAGE CROSSING However, if, during a program listing, BRA PRTLOOP say, PRNTCTRL detects that the right ALLDONE INC 4,S INCREMENT LOW BYTE margin has been reached and, on TO TRUE RTN ADDRESS generating the carriage return, detects BNE RTN that an end-of-page has occurred, the INC 3,S INCREMENT HIGH BYTE printing of the title (and page number), ON PAGE CROSSING via STROUT, at the top of the next RTN PULS A,X page will displace the contents of RTS the STROUT pointers and prevent the printing of the remainder of the line Randolph D. Glickman currently being listed. San Antonio, TX 78216 See listing 1 for a patch to this routine. With the exception of a slight Listing 1 10 REM *************************** change in the locations of the title 20 REM * * pointers (to $3A7, $3A8), the 30 REM * PRINT CONTROL * "patched" routine may be used as 40 REM * PATCH * . described in the original MICRO article. 50 REM * BY * John R. Vokey * JOHN R. UOKEY * 60 REM Alberta, Canada 70 REM * & * 80 REM * H. CEM KANER * 90 REM * 1983 * 95 REM * * 97 pjl |jj* ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 0 0 ♦ 1 1 0 REM TO USE THIS PATCH, BLOAD YOUR 1 2 0 REM OLD VERSION OF PRINT CONTROL 130 REM AT $300 (768) AND THEN RUN 140 REM THIS PROGRAM* AFTER INSTALLING 150 REM THE PATCH, BSAVE PRNTCTRL,A$300,L$D0 160 2 0 0 HEX* = "03A2J98 48 A0 0 0 E:9 C9 03 FO 06 20 5C DE: C8 DO F 5 AD C4 03 EE C4 03 85 44 20 42 AE 68 A8 4C 65 03 N D823G" 2 1 0 FDR I = 1 TO LEN < HEX$): POKE 511 + I, ASC ( MID$ (HEX ,1)) + 128? NEXT i: POKE 72 , 0 CALL - 144J REM INSTALL PATCH 230 PRINT : PRINT "PATCH IS INSTALLED' END (Continued)
8 MICRO No. 64 ■ September 1983 WORDPROCESSOR )R THE COMMODORE 64 TM ALSO CHECKS YOUR SPELLING! SCRIPT 64 Suggested Retail: $139.95
“REALLY FOXY IS BEING LETTER PERFECTis
Contact Your Nearest Commodore Dealer Today... You’ll Be So Glad You Did!
Distributed By: —> 5 ^ 30D W. Marlton Pike COMPUTER Off VbJ Cherry Hill, New Jersey 0 80 02 MARKETING SERVICESINC (609) 795-9480
Commodore 64 is a trademark of Commodore Electronics Limited Script 64 is a trademark of Richvale Telecommunications
No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 9 SYSTEMS INTEGRATOR Updates and Microbes (continued)
INTRODUCING: Update ZYTREX CoCo Correction Thank you for publishing our article ZT14411 In John Steiner's June CoCo "Color Disk BASIC: Observations and Bits (61:18), listing 10 should read Utilites" by Michael Dudgeon and W. CMOS BAUD RATE as follows: GENERATOR C. Clements, fr. (61:34). I would like to provide an additonal fact about the for 10 CLS: P = PEEK(487)*256 + mat of a machine-language program on REPLACES MOTOROLA MC14411 PEEK(488).... disk that has come to our attention since (remaining characters as is). the article was written. The end-of- PIN/FUNCTION COMPATIBLE program marker in table 4 is #$FF. It turns out that this is a flag to signal not IMPROVED FREQ OUTPUT only the end of the file, but it also in Atari Mode 10 Painter Problems DRIVE (4 LSTTL LOADS) forms BASIC that this is the last program FULLY STATIC OPERATION segment contained in the sector. You can The listing that appeared with Paul TTL-COMPATIBLE INPUTS store as many machine-language pro Swanson's program (62:66) contained WIDE OPERATING VOLTAGE grams as you can fit into a sector, each several errors. Please turn to page 60 of having its own different start address, if this issue for a complete, correct the end-marker in between them is 0. listing. FREE EVALUATION SAMPLES LOAD will read the sector, placing FOR VOLUME USERS every program in the sector into $6.20 EACH AT 1000 PCS. memory at the location specified by its own start address. Thus a machine- ZYTREX CORPORATION language file can contain an arbitrary 224 NORTH WOLFE ROAD number of programs per sector, and SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 each will be loaded as if it were there Dear Editor: (408) 733-3973 alone. The DISKLOOK program can be We need help! The problem: my used to put those programs into a sec son, 13 years old, has his heart set on a tor, since SAVEM will only store one computer camp this summer. No prob program in a sector. These facts can be lem you say? Well we are in Germany used to greatly compress storage of and can't seem to find a list of camps short machine-language programs, that might be suitable. Neither the resulting in less of the waste of partial U.S. Consulate General here nor the sectors that is a major inefficiency in U.S. Embassy could provide a lead to the program-storage algorithms in Col such camps — preferred location PERSONALIZED or Disk BASIC. somewhere in Michigan. Can anyone help? It would be greatly ““ COMPUTER PAPER— William C. Clements, fr. appreciated. We have an Apple Euro University, AL Printed with your name, club, Plus sitting right here at home, so he's anything. Paper is white 20# not an absolute beginner. (Quite a feat, stock and fits all printers incidentally, in Germany, where com using 91/ 2x 1 1 continuous pa puters are still treated as beastly job per [81/ 2x 1 1 when detached], Color Disk BASIC Revision killers and most people back away from 500 sheets $14.95, them. Personal computers are just now 1000 sheets $24.95. "Color Disk BASIC: Observations beginning to make some headway). We pay shipping. Texas and Utilities" by Michael Dudgeon and Edelgard Simon orders add 51/ 2% tax. Select W. C. Clements, Jr." (61:34), con tained an error in text. The paragraph Hochallee 23 ink color: red, blue, brown, immediately before the heading ' 'How 2000 Hamburg 13 gray, or canary. Specify Program Files Are Stored" on page 34 Germany name[s] up to 30 letters & should begin as follows:' 'When a file is spaces. Enclose check or killed the first byte contained in the file money order. No COD's. name string is set to zero and the en Allow 3 weeks. Faster de tries in the allocation table that corre SHUTTER Results livery with M/C, Visa phone spond to the granules containing the orders. W rite or phone file are set to $FF.” Dear Editor: Personalized Computer By coincidence, I was working on a Paper D, Box 20539/San The Authors camera shutter speed meter program University, AL Antonio, Tx. 7 8 2 2 0 / [512] for my VIC-20 when Mike Dougherty’s 2 2 7 -0 5 8 5 . (Continued)
10 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Letterbox (continued)
program appeared in the January 24.64 mm for the spacing between the = LOG2(l + (M - E) /E| f56:45) issue of MICRO. I would like curtain velocity sensors. Many of the = LOG2(l +( ( (M - E) /E) to point out an apparent error in the newest 35 mm cameras have vertical * 100)/ 100) way he interprets his final results and traveling shutters (such as the Copal = LOG2(l + AVE/100| suggest an addition to this otherwise design) so the spacing would be larger FS = LOG10(1 + AVE/100) /LOG10(2) sound program that might be of more than the 24 mm vertical film opening. use to photographers. Anyone building the sensor array should Note that this definition of FS uses a The statement in his third to the use a spacing of less than 24 mm so that sign convention opposite to last paragraph relating relative error to it can be used with both horizontal and SHUTTER'S sign convention. the expected time is misleading in that vertical traveling shutters. The f/stop correction may be added 1/3 f/stop errors do not correspond to to SHUTTER with the following line: plus or minus 33% of the expected Rick Replogle time as measured. Modem shutter RD #1 Box 455 2185 PRINT "Shutter f/stop error: speeds are geometric in progression and New Enterprise, PA 16664 ";LOG(EXPECT/AVE)/LOG(2| not linear so that each marked speed is where the BASIC LOG function is the twice as fast as the previous marked logarithm to the base 10. This gives the speed starting at the slowest speed. worst case 1/500th second shutter set Therefore, a plus 100% error in the Mike Dougherty Replies ting an f/stop correction of: measured time is equivalent to a 1 I would like to thank Mr. Replogle f/stop overexposure but a minus 50% FS = LOG10(2/2.268)/LOG10(2) for pointing out an obvious error in my measured error is also a 1 f/stop error FS = -0.181 on the underexposure side. Clearly plus interpretation of the SHUTTER results. An FSof -0.181 indicates that I should and minus 1/3 f/stops can't be equal to As noted in the letter, giving the cor stop down an extra 18% to correct for plus and minus 33% of the expected rection factors in terms of f/stops is my 1/500th shutter speed. time. The following formulas will cor more useful than the traditional rect this problem for photographers relative error. Given an expected shut Mike Dougherty who may wish to modify this program ter time, E, and a measured shutter 7659 West Fremont Ave. to display the final results as equivalent time, M, the following computes the Littleton, Co 80123 f/stop ratio, FS: f/stop corrections instead of simply /MCRO percent error: FS = LOG (E/M) FS = LOG(l +(AVE/100) )/LOG(2) and = LOG10(E/M)/LOG10m AVE = (2FS- 1 j * 100 This f/stop ratio may be determined where FS is the change in f/stops (plus relative to the expected shutter time or Apple^&TJnee or minus) and AVE is the average measured time since: measured error in percent. Substituting Electronics into these formulas shows that plus LOG2(E/M) = -L O G 2|M/E) and minus 1/3 f/stop error tolerances PROWRITER PRINTER are photographically equivalent to The specific ratio chosen will depend $395 + 26% |over exposure) and -26.6% on whether the result is used as an (under exposure) respectively based on f/stop difference from the expected HARDWARE the measured time. value or as a correction factor from the FRANKLIN Notice that these formulas use a measured value. In SHUTTER, I was ACE concerned with computing a correction The Professional Personal Computer sign convention that is opposite to INTRODUCTORY PACKAGE those used by Mr. Dougherty. I use factor to the camera's setting. • Franklin Ace 1000 plus to indicate overexposure for both Mr. Replogle's formula for FS may be derived from my FS formula as • 1-Disk Drive f/stops and percent error, whereas Mr. • Green Monitor Dougherty uses minus to indicate follows. Let the percent relative error, overexposure to show that his lens AVE, be defined according to Mr. $1595 must be stopped down this amount Replogle's sign preference and formula: QUICK BROWN FOX (less light) to compensate for the $5525 slower shutter speed (longer time). To AVE = ( (M-E)/E)*100 avoid any sign confusion, I would sug CALL FOR THIS MONTH’S SPECIAL gest that a PRINT statement be added Then using the f/stop ratio for the dif 1-800-835-2246 EXT. 211 to the program based on the relative OR ference from the expected shutter time: 702-459-4114 error calculation to prompt the user as 5130 East Charleston Blvd. jfiu S i to whether the shutter is running FS = LOG2(M/E) Suile 4M W W ‘' slow'' or " fast'' or any other PRINTed Las Vegas, Nevada 89122 = LOG2(l - 1 + M/E) Add $3.00 Tor shipping, handling and insurance. message the user finds convenient. = LOG2(l + M/E - 1) Nevada residents add 5.75% sales tax. Please include phone number. Equipment subject to price change This program also uses a spacing of = LOG,(l + M/E - E/E) k and availability. Call or write Tor price list. A
No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 11 SPECTRUM /AlCftO 32K RAM Button...... $ 2.99 NANOS Reference Card...... $ 3.99 64K RAM Button...... $ 4.99 Commodore Compass Coco Editor Assembler...... $ 6.95 Coco Tech Manual ...... $ 7.95 16K RAM Chips...... § 9.95 by Loren Wright Coco Secrets Revealed Book.S 14.95 LED On/Off Indicator ...... § 14.95 Coco Light Pen...... $ 19.95 A New Column? ATARI Joystick Interface ...... $ 19.95 Video Interface Kit...... S 24.95 N o, this is the same column that has run in 16K-32K Upgrade Kit...... £ 25.95 MICRO for three years as 'PET Vet.’ Only the 6883 SAM Chip...... $ 29.95 name has been changed to indicate that we 6809E CPU Chip ...... 29.95 aren't talking about just PETs any more. In fact, if you Basic ROM 1.1...... 36.00 look back over the last several months, you'll find that 64K RAM Chips...... 3 49.95 this column has contained very little about the PET. I MARK DATA Keyboard ...... $ 69.95 BOTEK Printer Interface...... J$ 69.95 haven't forgotten the PET—at least not yet. Com Extended Basic ROM ...... $ 84.00 modore isn't pushing it (not that they ever did very Disk Controller...... 4139.95 much in the U.S.), and they may even have stopped COLOR COMPUTERS...... $ CALL making them. The VIC has already outsold the PET, Call or Write (or FREE Catalog and the Commodore 64 will soon do so. SPECTRUM PROJECTS The PET is better than either the C64 or the VIC in 93-15 86th Dr Woodhaven, New York 11421 many ways. In fact, I wish I had a PET here at home for Add Sales Tax & $3.00 (or S/H this word-processing task. I'm getting eyestrain staring • • Dealer/Club Inquires Invited • • at the TV. I also find the PET easier to program; after all, it has a built-in machine-language monitor and a 212 441-2807 numeric keypad. And you don't have to shift (as I am about to do) for !"#$%&.'(). The fact remains, though, that I, like many hundreds of thousands of people, have chosen to buy a Commodore 64 to use at home. The handwriting is on the wall: the PET is too ex pensive (not only to buy, but also for Commodore to 3/MISNANDER produce and ship) for what it does and will soon disap pear from the market. In spite of this, there are a lot of THE MONTHLY JOURNAL FOR PETs out there and few of you will give them up very COMMODORE COMPUTER USERS quickly. MICRO and I will continue to support the PET, but keep in mind that most of the new software and hardware will be for the newer machines. Remember that the new machines have a lot in com mon with their ancestor, the PET.
Help for 1541 Users VIC-20 Are you getting the most from your CBM 1541 disk drive? Probably not. The first thing you may have GET VOUR MONEY'S WORTH learned was how to 'NEW' a disk, followed by You've probably made a sizeable investment in your computer LOADing and SAVEing BASIC programs. Then you equipment. COMMANDER can help you make the most of it. may have learned how to list the directory, and perhaps Each issue brings you the no-nonsense advice you need to a on the leading edge of this constantly changing scratch and rename files. If you're used to the cassette Wield. COMMANDER will be your reference (and even if you aren't), you probably found the com 'to the world of computers . . . with the best, most comprehensive coverage you can get!! mands complicated. There are several easier ways. Subscribe now and take advantage of our One way probably came on the disk you got with limited offer of $4 off the one year subscription. your 1541. On my disk there are three files: VIC-20 □ 1 YR. U.S. $220 2 YR. U.S. $400 3 YR. U.S. $58 (Prices do not include $4 DiscountiPrices in U.S. Funds WEDGE, C-64 WEDGE, DOS 5.1. LOAD the ap Washington residents please add 7.8% sales tax propriate wedge program and RUN it. This will load —Subscription Orders Only— DOS 5.1 and display a message on the screen. Your Toll Free Number: 1-800-426-1830 (except WA, H!, AK) machine now has about 300 fewer bytes, but all of the COMMANDER points you found awkward are much easier. Many of P.O. BOX 98827 the disk commands require enclosing a command string TACOMA, WASHINGTON 98498 (206J 584-6757 in quotes after you open a file for the command chan-
12 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Commodore 64(Jfi) & Apple (II Assembly Language Debugger * If you are developing^ software for the Commodore 64 or Apple II or are interested nel. For instance, to NEW a disk you had to OPEN in assembly language programming, you needed this finely-crafted aid “yesterday:’ All the features you’d 1,8,15,"N0:DISKNAME,01". With the wedge, all you expect in an advanced debugger are included - step, have to do is type @N0:DISKNAME,01 and press breakpoints, windowing, super-complex conditional RETURN. (Historical note: The program is called the breaks, symbolic debugging, patch, show prior 128 wedge because the original PET program used the ‘ > ' steps, and compiled BASIC-like language. Supplied complete with a detailed instruction manual. A new character instead of . ' > ' still works, for old PET data sheet is available on request. people who can't break the habit, but you have to use the shift key. Also, the program 'wedges' itself into the PTD-6510 Debugger for Commodore 6 4...... $65.10 BASIC command interpreter.) Following is a summary PTD-6502 Debugger for Apple II and lie...... $49.95 Manual (only) for above, each ...... $10.00 of the wedge commands and some common examples. DisKit 64 Fast single disk copy (+ utilities) for Commodore 6 4 ...... $75.00 @ or > send command to disk unit 'PTD-6510 (Commodore) requires 1541 disk drive. / LOAD program PTD-6502 (Apple) requires DOS 3.3, 46K.
The '/' will also load a machine-language program at the address where it was originally stored. '@ ' by PTERODACTYL itself will read the error channel and print the error number, error message, track and sector on the screen. SOFTWARE Without the wedge, you have to write a program. '@ $' 200 Bolinas Road #27, P.O. Box 538 lists the disk directory to the screen without destroying Fairfax, CA 94930 (415) 485-0714 your current BASIC program. Rename is '@R0:NEW NAME = OLDNAME’; validate is '@ V 0'; scratch is '@S0:FILENAME'. With all these commands, do not use quotes around filenames or command strings. COMPUTER Now that I've convinced you that the wedge is a good thing, you should store the appropriate loader pro ACCESSORIES gram as the first program on each of your disks. This is ERRORS- DOWNTIME—SERVICE easy: just LOAD it from the system disk and SAVE it A speck of dust, dirt, or magnetic oxide on the read/write head of your after you 'new' the new disk. VIC users are now all set. floppy disk can cause data transfer errors, a disk crash, or even a costly disk drive failure. Regular use of Perfectdata head cleaning diskettes Commodore 64 users must also save the DOS Support can keep your drive heads clean and your system up and tunning. The file. It’s easy if you have a machine-language monitor, Perfectdata system can be used on single or dual-sided floppy disk drives. (Comes complete wtth 2 cleaning diskettes, a 4 oz. bottle of CS- such as 64MON, HESMON, or MICROMON. If you 85 cleaning solution and full instiuctions.) don't, use Terry Peterson's BSAVE program on page 96 5.25" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit $22.75 of this issue. After you have LOADed and RUN the 8" Disk Drive CieanlngTat $22.75 ORGANIZE AND PROTECT YOUR DISKETTES wedge program, use BSAVE or your monitor to save the Organize your diskettes wtth an Innovative Concepts Flip ~N" File from DOS Support, entering 'CC00' as the starting address Mercury Micro. Holds up to 50 diskettes In a handsome smoke-colored transparent plastic case. and 'D000' as the ending address. Case tor 5.25" Diskettes $23.75 Case for 8" Diskettes $29.75 Your next disk drive learning project can be the WHAT’ S YOUR FAVORITE NUMBER? easy-to-use sequential files, or perhaps you could try New for spring. Top quality shirts with "64" or "20" printed In large numerals on both front and back. 50/50 blend wHI not shrink. Specify the faster relative files. If so, get a hold of Bennett's color and size and number choice. Available In red or blue, "M ail List" program (an excellent program itself) and S-M-L-XL go through Jim Strasma's series "It's All Relative" that $7.50 each concluded last month. The Mail List program is in the ORDERING INFORMATION public domain and available from the author. See the Phone (301) 994-1122 SHIPPING first installment (December, 1982) for details. Add $ 1.50 to all orders tor shipping. We pay balance for UPS service on all orders. Add $2.00 tor COD. Maryland residents please add A little-known feature of the directory display is 5% state sales tax selective listing. Without the wedge, type 'LOAD WRITE OR CALL FOR FREE COMPUTER ACCESSORY CATALOG: SURGE PROTECTORS DUST COVERS, BOOKS, DISK MAINTENANCE BLANK "$2:MAST*"8\ With it, type '@$2: MAST*'. This MEDIA AND MUCH MORE will give you a selective display showing only the filenames beginning with 'MAST'. With dual drives, Mercury Micro Inc. both drives will be checked. (Continued on next page) W' ** Cherry Field Road Mercury Mcro Drayden, Md. 20630
No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 13 Commodore Compass (continued) SOPHISTICATED TELE-COMMUNICATION IS HERE
THE COMMUNICATOR Another useful program on the system disk is 'COPY- for 4.0 Commodore Computers ALL' by Jim Butterfield. To use it, you need another 1541 JIM STRASMA’S REVIEW: addressed as unit 9 (see instructions in the manual or use “THE BEST TERMINAL PACKAGE I’VE SEEN YET” the 'CHANGE UNIT’ program on the system disk). This By April 1 (maybe sooner) It Will Be Even Better will copy files from one unit to the other, regardless of SPEEDS UP TO 9600 BAUD type and without loading them into memory. I have seen XON — XOFF TRUE CTRL KEY (we do our own keyboard scan) at least one commercial single-drive backup program. If you don't have access to a second 1541, you should con THE HARDWARE — A printed circuit board; easily installed in the CBM. It uses no CBM connectors; gives a serial port with true RS232C standard. sider getting such a backup program. THE SOFTWARE — Does anyone have any idea how to modify a 1541 so — Emulates the ADDS Regent 100, ADM 31 and/or the TeleVideo 950.1 Or choose the VT100 model for use with DEC and VAX that it behaves as drive 1 of unit 8? If this could be done, computers. the BACKUP and COPY commands (which already exist) — Runs coresident with BASIC programs; lets BASIC programs and program on host computer communicate to develop real would be useful, and using programs such as disk-based ly sophisticated communication and control capabilities. assemblers and word processors would be a lot more con — The program is on ROM at either address; no disk loading required. Uses only 512 bytes of RAM; wiH relocate itself around any other venient. Commodore has plans for a dual serial drive, but machine language program at top of memory. — Will upload and download and run BASIC programs. With BASIC there is no telling how soon we'll see it. program wil upload and download standard data files. 100 page manual Canadian Micro Distributors (500 Steeles Avenue, gives program listing for BASIC programs. Excellent text editor designed to work with THE COMMUNICATOR Milton, Ontario, L9T 3P7 Canada] is working on an THE COMMUNICATOR $200 accessory board called 'Turbo 1541', which will con Text Editor $40 siderably speed the operation of the 1541. Rumored price 1200 baud modems beginning at iow, low $385, and even less when purchased with THE COMMUNICATOR is about $100. It will be a card that plugs inside the 1541, with a cable that connects to the VIC or C-64 port. AMPLIFY, INC. 2325 Macbride, Iowa City, Iowa 52240 319-337-8378 1 trademarks Adds Regent, Inc., Lear Liegler, Inc., Teievideo Systems, inc.
C 6 4 -F O R T H for the Commodore 64 FORTH SOFTWARE FOR THE COMMODORE 64 C64-FORTH (TM) for the Commodore 64 - $99.95 • Fig Forth-79 implementation with extensions • Full feature screen editor and macro assembler • Trace feature for easy debugging • 320x200, 2 color bit mapped graphics • 16 color sprite and character graphics • Compatible with VIC peripherals including disks, data set, modem, printer and cartridges • Extensive 144 page manual with examples and application screens • "SAVETURNKEY" normally allows application program distribution without licensing or royalties
C64-XTEND (TM) FORTH Extension forC64-FORTH - $59.95 (Requires original C64-FORTH copy) • Fully compatible floating point package including arithmetic, relational, logical and transcendental functions • Floating point range of lE+38 to 2E-39 • String extensions including LEFT$, RIGHT$, and MID$ • BCD functions for 10 digit numbers including multiply, divide, and percentage. BCD numbers may by used for DOLLAR.CENTS calculations without the round-off error inherent in BASIC real numbers. Commodoie Business Machines Executive 64 System • Special words are provided for inputting and outputting DOLLAR.CENTS values • Detailed manual with examples and applications screens (Commodore 64 is a trademark of Commodore) Executive 64 Display at CES TO ORDER - Specify disk or cassette version - Check, money order, bank card, C O D 's add $1.50 Commodore displayed its attach^-style computer - Add $4.00 postage and handling in USA and Canada - Mass. orders add 5% sales tax system at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago in - Foreign orders add 20% shipping and handling early June. The system includes a Commodore - Dealer inquiries welcome 64-compatible computer (complete with sound, graphics, PERFORMANCE MICRO PRODUCTS sprites, and 64K), two 5 1/4'' disk drives and a 5" 770 Dedham Street. S-2 Canton, MA 02021 monitor. The system has a suggested retail price of $995. (617) 828*4209 AMCftO
14 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 THE KEY IS YOUR COMPUTER
p a c k h SWgpSSS^ a d V E N M ^ S s s s s s - . $49.95
'wOV i kdventute VoU ° ie\e s g ' S S * ” . s^ssasg&sss ,So$£22^ s^ssss3-"-" " 'P P ^ SJS^-s? ^£< c2^ r"*''“‘ v-a&sss*6" s & -~ ,oC'n9Incolon>es^» be pp ^ « ' « » S S " 000' iM 7 vaM V «w S 5v 796-J7®7 d\teC MOO AMCflO From Here To Atari A E ntering a long listing from a magazine is not an easy as many as ten directions but the heading can be defined task. I have entered many programs from magazines much finer than that. Therefore, the turtle always points and spent hours trying to get all of the mistakes out within 36 degrees of its true heading. of them. Being a programmer helps because I can follow The turtle positions use a 320 x 240 coordinate grid, the logic in the program (usually] and find errors that way. which means the turtle can be placed finer than the pixel Letters I have received indicate that other people have count (which is 160 x 96) can display. All 128 colors are the same problem. Often the person typing is not a pro available, four of which may be assigned to the screen. grammer, which compounds the problem. Unfortunately, Color indirection can be used by drawing then changing there is no simple solution. the color. Everything drawn will change to the new color, There are a few routes to persue. If you get an error run similar to the way the BASIC SETCOLOR statement works. ning a program you typed from a magazine, the line giving Atari Logo supports two sound channels to generate the error may or may not be in error. The error may be tones. A tone may be generated with controls on fre caused by a line the computer encountered earlier. Look quency, duration, and decay. If a tone is sounded on one of for other lines in the program that use the same the channels and a second tone is requested for the same variable(s). Be careful of lower-case L (1) and the number channel, the computer will wait for the first tone to finish one (1] and upper-case O and the number zero (0). before beginning the second tone. Another route to persue is to contact other Atari Since I program mostly in BASIC and assembly owners that may have entered the program. Even if the language, I found myself a little handicapped when other person couldn't get it to work, comparing versions approaching Logo. There are no line numbers in Logo, may correct the problems. Local Atari user groups are very which means the familiar GOTO, GOSUB, and IF...THEN good for this sort of collaboration. with a line number doesn't exist. Instead, Logo is com If you have no modem on your Atari, find someone pletely procedure-oriented, adding commands to the who does. A program like AMODEM (a public domain language by defining procedures. A procedure can also call communications program) will allow an Atari with a itself, and this type of recursive programming opens up modem to download programs from local bulletin board some interesting possibilities. I was unsuccessful at services, which are usually free. My last long program, finding someone who could compare the Atari Logo to which is the Mode 10 painter program (MICRO 62:66), other versions on computers like the Apple. I will keep try was uploaded and is available on several bulletin board ser ing and, if successful, I will have such a comparison for vices in the Cambridge, MA, area, some of which were next month. noted in the article (pg. 71). One of those bulletin boards does not exist anymore; the Cambridge AMIS board is no Light Pens longer on line, so I uploaded the program to one called The Outpost at (617) 259-0181. MICRO has a bulletin board If you built a light pen for your Atari using the instruc (still in the experimental stage) and programs in the tions from "An Inexpensive Lightpen for the VIC-20, magazine may be available in its download file. The C-64, and Atari” by David Bryson (MICRO 61:82), then number to call is (603) 883-1576. If all goes well, all of the you were able to obtain a phototransister (which I haven't) listings in each issue of the magazine will spend a few or you are having some problems with precision. The months in MICRO'S download file. You will need a phototransister Bryson uses has a 2-microsecond response modem on your Atari and a program that will allow time; the only ones I have been able to find have response downloading to disk files, or a friend with that set up. times of around 8 microseconds, which really is not fast enough for drawing on the screen. The timing is most important in determining the Logo horizontal position of the pen. The scan line on the televi sion is made up of color clocks, which are the width of a The Atari version of Logo is now available on a car mode 7 dot (or mode 15 dot on the 1200XL). There are 160 tridge. This version has turtle graphics using the color clocks across the normal screen (the width of the equivalent of GRAPHICS 7 in BASIC, which is the same as blue area in the text mode). Therefore, one color clock the turtle graphics implementation in Pilot. Atari Logo occurs in about .25 microseconds. In other words, the sports up to four turtles. It uses the players for turtles and response time of the phototransister specified by David supplies alterable shape tables for them. I have heard one Bryson is within four color clocks horizontally, and the complaint about Atari Logo; it was that the turtles do not response time of the more common 8-microsecond photo always point exactly in the direction they are heading. I transister is within 16 color clocks. To combat the have found this to be true. It looks like the turtles point in (Continued on page 18) 16 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 THE MICRO COMPUTER RUSINESS WILL GROW FROM $10 TO $100 BILLION IN THE NEXT EIGHT YEARS! ARE YOU READY TO CASH IN? micro computer business is predicted to grow from its present $10 billion to $100 billion before 1990! Imagine the possibilities this opens for you! No matter where you live, if you're starting up or presently in business, no other industry offers you more opportunities! Now, finally, all the inside information you need to secure a prosperous future in this dynamic industry is available in one place - THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL! - An Immense information source, compiled by our inquisitive research team, aided by a panel of experts and business people from all areas of the computer industry! 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You’ll read actual case histories of other computer entrepreneurs, so you can learn from their mistakes, and profit from their success stories! Where you’ll be one year from now depends on your actions today! Let us show you how to take the first crucial steps! Order now and take advantage of our limited introduction special, THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL, and a six month subscription to THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR REPORT/NEWSLETTER ( so you're always up-to-date with the Industry ), both for only $29.95! You must be convinced on how easy you can strike it rich in the micro computer business - or you may return the manual for a full refund within thirty days! USE OUR TOLL FREE NUMBER TO ORDER! EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW TO SUCCEED IN THE COMPUTER BUSINESS IS ALL IN THIS MANUAL! THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL has the answers to ail your questions about selecting, starting and succesfully running a computer business! There has never been such a comprehensive collection of know-how and inform ation about this business in one place! All the facts you need to plan and acheive your goals in easy-to-follow, step-by-step instructions! These are some of the 100>plus businesses covered in PART ONE of the manual, with the facts on How to start and run. Start-up Cost ( Even how to operate on a shoestring ), What profits [ to expect, Wholesale prices, Marfc-ups, Suppliers, future outlook, case histories tor each, etc: Systems House, Software Author ( who to sell to and who to avoid ). Service Bureau, Soft- I ware Publisher ( How to find programs that sell, Word Processing Service, Consulting and Con s u lta n t Broker ( use your skills or those of others, make $150 - $1000 a day!), The incredible Games Business, Computer Store ( Franchises: Pro and Contra, or a low inventory store in your home! ), OEM, Hardware Mfg, Data base and Teletext Service ( big prospects! ), Used Com puters, Repairs, Rent-A-Computer, Promote Fests and Trade Shows, Turnkey Systems, Bartering, Mail Order, Compile and rent mailing lists, Specialized Data Headhunting and Temp Help Service, Tech Writer Shop, Custom Engineering, The highly profitable Seminars and Training Businesa, and many more! Many new ideas and ground flo or opportunities! Interviews and success stories on companies of alt sizes! Privy info on the profits made: How some com puter store operators net $100 • $250,000! Little Known outfits that made their owners m illionaires, one of these low-key companies, making simple boards, went from nil to $20,000,000 and 100 employees in four years! Programmers that make $300,000, Thousands of m icro m illionaires in the making, etc! Whatever your goal is • Silicon Valley Tycoon, or just a business at home • we guarantee you’ll find a business to suit you • or your money back! PART TWO of the manual is loaded with the know-how and ’’streetflghtlng” savvy you need, both as a novice or business veteran, to get started, to stay and to prosper in the micro computer business! A goldmine o f information in clear and easy-to-use instructions: How to prepare your Business Plan, Outside financing, The mistakes you must avoid, How to hire and manage employees, Incorporation ( when, and how to do it cheaply ), Surviving bad tim es. Record Keeping, how to estimate your market before you start, Use m ultiple locations to maximize profits, how to promote and stay steps ahead of the com peti tion! How to get free advertising, free merchandise, free advice, Power negotiating with suppliers to double your profit margins, etc! Even how to keep a present job while starting a business part time! Don’t miss this opportunity to be pan of this great industry • the next success story could be your own! Order the manual today! Pan one and two, bound in a deluxe ring binder, where you can also collect our newsletter ( free for six months with the manual - a $32.50 value! ) - all for only $29.95! Order by phone (Credit cards only), or use the coupon: lHiiii^ZS^QmiiMiHmiiiiiHiiiimMHimHiiiiMiiiHiiiiHimmiHM Mail to THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR PUBLISHING CO. PO BOX 456, Grand Central Station, New York, N.Y. 10163 THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR NEWSLETTER - Please send me THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR CALL TOLL FREE! MANUAL, and the six month free subscription to ALL THE LATEST INSIDE BUSINESS NEWS! THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR REPORT/NEWSLETTER. CHARGE IT! A ll fo r only $29.95, plus $3 for postage/handting ( NY resi NOW! SIX MONTHS FREE WITH YOUR MANUAL! Credit Card Orders dents: add $2.64 for sales tax ). If I decide not to keep the You're always attuned to the industry, and your manual. I may return it within 30 days for a full refund. manual kept up-to-date, with our newsletter! Each issue has ( MC, VISA only ) the latest business news, ideas, new suppliers, our in- accepted 24 hours/day = NAME: dispensible ’’watchdog” column on profits, discounts 1-800-227-3800 ( don’t miss mfg’s promos, like recently, when top video moni ADDRESS: tor sold at $80 - that's half wholesale, one third of the retail Ask for extension 1135 price!), the competition, the big deals, etc! Feature stories In California call CITY, STATE, ZIP: with start-up info and case histories on new micro busi □ Check o r M.O. enclosed Charge to □ VISA Q MC nesses! 1-800-792-0990 Vou'll get invitations to trade shows and conventions, | CARO#: ------the usage of our advisory service and our discount buying service for your purchases! = Exp. Date: You'll find many items in our newsletter that will save V"^ rotyou the cost of your manual many times over! ^ 1932 THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR : SIGNATURE: MM0983 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 17 COMPILE From Here to Atari (continued) ATARI BASIC problem, I have developed a method for reading the pen. The method is not perfectly sound, but it usually works. AND FLY! Take multiple readings of the pen and use the lowest horizontal value after adjustments are made. The vertical coordinate of the light pen is usually good With ABC™, Monarch’s | new BASIC the fiist time read. It denotes vertical position in units of compiler for ATARI 40 0 " and 800, you two scan lines, so this number, obtained by a PEEK(565J, develop and debug pro-1 grams using will range from around 16 to around 111. The horizontal your ATARI BASIC car-#tridge, then reading, which is a PEEK(564), has several complications. First, zero happens about two-thirds of the way across the use ABC to transform ■ them into screen. The left edge of the screen may be around 80 or 90. compact code that runs^up to 12 To reduce the horizontal reading, if the reading is below times faster, without the ^cartridge 40, add 228. Ignore readings, after this adjustment, that are (and protects your source'code, too). below 80; these are false readings, indicating points that 40K and disk required. ^ For your ABC are not on the screen. Of the remaining readings, pick the diskette and manual ^send check or lowest of 10 or 20 readings. This won't be perfect, but it money order for $69.95 (or $9.95 for will be fairly close. The differences in television sets and manual alone),f Monarch Data Systems computer signals will make the readings of the left and ^ .^P.O. Box 207, Cochituate right hand edges vary a little, but there will still be a count MA 01778, (617) 877-3457. of 160 color clocks horrizontally. In persuing the topic of light pens, I contacted General ■ ■ I Mastercard/Visa Mas by phone. Dealer Electric and spoke to William Sahm, one of their applica I I I 'nquinquiries invited. Mass. residents add tion engineers. He gave me a circuit that helped enhance 5% sales tax. ATARI, ATARI 400, and the response of a phototransister in this type of applica ATARI 800 are trademarks of ATARI, Inc. tion. It required three resisters and a capacitor, all housed t\ViARE o ASSOCIATES, LTD. CJ2 r j Q-ccifd Questionnaire Analysis Software • Microcomputer based Avoid the expense of contract services •• do everything in-house on your own Apple ll+ microcomputer. Schematic for Light Pen with blessing circuit. Keep all leads as short as possible to avoid • Easy data entry Avoid time consuming keypunching. Uses respondent-marked cards external effects. entered with an Optical Mark Reader (keyboard entry olso possible). • Comprehensive data analysis Sort an ony variable(s), tally all responses, conduct crass tabs, correlations, linear regression, frequency distributions, and more. • Complete editing capabilities in the light pen itself. What it did was bias the transistor so W eight items, derive composites, add or delete items, ond more that the range of light from the screen fell into the linear • Easy-to-use Programs are user friendly, menu driven, and interactive. Na special area of the transistor's response curve, making it much computer expertise is required. more reliable. The parts required for this are a .01 microfarad disk capacitor, 100K, 33K, and 22K resistors. Coll or send for more information today. Wire it according to the schematic below, keeping all leads as short as practical and all close to the phototransister. Be SCIENTIFIC SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES, LTD. careful when soldering to the phototransister because these devices are very sensitive to heat. BOX JOB • WHJSHJ, KM. 5UUOI Also, a better response may be obtained using twisted TELEPHONE: (715) BU-2QE.E. or ribbon cable (instead of the specified shielded cable) to run the signal from the light pen to the computer. Apple 11+ is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. (continued) 18 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 From Here to Atari (continued) SOFTWARE VIC 20/C 64 Although shielded cable does cut down on the radio emis QUALITY SOFTWARE ON TAPE AND DISK sions from the wire, it also introduces a lot of unwanted STATISTICS: TAPE DISK MEAN & STANDARD DEVIATION 8.00 12.00 capacitance. I used a ribbon cable with the ground and ONE-WAY ANOVA 8.00 12.00 GAUSIAN DISTRIBUTION 8.00 12.00 switch return on one side and the signal, which is con SKEWHART DISTRIBUTION* 16K 12.00 17.00 UNEAR REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 nected to pin 6, on the other side of the ribbon. This also GEOMETRIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 HARMONIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 cuts down on the capacitance by keeping the signal away EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 LOGARITHMIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 from the ground wires. With the biasing circuit in the pen, POWER FIT REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 QUADRATIC REGRESSION* 8K 16K 10.00 15.00 there is no longer any need for the 100K resistor between BEST FIT REGRESSION* 8K 16K 23.00 30.00 the signal line and the + 5-volt line. The ribbon cable, if BUSINESS: that is used, should be set up in the order indicated on the BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS 8.00 10.00 8UDGET ANALYSIS 8.00 10.00 schematic. Another possibility is to use a four-conductor CASH FLOW 8.00 10.00 DEPRECIATION 8.00 10.00 ribbon, ordering the wires as the light pen (connected to EXPECTED VALUE 8.00 10.00 FORCASTING 8.00 10.00 pin 6), an unconnected wire, the switch return (connected MOVING AVERAE 8.00 10.00 EXPONENTIAL 8.00 10.00 to pin 1), then the ground wire. Keep all leads, including INVENTORY PROJECTION 8.00 10.00 INVENTORY TURNOVER 8-00 10.00 the length of cable between the computer and the light LEASE/BUY 8.00 10.00 PRODUCT COST 8.00 10.00 pen, as short as is practical. This will cut down on the PRODUCTION SIZE 8.00 10.00 RATIO 8.00 10.00 capacitance as well as the resistances from the wire. Since RETURN ON INVESTMENT 8.00 10.00 MAILING UST 8K 12.00 16.00 the signals are radio frequency signals, it also cuts down HOME: on the possibility of interference with radios in the area by AMORTIZATION 8.00 10.00 MORTGAGE 8.00 10.00 making the antenna a little shorter. Three feet should be MORTGAGE COMPARER 8.00 10.00 adequate for the length of the wire between the plug and PHONE DIRECTORY 8.00 10.00 the light pen. *1 6K VERSION SUPPORTS PRINTER To Order: CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE 94 Clerk Street Jersey City, N.J. 07305 You may contact Paul at 97 Jackson St., (201)432-0926 Cambridge, MA 02140. Check, Money Order, and COO (add $3}. Handling Charge $2. Send fo r our catalog. The V f The > DO N’T M IS S MIDNITE SOFTWARE GAZETTE f/ PAPER OUR j A Bi-Monthly Journal of Notes, Reviews and Articles GRAPHICS Five Years of Service to the PE’TCommunity CCflTEST SEE PAGES 13 4 -1 3 5 Thejndependent U.S. Magazine for FOR Users of Commodore Brand Computers EDITORS: Jim and Ellen Strasma DETAILS $20 US / YEAR Sample Issue free on request, from: 635 MAPLE, MT. ZION, IL 62549 USA 217/864-5320 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 19 /AlCftO CoCo Bits John Steiner The MC-10 Color Computer England. He has a Dragon 32, a is included for creating simple computer similar to the Color block graphic pictures. The unique Computer. Mr. Philbrow sent picture menu makes it easy for Radio Shack's new MC-10 was along a complete comparison chart young children to select a program introduced at the end of May. The of CoCo BASIC tokens and Dragon they desire. new color computer uses a 6803 32 tokens. Though there are many processor and has a sub-set of Ex similarities, there are also many tended Color BASIC. The language differences. If you would like the New CoCo Bulletin Board is more powerful than Color list, send me a stamped, self- BASIC, yet not as powerful as Ex addressed envelope. (See my ad tended BASIC. dress at the end of the column.) Those of you with terminal I have worked with an MC-10 The Dragon will run much of the software who want to contact me and found its keyboard difficult to CoCo software, but there are or send tidbits of CoCo info may use. It does allow single key entry distinct differences. For example, do so via the Dakota Database. The of BASIC keywords by using a con it uses two rows of 4116s instead of system is up and running evenings, trol key, but unfortunately the the 4164s CoCo uses. and by the time you read this control key is where the left shift should be available 24 hours daily. key normally is, so all shifts must The bulletin board sports full be done with the right hand. The Educational Software upload and download capabilities, MC-10 is capable of printing block so you may upload a file and leave graphics from the keyboard. a private message to me on the The computer has a serial I/O The CoCo is being supported E-mail system. I am the SYSOP. port for a printer or modem, and by several education software com For those who are curious, the will make an inexpensive ter panies, in addition to the educa system consists of a TDP-100 with minal. Curiously, line printer syn tion software support from Radio 64K, two disk drives, a Hayes tax is LPRINT rather than the stan Shack. While I was at Rainbowfest, Smartmodem, and a Sanyo green dard CoCo PRINT # - 2. Bob Rosen I picked up an excellent educa screen monitor. Software to run of Spectrum Projects sent me a tional software package from the the system was written by Silicon note with the following printer Follett Library Book Company. Rainbow Products. The data line baud rate pokes. The package is called MOPTOWN can be reached by dialing PARADE and has become a favorite 701-280-1928.1 will pass along any of my four-year-old daughter. other CoCo bulletin board BAUD POKE Moptown provides an excellent numbers if you send them to me. example of how a computer can be I also check into CompuServe, 300 16932, 240 used to teach the concepts of though only on a monthly basis. 600 16932, 118 logical thinking. The program My user number is 73075,1735. 1200 16932, 60 series is available on three 2400 16932, 25 cassettes or two disks and consists Color Mod for early TDPs 4800 16932, 10 of eleven games. The simplest games are written for an age level There is no joystick input on of three to four years and teach the When I first got my TDP-100 I the MC-10, and the expansion con concepts of sameness and dif noticed a definite difference in nector is a 34-pin connector op ferentness. During the progression high-resolution color graphics posite in polarity to the standard of the series, more abstract con from my earlier CoCo. There is a CoCo. Memory expansion will be cepts are taught. problem in those early TDPs. Later available to 20K. Cassette I/O is at Another first rate package is model TDPs are coming out with a 1500 baud, however CoCo and Early Games For Young Children slight modification. Ron Krebs of MC-10 tapes are not compatible. from Counterpoint Software. The Mark Data Products was kind nine games are attractive to my enough to provide the correction and gave me permission to pass it The Dragon 32 daughter, though they are not quite as interesting to her as Mop along. You can tell if your machine town Parade. Early Games covers has the modification already in I recently received a letter from numbers, addition, subtraction, stalled by looking near U9, the F. J. Philbrow of Cheshire, and the alphabet. A drawing board (Continued on page 22) 20 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 THE NEWEST RELEASE FROM ARTISAN SYSTEMS CORP. D P -0 9 2M HZ DUAL 68B09E OPERATION PROCESSORS 256K DRAM FLOPPY CONTROLLER 6 R S -2 3 2 WINCHESTER SERIAL PORTS INTERFACE 8 2 8 -P IN 4 LAYER SOCKETS PC BOARD 6809 BASED SINGLE BOARD SYSTEM 1 2 ' X 9 ' 5 V , 4 A FEATURES: ± 12V, . 2 A $ 68B09E ADVANCED 8/16 BIT SYSTEM PROCESSOR WITH • INDEPENDENT 68B09E SUBSYSTEM FOR DISK CONTROL MEMORY MANAGEMENT HARDWARE ALLOWS FOR 1-4 FLOPPYS 5* OR 8* SS DS SD DD ONE MEGABYTE ADDRESS SPACE SASI INTERFACE ALLOWS 5-45MBYTE WINCHESTERS 9 6 4 K - 2 56KBYTE DRAM TO BE CONNECTED USING EXTERNAL CONTROLLER • 8 EACH 28-PIN SOCKETS FOR UP TO 128KBYTE EPROM THE SUBSYSTEM USES A PROPRIETARY DMA TECHNIOUE EPROMS CAN BE 2732. 2764 OR 27128 FOR HIGH SPEED OPERATION IN ADDITION 2 K X 8 OR 8KX8 STATIC RAMS MAY BE USED $ FLEX OPERATING SYSTEM IS AVAILABLE O SIX RS-232 SERIAL PORTS WITH FULL MODEM HANDSHAKE PRICES: AD.VANCED 655 1 A ACIAS WITH SOFTWARE BAUD RATE SELECT OF 110 TO 19 2KBAUD DP-09 A4T 6 4 K 4 SERIAL PORTS $895 O 6 5 2 2 A INTERFACE CHIP PROVIDES TWO 16-BIT TIMERS FLEX FOR DP-09 $150 PLUS TWO 8-BIT PARALLEL PORTS (UNBUFFERED) OS-09 LEVEL ONE & TWO CALL 0 8 AUTO-VECTORED INTERRUPTS FOR HIGH SPEED I/O HANDLING FORTH CALL * 50-PIN EXPANSION SOCKET ARTISAN SYSTEMS CORP. TERMS: 410 CROSS ST. ALL ORDERS PREPAID, VISA, OR MASTERCARD WINCHESTER, MA 01890 ALLOW 3 TO 4 WEEKS FOR DELIVERY (617) 721-2109 ADD 2 WEEKS FOR PERSONAL CHECKS No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 21 CoCo Bits (continued) video display generator and tran sistor Q3. You will need to stop at an elec tronics supply store to obtain the following parts: 75 pf disk ceramic capacitor 33 Kohm 'A watt resistor 27 microhenry choke JW Miller part no. 9230-54 C COMPILERS-COMMON FEATURES: You shouldn't have any prob • UNIX VER 7 compatibility • standard float, double, and long support • run time library with full I/O lem finding the capacitor and and source • fast compilation and execution • full language. AZTEC C II CP/M (MP/M) $199 resistor, but the choke might be a • produces relocatable 8080 source code • assembler and linker supplied • optional M80 interface • little more difficult. If an elec SID/ZSID debugser interface • library utility • APPLE requires Z80 and 16K card AZTEC C I [ APPLE DOS $199 tronic parts store can't help, stop • relocating assembler supplied • APPLE SHELL • VED editor • library and other utilities at a radio/tv repair shop; if they • requires 16K card C86 IBM PC MSDOS CP/M-86 $249 don't have it, they can probably • directly produces 8088/8086 object code • (inker supplied get it. Manuals-$30 ORDER BY PHONE OR BY MAIL-Specify products and disk format Once you have the parts, wire them in series with the choke in the center. Put some insulated tub MANX ing around the assembly and solder softw are systems the free resistor end to the emitter Box 55, Shrewsbury, N.J. 07701 (201) 780-4004 lead of transistor Q3. Connect the CP/M FORMATS: 8" STD. HEATH. APPLE, OSBORNE, NORTHSTAR, OUTSIDE USA-Add S10 In NJ. add 5% sales tax free capacitor lead to pin 33 of U9, the 6847 video display gene rator chip. I easily installed the modifica tion and have had much better looking color on high-resolution graphics displays. Address of companies mentioned r r s F R E E ! in this column: Announcing the NEW, Summer 1983 Moore Computer Forms and Supplies Catalog i Our new, 80-page Summer Catalog features more than 800 quality, brand-name products— Counterpoint Software, Inc. all guaranteed to meet your 100% satisfaction Suite 140 Shelard Plaza North or your money back Minneapolis, MN 55426 i For all your computer or word processor needs, a wide selection of magnetic media, disk stor age, binders, ribbons and furniture Follett Library Book Company i Over 40 pages of multi-purpose computer forms 4506 Northwest Hwy (Rt 14 & 31) and labels at low prices, including an ALL- Crystal Lake, IL 60014 NEW 34-page section of imprinted forms i Unmatched customer services, like fast order processing, custom imprinting, emergency over Mark Data Products Now with a NEW 34-page night delivery, plus exclusive toll-free Techni 24001 Alicia Parkway, No. 226 computer forms section! cal Product Assistance Mission Viejo, CA 92691 Mail this coupon or call □ YES! Send me a FREE 80-page, full-color Silicon Rainbow Products toll-free copy of the Summer 1983 Moore Catalog 663 South Bernardo Ave Suite 225 1-800-323-6230 Sunnyvale, CA 94087 (In Illinois, Call (312) 459-0210) YOUR NAME BUSINESS PHONE Catalog Group COMPANY NAME Spectrum Projects MOORE 93-15 86th Drive M BUSINESS ADDRESS CENTER Woodhaven, NY 11421 A Division of Moore Business Forms P.O. Box 20 COMPUTER MAKE AN0 MODa You may contact Mr. Steiner at 508 Wheeling, IL 60090 Fourth Ave. NW, Riverside, ND 58078. Dept. 125411 TYPE OF BUSINESS NO. OF EMPLOYEES 4MCRO 22 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Quantity Discounts Available Wabash diskettes are packed 10 disks to a carton and 10 cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 100 disks to a case without envelopes or labels. wabash Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are also willing to diskettes laccommodate your smaller or ders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 20% surcharge above our 100 unit price. Quan $1.29 each! tity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more disks at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1,000 or Now get Wabash Quality at a CE Price more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves 3%; 5,000 or more saves For over 17 years, Wabash has been making high quality 4%; 10,000 or more saves 5%; 25,000 or more saves 6%; 50,000 and dependable computer products. Wabash diskettes or more saves 7%, 100,000 or more saves 8%, 500,000 or more are made to provide error-free performance on your com saves 9% and 1,000,000 or more disks earns you a 10% discount puter system because every diskette has been totally and off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Wabash diskettes hypercritically tested. Since you can now buy Wabash are immediately available from CE. Our efficient warehouse computer products directly from CE, the world’s largest facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the distributor of magnetic media, you can now get maximum flexible disk thafs right for you, call the Wabash compatibility savings on every order. You can even order toll-free. hotline. Dial toll-free 800-323-9868 and ask foryourcompatibility New Wabash Six Year Warranty representative. In Illinois or outside the U.S. dial 312-593-6363 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central time. The quality of Wabash diskettes is stressed throughout the entire manufacturing process. After coating, all Wabash Buy Wabash Diskettes with Confidence diskettes go through a unique burnishing process that To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Wabash computer gives each diskette a mirror-smooth appearance. Wabash products, we recommend you phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division and charge it to your credit card. Be then carefully applies a lubricant that is specially form sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad. Written ulated to increase diskette life. Then, to keep out foreign purchase orders are accepted from approved government agen particles, a unique heat seal bonds the jacket and liner cies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 together to help prevent contamination. After 100% hyper billing. For maximum savings, your order should be prepaid. All critical testing and certification, Wabash then packages sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All each diskette, (except bulk pack) in a super strong and sales are final. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Prices, terms and tear resistant Tyvek® evelope. The final Wabash product is specifications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock then shrink-wrapped to insure cleanliness and reduce items will be be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is contamination during shipment. Wabash diskettes are so instructed differently. Minimum prepaid order is $50.00. Mini mum purchase order$200.00. All shipments are F.O. B. Ann Arbor, very reliable that Wabash now offers a six year warranty in Michigan U.S.A. No COD’s please. Non-certified and foreign case of defects in materials orworkmanship on all diskettes checks require bank clearance. purchased directly from Communications Electronics. For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial New...Wabash Diskette Duplication Services case of 100 8-inch flexible disks or $6.00 per case or Communications Electronics has teamed up with Wabash to partial case of 100 51A-inch mini-diskettes for U.P.S. provide a single-source solution for the diskette duplication ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A. requirements of software developers, OEM’s and distributors. All service is in-house, to give you fast, dependable service. In Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, most cases, delivery can be completed in five days. Whether Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a Visa you require 100, 1,000, or 10,000 copies per week, call CE or Master Card, you may call and place a credit card order. first for a no obligation price quote. For additional information, Order toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. In Canada, please write us on your letterhead with your requirements. order toll-free by calling 800-265-4828. If you are outside CE quant. the U.S. or in Michigan dial 313-994-4444. Telex anytime SAVE ON WABASH DISKETTES 100 price Product Description Part# per disk ($) 810-223-2422. Order your Wabash diskettes today. 3" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) F111 1.89 Copyright ®1983 Communications Electronics" Ad #U12483 8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector F31A 1.89 8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) F131 2.39 8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted) F14A 2.99 z '—"x-— (MasterCard^ 8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors) F144 2.99 8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors) F145 2.99 8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors) F147 2.99 51A" SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring M11A 1.49 5'A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope M11AB 1.29 OrderToll-Free! wabash 5'A" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring M41A 1.49 error-free 5'A" SSSD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring M51A 1.49 800 -521-4414 5'A" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring M13A 1.79 In Michigan 313-994-4444 diskettes 5’A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope M13AB 1.59 5'A" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring M43A 1.79 5’A" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring M53A 1.79 51A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring M14A 2.69 5'A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope M14AB 2.49 {COMMUNICATIONS 5'A" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring M44A 2.69 5'A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring M54A 2.69 ELECTRONICS™ 5'A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) M15A 2.59 5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) M16A 3.69 5'A" Tyvek Diskette Envelopes - Price per 100 Pack TE5 12.00 Computer Products Division SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density; DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density; 818 Phoenix □ Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch. Order TOLL-FREE 800-521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. 313-994-4444 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 23 /AJCROTM Apple Slices by Jules Gilder theless encouraging software with a built-in 3 1/2-inch micro floppy developers to use ProDOS instead of disk drive. E xciting things are happening in DOS 3.3 for new applications on the the Apple world. Apple has re Apple n. An Outstanding leased a new version of DOS to Video Display Board software developers, more information Apple II Prices to Drop What has to be the best video on Mackintosh has surfaced, and Videx display board produced for the Apple II has just come out with a fantastic new The much rumored Mackintosh yet has just been introduced by Videx of display board that will let you get as computer, which an Apple spokesman Corvallis, OR. The company that many as 160 characters per line on a says doesn't exist because it hasn't brought thousands of Apple II owners video display. been officially announced, is scheduled 80-column capability has now doubled About eight months ago, rumors to come out in the first quarter of 1984, it and come out with a card that can were rampant that Apple was planning according to reliable sources. The price give you as many as 160 characters per to come out with a new DOS that of the machine is likely to be in the line. Dubbed UltraTerm, the new card would obsolete DOS 3.3. Cryptically $1500 price range. This has been de features nine display modes and costs referred to as XDOS, it was supposed to duced from reports that Apple is mak $379. These include the normal make it possible to transfer files be ing large quantities of the Mackintosh 40-column display, an 80-column by tween Apple IIs and ms. Well, it computer available to universities for 24-row display — which emulates has finally been announced. Known about $1000 each. Rumors throughout Videx's earlier Videoterm board, a 96 officially as ProDOS, the new disk Silicon Valley also peg the price of the x 24 display, a 160 x 24 display, and operating system has been released to Mackintosh near this value. five interlaced video display modes. software developers. You won't be able With the Mackintosh coming out at The interlaced video mode results in a to get your hands on it, however, until such a reasonable price (and it is for the higher quality character in which the the first quarter of 1984, when it will be computing power offered) the question vertical elements of the character are released to the public. that begs to be answered is, "What's more completely connected. They are Apple has not yet said how much going to happen to the Apple He?'' The impressive. Included in the interlaced the new DOS will cost, but the com answer is, the price will probably go mode are: 80 x 32, 80 x 48, 132 x 24, pany has indicated that, unlike the down significantly. With only a few and 128 x 32 displays. Depending on DOS 3.3 upgrade, which required a dozen chips in the new lie, manufactur what mode you are using, you can hardware change in the form of new ing costs are substantially lower than display as many as 4096 characters on PROMs, the upgrade to ProDOS will they were for the old Apple II Plus. the screen at one time. not require any hardware changes [and Therefore, it would not be surprising at In addition to increasing the here's the catch] to any Apple that has all to see the Apple He drop to $600. number of characters you can display at least 64K of RAM. Is it just coin And if Apple really wants to get ag on a line, UltraTerm also gives a cidence that Apple Language Card gressive and start competing with character-by-character selection of one prices, which have been hovering Commodore, which is currently selling of two sets of special character at around $100, have just jumped to $140? a 64K computer for about $300, we tributes that change the intensity of the Apple points out that ProDOS uses might see the price of an Apple lie drop display. Thus you can have normal and the same Unix-like hierarchical file even lower. If Apple does take on Com high-resolution characters displayed, or structure, file-naming techniques, and modore, we can expect to start seeing normal and inverse characters, or data formats as SOS, the operating prices drop in October, in time for the highlight and lowlight. The latter system used on the Apple IH. Because Christmas buying season. may be applied both to normal and in of this, it will be possible to transfer Mackintosh promises a lot of com verse text. data files from an Apple II to an Apple puting capability. Based on the All of UltraTerm's display modes in and vice versa. A big plus for Pro Motorola 68000 microprocessor, the are software selectable and the DOS is that it makes it possible to use same one used in the Lisa computer, it character set used for display has an 8 files that are larger than 143K, which is is expected to come with 128K of RAM x 12 dot matrix. This character set the maximum amount of data that can and a built-in, high-resolution video includes the 96 printable ASCII be stored on a single DOS 3.3 floppy monitor. Industry sources indicate that characters. The lower-case characters diskette. This ability to automatically the computer will be similar in many in the set can even be entered from an span disk drives will make it possible ways to the Lisa, sporting a mouse, unmodified keyboard by using the to use programs that formerly were multiple windows, and graphic icons, CTRL-A as a toggle between the two limited to systems with a hard but will not be compatible with it. One cases. In addition to the ASCII set, disk drive. indication of this incompatibility is there is a 15-character line-graphics It should be pointed out that while that Lisa uses a specially designed character set and a 7-character block- Apple says that ProDOS does not make double-sided 5 1/4-inch disk drive, graphics font. DOS 3.3 obsolete, they are never while Mackintosh is expected to come (Continued on page 26) 24 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Products for Commodore, Atari, Apple, and others! THE MONKEY WRENCH II A PROGRAMMERS AID FOR ATARI 800 VIC RABBIT CARTRIDGE NEW AND IMPROVED - 18 COMMANDS AND CBM 64 RABBIT CARTRIDGE PLUGS INTO RIGHT CARTRIDGE SLOT NEW FEATURE! If you are a person who likes to monkey around with DATA FILES! the ATARI 800, then THE MONKEY WRENCH II is “High Speed for you!! Make your programming tasks easier, less time-consuming and more fun. Why spend extra Cassette hours working on a BASIC program when the Load and Save!” MONKEY WRENCH can do it for you in seconds. It can also make backup copies of boot type $39.95 cassette programs. Plugs into the right slot and (includes cartridge for VIC works with ATARI BASIC cartridge. and manual) The MONKEY WRENCH provides 1b direct mode Don’t waste your Life away waiting to LOAD commands. They are: AUTO LINE NUMBERING — Pro vides new line numbers when entering BASIC program and SAVE programs on Cassette Deck. lines. RENUMBER — Renumbers BASIC's line numbers Load or Save 8K in approximately 30 seconds! including internal references. DELETE LINE NUMBERS $59.95 — Removes a range BASIC line numbers. Try it—your Un-Rabbitized VIC or 64 takes VARIABLES — Display all BASIC variables and their current value. Scrolling — Use the almost 3 minutes. It’s not only fast but VERY START & SELECT keys to display BASIC lines automatically. Scroll up or down BASIC pro RELIABLE. gram. FIND STRING — Find every occurrence of a string, XGHANGE STRING — Find every occurrence of a string and replace it with another string. MOVE LINES — Move lines from Almost as fast as 1541 Disk Drive! Don’t be fool one part of program to another part of program. COPY LINES — Copy lines from one part ish — Why buy the disk when you can get the of program to another part of program. FORMATTED LIST — Print BASIC program in special line format and automatic page numbering. DISK DIRECTORY — Display Disk Rabbit for much, much less! Directory. CHANGE MARGINS — Provides the capability to easily change the screen margins. MEMORY TEST — Provides the capability to test RAM memory. CURSOR Allows one to APPEND Basic Programs! EXCHANGE — Allows usage of the cursor keys without holding down the CTRL key. Easy to install — just plugs in. UPPER CASE LOCK — Keeps the computer in the upper case character set. HEX CON Expansion Connector on rear of the VIC Rabbit. VERSION — Converts a hexadecimal number to a decimal number. DECIMAL CONVER SION — Converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal number. MONITOR — Enter the Works with or without Expansion Memory. machine language monitor. Works with VIC or 64 Cassette Deck. In addition to the BASIC commands, the Monkey Wrench also contains a machine 12 Commands provide other neat features. language m onitor with 16 commands used to interact with the powerful features of the 6502 microprocessor. Fast Data Files - two data file modes. Also Available for 2001, 4001, and 8032. PET BASIC SCROLL PROGRAM More than just an Assembler/Editor! r Prowriter Printer - Excellent dot matrix print parallel =caH OC Hayes Smart Modem = $235 00 Rana Disk Drive - 375 EPROMS 2716 = $4.50 2532 = S750 Serial = Call IEEE * Call DC Hayes Micro Modem II = $289 00 4 Drive Controller - 114 Over 40 Commodore Programs by Baker (on 4040) = $25.00 3239 Linda Dr. VISA* Winston-Salem, N.C. 27106 (919)924-2889 (919)748-8446 I MasterCard u s e Send for free catalog! V V J No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 25 SAM. GIVES YOUR COft I Apple Slices (continued) UltraTerm comes with full support THE POWER OF SPEECH for BASIC, Pascal, and C/PM. While there are not many programs available yet that take full advantage of the board, this can be expected to change rapidly. In the meantime, it will work in emulation mode with all Videoterm- oriented software. In addition, Videx will shortly make available a pre-boot program that will allow you to use UltraTerm and VisiCalc together to display a spreadsheet with 128 col umns and 32 rows. They are also work ing on an Applewriter II pre-boot pro gram. Those of you who use WordStar can start taking advantage of UltraTerm right away by simply recon figuring your system with the IN STALL program that comes on the WordStar diskette. There are certain caveats you should be aware of before you use UltraTerm. First, you’ll have to remove all FLASH statements from any BASIC program that is going to be used with the board because these can have unpredictable results. Second, and more importantly, you have to have a # S.A.M. is the Software Automatic You can control S.A.M .’s inflection, Mouth, a speech synthesizer for Apple change the pitch of S.A.M .’s voice and good video monitor because not all of and Atari computers made by Don’t Ask. the speed of S.A .M .’s speech. Use pho the display modes can be used with S.A.M. uses your computer to simulate netic input to get perfect pronunciation; or all monitors. the sounds of human speech. You use use RECITER, the excellent English text- S.A.M. to make your programs talk. to-speech converter on the S.A.M. disk, Two important monitor features # S.A.M. does it all in software. It’s a pro for highly reliable results with ordinary that should be considered are per gram -th e only one of its kind. This means English input. sistence of the phosphor used on the that S.A.M . has the power of a hardware With the new KNOBS feature you can display screen and video bandwidth, or speech device without the high price. create a variety of different voices for resolution, of the display. UltraTerm 0 S.A.M. expands the power of your S.A.M. - not just higher or lower voices, machine. Adding speech is like adding but ones that sound like different people requires a minimum bandwidth of 20 graphics - suddenly you can do things speaking. You design S.A.M .’s vocal MHz to produce a sharp display in the personalities. you never considered before. UseS.A.M. 128-, 132-, or 160-character modes. to write practical things: learning tools for Get your Apple or Atari a Software Auto young children, business software with matic Mouth, and discover the excite The high-persistence phosphor is spoken instructions, programs that tell ment of computer speech. needed for the interlaced mode display, stories or read aloud. Write creative new where characters are written to the games with characters that converse or screen only 30 times a second instead opponents that crack jokes. S.A.M. is D®n’T ASK great fun to use, because it’s a new play COMPUTER SOFTWARE of 60. With a low-persistence ground for your ingenuity. 2265 Westwood Bl, Ste. B-150, Los Angeles, phosphor, the display will flicker 0 S.A.M. is for anyone who can write a CA 90064. Phone (213) 477-4514 slightly. Videx recommends the Apple program, from the newest BASIC beginner Dealer inquiries invited. to the machine language master. It's so Monitor III for use with UltraTerm, Atari owners: learn extra tricks and tech although they point out that it cannot easy to use S.A.M. to make a program niques to make the most of S.A.M.! Ask for talk, there’s almost nothing to it. Educational Software's new SA.M. Tutorial be used for the 160- or 96-character # S.A.M. is capable of endless variety. (Tricky Tutorial #12). display modes. The Amdek 300A, . Hear S.A.M. at your favorite dealer.. however, will work well for all of Or order direct from Don't Ask. Add $2.00 shipping to your check or money order; California residents add UltraTerm's display modes. 6% sales tax (6.5% in LA. County). Overall, this card is an excellent S.A.M. for Apple I l-series computers includes 8-bit digital-to-analog converter and audio amplifier peripheral and we look forward to see on a card. Requires 48K, disk. (SA.M. uses 9K; RECITER 6K. SA.M. can be loaded into a 16K RAM. card.) You will need a speaker. Suggested retail:$124.95. Look for summer sale prices ing more software adapted for use with now through September 15, 1983. it soon. S A.M. for Atari computers uses your t.v. speaker. No additional hardware required. Requires 32K, disk. (S.A.M. uses 9K, RECITER 6K.) Cassette version coming soon. Suggested retail: $59.95. To AJCftO produce highest quality speech on Atari, SA.M. is set up to blank the screen while speaking and then restore display. You can make SA.M. talk with screen on - speech quality is somewhat reduced. ______S.A.M. programmed by Mark Barton ------You may contact Mr. Gilder at REDLIG APPLE is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC. ATARI is a trademark ot ATARI INC. Systems, Inc., 2068 79th St., Brooklyn, NY 11214. 26 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Thinking about a 1200 Baud Phone Modem? n You need time. And PRO-MODEM 1200 has it. A Real Time Clock/Calendar combined with an intelligent full 212A 300/1200 baud telephone modem. Plus the capability to expand into a full telecommunications system. Much more than just a phone modem. When you're on-line, time is money. PRO-MODEM helps you save. By monitoring the duration and cost of your phone calls. By sending and receiving messages at preset times when the rates are lower. Unattended. With or without your computer. Compare the $495 PRO-MODEM 1200 with any other modem on the market. For example, you'd have to buy both the Hayes Smartmodem 1200 plus their Chrono graph for about $950 to get a modem with time base. And PRO-MODEM 1200 does more. It lets you \ build a full telecommunications system with features like Rep Dialer, Incoming and Outgoing Message Buffering, Mailing List, Help Mode, Programmable Operating Instructions, a 12-Character Alpha-Numeric Time and Message Display, and easy to use PRO-COM Software. ^ ‘ w There isn't space to describe it all here. r \ See your local dealer for complete \ details now. It'll be well worth - \ your time. And money. 'N. \ Prometheus Products, Inc.. \ 45277 Fremont Blvd.. \ Fremont. CA94538, \ \ \ (415)490-2370 Pro-Modem 1200 from No 64 - September 1983 MICRO M y TURTLE GRAPHICS lan guage for the VIC-20 and Com modore 64 was originally designed to be an easy and fun way to teach my own two young children about computers and to introduce them to programming concepts. The basic idea of the language is to allow children or a beginning programmer of any age) to give instructions to an imaginary Turtle that cause it to roam over the surface of the computer's display screen. As the Turtle moves, it can act like a paint brush and leave colorful pictures on the screen. As the computer novice becomes more adept at controll ing the Turtle's artistic efforts, he or she is painlessly learning all of the basics of computer programming. Figure 1: Two spirals formed of characters — VIC-20 Turtle Graphics. Turtle Graphics F O R T H E VIC-20 AND C 64 by David Malmberg Figure 2: LOGO-like “Squiral” figure drawn with C64 Turtle !l program. TURTLE History and Philosophy The original concepts of using the Turtle as a teaching tool were developed in the late 1960's by Seymour Papert of MIT’s Artificial In telligence Laboratory. Papert had been struggling to find an effective way to teach children about computers. He worked with Jean Piaget, the famous child psychologist, studying how children think and learn. Piaget con vinced him that children learn best by self-discovery and by trial-and-error, and that the real challenge to educators is to provide both the environment and the tools to nourish this discovery pro cess. Papert developed the Turtle Graphics capabilities of his LOGO language with this challenge in mind.1 No. 64 - September 1983 Papert's early Turtle was a mechanical robot that could be pro grammed to move about the floor when given instructions such as FORWARD 30 and RIGHT 90. In time, this mechanical Turtle gave way to an elec tronic version — a cursor roaming over the surface of a video display unit, leav ing colorful and artistic pictures in its wake. However, the philosophy of the Turtle as a programmable learning tool is still the same. By programming the Turtle and then watching the Turtle execute the program (through its ac tions], the child can experiment with ideas and get immediate feedback on whether or not the ideas work as ex pected. If not, the programmer can either try another approach or explore the mistake further. This ability to "debug" ideas and to gradually work towards a solution to a problem is the cornerstone of Turtle Graphics' im plementation of the Piagetian view of learning. Figure 3: Turtle II sprite editor showing one of the built-in sprites In addition to Papert’s LOGO language, Turtle Graphics capabilities have become a part of several computer languages including SMALLTALK and has over thirty different commands in clearly understood and obvious in several versions of PASCAL and PILOT. cluding commands for color, sound, meaning as possible. Using these com motion [both speed and direction), mands the programmer can cause the VIC-20 TURTLE GRAPHICS logical conditions, program branching, Turtle to paint with characters, text, subroutines, and testing for a specific and graphic symbols in eight different TURTLE GRAPHICS for the VIC-20 character in front of the Turtle on the colors. The range of tasks possible in comes in the form of a plug-in 8K ROM screen. The words used for each of TURTLE GRAPHICS extends from cartridge that takes control of the VIC these commands were selected to be as (Continued on page 31) when power is turned on. In place of the VIC's normal operating system and BASIC, the cartridge substitutes its own line editor, option menu, and the Figure 4: Turtle II sprite demonstration uses seven sprites and TURTLE GRAPHICS language. The low-resolution character graphics. TURTLE system is menu-driven for easy use and has an optional trace mode to help the beginning programmer follow the logic of a program one step at a time. The built-in editor allows easy insertion, deletion, and replacement of program lines. The editor also lets the programmer enter two-letter abbrevia tions for all commands; for example, CS in place of CLEAR SCREEN. However, for clarity these abbreviated commands are all expanded to their full English equivalents whenever a pro gram is listed. Programs may be listed on a printer and saved on, or loaded from, tape or disk. The TURTLE car tridge is totally self-contained and will work with a standard 5K VIC. A 72-page manual with a full tutorial and numerous example programs is in cluded with the cartridge. The TURTLE GRAPHICS language No. 64 - September 1983 DYNAMIC PRINTER INTERFACES for the VIC 20" and the COMMODORE 64 UNLIKE ANY OTHERS THAT HAVE COME BEFORE Its not quick or easy to do things rig h t!! A fte r 8 long months o f research and development; RAK Ware. TYMAC CONTROLS COUP, and MICRO-WARE D I have brought the norid better parallel interfaces Better because they both have the ability to provide TRUE EMULATION of the Commodore " printer That s rtght11 Graphic Characters, tabbing. Dot Graphics, and the other features A formidable task that was finally accomplished. THE CONNECTION ' — The Ultimate Parallel interface for tip VIC 20 or Commodore 64 This fully intelligent interface plugs into the disk (serial) socket just like the standard printer. It can easiff»J)& assigned any device number add it will provide virtually TOTAL EMULATION of the Commodore' printer Using the latent technology, this interface will display the full GRAPHIC CHARACTERS or convert them to their equivalent representations in cfcartext. It supports all of the standard commands (OPEN, PRINT#, and CLOSE), Column tabbing, dot tabbing, graphic repea^^lMW fessable graphics, and the other features of the Commodores Printer. Software designed to operate Printer will operate using “THE CONNECTION Beside this, a 2K buffer has been provided, a full printer SOTrieif^fD Status indicators, Printer Reset switch, skip over perf, margin set and programmable line length. This interface is printer specific to take advantage of the special features of your printer. In the standard mode (non-graphics), it is designed to interface virtually any parallel pritjgivr with a standard Centronics configuration and connector. Specify ypur printer when ordering. Additional ROM s may w^fnrchased for other printer applications ... All this for $11900 BUFFERED PARALLEL CABLE & DRIVER — A parallel interface for the ’y budget minded. This interface plugs into the USER-port and comes with an \ extensive manual withjjWwer listings for the VIC 20 “ and the Commodore 64 ". It can be used with m u ally any printer that has a standard Centronics type configuration and connection. Fully buffer|#for maximum protection of your computer ONLY $29.95 Add "CABLE NS” cartridge for the VIC 20 (diskette for the 64) and get a full Gra ulation Qriver. With this package you can print all of the Graphi computer has plus EMULATE the Commodore'' pr printer specific to take full advantage of your printer: micro graphic matrix printers .. $29.95 iu m r E DISTRIBUTING I NIC:''’ 1342 B Rt. 23, Butler, NJ 07405 201-838-9027 - * »i - Dealer and Distributor v*V' Inquiries Invited J*'' ,04 NOTE We solicit hardware and software items for the VIC 20* and CBM 6 4 * Royalties, license fees, or outright purchases can be negotiated CBM 641 & VIC 20* are Registered Trademarks of Commodore Business Machines Inc printing a simple message to having the resolution (200 x 320 pixels) lines and simple games such as Space Invaders Turtle draw a complex maze and then curves as well as graphic characters. or Breakout. find its way out. As an example of the TURTLE for the C64 can therefore One of the tutorials in the manual variety and simplicity of commands duplicate the full repertoire of graphic develops a game of Tag between two available in VIC TURTLE GRAPHICS, tricks found in LOGO. For example, sprites (the rocket controlled by the consider the following program, which the following short TURTLE II program joystick and the ball moving randomly) draws two inter-connected spirals (one will draw a "Squiral," a standard and calculates a score based on how of blue asterisks and one of purple LOGO graphics design. (See figure 2.) long it takes to make the tag. Obviously dollar signs). (See figure 1.) the games will lack arcade speed and 1 REMARK LOGO-LIKE “ SQUIRAL” sophistication. However, they will still 1 CLEAR SCREEN 2 HIRES be a valuable and fun learning ex 2 SCREEN COLOR CYAN 3 SCREEN COLOR WHITE perience for the beginning programmer 3 MOVE TO 2-6 4 BORDER COLOR WHITE and will help to remove some of the 4 PEN DOWN 5 TURTLE COLOR BLACK mystery of how arcade games work. 5 TURTLE COLOR BLUE 6 PEN UP All the sprite movements are handled 6 TEXT TURTLE DEMO 7 MOVE TO 100-160 during the hardware or "jiffy” inter 7 PEN UP 8 SET HEADING TO 90 rupts every l/60th of a second. Because 8 MOVE TO 10-9 9 PEN DOWN of this the TURTLE II programmer 9 CALCULATE X = 10 10 CALCULATE Y = 0 need not worry about programming the 10 CHARACTER TO * 11 LABEL ADD TWO actual sprite movement; i.e., placing a 11 USE SPIRAL 12 CALCULATE Y = Y + 2 sprite, waiting a set time, changing the 12 TURTLE COLOR PURPLE 13 FORWARD Y sprites coordinates, waiting some 13 CHARACTER TO $ 14 ROTATE RIGHT 123 more, changing the coordinates again, 14 LABEL SPIRAL 15 TEST IF (Y > 199) ad nauseam. Instead, the programmer 15 PEN DOWN 16 IF FALSE JUMP ADD TWO just aims the sprite, sets its speed, 16 LOOP X 17 STOP turns it loose, and forgets it. Using this 17 FORWARD INDEX feature the TURTLE II programmer 18 TURN RIGHT Another significant addition to may have as many as eight sprites on 19 LOOP END TURTLE GRAPHICS II is complete the screen while the Turtle is drawing 20 ROUTINE END support within the language for the in either hi-res (lines) or lo-res 21 STOP Commodore 64's sprite capabilities. (characters) — with everything moving TURTLE II has its own built-in sprite at the same time! Figure 4 shows one of The line numbers are used in editing editor and comes with eight pre-defined the sample programs from the manual the program only and play no actual sprites. These include a sailboat, in which the Turtle draws a seashore role in the program's flow or logic. rocket, truck, ball, airplane, house, environment and animates the scene Because of the standard VICs boy, and girl. Figure 3 shows the sprite with seven different sprites. limited memory, TURTLE GRAPHICS editor displaying the sailboat. Using is confined to drawing with characters this editor the programmer can create Conclusion and pre-defined graphic symbols. unique sprites, change their color, However, since the VIC graphic set and length and/or width, and save them on As conceived by Seymour Papert, color palette are fairly rich, the pro tape or disk for later use. The manual Turtle Graphics is an exciting and ef grammer may still draw intricate and also explains how sprites created and fective way for children and other first imaginative pictures. For example, the saved by the TURTLE editor may be time programmers to develop a solid manual gives sample programs for loaded and used in a BASIC program. foundation in programming and com drawing a boat, an American flag, and Once the programmer has designed puter concepts, as well as to sharpen drawing and solving a maze. his or her sprites or selected from the their thinking and problem-solving pre-defined shapes, these sprites may skills. The TURTLE GRAPHICS C64 TURTLE GRAPHICS H be used in a TURTLE GRAPHICS H language for the VIC-20 and C64 was program. The available commands in designed to fulfill Papert's original TURTLE GRAPHICS II for the the language have been expanded to vision and to exploit the tremendous Commodore 64 is a superset of its VIC over sixty. Usifig some of the new com sound, color, and graphic capabilities cousin. It is also cartridge-based (ex mands it is possible for the TURTLE II of these two computers. panded to 16K of ROM) with its own program to place a sprite on the screen, 1. Seymour Papert, Mindstorms: line editor and menu-driven options, give it a direction and a speed, and send Children, Computers, and Powerful including a trace mode. TURTLE II it on its way. Sprites may be moved Ideas, Basic Books, 1980. contains all of the commands and with or without wraparound if they go capabilities of the VIC version. off an edge of the screen. There are David Malmberg is the author of TURTLE However, with over ten times the commands to make sprites visible or GRAPHICS and TURTLE GRAPHICS II. available memory in the C64 with invisible, to freeze or thaw their mo He is also a Contributing Editor and a which to work, TURTLE GRAPHICS II tion, to check for collisions, and even frequent writer for MICRO. You may has some substantial enhancements to control their motion using a contact Mr. Malmberg at 43064 Via Moraga, Fremont, California 94539. over its VIC-20 counterpart. The most joystick. Using TURTLE GRAPHICS obvious improvement is that the pro ITs sprite commands allows the pro grammer can draw with high- grammer to create original versions of JUCftO No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 31 Making More Than Nathan Schulhof of Silicon Valley Systems. by Marjorie Morse S ilicon Valley Systems (SVS) can In January this year they went to the problems, we have challenges. These hardly be labelled "just another Watership Home for the Mentally kids have problems." software company.'’ Although it Retarded in Palo Alto. February brought In addition to the computers and does have some of the usual char them to Stanford Children's Hospital. software, Schulhof also brings along a acteristics of today’s companies joining Since then they have been to the mime, a magician, and a singer to the computer fields (started by two peo Shriner's Bum Institute twice and plan entertain the children. The volunteers ple on a shoestring] SVS is still thriv to go again. During these visits the pass out popsicles and balloons, teach ing, three years later. Many software children are allowed to use the com the children how to operate the com and hardware companies never made it puters and any of the educational and puters, and challenge them to many of past the first year. SVS not only made game software the SVS crew has the video games. it, but has produced several high qual brought along. ity software packages — some of the Nathan Schulhof, president and About the President best in the industry. founder of SVS, is enthusiastic about his company's volunteer project. After talking with Nathan Schulhof Helping Handicapped Kids Although each monthly venture is for a few hours, it is easy to understand One very special aspect of SVS is its costly, Schulhof feels it is more than why his company is so successful, why dedication to helping disabled children worth the time and money. "We grow he chose to embark on the weekend in the San Francisco area learn about from this,” he says. "When you go out projects for the handicapped children, computers. Just about every month 10 (to one of these hospitals or homes) you and why his employees are so willing to participate with him. to 20 volunteers from SVS gather feel like a big person.” Schulhof em together a few dozen computers and phasizes that participating in these lots of software and visit a home or weekend adventures with the children First a little history hospital for handicapped or dis makes a person realize the limit of his Schulhof actively stepped into the abled children. or her own problems. "We don’t have microcomputer industry in 1980 after 32 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 he realized this new frontier was going businessman and corporate builder for “There is no bottom at Silicon Valley. to be taken over by businessmen. 12 years. Using my knowledge of This staff is not a good staff, it's a Schulhof considers himself a people and their habits, the laws that GREAT staff.” businessman first — which is clearly society is based on, and my experience Customer service at SVS is also evident by his background. Past job in business have been extremely given careful attention. Schulhof offers positions include vice president of a helpful in guiding me in most of my free upgrades and lifetime guarantees land development company, an officer business decisions.” for all his products. After all, they must for a public company, an author and keep up with the motto that has lecturer in the field of behavior become part of their ad campaign: modification, and a clinical “Simply the best.” psychologist on the staff of San The Products Francisco General Hospital. In 1980 Schulhof contacted Leonard As mentioned before, SVS' first en Elekman, “one of the brightest and try into the software market was Word most creative engineers,” and arranged Handler. This program, now offered as for Elekman to build a word processor Word Handler II, is an easy-to-use, for the Apple. When WORD HANDLER simplified word processor that comes emerged the next year, it was the first on a copy-protected disk and creates Apple word processor to provide high- non-standard text files. Word Handler resolution graphics. Schulhof and uses the high-resolution graphics Elekman were now ready to start the screen for display, eliminating the need production wheels rolling for their for an 80-column card or lower-case company, Silicon Valley Systems. adapter. In addition to normal word Two years later SVS employs more processing commands, Word Handler than 50 people and does $6 million in has a keyboard fill letter capability. sales annually. Schulhof's company SVS'product line includes List has been a tremendous success and his Silicon Valley System's employees Handler (which can interface with employees are content, happy, and challenge residents to computer Word Handler], the Tuibochaigei for loyal. He attributes these positive games. speeding up DOS, E-Z Leam ei, an results in a large part to his psychology educational program that stores and experience. “I have been a behavorial Schulhof's positive and progressive reviews questions and answers, Rapid scientist for ten years dealing in such attitudes obviously make for a friendly, Reader, Apple Source, The Snappei, habits as drugs, marital problems, exciting, and rewarding atmosphere for and Final Analysis. alcohol, and violent social problems in his employees. "Everyone is impor In keeping with their past generosity, private practice, hospitals, govern tant,” he says. Employees have the SVS initiated a software give-away pro ment agencies and universities. I have right to switch departments and gram this year. They plan to hand out been a law student for two years and a Schulhof likes to promote from within. over $1,000,000 worth of word process ing and educational software to public schools. If your school maintains an ac tive computer curriculum and would like to receive free software, contact SVS. Let them know who you are and what computers and software your school uses now. Schulhof says the pro gram has been very successful thus far. “We've been receiving 150 letters a day for the last sixty days. We have boxes of requests.” What do these volunteer projects and give-away programs do for Nathan Schulhof and Silicon Valley Systems? “Sure I like the publicity,” Schulhof admits. All this generosity is bound to create strong positive sentiments toward the company. But it is obvious that Schulhof and the people at SVS aren't just in it for the profits and publicity. “We want to share our en thusiasm and knowledge of the com puter world of tomorrow with the kids of today,” says Schulhof, sincerely. “These kids have changed my life." Volunteers assist residents of the Watership Home for the Mentally Retarded. /MCftO No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 33 by Phil Daley M any school systems are adopting to a station during their once-a-week Pascal is much easier than for students Logo as a language to learn in assigned time. Students who are starting on BASIC and switching di the elementary grades. Logo especially interested can also work rectly to Pascal. Logo gives them a allows for fast, interactive program after school. sense of working with a text editor and ming with immediate feedback, in Starting in the ninth grade, during language processing that, while much teresting graphics with simple com the first semester students are taught simpler to operate, is similar in struc mands, and a structured procedure- BASIC programming and are required ture to the Pascal operating sys oriented approach that is both to write 50 elementary programs in tem environment. fascinating for the students and offers a BASIC. During the second semester, Included with this article are sound basis for programming experience. the students write the same 50 pro several examples of programs modified At Hillsboro-Deering Cooperative grams in Logo, allowing them to see from the Abelson book and examples of School in Hillsboro, NH, the Computer the effects of a structured language on original Logo programs by the Department starts teaching Logo in the their programming techniques. This Hillsboro students. Especially notable fourth grade. Students are encouraged also acquaints them with using Logo as is the Math Drill program written by to experiment with turtle graphics a regular programming language Schyler Jones for use by the younger using Harold Abelson's book, Apple without the turtle graphics. Those students as both a math exercise and an Logo (Byte/McGraw-Hill, Peter students electing to continue their example of programming techniques. borough, NH), as a resource for basic computer studies for the second year shape programs. The school has 15 learn to do the same 50 programs in Apple IIs, so the students can work two Pascal. This transition from Logo to Programs and Graphics begin on page 36 34 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 In the flash of one second, Delta-10 can print the alphabet six times. At 160 cps, 100% duty cycle, Delta-10 is and it can print three crisp copies simul- built for speed. It’s the dot matrix printer that taneously at the continuous speed of quickly strikes up an intense working relation- 160 cps. ship with your computer. And Delta-10’s performance isn’t only meas- There’s no nonsense. Delta-10 performs ured in swiftness. There’s the diversity of its with serial and parallel interfaces as standard. character fonts, its true descender matrix, The 8K buffer gives Delta-10 the H . and its underlining ability. power to instantaneously store and Star’s new Delta-10. Designed print data as it frees your computer for red-hot efficiency. And isn’t to continue its job. Turn Delta on — - that what you need? m u r o n m - m t THE POWER BEHIND THE PRINTED WORD. Computer Peripherals Division RO. Bo* 612186. Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport. TX 75261 SPINBOX GROWSQUARES TO SPINBOX :SIZE TO START MAKE "COLOR 1 DRAW HT FULLSCREEN SPINSQR :SIZE NOWRAP PC 1 END GROWSQUARES 1 END TO SPINSQR :SIZE HT FULLSCREEN TO GROWSQUARES :SIZE MAKE "COLOR ( :COLOR 5.N2 ) RSQUARE :SIZE IF :COLOR > 5.8 THEN MAKE "COLOR 1 RT 20 PC INTEGER ( :COLOR ) GROWSQUARES :SIZE 2 SQUARE :SIZE END RT 20 SPINSQR :SIZE TO RSQUARE :SIZE END REPEAT 4 [FD :SIZE RT 90] END TO SQUARE :SIZE REPEAT 4 [FD :SIZE RT 90] END FISH TO START HOME HT FISH PU RT 25 FD <40 LT 70 FD 30 PD ARCRIGHT 3 360 PU LT 30 FD 15 PD END TO FISH SPOT ARCRIGHT 50 100 RT 100 FD 20 LT 100 FD 15 RT 100 ARCRIGHT 75 100 ARCLEFT 15 50 RT 160 ARCRIGHT 20 60 LT 100 ARCRIGHT 20 60 RT 140 ARCLEFT 25 25 LT 50 FD 10 LT 50 FD 10 LT 35 FD 10 END TO SPOT BG 1 PC 2 PU LT 90 FD 50 RT 110 PD END TO ARCLEFT :RADIUS :DEGREES ARCLEFT1 :RADIUS * 1.74N2 :DEGREES FIREWORKS by Liz Douglas — 8th Grade END TO FIREWORKS FULLSCREEN HT TO ARCRIGHT :RADIUS :DEGREES PU LT 90 FD 100 PD PC 5 FIRE ARCRIGHT1 :RADIUS * 1.74N2 :DEGREES PU RT 195 FD 200 PD PC 3 FIRE END PU LT 120 FD 130 PD PC A FIRE PU LT 123 FD 200 PD PC 2 FIRE TO ARCLEFT1 :SIZE :DEGREES PU HOME PD PC 1 FIRE REPEAT :DEGREES [FORWARD :SIZE LEFT 1] PU LT AO FD 110 PD PC 3 FIRE END END TO ARCRIGHT1 :SIZE :DEGREES TO FIRE REPEAT :DEGREES [FORWARD :SIZE RIGHT 1] REPEAT 18 [RT 20 FD 35 BK 35] END CRYSTAL JENGU by Ben Daley — 4th Grade TO CRYSTAL HT FULLSCREEN SHAPE LT 45 FD 70 CRYSTAL TO START END CS FULLSCREEN MAKE "COLOR 1 TO SHAPE HT JENGU MAKE »D AO LINE :D LINE :D END MAKE "D 20 LINE :D LINE :D MAKE "D AO LINE :D TO JENGU MAKE "D 10 LINE :D LINE :D SHAPE SHAPE LT 90 FD 20 MAKE "COLOR ( :COLOR 1 ) END IF :COLOR > 5 MAKE "COLOR 1 PC :COLOR JENGU TO LINE :DISTANCE END FD :DISTANCE RT 90 END TO SHAPE FD AO RT 90 FD 40 RT 90 FD 20 RT 90 FD 20 RT 90 FD AO RT 90 FD 10 RT 90 FD 10 RT 90 FD 20 END MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 36 MAN by Kim Zeoii — 8th Grade TO FACE CIRCLE -.5555 4 MOVEF HAT EYES NOSE MOUTH BODY END TO CIRCLE :SIZE :COLOR PC :COLOR BG 1 HT FULLSCREEN REPEAT 360 [FD :SIZE RT 1] END TO MOVEF QUIZ by Schyler Jones — Junior RT 90 PU FD 10 LT 90 FD 21 PD TO START END MAKE COUNT 1 TO QUIZ MAKE SCORE 0 MAKE NUM1 ( RANDOM 9 ) 1 TO HAT QUIZ MAKE NUM2 ( RANDOM 9 ) 1 PC 3 BG 1 LT 90 FD 30 RT 90 END MAKE TYPE ( RANDOM 3 ) 1 FD 10 RT 90 FD 30 LT 90 IF :TYPE 1 THEN MAKE ANSWER :NUM1 :NUM2 MAKE SIGN FD 50 RT 90 FD 45 RT 90 TO SETCOLOR NUMB IF :TYPE 2 THEN MAKE ANSWER :NUM1 :NUM2 MAKE SIGN ■ FD 50 LT 90 FD 30 RT 90 MAKE COLOR :NUMB IF :TYPE 3 THEN MAKE ANSWER :NUM1 :NUM2 MAKE SIGN FD 10 RT 90 FD 30 IF :COLOR 5 THEN MAKE COLOR :COLOR - 5 DRAVNUMBER :TYPE :NUM1 :NUM2 END END CLEARTEXT PRINT ( SENTENCE [HOW MUCH IS] :NUM1 :SIGN :NUM2 [?] ) TO EYES TO NINE MAKE REPLY READNUMBER BG 1 PU FD 10 LT 90 FD 10 PD PC :COLOR FD 40 RT 180 LINE TEST :REPLY :ANSWER CIRCLE 5.N2 0 LT 90 LINE LINE LT 90 LINE LT 90 LINE IFTRUE MAKE SCORE :SCORE 1 RT 90 PU FD 20 LT 90 PD LT 90 LINE MAKE COUNT :COUNT 1 CIRCLE 5.N2 0 END IFFALSE PRINT SENTENCE [NO, THE ANSWER IS] :ANSWER END TEST :COUNT 10 TO EIGHT IFTRUE PRINT ( SENTENCE [YOU SCORED] :SCORE [OUT OF A TO NOSE PC :COLOR LINE RT 90 LINE POSSIBLE 10] ) STOP QUIZ PC 0 BG 1 PU HOME RT 90 LINE RT 90 LINE RT 180 END RT 90 FD 32.5 PD LT 120 LINE LINE LT 90 LINE LT 90 LINE FD 3 LT 120 FD 3 LT 120 END TO READNUMBER FD 3 HT OUTPUT FIRST REQUEST END TO SEVEN END PC .-COLOR FD 40 RT 117 TO MOUTH PD FD 90 LT 117 FD 40 TO NUMBER NUMB PC 2 BG 1 RT 90 PU FD 10 LT 45 FD 10 PU IF :NUMB 1 THEN ONE PD RT 90 FD 10 RT 90 FD 5 END IF :NUMB 2 THENTWO RT 90 FD 20 FD 5 RT 90 IF :NUMB 3 THENTHREE FD 10 HT TO SIX IF :NUMB 4 THENFOUR END PC :COLOR FD 40 RT 90 FD AO IF :NUMB 5 THENFIVE RT 90 LINE RT 90 LINE RT 90 LINE IF :NUMB 6 THEN SIX TO BODY RT 90 LINE LINE RT 90 LINE IF :NUMB 7 THEN SEVEN PC 5 BG 1 LT 90 PU FD 20 PD END IF :NUMB 8 THEN EIGHT FD 40 BK 20 LT 120 FD 20 BK 20 IF :NUMB 9 THEN NINE LT 120 FD 20 BK 20 LT 120 FD 10 TO FIVE END RT 45 FD 30 BK 30 LT 90 FD 30 PC :COLOR FD AO RT 180 PD FD 30 BK 30 HT LT 45 FD 15 LT 45 FD 30 LT 45 TO DRAWNUMBER TYPE NUM1 NUM2 END FD 15 LT 45 FD 30 RT 90 FD 30 RT 90 PU HT CS HOME LT 90 FD 80 LINE MAKE NUMB :NUM1 END SETCOLOR :NUMB NUMBER :NUMB HOME FD 40 LT 90 FD 20 TO FOUR DRAWSIGN :TYPE HOME RT 90 FD 40 LT 180 PC :COLOR RT 90 LINE LINE MAKE NUMB :NUM2 RT 180 FD 40 RT 90 LINE SETCOLOR :NUMB NUMBER :NUMB RT 90 LINE HOME FD 30 RT 90 FD 80 EQUAL END END TO THREE TO DRAWSIGN TYPE PC :COLOR FD 40 RT 180 LINE PD PC 1 LINE LT 90 LINE LT 90 LINE IF :TYPE 2 THEN STOP RT 180 FD 40 LT 90 LINE LT 90 BK 20 RT 90 BK 20 LINE LINE IF :TYPE 1 THEN STOP END RT 135 FD 14 LT 90 FD 5 RT 180 DRAWSIGN 1 TO TWO END PC .-COLOR LINE RT 135 LINE PD FD 20 LT 45 FD 20 TO EQUAL LT 45 FD 20 LT 45 FD 20 LT 45 PD PC 1 LINE PU LT 90 FD 20 FD 20 PU LT 90 FD 1 PD LINE PU END END TO ONE TO LINE PC :COLOR PD LINE PD FD 40 PU PU BK 20 RT 90 LINE END LINE LT 135 PD FD 20 PU END HOW MUCH IS 8 * 9 ? JMCftO No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 37 DECISIONS DECISIONS... Make the right ones and you rule the galaxy! V m i ivi CONQUERING WORLDS Walter Hochbrueckner Strategy is the heart of the game. For weapons may win battles, but the right strategy wins' wars! As the Supreme Commander of one isolated world you have little influence, and less power. But, you’re ambitious. You dream of a united galaxy—united under your banner. The only solution is to plan, plot, evolve an effective strategy, then go on the offensive. On-screen commands and your star map let you choose where in the galaxy you want to launch your attacks. But, to capture 32 solar systems (with up to 8 planets each) you must con stantly make major decisions. How many warships are you willing to commit? How many must you hold in reserve to defend your base? And you must be eternally ready to switch tactics with the speed of thought, as the enemy is intelligent, well armed and may control many of the planets you’ve marked for conquest. Will a united galaxy become reality or remain a dream? That’s the exciting challenge that’ll keep you intrigued for weeks on end. For your Apple Computer. Only $29.95 at your computer store, or from: B9 DATA M O O T i VISA/MASTERCARD accepted. S2.00 shipping/handling 8943 Fu11 bright Chatsworth, CA 91311 -2750 [21 3] 709-1202 (California residents add 6 '/2% sales tax.) Copyright 1983 Datamost Inc Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. sing computers in the school system provides us with a A mastei who lived as a hermit on a Urelatively new, untapped in mountain was asked by a monk, “What tellectual resource, and there are is the Way!” probably as many different approaches “What a fine mountain this is, ” the to the fulfillment of a proficient com mastei said in reply. puter curriculum as there are “I am not asking you about the educators. The enormous complexity mountcdn, but about the Way ." of developing such a system is almost “So long as you cannot go beyond as overwhelming as the thought of the mountain, my son, you cannot rediscovering the wheel! reach the Way," replied the master. One of the major difficulties we face is creating an educational environment Zen Buddhist saving that does more than just inundate the student with an informational resource — the student must be taught to use that resource. More critical is the im portance of developing skills in struc tural thinking, critical evaluation, and even programming, which is fast becoming a basic tool in today's society. The computer can, indeed, become a powerful learning mechanism. Andrew Molnar has said that "computing is so compelling a tool that it cannot be stopped." There is little doubt that by the turn of the century computers will be the major way of learning — at all grade levels and in all classroom subjects. In the late 1940's a small ex ploratory movement planted the technological seed that has grown into the lucrative full-blown computer in dustry of the 1980's. It has been a vital movement — never stagnant these last 35 years. But enthusiastic intent often gets tripped up by the actuality of by Emmalyn Bentley "doing.” And this is the point at which we now stand. The computer, like Guttenberg's printing press, has the capability to radically alter the academic scene. We stand at the threshold of an exciting and stimulating time in educational history. It is also a time when we must curriculums for your particular school "...maintains a rigorous educational train our future work force to meet the system? Perhaps you are one of the system with a heavy concentration on demands of an ever-expanding high- small minority who is waiting to see if science and m ath...," two important tech industry — an industry that is fast computers are just a fad (although that areas woefully neglected in the becoming globally competitive. As we is not likely if you are a MICRO United States. step across that threshold we must reader). Believe it or not, there are In a speech at Massachusetts In determine which direction to take and educators who are pondering whether stitute of Technology in Cambridge, who will lead us; who should be the or not computers will be around in the Sen. Tsongas spoke about Japan's suc motivating force behind this educa future! But most of us realize that the cessful efforts to capture "70% of the tional crusade? Teachers? School ad time is fast approaching when the com market for the most advanced commer ministrators? Computer professionals? puter illiterate will be the uneducated cial memory chip, the 64K RAM." The government? Or you, the parents and the unemployable. They have also begun a "Fifth Genera of the children who will eventually be According to Paul E. Tsongas tion Computer Project, whose goal is to the nucleus of our computer-revolu (Senator from Massachusetts), "...our develop and commercialize a seeing- tionized world? What responsibility do educational system is badly under hearing-speaking computer with you shoulder with regard to your funded and failing to equip our citizens powerful problem-solving capability." children's educational future? How with even basic skills, let alone If we want to compete with Japan (and deeply should you become involved in technological skills required for future such countries as South Korea, Taiwan, implementing and directing computer jobs." Japan, on the other hand (Continued on next page) No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 39 Singapore, and Hong Kong) it is im Pittsburg for more than 10 years, Another fundamental problem that perative that we upgrade our educa "...the complexity inherent in human needs to be addressed is defining the tional system. With proper funding, nature should 'drive1 the relationship goals of education — which is tanta equipment, and direction we can main between technology and education,- mount to holding the proverbial tiger tain equal footing with our global com ...deep technology is of little value by the tail. Let's look at some of the petition and, perhaps, surpass them. without a deep view of education...." pitfalls to avoid. We must not look at The Japanese, for instance, while pro The paradox lies in the fact that to education only in terms of a cost- ducing highly competent and produc make this philosophy work in the real effective delivery system in which the tive workers, rely on rote learning and world, we must depend a good deal on computer rather than the teacher pro drill and practice. Our strength lies in advanced technology! vides information. We must not allow encouraging creativity, experimenta Computerized education will drill and practice to lull us into a tion, and innovation. enable the student to learn important sense of complacency. We must avoid The rest of this article will, hope ideas earlier in the educational stage mechanical teaching methods. Teacher fully, provide you with some food for than might be the case otherwise. New and student should be viewed as part of thought or, so to speak, data to men courses will have to be created to fulfill the total curriculum team. And tally process. And when you finish the needs of ordinary students who will because the best of ideas fulminate in a reading, perhaps you will be inspired to be working beyond today's present cooperative spirit, the ideal situation take positive action to help create a standards. Teachers will have to be would be that where student, teacher, deeply fulfilling and enriching educa reeducated and new curriculums and computer interact. Students should tional environment for your sons and developed. This, in turn, will have a have a certain amount of freedom to daughters. The following subject mat terrific impact at the college and make individual forays into educa ter is based on the premise that we have university levels. If the grammar tional exploration according to their in excellent software and guidance in our schools and high schools perform their terests, intellect, and emotional school systems. (More later on what tasks well, freshmen entering college growth; but this should be tempered some schools are actually doing.) will expect a truly sophisticated level with the guidance and knowledge of an Computers present a compelling ad of computer education. This expecta established educational past — vantage over our present educational tion may very well be a determining something the computer cannot pro system for several reasons. First, they factor in selecting which college vide. Teachers are not expendable! The allow the student to actively par to attend. focus should be on the teacher-student ticipate. Education begins very early in Drexel University in Philadelphia, relationship; the computer is simply a life with play, a personal learning pro Pennsylvania, has already addressed vehicle for enhancing that relationship. cess in which individuals interact with this problem. They announced in Now for the tough part. All of these one another. The computer creates a October 1982 that 1983 incoming marvelous features that computer similar environment of interaction in a freshmen would be required to own and education promises are for naught if we visual manner. It should not, however, operate their own personal computer, do not have the proper direction, the replace real events and experiences; it regardless of their course of study. software and hardware, the ter should and can provide a means for the President Dr. William W. Hagerty ex minology, the communication user to gather information in a highly plains, "The policy will change both mechanisms, and the funds to make it motivational way — a lot like play. the way courses are taught and the way work. How do you establish such a The computer can provide individ students learn.... (It) will also have a base? Here is what three different types ualized education to each student in a major effect on the faculty in as much of school systems did. unique fashion. It encourages "solo as it will make them more creative According to Richard Burpee, math learning,'' allowing the student to work and valuable." teacher and computer coordinator for at his own pace without prejudice (con In order to implement this policy, the Computer Awareness and Literacy scious or subconscious). Some learning Drexel has made a deal with Apple to Curriculum established in the Nashua, may shift from the school to the home buy large quantities of a new, as yet New Hampshire, public school system, as more and more personal computers unadvertised, computer (known at choice of hardware was determined by find their way into our lives. According press time only as the Apple DU, but I the good educational software to American Family (the National suspect to be the Mackintosh). The available; color was also a factor. In Newsletter on Family Policy Programs 64K machine comes with video this case Apple was deemed the logical Since 1977), "Home sales will overtake monitor, disk drive, built-in software, solution for the grammar schools. the now dominant school market and a high-capacity disk for additional Sanders Associates, a high-tech cor shortly to capture 70% of the market mass memory — all for $1,000, which poration in the area, provided free by 1987...." But bear in mind that can be financed through the university. courses for the teachers who, inciden computers are not teacher-proof — they Ray Ulmer, Director of Public Rela tally, held their own gradewise with should support person-to-person educa tions at Drexel, claims that "with its Sanders professionals taking the same tion, not replace it. We must imbue our revolutionary user-interface, a student courses! Digital Equipment Corpora computer curriculums with respect for who has never used a computer will be tion donated 75% of the hardware (PDP the importance of human relation productive in 30 minutes." And 1144's) at the high school level, and a ships. Evaluation, direction, and because many students at Drexel are in federally funded block grant was used disciplined study are still in the realm a work/study program, the fact that to fill out the curriculum needs. Hav of the teacher’s responsibility. they have their own computers will no ing different systems at the two school This creates a paradox. Acccording doubt make them more" valuable to levels eliminated duplicating libraries. to Thomas Dwyer, professor of com their employers outside the univer Because they do not yet have puting science at the University of sity environment. (Continued on pages 42 and 43) 40 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 COMPress INTRODUCES 2 NEW INTERACTIVE COMPUTING PACKAGES For the Apple r 1 ANSWER JUDGING sad 1nu c h 1 r i d p s 'Xj t X / / \ \ w rong / \ e x t r a l e t t e r / \ l e t t e r / \ in v e r t e d ni'-.sini) o r d e r l e t t e r S T flT E -O F -T H E -fiR T RHSUER JUIJLfNf, _ -J USER-FRIENDLY INPUT ,1'Bpi [1 ( N'u Q h H L S ■ PjSpgHrj | K I ..j'.., 11 j U |r r,nnf p|( o N i ( u7 njld (.t-jftv/jpHKr! .»!)>'Y Yr'Mtflujfi RuWpdflqjj djln I •. H,j I .1 Hf'l.i U'H*> (j-. Ir|P» Wh Now YOU can write professional quality interactive Help your students master Introductory Computer-Assisted Instruction materials and Chemistry with: simulations INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL CHEMISTRY EnBASIC™ can help YOU. Professor Stanley G. Smith, Dr. Ruth Chabay, Elizabeth Kean Authors Paul Tenczar, Stanley Smith, and Allen Avner have produced These materials are designed as a stand-alone supplement to an intro CAI and similar user-oriented software for more than 20 years. Here ductory course in General Chemistry — for students who have no pre are routines and authoring aids critical to preparation of high-quality, vious Chemistry background. Simulated experiments used to develop user-friendly materials. basic concepts allow students to gain experience in collecting and EnBASIC adds to Applesoft' BASIC. All features of BASIC are still interpreting data. present. Graphics and animation help to develop an intuitive feeling for chem ical concepts. Problem sets provide extensive practice solving prob A flexible display design allows for: lems — beginning wtih easy structured problems and progressing to ■ Proportional spacing, superscripts, subscripts, underlining, and more difficult, less structured. Diagnostic feedback is provided for stu automatically backspaced diacritic marks in text dent errors, and help is available from the programs when requested. ■ Double or standard size characters displayed anywhere on the The first 7 diskettes in the series include: High Res screen 1 The Chemical Elements (Periodic Table) ■ Lower-case characters on the Apple II plus' 2 Inorganic Nomenclature Advanced input handling affords you: 3 Chemical Formulas and Equations — (Balancing Equations) ■ State-of-the-art answer-judging 4 Atomic Weights ■ Automatic indication of spelling and typing errors 5 Percent Composition ■ Character-by-character error feedback for missing, extra, or wrong letters, inverted letter order, errors in accenting, capitalization, sub- 6 Chemaze or superscripting 7 Gas Laws ■ Synonym lists allowed as part of expected responses Additional topics are being prepared. You get all these features simply by specifying a correct response and Disks are individually priced at $60.00 each, except Chemaze which is $40.00. If the first including an EnBASIC command that implements spelling checks with seven diskettes are purchased as a group, the price is $340.00. If you want to purchase the entire General Chemistry series, you may place a standing order for the complete feedback. package now. We will send you each diskette in the series as completed at the reduced rate of $50.00 per diskette. We will also GUARANTEE that the entire series will not The Package exceed $700.00 regardless of the total number of diskettes when the package is com A 94-page manual containing a tutorial on use of EnBASIC with exam plete regardless of any price increase through January 1, 1984. Backup diskettes for ples, implementation hints, and technical details (available separately student use at the same location are available for $ 10.00 each. for $20.00 which may be applied to the full purchase price of $150.00). A pocket guide to EnBASIC commands A demonstration diskette is available A master and back up diskettes containing: the EnBASIC augmenta To order or receive our catalog, call or write today! tion program, six ready-made character sets, four sizes of English let DEPARTMENT MC ters plus Cyrillic and Greek together with editors which allow you to design your own character sets and redefine key set functions. P f >A Q P Wentworth0 NH 03282 A sample program diskette t i \ j i t 11 r c o o (6°3)7645831 /5225 A Division of Vin Nostrand Reinhold 'Registered trademark of the Apple Computer Company EnBASIC Package...... $150.00 ™ A trademark of Computer Teaching Corporation No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 41 Although the idea of computer education in the schools is still In its adolescence, there has been a flurry of activity across the country in anticipation of a future that is close to being the present. The follow ing quotes are indicative of what is happening. “Cupertino, Calif — Apple 'I am pleased to announce that ' Coralville, Iowa — When Computer this week launched its the IEEE Computer Society has not teacher Jean Mether made room to program to donate a complete per only created a Technical Committee move three Apple computers into sonal computer system to nearly on Computers in Education (TCCE), her typing classropnv already 10,000 public and private schools but the Educational Activities Board equipped with 35 manual Olympia throughout California.. ” has established a precollege com typewriters the setting was ripe for (Apple Computer Inc ) mittee to study curriculum needs the computer revolution at North and requirements as welt " west Junior High School '* (M Dundee Maples in' TCCE Tidbits) (Bruce Zweig, Lightning Software) "Glassboro, New Jersey — Elementary and high school "Montreal — A Canadian com students from throughout the U S pany, Logo Computer Systems, Fnc and Canada are preparing for the (LCSIJ of Lachme, Quebec, is “Microzine™ from WIZWARE™ fourth Annual “Olympics of the working with Apple Computer Inc in — Be the first to get Microzine a Mind” World Finals Competition supplying California schools with collection of exciting computer This year a special computer event the world's newest computer pro programs' Get Microzine tor will take place at the World Finals. gramming software' LOGO. And, in challenging software fun Commodore, one of the sponsors of so doing is playing a key role in and excitement1" the World Finals, helped design the launching Apple’s Kids Can't (Scholastic Arrow Book Club) event and is supplying the com Waif Program puters for the contest. (Logo Computer Systems Inc) (OM Association, Inc.) ' It is not being overly “Nashua, NH — During the pessimistic to vipw the rmcrocom past summer, a curriculum commit puter the vehicle that may drive a "Framingham, MA — Cullinet tee met for two weeks to develop a technologicar and instructional Software today announced a Computer Awareness and Literacy wedge between home and school special joint program with the Cu'riculum for implementation in "On the other hand it is not Massachusetts High Tecnnology the Nashua School District....’’ overly optimistic to think that educa Council (MHTC) for the purpose of (Bicentennial PTO Orator) improving computer literacy among tional computing could become the elementary and secondary basis for cooperative, community teachers in Massachusetts school widp educational experiences for systems The program wa.s an “Walpole, Mass. — Playing all families " (Dr Kenneth Komoski nounced at the opening of Cullinet’s computer games in the classroom new National Education Center in is legal for the students at Fisher Executive D,rector Educational Products Framingham..." Elementary School in fact it is Information Fxchangp iFPIfc) (Massachusetts High Technology even encouraged . ,r Council) (Bruce Zweig L'ghtnmg Software] In* Mute) 42 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 enough equipment, Mr. Burpee states, Public schools located outside high- and educational organizations that can at the present time Nashua is using tech areas may have more difficulty in give you guidance. There are several their computers "as an object of in stituting a computer curriculum, but research centers that can help you struction rather than a tool of instruc with diligence and perseverence it can get started. tion in programming and data process be achieved. Educators in Fargo, North Technical Education Research ing." He emphasized the importance of Dakota (population 60,000), established Centers, Inc. [TERC, 8 Eliot St., Cam parent participation as another a computer program in their vocational bridge, MA 02138) is a non-profit resource. Many teachers have not had schools three years ago using state and public service corporation that provides experience on computers and welcome local funds. Two years ago they imple assistance through planning services, the added assistance. Teachers take mented a course of study at the two faculty training programs, hardware note! If one of your students is com high schools. This year they have ten and software information, and resource puter knowledgeable, don't be embar tatively adopted a program for kinder material. TERC is not affiliated with rassed to ask him/her for help. Many garten through ninth grade. According any particular machine or educational young people have had a considerable to John Steiner, a teacher in the Fargo approach and is therefore able to offer amount of computer experience and are public school district, the biggest prob unbiased information. highly competent. lem was acquiring hardware, which The Institute for Professional In Greenwich, Connecticut, The was done through local bidding and Development (IDP, 245 Nassau St., Mead School for Human Development local taxes. To date there are approx Suite D, Princeton, NJ 08540) is a non (a private alternative humanistic imately 30 Apples, several Franklins, profit, public service educational school) has been fortunate to have a and two networking systems in the research and development corporation donor provide them with a number of high schools, enabling students to that is well informed about state-of- TRS-80's, TIs, and an Atari (used in the share equipment and thereby cut down the-art developments worldwide. Its art and music departments). Computer on hardware needs. Advisory Board is composed of education is not required but it is en Fargo uses software from the Min distinguished educators, scientists, and couraged. The expectation is that the nesota Educational Computing Consor other professionals from the United students (aged 2 - 8th grade) will tium (MECC, 2520 Broadway Drive, States, Canada, England, India, and become hooked on computers early in St. Paul, MN 55113), which provides Australia. This past summer IDP spon life. Apparently they are. By the time exceptionally good programs for the sored a conference with workshops and they reach the first grade, many of Apple, Atari, and TRS-80. In order to seminars that addressed such subjects Mead's students are well versed in have unlimited access to these educa as "The Computer's Role in Education: using computer software and are be tional packages, the school system pays Don't Think About Computers, Think coming adept in LOGO. a small yearly license fee. MECC is an About Education," "Educational Gaelen Canning, Director of the excellent resource for software and Policy: Making Computers Count school, explains that because informa is available to the public for the li Rather than Counting Computers," tion is available in increasing amounts, censing fee. and "Putting It All Together: The Total the computer provides the students Teachers in Fargo attend one- to Curriculum Approach to Computer with another way to not only learn in two-day in-service training workshops Literacy, K-12.” formation but also to use it — intellec taught by experts from MECC, com There are innumerable other tually and creatively. Children in puter centers, and other knowledgeable organizations you can contact for infor grades 3 through 8 are encouraged to computerists in the area. Unlike the mation and help. Do your homework visit the "Responsive Environment Nashua school system or The Mead now and be the motivating factor in Center'' where they are introduced to a School, there is little parent input at getting an effective computer cur rich array of thinking and experiential this time. Hopefully that will change. riculum into your school system. Put materials (including computers), No matter where you live, it is an Apple on your teacher's desk! which encourage them to explore in vitally important that you become an * * * their own way and at their own pace — involved parent. Some of the things to ask what they can do personally to that you can do to help your school The ending of this article really is a enrich their lives. From the nursery system are to become aware of what beginning. In 1955 Dr. Rudolf Flesch years onward, the children are also of has already been done then act on that wrote a book that took America by fered specific workshops to learn pro knowledge; share your expertise and, if storm. It was entitled Why Johnny gramming (LOGO for first graders and you have one, your computer; en Can't Read — and What You Can Do above and later BASIC), word process courage your PTO to raise funds for About It. I quote from the preface, ing, graphics, and the use of the quality equipment and software (is it wiser to replacing the word "reading" with software available. Finally, The Mead spend money for a new computer that "computer literacy" and the word School uses the computer in its learn will last for years or take a field trip "book" with "article." ing specialties program to meet the that lasts one day?); and put pressure on ‘ 'Just as war is 'too serious a matter specific needs and learning modes of your elected officials to provide funding. to be left to the generals,' so, I think, children who need a one-to-one learn Some aspects of curriculum the teaching of computer literacy is too ing experience. development with which you should important to be left to the educators. As in Nashua, parents of Mead become familiar are availability of good This article, therefore, is not ad students are involved in volunteering hardware and software, resource dressed to teachers... but to fathers their time and expertise, particularly at materials and manuals, training for and mothers." the nursery and kindergarten levels. resource people and teachers, funding, AMCRO No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 43 WRITING INSTRUCTI ■His;. SOFTWA by Marian Lorenz and Allan Moose 44 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 3. Simulations/Problem Solving: A simulation is a model of a situation in real life recreated by the computer. Pro grams of this nature enable the learner to have experience with environments that may be too expensive, dangerous, remote, or complex for classroom use. These types of programs allow the stu dent to make use of known skills and concepts to develop new problem solving strategies. Simulations teach students how to make decisions, think A discussion of the scope of logically, and understand conceptual relationships. These types of exercises applications for educational encourage students to understand prob lem situations and help them consider software and the various factors alternative designs and relations among the variables as opposed to applying involved in designing a program. some formula quickly simply to get the "right" answer. 4. Games: These programs allow I n recent months many newspapers, important for remedial work. students to apply skills and concepts in magazines, and professional journals Long-term research concerning the a game environment. They make provi have carried articles that portray educational effectiveness of computers sions for learning rules and developing education in the United States in is necessarily limited. However, a and revising strategies. There can be serious trouble. Many students do not number of findings suggest that competition with the computer, with get an adequate background in students tend to learn faster by way of one's self and/or peers. In addition, mathematics and science. In a large computer programs as compared to games can be cooperative efforts — number of cases this is due to a lack of customary instructional methods; stu team games in which two or more adequately trained teachers. Often dent retention rate is as good as, or students work to achieve a common students do not choose to take courses superior to, customary instruction; a goal, thereby fostering cooperation and in these subjects because they are learner's attention can be maintained positive peer interaction. "dull,'' "boring," or just plain hard longer at a computer,- it appears that 5. Management: Programs of this type work. We believe that properly using a computer in and of itself is are tools for the teacher or ad prepared educational computer pro motivating to the student; and com ministrator. They can be used to grams can serve to help ameliorate puter drill/practice exercises are schedule, test, keep records, and some of the problems in our educa especially helpful for students who analyze student learning problems. tional system. have problems with memorization. Keep in mind that the computer is The responsibility of providing ef Instructional software falls into five only a tool for use in the educational fective education belongs to the main categories. These are: process. Their effectiveness is going to educator. The microcomputer cannot 1. Drill/Piactice: This type of program depend on the quality of the software. take over that responsibility. However, supplements previous instruction Developing high-quality instructional the microcomputer can, if used ap through reinforcement and practice. software requires the merging of educa propriately, be an invaluable aid in the Drill and practice are an important part tional and technological expertise and a educational process. When properly of the teaching-learning process. Tradi thorough understanding of program programmed the computer can help the tional drill has turned a lot of children ming techniques and the capabilities of teacher make provisions for in off to learning. However, computer the microcomputer. Furthermore, it re dividualized instruction for each pupil. drill can be organized to make practice quires a thorough understanding of An effective program can provide an in fun. Computer drill programs can be educational principles and of the teractive learning experience that used in the areas of math, spelling, population for whom the program is be shows students that learning can be ex history, geography, and other subjects ing written. To a great extent the prin citing and challenging. A computer can that require memorization of facts or ciples involved in writing high-quality be programmed to adjust to the learn concepts. Since feedback is immediate, educational software mirrors the prin ing rates of individual students. Com learning is enhanced and drill becomes ciples of good programming. puters can provide immediate feed more meaningful and productive. In the remainder of this article we back, they are not judgemental, they 2. Tutorials: These programs can be will present fundamental steps in don't get tired, and they can maintain a used as instructional units that teach preparing high-quality courseware. We learner's attention. The student can be rules and concepts. Tutorials are often have developed these ideas through a given more control over the learning used to re-teach work previously study of educational software reviews, process than occurs in a group lesson. presented through conventional in attendance at conferences on micro In addition, there is privacy and structional methods but that has not computers in education, conversations freedom from peer pressure, which is been fully understood or mastered. with teachers and parents, and our own No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 45 experiences in education. outline how you are going to determine or colored text, if you have a computer The first step is to define your need if the pupil has learned the skills or that has this feature. Screen displays or problem. This will help you decide concepts presented. Specify in your printed in capital letters are not as easy what category of program will best deal program outline what the correct to read as "conventional" print with with your subject matter. responses are and how incorrect capitals and lower-case letters. A The second step is to establish your responses will be managed. neutral color for the screen is also goals and develop instructional objec The fourth step is important in the easier on the eyes than the typical tives in terms of observable behavior. development of effective instructional blue screen. This will help you specify the content software: writing out the screen 2. Important information, new of the program and to determine what display, frame by frame. We suggest vocabulary, key words, and instruc prerequisite skills, vocabulary, and that you make use of sheets of graph tions can be highlighted by using in concepts are necessary for the student paper, one for each frame. Each frame verse print or color. Use flashing to successfully leam the skills in your should be numbered and indicate what words, letters, or phrases judiciously as program. We cannot stress the impor frame to go to if a response is correct, they can be more distracting than at tance of this step enough. If your incorrect, or inappropriate. This tention getting. primary experience is not in education method of program planning and 3. Make sure you follow the estab (and even if it is) it would be worth writing makes editing easier. Here is lished rules for punctuation, grammar, while to consult one or more of the where you start thinking about what usage, and capitialization. Avoid spell references we have listed at the end of the user will see and the subtle ways ing errors. this article. that this can affect learning. Some 4. Have the learner respond frequently. The third step is to develop a pro guidelines for planning screen dis Plan your program so that the user gram outline. This consists of a step- plays are: readily understands how to respond. by-step guide indicating how each con 1. Design screen displays so theyFor example, if you have a clock set at cept or skill will be developed and the are easy to understand. For ease of six-fifteen and the user must respond to order in which they will be presented. reading, six lines of text, double "what time is it?", indicate clearly A teacher would call this a lesson plan. spaced, serves the needs of most how to respond; i.e., ______hrs. and This outline will help you maintain students. Break lines between phrases ______mins.; or ______mins, after consistency between the content and and avoid a crowded display. For young ______. If the user does not understand the program objectives. Indicate in the learners you might wish to use enlarged (Continued on page 48) 46 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD 82-018 This is a complete stand alone Video Terminal board. All that is needed besides this board is a parallel ASCII keyboard, standard NTSC monitor, and a power supply. It displays 80 columns by 25 lines of UPPER and lower case characters. Data is transfer red by RS232 at rates of 110 baud to 9600 baud — switch selectable. The UART is controlled (parity etc.) by a 5 pos. dip switch. Complete source listing is included in the documen tation. Both the character generator and the CRT pro gram are in 2716 EPROMS to allow easy modification to your needs. This board uses a 6502 Microprocessor and a 6545-1 CRT controller. The 6502 runs during the horz. and vert, blanking (45% of the time). The serial input port is interrupt driven. A 1500 character silo is used to store data until the 6502 can display it. Features • 6502 Microprocessor 2K EPROM 2716 • Size 6.2" x 7.2" • 6545-1 CRT controller RS232 I/O for direct • Output for speaker (bell) • 2716 EPROM char. gen. connection to computer • Power +5 700Ma. • 2716 EPROM program or modem. +12 50Ma. • 4K RAM (6116) 80 columns x 25 line display -12 50Ma. OUT IN + 5 +12 -12 GND. RS232 I/O This board is available assembled and tested, or bare board with the two EPROMS and crystal. Assembled and tested #82-018A $199.95 Bare board with EPROMS and crystal #82-018B $ 89.95 Both versions come with complete documentation. $ J o h n B e l l E n g i n e e r i n g , In c . ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 10% OUTSIDE U.S.A. SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG (415)592-8411 ADD $1.50 FOR C.O.D. WILL CALL HOURS: 9am ■ 4pm #249 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 47 how to input his/her response it will this from the screen. Nothing ruins the and how to restore a crashed program; cause unnecessary frustration. impression that a user has of a program 7. provide information, suggestions, 5. Include frames that positively rein more than seeing typos. Next, run the and/or materials to help the teacher force correct responses. Reinforcement program to make sure it will run to the and consequently the learner gain the should be variable and random, making end regardless of what branches are most use from the program; 8. provide use of behavior management prin taken and/or what is typed in by the for evaluation of the extent to which ciples. Do not make frames that fol user. You want to insure that the pro the learner has achieved the pro low incorrect responses punishing, gram can be operated independently by gram objectives. nor exciting enough to encourage mak the learner, that the program will not We believe that computers have ing errors. get hung up because of unexpected great educational potential for use both 6. Use branching to meet the individual responses, or that the pupil cannot at home and in school. At computing needs of the learners. Branching crash the program accidentally or conferences we have attended, the reduces frustration for learners having deliberately. It is often helpful to have most frequent complaints heard are problems as well as for pupils who have your program tested by at least one about the quality of educational soft learned the material. member of your target population. ware currently available. In this article 7. Graphics, sound, and color should be The last step is the development of we have attempted to furnish the an integral part of the program. Use documentation or a user's guide. This reader with detailed suggestions on them to convey information, draw at is absolutely one of the more important writing instructional software. Our tention to important facts, or reinforce steps and is unfortunately often suggestions reflect our belief that effec learning. Effective graphics are not neglected by many programmers. Even tive education takes careful thought simply an added attraction. Use sound if you are a teacher or a parent writing and planning. judiciously. Too much can be wearing for your own use, this is important. We shall illustrate some of the prin on the nerves. Do not use sound to in Perhaps there will be a time when you ciples that have been presented with a dicate mistakes because it announces have many programs or when you want spatial relations program we are the student's errors to those to swap programs with someone else. developing. The need we identified is around him/her. The guide should: 1. describe the pro for a remedial program for children A fifth step that you may want to gram; 2. indicate for whom the pro with learning disabilities. In particular, use either at this point or in conjunc gram is intended; 3. specify what prere we have in mind children who have not tion with your outline is to write a quisite skills are required; 4. list the developed adequate spatial relations flowchart. This will help you maintain program goals and instructional objec concepts. Concurrently, the program is an overview of the total program. Since tives; 5. note specialized vocabulary,- being designed for pre-academic the computer will evaluate the pupil's 6. tell the user how to run the program children who are in the process of responses, every conceivable response needs to be considered as far as this is possible. A flow chart of your frames will help you check this important aspect. Figure 1 is a simple example. The sixth step is the programming portion of the software development. If you have followed the above steps this should be relatively straightforward. The seventh step is editing the pro gram. Go over the frames carefully, checking for spelling errors, content er rors, grammar, syntax, and punctua tion. Consider each frame in terms of readability and overall appearance. Monitor the "flow " of the program. At this point, consider the frame cards and the flowchart together to make sure every frame leads to another ap propriate frame until the end is reached. Step eight is the actual typing in of the program. If the program is lengthy, spread the typing over several sessions to avoid fatigue, which causes errors. The ninth step is the process of "debugging." The first step in debug ging is to print out the program and check for spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors. If you do not have a printer available you will have to do 48 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 developing spatial relations concepts. Because color is useful in aiding grid is represented in the program by a Finally, the program is being designed visual discrimination we chose Atari two-dimensional array. The array can with parents and teachers in mind by Graphics Mode 7 which, with its four- be visualized as a 7-x-7 matrix that structuring the code so it can be easily color capability, allows the back mimics the grid on the screen: modified to meet the unique needs of a ground, grid, and square to be in con particular learner in accordance with trasting colors. The cursor in the right- 7 columns ------► the educational theory in the documen hand grid is a player and is moved with r tation. In a sense we had in mind the the arrow keys. If the child wants to o needs of both the child and adult. color in a particular square he/she w Therefore we stated our goals as: presses the space bar. Since the pro s 1. to develop spatial relations concepts gram is designed to be remedial or and, 2. to write easy-to-understand pro tutorial, a square will fill in with color gram code and documentation. The ob only if it is equivalent to a square on J[ jectives are: 1. the child will organize a the master grid. Thus, the program is pattern or design as a unified whole,- self-correcting and there is no need for An individual square is filled in or 2. the child will accurately reproduce a branching in response to an inap left blank according to whether the cor pattern or design; 3. the child will propriate choice. The program is responding matrix element is a 1 or 0, develop an organized approach to a designed to respond only to the space respectively. Thus, a row of l's across task; 4. the child will develop the con bar and arrow keys. If the child tries to the top of the matrix will become a cept of directionality These objectives move the cursor out of the grid the cur straight line across the top of the grid cannot be achieved through the use of sor will not respond and a warning note on the screen. The u shape shown the program alone. But with adequate sounds. earlier is created by a segment of code documentation, a parent or teacher The frame-by-frame description of such as: working with the child in conjunction the screen display for this program is with the computer can achieve them. relatively simple and consists of choos 320 REM U SHAPE SUBROUTINE The screen displays consist of a pair ing the sequence of patterns to be 330 GOSUB VERT. BAR LEFT of seven-by-seven grids. One, on the copied. One such sequence is shown in 340 GOSUB HORIZ. BAR BOTTOM left of the screen, shows a design to be figure 3. 350 GOSUB VERT. BAR RIGHT copied; the second, on the right, is the To make the program easy to 360 RETURN workspace where the child reproduces modify, the patterns are made by com the shape. For example, one of the first bining basic line segments with a group followed by a routine that reads the displays is shown in figure 2. of clearly defined subroutines. Each matrix and fills in the appropriate squares. By changing lines 330 to 350 to call a different set of subroutines, a different figure can be drawn. References 1. Bloom, B. Taxonomy of Educa tional Objectives: Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. David McKay, Inc., New York, 1956. 2. Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., Masia, B. B., Taxonomy of Educa tional Objectives: Handbook II: Affective Domain. David Mckay, Inc., New York, 1964. 3. Mager, R. Preparing Instructional Objectives. Fearon Publishers Inc., California, 1962. 4. Siegal, E. and Siegel, R. Creating Instructional Sequences. Academic Therapy Press, California. 5. Steenbergen, F. A Practical Guide to Writing Goals and Objectives. Academic Therapy Press, California. You may contact the authors at 156 Monell Ave., Islip, NY 11751. A lC ftO 49 they are placed on the hi-res screen. If the address of the first byte. An exam you want a more in-depth explanation, ple should clarify this. consult the references listed at the end of this article. Example 1 Characters are represented by a 7 x 8 grid of dots. Figure 1 shows samples of Here is how you would put the letter two characters mapped on to this grid. "A '1 into character row 5, column 7: Hi - Res Each of the eight rows of a character can be represented by one byte. Actually, 1. Look up the beginning address of only the lowest seven bits of each byte row 5 from listing 2: (8832) are used to turn dots on or off. The 2. Add the column number to this: eigth bit is used to control color. The (8832 + 7 = 8839) ciaracters bits are displayed from left to right, 3. Look up the first byte of "A” from with bit 0 on the left and bit 6 on the figure 1 or listing 1 : (8) right. The decimal value of each bit is 4. Put that value into address 8839: marked above each column in figure I. .DEPOSIT 8839 8 The decimal value of the byte for each 5. Add 1024 to 8839: =9863 l w lm o row is listed to the right of the row in 6. Get the next byte for "A " : (20) figure 1. You can see that a character 7. Put it in address 9863 : may be defined by a series of eight .DEPOSIT 9863 20 bytes, corresponding to the eight rows 8. Add 1024 to 9863: = 10887 of the grid. 9. Get the next byte for "A " : [34] MIX TEXT AND GRAPHICS! Listing 1 contains the byte defini 10.Put it in address 10887 : tions for fifty-nine common characters. .DEPOSIT 10887 34 Each character is represented as a list of eight numbers. The name of each list Continue this pattern until all eight corresponds to the character it defines; bytes for "A " have been put into "C .! represents the exclamation point, memory. Figure 2 shows the result of and so on. The lists are kept this way to this operation. The addresses are allow for easy modification. Listing 1 shown on the left of each row, and the should be entered into the logo byte values on the right. This is essen workspace along with the procedures tially the process that the Logo pro that appear later in this article. cedures listed below will use to put text (Editor’s Note: It is necessary to type on the hi-res screen. Note that this '.GCOLL' once in a while to avoid method of adding 1024 to each address overflowing workspace.) will only work if the twenty-four begin Once you have defined the ning locations given in listing 2 are characters, you need to know how to used. This makes the procedures less by Dan Weston put them on the hi-res screen. The hi flexible, but infinitely simpler. res screen is a direct representation of Listings 3 and 4 contain the pro O ne of the weaknesses of the bits in memory between address 8192 cedures that will put text on the hi Apple II is the inability to com and 16384. Seven bits of each byte are res screen in Logo. These procedures bine text and graphics on the used to turn dots on or off. The screen use the normal text cursor positioning same screen. Many ingeneous utility is forty bytes wide, giving 280 possible primitives built into Logo to guide programs are on the market to rectify dots horizontally. The screen is placement of the text on the hi-res this weakness. Unfortunately, none of twenty-four characters high, with eight screen. The user should position the them will work with any of the ver bytes per character giving 192 possible cursor as if to put text on the text sions of Logo that run on the Apple. dots vertically. screen before calling the hi-res pro You can get letters on the turtle Finding the actual memory address cedures. If the turtle screen is cur graphics screen in Logo by using the for any particular byte on the screen rently being viewed, then the cursor turtle to draw them. This solution can be tricky. Listing 2 is a table of will not be visible to the user, but proves to be unworkable in most situa beginning addresses for the twenty-four will still act as a stalking horse for the tions. Trying to define procedures to character rows on the left edge of the hi-res routines. draw all twenty-six letters can fill your screen. Subsequent addresses as you HPRINT is the top-level procedure entire workspace. Even if you can fit move across the screen horizontally are that will be most often called by the them all in, the letters the turtle draws found by adding the column number user. It may take a word or a list as in are thicker than normal letters, which (0-39) to the beginning address. Each put. HPRINT tests its input to see if it may not be acceptable. With this in character row is made up of eight rows is a list or a word and routes it to mind, I have written a group of Logo of dots. For any one character position, the appropriate subprocedure for pro procedures that puts text on the hi-res the address for the first byte is found by cessing. Lists are passed to PICK- screen without using turtle graphics. adding the column number to the WORD where the component words Before I discuss how the Logo pro beginning address of the row. The ad are picked out and passed to PUT- cedures work, I will explain briefly dresses for the seven subsequent bytes WORD. Words input to HPRINT are how characters are defined and how are found by repeatedly adding 1024 to passed directly to PUTWORD. 50 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 PUTWORD first checks to see if its text to the upper left comer of the Listing 1 input is the empty word. If it isn't, screen if it is called from the lower MAKE "C ! 8888808 0] MAKE"C." 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0] PUTWORD calls PUTCHAR with the right comer. There is no provision MAKE»C.# 0 0 20 62 20 62 20 0] correct starting address and the list of for scrolling. MAKE "C.z 28 42 10 28 40 42 28 0] eight bytes for the first character of Once PUTWORD has processed the MAKE "C.% 0 36 18 8 36 18 0 0] MAKE "C.& 4 10 10 4 42 18 44 0] the word. first character of its input, it calls itself MAKE"C.T 16 16 0 0 0 0 0 0] MAKE "C ( 8422248 ] The address is determined by taking recursively with the BUTFIRST of its 0 input. It will do this until all the MAKE nc ) 8 16 32 32 32 16 8 0] the current cursor column, output by MAKE"C.» 0 42 28 62 28 42 0 0] COLUMN, and adding it to the begin characters have been placed on the MAKE "C.+ 0 8 8 62 8 8 0 0] screen. Because Logo generally treats a MAKE "C., 0000088 4] ning address of the current cursor MAKE"C.- 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0] row, output by ROW ADDRESS. ROW- space as a deliminator rather than a MAKE "C.. 0000008 0] ADDRESS uses the output of ROW to character, PUTWORD calls MOVE MAKE"C./ 0 32 16 8 4 2 0 0] CURSOR one extra time just before it MAKE "C.O 28 34 50 42 38 34 28 0] look up the address from the values in MAKE "C.l 8 12 8 8 8 8 28 0] listing 2, much as we did in step 1 of stops to place a space after each word MAKE "C.2 28 34 32 24 4 2 62 0] that it processes. Most of the time this MAKE"CJ 28 34 32 28 32 34 28 0] example 1 above. MAKE "C.4 34 34 34 62 32 32 32 0] The list of eight byes for the first will be fine, but you may find that you MAKE "C.5 62 2 2 30 32 32 30 0] character of the word are determined by want to remove this step in PUTWORD. MAKE "C.6 28 34 2 30 34 34 28 0] HTEST is a sample procedure to MAKE "C.7 62 32 32 16 8 4 2 0] the output of GETBITS. This procedure MAKE "C .8 28 34 34 28 34 34 28 0] looks up values from listing 1 by com show how HPRINT can be used. Its MAKE "C.9 28 34 34 60 32 34 28 0] bining its input with "C. ROW- first step, which is optional, is to clear MAKE "C.: 0080800 0] the hi-res screen. Then it places the MAKE "C.; 0080884 0] ADDRESS and GETBITS are both MAKE " C . < [0 0 16 8 4 8 16 0] lookup procedures and work in much text cursor at the upper left comer of MAKE "C.= 0 0 0 28 0 28 0 0 ] the screen. HPRINT is then called with MAKE " C . > [0 0 4 8 16 8 4 0 ] the same way. MAKE "C.? 28 34 32 24 8 0 8 0] PUTCHAR is where the actual bits all the characters defined in listing 1 as MAKE "c.e 28 34 42 58 26 2 60 0] are placed into screen memory. PUT input. This is a good way to see if the MAKE"C.A 8 20 34 34 62 34 34 0] character definitions are to your liking. MAKE "C.B 30 34 34 62 34 34 30 0] CHAR starts with the address for the MAKE"C.C 28 34 2 2 2 34 28 0] top row of a character and a list of the You might want to customize some of MAKE"C.D 30 34 34 34 34 34 30 0] MAKE"C.E eight bytes needed to define that the characters. Although these pro ;62 2 2 30 2 2 62 0] cedures are too slow to do effective MAKE "C.F 62 2 2 30 2 2 2 0] character. It then places the first byte MAKE"C.G 28 34 2 50 34 34 60 0] into memory at the starting address. character animation, you might find MAKE"C.H 34 34 34 62 34 34 34 0] some use for non-standard characters. MAKE "C.l 62 8 8 8 8 8 62 0 ] PUTCHAR then adds 1024 (defined as MAKE "C.J 32 32 32 32 32 34 28 0] If you find that you are not using all "NEXTLINE in listing 2) to the address MAKE "C.K 34 18 10 6 10 18 34 0] and calls itself recursively with all but the characters that have been defined, MAKE"C.L 2 2 2 2 2 2 62 0] it will be to your advantage to erase the MAKE"C.M 34 34 54 42 42 34 34 0] the first byte of the list. This will con MAKE "C.N 34 34 38 42 50 34 34 0] tinue until all eight bytes have been put unused character definitions from your MAKE "C.O 28 34 34 34 34 34 28 0] workspace, freeing up extra nodes for MAKE "C.P 30 34 34 30 2 2 2 0] into memory. You should see the MAKE "C.Q 28 34 34 34 42 18 44 0] similarity to example 1 here. PUT other procedures that will use MAKE "C.R 30 34 34 30 10 18 34 0] CHAR takes advantage of logo’s ability HPRINT. These procedures are in MAKE "C.S 28 34 2 28 32 34 28 0] tended mainly for labeling pictures and MAKE "C.T 62 8 8 8 8 8 8 0] to modify inputs to procedures without MAKE"C.U 34 34 34 34 34 34 28 0] affecting the value of global variables. graphs. They do not intercept normal MAKE "C.V 34 34 34 34 34 20 8 0] "C.W 34 42 42 42 42 ] You can see the same fundamental keyboard input and route it to the hi MAKE 34 20 0 res screen and they do not scroll. They MAKE "C.X 34 34 20 8 20 34 34 0] structure in PICKWORD, PUTWORD, MAKE"C.Y 34 34 34 20 8 8 8 0] and PUTCHAR. All three operate on are, as one high school basketball coach MAKE "C.Z 62 32 16 8 4 2 62 0] MAKE"C.\ 0 2 4 8 16 31 0 0] the first element of their input, and once said succinctly of his team, “big then cycle recursively with the BUT- and dumb and slow,” however I think FIRST of that input until the input is you will find them useful, and also in MAKE R.23 (9168) structive as to what can be done with MAKE R.22 (9040) empty. This technique has wide ap MAKE R.21 (8912) plication in logo programming. Logo beyond turtle graphics. MAKE R.20 (8784) PUTCHAR was called by PUT MAKE R.19 (8656) 1. Pelczarski, Mark, “Graphically MAKE R.18 (8528) WORD to place the first character of a MAKE R.17 (8400) word on the screen. When PUTCHAR Speaking," Softalk, October, 1982, MAKE R.16 (8272) MAKE R.15 (9128) finishes displaying that character, con pg. 240-242. 2. Wagner, Roger, "Assembly Lines," MAKE R.l4 (9000) trol is passed back to PUTWORD. MAKE R.13 (8872) PUTWORD then calls MOVECURSOR Softalk, April 1983, pg. 247-254. MAKE R.12 (8744) 3. Wagner, Roger, "Assembly Lines," MAKE R.11 (8616) to move the cursor to the next MAKE R.10 (8488) character position. Softalk, May 1983, pg. 185-190. MAKE R-9 (8360) MOVECURSOR moves the unseen 4. Apple 11 Reference Manual, Apple MAKER .8 (8232) Computer Co., pg. 18-19, 21. MAKE R.7 (9088) text cursor so that ROW and COLUMN MAKE R .6 (8960) will continue to give appropriate MAKE R.5 (8832) MAKE R.4 (8704) values. MOVECURSOR will call Dan Weston teaches a self-contained MAKE R.3 (8576) HAKE R.2 (8448) RETURN if the right edge of the screen eighth grade in Brooks, Oregon. He may has been reached and RETURN will MAKE R.l (8320) be contacted at 195 23rd NE, Salem, OR MAKE R.O (8192) handle the wrapping to the next 97301. MAKE NEXTLINE (1024) character line. RETURN will also route No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 51 TO ROVADDRESS Listing 3 TO PUTWORD :VORD OP THING VORD "R. ROV IF EMPTYP :VORD [MOVECURSOR STOP] END PUTCHAR (ROVADDRESS + COLUMN) GETBITS FIRST :VORD TO PICKVORD :LIST MOVECURSOR TO COLUMN IF :LIST = [] THEN STOP PUTVORD BF :VORD OP .EXAMINE 36 IF LIST? FIRST :LIST THEN PICKVORD FIRST :LISTi END ELSE PUTVORD FIRST :LIST END PICKVORD BF :LIST TO MOVECURSOR TO GETBITS :CHAR END TEST COLUMN > 39 OP THING VORD "C. :CHAR IFT [SETCURSOR LIST (COLUMN + 1) ROV END TO PUTVORD :VORD IFF [RETURN] IF :VORD = " THEN MOVECURSOR STOP END PUTCHAR ( ROVADDRESS + COLUMN ) GETBITSI TO ROV OP .EXAMINE 37 FIRST :VORD TO PUTCHAR :ADDRESS rCHARBYTES END MOVECURSOR PUTVORD BF :VORD IF EMPTYP :CHARBYTES [STOP] END .DEPOSIT :ADDRESS FIRST rCHARBYTES TO RETURN PUTCHAR :ADDRESS + :NEXTLINE BF rCHARBYTES TEST ROV = 23 TO HPRINT :INPUT END IF LIST? :INPUT THEN PICKVORD :INPUT! IFT CURSOR 0 0 IFF CURSOR 0 ( ROV + 1 ) EISE PUTVORD :INPUT TO ROVADDRESS END END OP THING VORD "R. ROV END TO HTEST Listing 4 DRAW TO COLUMN CURSOR 0 0 TO HTEST OP FIRST CURSOR HPRINT [ABCDEFGHIJKD1NOPQRSTUWXYZ,.; I CS SETCURSOR [0 0] END -.*12^5678901 "#?$&' {)*=+?> P.O. Box 4364 Flint, Michigan 48504 ZANIM (313) 233-5731 (313) 233-3125 SYSTEMS COMMODORE VIC-20 ZFIN-1 This FINANCE Program is the most versatile business program available today for general home accounting, checkbook balancing, charts and graphs. The program makes full use of the VIC-20’s many features such as color, sound, and the excellent implementa tion of the function keys for quick, accurate operation selection with NO programming ex perience required. (The program uses the disk and is compatible with the VIC 1540/41 disk drives. It comes with disk and manual.) Requires 3K super expander cartridge. Cassette $29.95 Disk $39.95 APPLE ll-Plus & APPLE-lle ZMAIL1 - A comprehensive mailing label program for the APPLE II + . ZMAIL features full screen editing capability, five of the most common sorts (NAMES, CITY, STATE, ZIP, COM PANY) plus an extra field for a group identifier. Custom variations available. It comes with disk and manual. Price $69.95 ZINVEN1 - An inventory control program for small business applications. ZINVEN1 features full-screen editing for maximum flexibility AND several sort options (all are re lational sorts). It comes with disk and manual. Price $79.95 DEALER INQUIRES INVITED. Please write for more information. 52 MICRO No. 64 - September 198: Figure 1 Figure 2 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 8 20 COLUMN 7 34 34 I 62 ADDRESS BYTE VALUE 34 8839 8 34 9863 20 0 10887 34 ROW 5 11911 34 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 12935 62 30 13959 34 34 14983 34 34 16007 0 30 34 34 30 0 JU C ftO a s s EVER WONDER HOW YOUR APPLE II WORKS? QUICKTRACE will show you! And it can show you WHY when it doesn’t! This relocatable program traces and displays the actual machine operations, while it is running and without interfering with those operations. Look at these FEATURES: Single-Step mode displays the last instruction, QUICKTRACE allows changes to the stack, QUICKTRACE is relocatable to any tree part ol next instruction, registers, Hags, stack contents, registers, stopping conditions, addresses to be memory. Its output can be sent to any slot or to and six user-definable memory locations. displayed, and output destinations for all this the screen. Trace mode gives a running display of the Single- information. All this can be done in Single-Step QUICKTRACE is completely compatible with Step information and can be made to stop upon mode while running. programs using Applesoft and Integer BASICs, encountering any of nine user-definable Two optional display form at* can show a sequence graphics, and DOS. (Time dependent DOS conditions. of operations at once. Usually, the information operations can be bypassed.) It will display the Background mode permits tracing with no display is given in four lines at the bottom of the screen. graphics on the screen while QUICKTRACE is until it is desired. Debugged routines run at near QUICKTRACE is completely transparent to the alive. normal speed until one of the stopping cond program being (raced. It will not interfere with QUICKTRACE is a beautiful way fo show the itions is met, which causes the program to return the stack, program, or I/O. incredibly complex sequence of operations that to Single-Step. a computer goes through in executing a program P r ic e : $ 5 0 QUICKTRACE requires 3548 {$E00) bytes (14 pages) of memory and some knowledge of machine language programming. QUICKTRACE was written by John Rogers. It will run on any Apple II or Apple II Plus computer and can be loaded from disk or tape. It is supplied on disk with DOS 3.3. QUICKTRACE is a trademark of Anthro-Digital. Inc. QUICKTRACE DEBUGGER Last addraaa Disassembly Laal Instruction FF69-- A 9 A A LDA #$AA Top seven bytea o f atack Processor codes Uaar defined location A Contents Stack ST=7C Ai32 D5 43 D4 Cl NV-BD'IZC 0000=4C Accumulator X tag. Y tag. Stack pointer Processor status Content of referenced addraaa Contanta A~AA X = 9S Y = 25 SP=F2 PS=10110001 [ ] =DD otaOTri* Re^ncadd^ Anthro-Digital, Inc. Next Instruction F-F6B- 85 33 STA $33 [$0033] P.O. Box 1385 Pittsfield, M A 01202 413-448-8278 No. 64 • September 1983 MICRO 53 MARCK 280 Linden Ave. Branford, CT 06405 Queue 5 Chapel Hill Dr. Fairfield, CT 06432 Florida Aquaris Publishers, Inc. P.O. Box 128 Educational Indian Rocks Beach, FL 33535 Illinois Borg-Wamer Educational System 600 West University Drive Software Alrington, IL 60004 Educational Teaching Aids 159 W. Kinzie St. Chicago, IL 60610 Electronic Courseware System, Inc. Resource List Box 2374, Station A Champaign, IL 61820 Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Co. 425 North Michigan Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 Follett Library Book Co. 4506 Northwest Highway Crystal Lake, IL 60014 Jadee Enterprises 1799 Meadowlake Arizona Charleston, IL 61920 Edu-Ware Services, Inc. Southwest Ed Psych Services, Inc. Micrograms. Inc. 28035 Dorothy Dr. P.O. Box 1870 P.O. Box 2146 Agoura, CA 91301 Phoenix, AZ 85001 Loves Park, IL 61130 Fullmer Associates Midwest Visual Equipment Co. Evans Newton Inc. 1132 Via fose 7745 East Redfield Rd. 6500 North Hamlin San Jose, CA 95120 Chicago, IL 60645 Scottsdale, AZ 85260 The Learning Co. Science Research Associates, Inc. California 4370 Alpine Rd. 155 North Wacker Dr. Advanced Learning Technology, Inc. Portola Valley, CA 94025 Chicago, IL 60606 4370 Alpine Rd. Lighting Software Scott Foresman and Company Portola Valley, CA P.O. Box 11725 1900 E. Lake Ave. Anaheim Publishing Co. Palo Alto, CA 94301 Glenview, IL 60025 2632 Saturn St. Opportunities for Learning Brea, CA 92621 8950 Lurline Ave. ATARI Program Exchange Chatsworth, CA 91311 Indiana Atari, Inc. Storybooks of the Future Meka Publishing Co. 60 East Plumerai Dr. P.O. Box 4447 9120 Galaxie San Jose, CA 95150 Santa Clara, CA 95054 Indianapolis, IN 46227 Children's Television Workshop Teacher center 20525 Mariani Ave. Iowa 2725 Sand Hill Rd. Cupertino, CA Menlo Park, CA 94025 Conduit CMA/Micro Computer Division 100 Lindquist Center Telephone Software Connection, Inc. 55722 Santa Fe Trail P.O. Box 338 P.O. Box 6548 Yucca Valley, CA 92284 University of Iowa Torrance, CA 90504 Iowa City, IA 52244 Computer Curriculum Corp. Skill corp. Software, Inc. P.O. Box 10080 1711 McGraw Ave. Kentucky Palo Alto, CA 94303 Irvine, CA 92714 Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., Inc. Control Data Publishing Colorado 7625 Empire Dr. 4455 Eastgate Mall Florence, KY 41042 San Diego, CA 92121 Data Transform Inc. 616 Washington, Suite 106 Educational Software Inc. Louisiana Denver, CO 80203 Soquel, CA Cross Educational Software Learning Systems Ltd. Educational Systems Software 1802 N. Trenton, Box 1536 P.O. Box 9046 23720 El Toro Rd. Suite C Ruston, LA 71270 Fort Collins, CO 80525 P.O. Box E Maryland El Toro, CA 92630 Connecticut Capital Systems Group, Inc. K8 Software Edusoft 11301 Rockville Pike P.O. Box 248 P.O. Box 25606 Kensington, MD 20895 Berkeley, CA 94702 Canton, CT 06019 54 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 INTRODUCING THE: The Executive + System A Truly Virtual Machine! Multi-User! UP TO 24 USERS ON LINE. > Concurrent Tasks! EACH USER CAN RUN MULTIPLE TASKS CONCURRENTLY. > Multi-Processing! UP TO 8 CPU'S PER SYSTEM. > Networking! COMPUTER SYSTEMS CAN BE TIED TOGETHER TO SHARE DATA BASES. > Up to 6.144 million bytes of RAM memory! ~ > Up to 1.848 billion bytes of on line storage! > A Cost Effective! High Reliability! A 4 USER SYSTEM WITH 1.2 MBYTE ON FLOPPIES THE SYSTEM IS HOUSED IN A SEALED RACK WITH 540K BYTE RAM, 4 PRINTER INTERFACES, FORCED AIR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL WITH 1 NETWORK INTERFACE AND A 154 MEG BYTE FIXED DISK FRONT PANEL TURN KEY OPERATION, SWITCHING RETAILS FOR $ 20,390. POWER SUPPLIES AND ROM BASED DIAGNOSTICS. PRICE AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. Send for information on our complete line of Executive Computers, Operating Systems and Business Solutions. Representative inquiries are welcome. CUSTOM COMPUTER SYSTEMS INC. A N IN NO VATIVE LEADER IN PROCESSING SYSTEMS 7250 CO M M E R C E CIRCLE EAST • FRIDLEY, M I N N E S O T A 55432 • P H O N E (612) 574-9493 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 55 Computer Science Press, Inc. T.I.E.S. K-12 Micromedia 11 Taft Court, Dept. CMC 383 1925 West County Rd. BZ P.O. Box 17 Rockville, MD 20850 Saint Paul, MN 55113 Valley Cottage, NY 10989 Kensington Microware Media Materials, Inc. Missouri 2936 Reminton Ave. 300 E. 54th St. Baltimore, MD 21211 Data Security Concepts New York, NY 10022 P.O. Box 31044 Krell Software Massachusetts Des Peres, MO 63131 1320 Stony Brook Rd. Suite 219 Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Milliken Publishing Co. Stony Brook, NY 11790 Computer Software and Applications 1100 Research Blvd. McGraw-Hill School Div. Reading, MA 01867 St. Louis, MO 63132 1221 Ave. of the Americas The Answer New York, NY 10020 Houghton Mifflin New Hampshire Mercer Systems, Inc. One Beacon St. Applied Educational Systems 87 Scooter Lane Boston, MA 02107 RSD 2, Box 213 Dunbarton, NH 03301 Hicksville, NY 11801 EduTech, Inc. Microcomputers Corp. 634 Commonwealth Ave. Dolphin Computer-Based Instruction P.O. Box 8 Newton Centre, MA 02159 TSC, A Houghton Mifflin Co. Armonk, NY 10504 Box 683 f. L. Hammett Co. Hanover, NH 03755 Microcomputer Workshops Box 545 103 Puritan Dr. Braintree, MA 02184 Entelek Port Chester, NY 10573 P.O. Box 1303 Learning Tools, Inc. Portsmouth, NH 03801 The Micro Center 686 Massachusetts Ave. P.O. Box 6 Cambridge, MA 02139 New Jersey Pleasantville, NY 10570 Memory Bank Academic Software Random House School Div. P.O. Box 76 c/o Software City 201 East 50th St. Newton, MA 02168 22 East Quackenbush Ave. New York, NY 10022 Milton Bradley Educational Div. Dumont, NJ 07628 Reader’s Digest Services, Inc. 443 Shaker Rd. Educational Micro Systems, Inc. Educational Div. East Longmeadow, MA 01028 P.O. Box 471 Pleasantville, NY 10570 Spinnaker Software Corp. Chester, NJ 07930 Right On Programs 215 First St. Hayden Book, Co. Div. Computeam Inc. Cambridge, MA 02142 50 Essex St. P.O. Box 977 Terrapin, Inc. Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 Huntington, NY 11743 380 Green St. Sunburst Communications Cambridge, MA 02139 New Mexico 39 Washington Ave. Box 40 Tycom Associates The Programmers, Inc. Pleasantville, NY 10570 68 Velma Ave. P.O. Box 1207-211 Cruz Alta Tara Ltd. Pittsfield, MA 01201 Taos, NM 87571 P.O. Box 118 Window, Inc. Selden, NY 11784 469 Pleasant St. New York Watertown, MA 02172 Computer Motivated Learning Lab Teach Yourself Computer Software Random House School Div. 2128 West Jefferson Rd. Michigan 201 East 50th St. Pittsford, NY 14534 Alternate Source New York, NY 10022 North Carolina 704 Pennsylvania St. DynaComp, Inc. SOSS Lansing, MI 48906 1427 Montroe Ave. 3408 Dover Rd. Comm Data Computer House Inc. Rochester, NY 14618 Durham, NC 27707 P.O. Box 325 Educational Audio Visual Inc. Ohio Milford, MI 48092 Pleasantville, NY 10570 South-Weston Publishing Co. Compu-tations, Inc. Gessler Publishing Co. 5101 Madison Rd. P.O. Box 325 900 Broadway, Suite 10A Cincinnati, OH 45227 Troy, MI 48099 New York, NY 10003 Oklahoma Hartley Courseware Inc. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Dorsett Educational Systems, Inc. Dept. CND, Box 431 School Dept. Box 1226 Dimondale, MI 48821 757 Thrid Ave. Norman, OK 73070 MCE Educational Programs New York, NY 10017 Interpretive Education, Inc. Harper and Row/CONDUIT Oregon 157 South Kalamazoo Mall 110 East 53rd St. Avant-Garde Creations Kalamazoo, MI 49007 College Div. Suite 3D P.O. Box 30160 Sensible Software, Inc. New York, NY 10022 Eugene, OR 97403 6619 Perham Dr. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston Dilithium Software West Bloomfield, MI 48033 383 Madison Ave. P.O. Box 606 T.H.E.S.I.S. New York, NY 10017 Beaverton, OR 97075 P.O. Box 147 Instructional/Communications Tech. Quality Educational Designs Garden City, MI 48135 10 Stepar Place P.O. Box 12486 Minnesota Huntington Station, NY 11746 Portland, OR 97212 Computer Courseware Services J & S Software Quicksoft 300 York Ave. 140 Reid Ave. P.O. Box 10854 St. Paul, MN 55101 Port Washington, NY 11050 Eugene, OR 97440 56 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Pennsylvania George Earl Micro-80 Inc. 1302 South General McMullen 2665 Busby Court Rd. Victory Software Inc. San Antonio, TX 78237 Oak Harbor, WA 98277 7 Valley Brook Rd. Paoli, PA 19301 Powell Associates, Inc. MICRO Mountain 3724 Jefferson Suite 205 14617 N.E. 169th St. Scandura Training Systems, Inc. Austin, TX 78731 Woodinville, WA 98072 1249 Greentree Lane Narberth, PA 19072 Sterling Swift Publishing Co. Wisconsin 1600 Fortview Rd. Rhode Island Magic Lantern Computers Austin, TX 78704 406 South Park Street Jamestown Publishers Texas Instruments Madison, WI 53715 P.O. Box 6743 P.O. Box 10508 Providence, RI 02940 Educational Resource Books/Directories Mail Station 5849 Tennessee Lubbock, TX 79408 1983 Classroom Computer News Directory of Educational Computing Resources Educational Computing Systems, Inc. Intentional Educations, Inc. 106 Fairbanks Virginia 341 Mt. Auburn St. Oak Ridge, TN 37830 Microsoftware Services Watertown, MA 02172 Micro Leamingware P.O. Box 776 Selected Microcomputer Software P.O. Box 2134 Harrisonburg, VA 22801 Opportunities for Learning, Inc. N. Mankto, TN 56001 Reston Publishing 8950 Lurline Ave. 11480 Sunset Hills Rd. Chatsworth, CA 91311 Texas Reston, VA 22090 The Software Catalog, Microcomputers and Armadillo International Software SEI Minicomputers P.O. Box 7661 P.O. Box 7266-CD Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. Austin, TX 78712 Hampton, VA 23666 52 Vanderbilt Ave. Color Software Services New York, NY 10017 P.O. Box 1723, Dept. E Washington PC Clearinghouse Software Directory Greenville, TX 75401 Attn: Publicity PC Clearinghouse, Inc. Publishers Developmental Learning Materials Bertamax, Inc. 11781 Lee Jackson Highway One DLM Park 101 Nickerson, Suite 202 Fairfax, VA 22033 Allen, TX 75002 Seattle, WA 98109 Swift’s Educational Software Directory Gamco Industries, Inc. Expert Systems, Inc. (ESI) Sterling Swift Publishing Co. Box 1911 P.O. Box 9 7901 South 1-35 Big Spring, TX 79720 Redmond, WA 98052 Austin, TX 78744 JMCRO" DISCOUNT COMPUTER >FTW APPLE Retail Otscoi Retail Discount ATARI Zork I 39.95 29.00 Threshold (d) $39.95 29.00 T=Cassette f|c ip p lG * Zork It 39.95 29.00 Snake Byte (d) 29.95 21.00 0=D isk Deadline 49.95 36.00 Space Eggs (d) 29.95 21.00 C=Cartridge Mastertype 39.95 29.00 Bandits (d) 34.95 29.00 Eliminator $29.95 21.00 ATARI*— -— o Castle Wolfenstein 29.95 21.00 Color Print (d) 39.95 29.00 War 24.95 18.00 Rear Guard (d) 24.95 18.00 Supertext II 150.00 108.00 Canyon Climber (d) 29.95 21.00 Adventureland 29.95 21.00 Rear Guard WRITE OR CALL FOR FREE CATALOG TERMS: Send check or money order PHONE ORDER HOURS for total purchase price, plus $2.00 SYSTEMS INC. 4 PM - 9 PM MON. - FRI. for shipping. Ml residents add 4% P.O. Box 197 INCLUDE CARD NUMBER tax. C.O.D. accepted. Plymouth, Mi. 48170 AND EXPIRATION DATE WITH ® MFGS. TRADEMARK (313) 455-8022 CREDIT CARD ORDERS. INCLUDE TYPE OF COMPUTER. No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 57 Atari M Ott 10 Atari PaiMlig Program part ill ly m i Swanson he first two parts of this article cle can be defined by one point at the Program Alteration explained how to operate the center and one point on its cir Tmode 10 painter program and cumference. A rectangle can be defined The first statements to alter are the how to make alterations easily. This by the two points at opposite comers. A ones that define the Help screen. Line part explains how to add routines to line is another shape that shouldn't be 360 in the original version had one of generate several shapes (given two ignored, and two points, by definition the fill letters in it; last month's altera screen locations). of a line, determine a line. tion removed that when the arrow keys The method of operation that is were implemented for fill. Therefore, Adding More Functions used in the alteration described here there is now an available blank space requires positioning the cursor in the on the Help screen. A command for The first thing to consider when two locations, in the correct order, drawing shapes can be listed there. adding new routines is the operator's then pressing two keys — one to in (Refer to the new listing of the mode 10 point of view about how the routines stitute shape drawing and the other to program accompanying this article.] should work. Operation must be kept select which shape to draw. The shapes The letter S is selected for implement simple and easy to remember. Many include a circle, a rectangle, and a line. ing the shape-drawing routine. shapes can be defined very simply by The circle and the rectangle may be (Continued on page 60) defining two points. For example, a cir- outlined or filled. 58 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 How to become a real estate millionaire . _ r..'i YOU NEED MORE R.E.I.P. was $ R.E.I.P. allows THAN LUCK originally cre the seller to restruc ated by a team ture a deal using No matter what the economic different financing -US' \ of investors to Srti-j:'-’ 3; situation . . . or the time of provide an ef plans and income espartos, 1"£tyfnC,R- year.. . there’s money to be projections in order in rS itn e n t made in Real Estate. More to maximize profits. high-living millionaires owe The seller will get a Real Estate Investment Program their wealth to investments realistic view of how in Real Estate than any ficient decision-making tool the property should thing else. But it takes more for use in acquisition and be priced, and the than luck. More than being disposition of real property methods available tht * in the right place at the right investments. During a three to alter the pricing. time. The key to success year testing period, several involves an systems were installed in $ R.E.I.P. offers - accurate brokerage offices to refine all involved parties - r analysis and polish R.E.I.P. The suc a clear, concise cess of these early systems presentation of the property, enhanc ww - ?Knr- of oppor has resulted in the R.E.I.P. ing communica tunities, i program which is being of tion. And it does in flows, return on fered today. minutes what would investment, and normally take days or weeks profitability. The knowl R.E.I.P. BENEFITS for someone who knew all the edgeable investor can beat THE SALES PRO ins and outs. the Real Estate game . . . FESSIONAL, THE make money... even create BUYER, AND THE For all these reasons and an empire! SELLER more, R.E.I.P. is THE PRO HELP IS HERE GRAM for any investor... a $ R.E.I.P. provides the sales MUST PROGRAM for the professional with the ability R.E.I.P. (Real Estate In sophisticated investor. We to create comprehensive vestment Program) will help believe R.E.I.P. is the most presentations . . . to explore you master the complex detailed Real Estate Invest a variety of deal structures in world of Real Estate. It ment Program available for a short time by eliminating 4- takes your input, probes for personal or small business * the tedious pencil and calcu the right information, scru computers. Don’t option, lator process. With R.E.I.P., tinizes the data, the percent commit, invest or buy with the sales person is able to ages, the opportunities . . . out R.E.I.P. Get a jump on forecast investment perfor and automatically delivers the competition . . . you’ll be mance in changing market the facts! In a matter of on your way to becoming a environments. minutes! Whether you’re Real Estate Millionaire! interested in land, homes, $ The prospective buyer of apartments, commercial R.E.I.P. is available for Real Estate is confronted properties, or any phase of Apple* and IBM-PC* EE DATAMOST with many questions. The Real Estate... R.E.I.P. can computers. $179.95 8943 Full bright Ave. ability to forecast and analyze help you reap bigger pro Chatsworth, CA an investment is essential in fits. order to find successful and 91311-2750 profit-making answers. R.EXP. [213] 709-1202 can generate additional pro fits by performing the analyti Apple and IBM-PC are trademarks cal steps quickly, without be of Apple Computer Inc. and Inter coming lost in a forest of national Business Machines Cor numbers. Copyright 1983 Datamost Inc. poration, respectively. New Listing for Mode 10 Painting Program (This Listing Incorporates changes from Part II and Part III. Errors from Part I Four variables will remember the have been corrected) dot positions, which are selected before AO REM kkk MODE lO POINTER ±2 ftEM KKK PROGRAM the S key is pressed. These variables 14 REM KMK store coordinate pairs of the pixel loca ±6 REM KKK Designed by *** ±8 REM WKM Paul 5 Swanson tions and are named YA, XA, YB, and 20 REM M K K 22 ■7 ■ ■ MODE i e PAINTER PROGRA XB. They are all initialized to zero on M,B 2 4 ■7 1 ■ FOR ATARI COMPUTERS" line 580. 26 7 5? i.p ograM by Paul s. Swanson" To make this work, there must be 28 7 : ? ■ ■ In itializin g. . . ■■ 30 REM + t + INITIALIZATION + + + provision for constantly updating these 40 REM JOYSTICK READ TABLE ---- 50 DIM JOY : i s , 15 , A$ (2J variables when the trigger button is 60 F OR RDG :1 TO IS S FOR D IR = O TO 1 : READ -J O Y: J OY (RDG DIR)—JOY:NEXT DIR NEX T RDG pressed. YB and XB will hold the most 70 DAT A O , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , , -± #± # O , O # O recently selected pixel and YA and XA , —± , ± , - 1 , --1 ,- 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ,- 1 ., O, O SO REM ---- POSITION STRINGS ---- will hold the next most recently 90 REM ---- ON IK BOUNDARY ---- lOO DIM «S£1):A=ADRCX$):B=INTtfl/102*+l)* selected pixel. The program is inter 10 24 :DIM KK$(B-A-1):PMSTART-B/256 rupted at line 1160 by a GOTO 1220 in 11Q REM ---- DISPLAY LISTS ---- 120 DIM HELPDLS C64) , SELDLS £64) order to insert the extra statements re 130 REM ---- SCREEN AREAS _---- 140 DIM HELP5CS (2S6) , 5ELSC* £256) quired. The statements starting at 1220 ISO REM --- INITIALIZE DL■S -- 160 HELPDL$-"PPPPPPPPBf» I I I I lA" will update YA, XA, YB, and XB when 170 SELDLS^'-ppppppppOft, . ■ a ■ r3A" the trigger button is pressed and the 1 8 0 ADRSETUP=SO00 190 A=ADR£HELPDL$)! GOSUB ADRSETUP: HELPDL cursor is moved. If the check for a $£LEN£HELPDL$)+l)=fiS 200 A = ADR £SELDL$) : GOSUB ADRSETIJP : SELDL$ C moved cursor were not performed, LEN £SELDL$) +1) =AS 210 REM --- IN ITIA LIZ E SCREENS ---- then the two points would be the 220 HELPSCS — 11 " : HELPSCS £256} =" ":HELPSC$ same location if the trigger button was £2):HELP5C$ 230 SEL5C5;"»V¥»»»»»" held down too long. After this check 2 4 0 FO R 1-17 TO 255 STEP 17 250 FOR J = 1 TO 2 : 5ELSCS £LEN fSELSCS) +1) = C ing is done, another GOTO resumes HR$ £1) : N E X T J : NEXT I i SELSCS £39, 40) normal processing. 260 5EL5CS £256) —...... £41) =SELSC* 270 REM --- PUT SCREEN ADDRESSES When the S key is pressed, whatever INTO DISPLAY L IST S 200 A=ADRfHELPSCS);GOSUB ADRSETUP:HELPDL the last two values are at that time will $ £ i0 , i i ) = a $ „ be used to form the shape. If the shape 290 A=ADRfSELSCS):GOSUB ADRSETUP:SELDLS£ l O , 1 1 ) =fl$ cannot be drawn for some reason, the 300 REM --- INITIALIZE PLAYER2 ----- 3 1 .0 D IM PL2$ £120) , , shape-drawing routine simply returns 320 PL2S = ,,f " : PL2S £120) = "» " : PL 2$ £2)=PL2$ 330 REM --- HELP SCREEN T E K T ---- to the mode 10 screen. 340 mf' j o i - 11 __K m m a a The shape selections are displayed ______■ i x s a h f i psni ui r »ni - h elp s c r e e n on a standard mode zero text screen. I t + «-+ Fill on 1 *______3 60 HELP5CS£81,120)="HlSaai - Color Sele The same method is implemented for ctionltJ Shape drawing”.______370 HELPSC$ £121 , 160) =na l:]3] - Change Pen shape selection as was used in im color IQ Cancel -fill ■■ plementing the load/save selector. The 300 HELPSCS £161 , 200) =■'! , 2 - In c r e m e n t IS 1 oad/saup ■■ screen memory is saved in a buffer 390 FOR I~ 1 TO LEN £HELPSC$) : N = ft5C £HELP5C $ ( I ) ) :Nl-£N>127)!N=N-N1*128 (GOSUB 20000) and a mode zero 392 N-£H-32)*£N>31 AND N<96)+£N+64)#£N<3 screen is used. This is done starting at 2) +N* £N> 95) +N 1*128; HELPSCS£1, I)=CHR$ £N) : NEXT I (continued) line 2000, with the test for the S key in- 60 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Atari serted at line 3014. Lines 2000 through Painting Program Listing (continued) 2199 are reserved for handling the 400 REM ----- SET UP MODE lO SCREEN selection and the return to the mode 10 410 GRAPHICS lO 420 REM ----- USE RANDOM COLORS ----- screen. All of the shape routines are 430 COL=2S:FOR REG=704 TO 712 440 POKE REG,COL:COL=COL+I 5:NEXT REG written as subroutines. 450 POKE 704,O 460 REM --- DEFINE CONSTANT S --- 470 CONSOL=53279 Drawing the Shapes 480 CBASE=704 490 D MA C T L — 5 5 9 500 GRACTL=53277 The simplest shape to draw is the 510 HPOSPl=53249 520 P MB ASE = 54279 line. That routine is fully contained in 530 SIZEP1=53257 540 BEGIN=1000 line 2200. Just PLOT a point at XA,YA 550 KB=764 560 GTIA=623 and DRAWTO XB,YB. 570 NMIEN=54286 The rectangle outline routine is not 580 Vfl-O: Y B = Y A : XA = YA : KB-YB 600 REM --- INSTALL DLI ROU TINE --- much more complicated. That routine 610 RESTORE 7000:LOC=lS36 is fully contained in line 2300. Four 620 READ N : IF N < 2 5 6 THEN POKE LOC,N : LOC+iiGOTO 620 lines are drawn to connect the four cor 630 POKE; S12,0:POKE 513,6 640 REM ----- ALTERNATE SCREENS ners, which have coordinates defined 650 DIM ftLT5Cl$ (256) ,BUFF$ t8192) 660 ALTSClS:'^":ALT5C1S(256) = ■■»>■ : ALTSC1$ by all four combinations of XA and XB £2)-ALTSClS with YA and YB. 670 FOR 1=1 TO 240 STEP 40:A LTSC1SCl,1+2 3)=SEL5CS(I,I + 23) i NEXT X A filled rectangle, done at line 2400, 300 REM ----- OTHER DIMS - 910 DIM RCOLO),FS(12),QS(40 ),FILESC14), uses a FOR...NEXT loop to draw lines LINES(80) 320 REM ----- INITIALIZE COUNTERS, ETC. along the complete lengths of the top 330 K=39:V=?6 and bottom. For both rectangles, the 932 VFILL=0:FILLFLAG = 8 940 UNDERCURS0R=0 sides are parallel to the sides of 350 CURSORFLAG=0 960 CURSORCOUNT — O the screen. 970 SELCOLOR=l 960 FLASHCOUNT = 0 The circle routines require the SIN 902 INCREMENT-1 and COS function and, as is indicated 992 REM MAIN PROGRAM TEH T at line 2500, are computed in degrees. 9 9 4REM « 996 R E M ---READ JOVSTICK/'CON SOI.. ---- Both circle routines start by checking lOOO STK=STICKCO):CURSORCOUN T=CURSORCOUN that no part of the circle will be off T+l;IF CURSORCOUNT<4 THEN lO 60 1002 IF FILLFLAG=Q AND UFILL = O THEN 1040 the screen. 1010 FLASHCOUNT=6-FLASHCOUNT 1020 SOUND O,60,lO,FLASHCOUN T :FOR DELAY= There is an adjustment required 1 TO 2:NEKT DELAY because of the pixel shape. The coor 1030 SOUND 0,0,0,0 1040 CUR50RFLAG = 1-CUR30RFLAG :COL-UNDERCU dinate formulae used assume equal RSOR+CURSORFLAG:IF COL>8 THE N C0L=0 1050 COLOR COL:PLOT X , Y :CURSORCOUNT=0 units horizontally and vertically, so the 1060 IF STK<>15 OR STRIGC0)=0 THEN 1080 1070 SMITCH=PEEKCCONSOL):IF SMITCH<>7 TH vertical coordinates are adjusted by a EN 4000 factor of four. The vertical coordinate 1072 IF PEEK(KB)<>255 THEN 3000 1074 GOTO BEGIN units are equal to four vertical lines. 1080 POKE 77,0 1118 COLOR UNDERCURSOR : IF STRIG CO) = O THE The circle-outline routine first N COLOR SELCOLOR PLOTs a single point at the location 1120 PLOT X,Y 1130 REM ------MOUE CURSOR ROUTINE --- corresponding to zero degrees. The 1140 X — X + -JOY tSTK, O) *1NCRE ME NT:Y=Y+JOYCST K, 1)*INCREME N T FOR...NEXT loop that follows uses 1150 X=X-INT(X/BO)K88:Y=Y~INT(Y/192)*19 2 1160 LOCATE X,Y,UNDERCURSOR:GOTO 1220 DRAWTO to fill in the rest of the sides. 1170 CURSORFLAG-O:CURSORCOUNT=4:IF (FILL The filled-circle routine draws cir FLAG = 0 AND Using the New Routines When using these new shape routines, you should be able to draw (Continued on page 63) No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 61 ATARI COMPUTER OWNERS: Pick the positively perfect, practical, peripher package, from PERCOM DATA! g H H | Tnat s right ..the positively perfect PERCOM DAI A 5V/, floppy disk drive witn a BUIL MN PRINTER-PORT, for your Atari® 400/800 is now available! Until now, Atari computer owners who wanted to hook a printer to their computer had only one cnoice... spend about $220 for an interface device. THOSE DAYS ARE OVER. PERCOM DATA has built a parallel printer-port right into its new AT88 PD rrtodef. Nowyou can add a quality diskdrive system AND have a place to ptug in a printer.. .WITHOUT BUYING an interface. >; The AT88 S1 PD™ disk drive operates in both single density (88K bytes formatted) and double ; density (176K bytes formatted). ■ What more could you want? NO INTERFACE... a high quality PERCOM DATA disk drive... AND-a built-in PRfNTER-PORT 3$ with 3 pnc© of $699C7J , Pick up a positively perfect PERCOM DATA disk drive, with Perfectly Priced printer-port pronto1 f-or the rarre of an authorized PERCOM DATA Dealer near you, C3ll our TOLL-FREE HOTLINE 1-800-527-1222 NOW, or write for more information $ 5 9 9 . KflHMOAn COR P O P A 7 I O N Expanding Your Peripheral Vision — DRIVES * NETWORKS * SOFTWARE ft220P.Jtfi.rt til Rrail Paths 7524J 1 tO ‘jot*’ SSi ■ - ^ „, jx\~ ^ 1-800-527:1222 - * * p .■ Atari isaregi tered trademark erf Atari In c * /CT88 SI PDig a trademark of PercamPata Corporation • COPYRIGHT PERCOM'DATS ( •• ' ;2. ■ r A ’ . ■. Atari Painting Program Listing (continued) complete pictures easier and fi 1250 GOTO 1170 There are a few rules to follow to n 1997 REM ------1998 REM ------SHAPE5 ROUTINES ----- pictures even simpler to draw. Certain 1999 REM ------shapes can be easily derived from the 2000 IF Yfl-O AND YB = 0 THEN GOTO BEGIN 2010 GOSUB 20000 ones in the routines. For example, a 2 0 2 0 GRAPHICS O 2030 ? *• ** SHAPE SELECTOR ♦ target can be drawn by selecting the 2 0 4-0 ? l. Line" color of the outermost circle first. 2050 ? 2 . Rectangle (outline)" 2060 ? •• 3. Rectangle (filled}" Draw the circle, then select the color, 2070 ? " 4. Circle (outline}" 2080 ? ■■ 5. Circle (filled}" center, and radial point for the next 2090 ? :? "Press n unber of selection"; ring, and draw that circle. Each circle 2100 CLOSE **3 : OPEN »3, 4 , O, "K : " : GET «3 , N : CLOSE tt3:N = N-48 drawn will erase all but the toroid 2110 GRAPHICS lO:FOR 1=0 TO 8:POKE I + CBA SE,RCOLCI):MEKT I (donut shape) required for the ring. 2120 FOR 1=0 TO 8190 STEP 256:A=USR(ADR( QS),BUFF+I,SCREEN+I):HEKT I Similar images can be drawn using the 2130 LOCATE K,Y,UNDERCUR30R filled rectangles. 2140 IF N<1 OR N>5 THEN GOTO BEGIN 2150 COLOR SELCOLOR When a shape is drawn, notice that 2160 GOSUB N*100+Z100 2170 PLOT X,Y:CURS0RFLAG=0:CURSORCOUNT=4 the values stored in YA, XA, YB, and :LOCATE X,Y,UNDERCURSOR:GOTO BEGIN XB are not altered. A second shape may 2199 REM ----- LINE ----- 2200 PLOT XA, YA : DRA HTO XB, YB : RETURN be superimposed directly. For example, 2299 REM ----- RECTANGLE (OUTLINE} ------draw a filled circle, then change color 2300 PLOT XA,YA:DRAWTO XB, YA : DRA HTO XB,Y B :DRAWTO HA,YB:DRAWTO XA,YA:RETURN and draw a circle outline. The filled cir 2399 REM ----- RECTANGLE (FILLED} ------2400 FOR I = X A TO XB STEP SGN (XB —XA} : PLOT cle will simply be outlined in the sec I,YA:DRAWTO I,YB:NEXT I :RETURN 2499 REM ----- CIRCLE (OUTLINE} ----- ond selected color. 2500 DEG :R=SBR(((YA-YB)*2)/16+(XA-XB)*2 Line drawings are easier because } 2510 IF XA 64 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Alspa Computer, Inc. B commodore Price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 8" ds/dd drives, 3 See us lor Personal, Business, and Educational DISK serial + 1 parallel port, winchester port, networking. Prices requirements. Educational Discounts available. start below $1500. DEALER / OEM inquiries invited. SPECIALS Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd 10/ 2 20 50/ 2.00 100/ 1 95 SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS...... PETSCAN I $245 base price Scotch (3M) 5” ds/dd 10/ 3.05 50/ 2.80 100/ 2 75 6502 7.45 10/ 6.95 50/ 6.55 100/ 6.15 Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers to Scotch (3M) 8" ss/sd 10/ 2.30 50/ 2.10 100/ 2.06 6502A/6512A 8.40 10/ 7.95 50/ 7.35 100/ 6.90 shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd 10/ 2.85 50/ 2 70 100/ 2.65 6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 5 0 /4 .4 5 1 0 0 /4 .1 5 user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con 6522 VIA 6.45 10/ 6.10 5 0 / 5.75 1 00 /5.45 figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi We stock VERBATIM D ISK S 6532 7 9 0 1 0 /7 .4 0 50/ 7.00 100/ 6.60 tional computer hookups $100 each. 2 1 14-L200 2.45 25/ 2.30 100/ 2.15 Write lor Dealer and OEM prices. 2716 EPROM 4.90 5/ 4,50 10/4.00 Sentinal 5" ss/dd 10/ 1 90 50/ 1 85 100/1 80 2532 EPROM 6.90 5/ 6.75 10/6.45 COMPACk $115 Sentinal 5" ds/dd 10/ 2.55 50/ 2 50 100/ 2.45 6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 6.90 5/ 6.75 10/ 6.45 Intelligent Terminal Package lor PET, CBM, C64 Wabash 5" ss/sd 10/ 1 65 50/ 1.60 100/ 1.55 4116 RAM 8 for 14 Includes ACIA Hardware / STCP Software Wabash 5" ss/dd 10/195 50/1.90 100/ 1 85 Zero Insertion Force 24 _pin Socket |Scanbe) 2.00 Wabash 8" ss/sd 10/ 2 00 50/ 1 95 100/ 1 85 VE-2 TeeE to rtralWI Irrterfaa 110 Hewlett Packard Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, and Write or call for prices. We stock MAXELL D ISK S switch selectable character conversion to ASCII. Write lor dealer and OEM prices. Anchor VIDEO ENHANCER lor Commodore 64 89 Disk Storage Pages 10 for 55 Hub Rings 50 tor $6 Automations Realize video quality equal or better than composite monitor Disk Library Cases 8 " — 3 0 0 5"— 2 25 Signalman using standard color TV. Head Cleaning Kits 11 Modems SCREEN MAKER 80 Column Adapter lor C64 145 CASSETTE TAPES— AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM Provides big screen capability for business applications. C-10 10/ 61 5 0 / 58 100/ 50 FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN VIC 20 Products VIC Sargon II Chess 32 C-30 10/ 85 50/ 82 100/ 70 All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables BACKUP V I.0 20 VIC GORF 32 to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman VIC RAM Cards in stock Meteor Run (UMI) 39 DATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE 265 Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start VIC SuperExpander 52 VIC Radar Ratrace 24 Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge and at less than $100 O n lir ind OEM inqoirin invited noise filtering. The answer to your power problems. VIC 16K RAM 95 Amok (U M I) 20 Mark I RS232 (99) 79 Thom EMI Software Snakman 15 Zenith ZV M -121 Green Phosphor Monitor 98 Mark II for Atari 850 (99) 79 HES Software Rubik's Cube 13 BMC 12A 12" Green Monitor 85 Mark IV for CBM/PET with software (169) 119 32 Programmers Reference VIC Omega Race 15 VOTRAX Personal Speech System 280 Mark V lor Dsborne (software available) (129) 93 Spiders of Mars (UMI) 39 FR066ER 25 VOTRAX Type-N-Talk 160 Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer (279) 195 Programmers Aid 45 VIC Adventure Series VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari) Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer (179) 119 VICTORY Software lor VIC and C64 CompuServe Subscription (5 hours free) 32 Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer (399) 319 Street Sweepers (VIC) 12 Kongo Kong (VIC) 16 Brother HR-15 Oaisy Wheel Printer 475 OC HAYES Smartmodem 2 19 Night Rider (VIC) 11 Cosmic Debris (VIC) 12 Prowriter Parallel Printer 379 DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200 545 Annihilate 16 Adventure Pack 1 16 Panasonic 1090 Printer with Correspondence Mode 365 Adventure Pack II 16 Metamorphosis 11 USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 39 Educational Pack I 11 Trek 12 Daisywriter 2000 with 48K buffer + cable 1150 Strategy Pack I 16 Grave Robbers 12 Many printers available (Gemini-Star. Brother. OKI. etc.) Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16 We Stock AMDEK Monitors MicroChess lor C 64— 8 levels of play 19 Amdek DXY-100 Plotter 590 Computers First Book of PET/CBM 11 A P Products 15 n,(i OFF PHOM QUEEN lor VIC 170 C64 or VIC SWITCH 125 Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290 Apple Emulator lor Commodore 64 89 POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78 BROOKS 6 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 54 Screenmaker 80 COLUMN CARO lor C64 145 WordPro 3+/64 69 We stock Electrohome Monitors WordPro 4 + - 8032. disk, printer 295 Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer 189 Solid Oak 2 Level Stand lor C64 or VIC 29 C64/VIC Switch (networking) 125 SPELLMASTER spelling checker lor WordPro 170 ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED 8ACKUP V I.0 tape copier lor C64 or VIC 20 VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 189 Panasonic TR-120M 1P 12" Monitor (20 MHz) 149 CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VIC 64 PET-TRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 40 Panasonic C T-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor 285 CARDAPTER/1 Atari VCS Adapter - VIC 69 SM-KIT enhanced PET/C8M ROM Utilities 40 Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35 CARDPRINT Printer Interlace - C64/VIC 64 USI Video Monitors— Green or AM8ER 20 MHz hi-res. CARDBOARD/3S Motherboard - VIC 32 CALC RESULT for C64 135 Dealer and OEM inquiries invited CARDRITER Lightpen - C64/VIC 32 PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36 CARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VIC 64 COPYWRITER Word Processor lor C64 69 Camplete CAROCO Line In stock 2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40 data CIE and VIE IEEE Interfaces in stock Dust Cover for PET, CBM, 4040, or 8050 8 BASM kCompiler/Assembler for C64 89 CmC Interlaces (A D A 1800, A 0A 1450, SADI in stock) systems ZRAM - CBM 64K RAM, Z80, CP/M 550 Z29 Terminal |DEC and ADM compatible! 680 APPLE—FRANKLIN ITEMS Pro|nmmln| the PET/CBM (Compute!) — R. West 20 ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 369 Compute! First Book of VIC 11 KRAFT Apple Joystick 43 ZT-10 InteL Terminal with Serial Port 340 HES MODEM with Software 65 I6 K RAM Card lor Apple 59 Z100 16-bit/8-bit Systems in stock CALL Solid Oak 2 L enl Stand lor Apple 29 HES Software and Hardware in stock We stock entire Zenith line. Serial Card for Apple 99 U M I products in stock MPC RAM/80 column card lor HE 139 OMNICALC (HES) Spreadsheet for C64 79 Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 235 RANA Elite I with Controller 389 Fiexi^¥piEi7CW c64 $110 Parallel Printer Interlace/Cable 79 Database, Report WriterwithralcuJations,_Mailing_Lists. A Apple Onmplini (Microtek) Printer Interlace 115 FORTH lor PET/C64 full FIG model— Cargill/Riley $ 5 0 ATARr Appla Oampling with I6 K Buffer 160 Metacompiler lor FORTH fa]nde(»ndem object code 30 Grappler + Interlace 140 KMMM7ASCAriorPET/bBM/C64 ...... 79 SPECIALS Kraft Products for Apple in stock EARL lor PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER __ 65 DC Hayes Micromodem II 299 WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE— write for prices. PFS: File 100 Super Graphics — BASIC Language ExtOBSlOM 45 Atari 1200 CALL QIX 34 PFS: Report 100 Fast machine language graphics routines tor PET/CBM Voice Box 1 00 Anchor Modem— Atari 79 Videx 80 Column Card 209 25 Atari Graphics (Computdl 11 RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 4 K $75 8K FR066ER Hayden Software tor Apple 2 0% OFF Thorn EMI Software First Book ol Atari 11 PIE Writer Word Processor 120 DISK ICU - Recovery System for PET/CBM 40 EduFun Software APX Software W RITE FOR CATALOG. Add S1 50 per order for United Parcel 215-822-7727 We pay balance of UPS surface shipping charges on all prepaid orders 252 Bethlehem Pike A B Computers (add extra for mail, APO/FPO air) Prices include cash discount Colmar, PA 18915 Regular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change. No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 65 Apple I bought my Apple on the spur of the But I never could quite bring myself to However, I think that in many cases moment after two years of planning. plunk my money down on the counter. the real answer is just as much emo This situation is not as paradoxical Then in 1979 my son had to have tional as it is practical. An Apple is as it sounds. I had been thinking in the his tonsils out and I stayed home to be more than just a computer, or a high- abstract for at least two years of buying with him after his ordeal. I said to priced toy, or even a tool for increased a computer. But I couldn't decide myself "Maybe Kurt would like to see individual productivity — although it which computer was best for me. I was a home computer in action to take his certainly is “all of the above.” At least a teacher of computer science and as mind off his discomfort" (sure Dad — for me, the Apple is also a prized such I wanted a computer that would you bought it to heal my tonsils... possession. It's like a fine instrument give me the maximum access to pro right!!!). So I went to the local com is to a musician, or a well-worn radial gramming. In particular, I wanted to be puter emporium and bought an Apple n arm saw is to a home craftsman, or a able to use machine and assembly with 48K, a single disk drive (which carefully tended set of copper pots is to language easily. I also wanted graphics. they didn't have in stock, but I a cook. Yes, it is a tool, instrument, Color was not a necessity, although it nonetheless ordered) and a few other and utensil. But it is more than that — would be nice. odds and ends. much more. Losing my Apple would be like losing a friend. But enough of waxing sentimental. The bottom line is still, what good is it? What do you use it for? What can A Personal Look you tell me about it that I don't already know? To answer, at least partially, I will list a few of the uses to which I have At A put my Apple. Education: Self I have learned about micropro Personal Computer cessors (specifically the 6502) and microcomputers. I have learned a lot about programming. In fact, for the by Richard C. Vile, Jr. first two years that I owned the Apple, I got my principal programming educa tion using it. Even though I worked for The author describes his experiences of owning an a computer company, I had meandered into the lower levels of management Apple II and argues that the Apple II should not be and had little opportunity to do much regarded as obsolete. Included is an entertaining game real programming at work. to challenge the reader’s intellect. Writing I got started writing for MICRO, not surprisingly, because of my Apple. To Sieve and Ups ’N Downs begin, the Apple gave me a source of requires: Apple II with Integer BASIC material. Later, it became the principal Programs included for CoCo. instrument for turning ideas into hard C64, and Atari copy. I now use the Apple to produce all my articles. Using the Apple as a writing instru After looking at many ads, I con Why did I finally buy the Apple after ment falls into the category of word sidered the ALTAIR and went to the all my wavering? I can only char processing. Although I use a fairly sim MITS Caravan — a travelling computer acterize the decision as a cross between ple program in Apple Pascal, which I roadshow. The ALTAIR seemed to re a hunch and an impulse. I think it was wrote myself, I still can be far more quire too much effort on the hardware the color graphics that tipped the productive than I ever could using my side, whereas my interest was strictly balance. I don't know for sure and now reconditioned Selectric typewriter. If I in programming. I reluctantly gave up that it's done and nearly three years wanted to invest a couple of thousand on ALTAIR. I mulled over other later, it doesn't really matter a whole dollars for a daisy-wheel printer, systems such as Southwest Technical lot. I do know I’m not sorry I bought I could even have a professional-qual- Products, I scrutinized Digital Group a computer and I am glad it was ity system in my basement. Many peo systems. I went to see an OSI an Apple! ple do! Challenger, I dropped by the local Radio Shack outlet and played with a What Good is an Apple Anyway? Education: Others TRS-80. I veritably lusted over a system called the ECD Micromind, There are hundreds of practical The Apple is a great teaching tool. which seemed to have great graphics. answers to the question just posed. With the plethora of languages and soft- 66 MICRO No. 64 - September 198 A p p l e - ware available for it, the Apple can do about 40 seconds off the program's Personal Programming more today for a person just beginning execution time. to leam about computers than many The timing experiment is certainly You can't use a computer without much larger computers could do just comparing Apple's to Orange's (or first programming it. Some people buy 10 or 15 years ago. Please indulge me whatever), but it does illustrate some their programs, others prefer to write while I offer a personal story important facts: their own. Programming a computer is to illustrate. a satisfying, entertaining, and I got involved with computers just • The amazing power of micro sometimes compelling activity. Cer after I joined the mathematics depart computers tain people have been known to forego ment at Eastern Michigan University • Just how far computer technology all other activity in order to sit in front in 1970. The first computer I ever used has progressed in 10 years of a computer terminal for long periods was the instructional computer at • That the Apple of today is com of time. (Guinness Book of World Eastern — an IBM 1130. The first parable to the mini-computer of 10 Records, please note!) language in which I learned to program years ago. I am one of those people who enjoy was FORTRAN. Being a mathemati programming as an end in itself. Pro cian, the first program I ever wrote was The Apple can be used to teach just gramming is a lot like writing — it is a a prime number calculating program about any undergraduate computing form of self-expression. The first time a using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. class. With proper simulation, you can program works can be an intensely To run a job on the 1130, you first even use it to teach assembly language satisfying moment. keypunched your program onto cards for the IBM 1130! and then submitted the resulting "deck'' to the computer operator. The Entertainment Onward and Upward with operator stacked all the card decks into the Apple a reader and ran the jobs sequentially — The Apple is also a wonderful, in "batches," as the terminology went. albeit expensive, toy. The range of The Apple n just may be the world's The computer was housed in a large graphics applications from fantastic most popular computer right now. In room, but you could watch its opera arcade-style games to hi-res adventures the brief existence of the explosive per tions through lots of big windows. Each available for the Apple boggles the sonal computer industry, some signifi job printed out a log on the line printer. mind. When my Apple is "cooling" off cant fraction of a million Apple's has The first page of this log had your user from a hot session of word processing, been sold. Meanwhile the marketplace ID (including your name or initials] my son uses it for games. has been flooded with competition: printed in big block letters. That meant Radio Shack (TRS-80, Model HI, the you could watch the paper feeding out Applications Color Computer, etc.), Commodore of the back of the printer and see your (PET, Super-PET, VIC-20, Commodore job starting up. I still remember doing The term "applications" is a vague 64, etc.), Atari (400, 800), IBM PC, this with my sieve program. I decided one at best. Just about any program EXIDY Sorceror, and now the tidal to time the computer to see how long it might be dubbed an application. wave of Japanese imports — EPSON, took to do the calculations. I started Roughly speaking, an application is a SONY, Panasonic, Casio, etc. timing after the header page of the job program that can be put to practical The question arises, now that log came out of the printer and stopped use. Some examples are: Apple’s are not unique, do we just put timing when my output began being them in the comer and let them gather printed. The primes were first • Checkbook and Home Financial dust? Do we bid our Apple a fond calculated then all printed at once at Management farewell and opt for the shiny new the end. It took the 1130 90 seconds to • Word processing and text 16-bitters? My answer is a resounding compute the primes less than 10,000. preparation NO! While many of us may acquire a This counted the time to translate the • Spelling checking second computer that is more powerful program from FORTRAN into 1130 • Mailing list preparation than our Apple, that is no reason to machine language. • General Database Management throw the Apple out in the trash. It is After I had owned my Apple for a still a tool whose versatility and effec year or so, I remembered my timing ex Of course, I have conspicuously tiveness deserve continued exploita periment. I decided to compare the omitted from the above list the one tion for many years to come. Apple to the 1130. The program in Apple application that almost defines One way to make sure your Apple listing 1 shows the same Sieve the term. That is VisiCalc. VisiCalc, or doesn't lose its "bite" is to continue algorithm I implemented in my first Visible Calculator, combines the reading and learning about it and com FORTRAN program but now written in numerical calculation abilities of a puters in general. I hope to encourage Apple Integer BASIC. I ran this program microprocessor with the randomly that activity by my series of articles as on the Apple and timed it between my addressable display in a true tour-de- a MICRO contributing editor. RUN command and when it started force of programming. In fact, printing out its list of primes less than unknown thousands of Apple's have 10,000. The Apple took only about 77 been sold simply because VisiCalc was seconds to do the job! With a little originally written for the Apple and for You may contact the author at 3467 Yellowstone Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48105. trickery, this can be reduced to 36 a long time was available only on the seconds! Listing 2 shows a modifica Apple. I won't say more about tion to the EMIT subroutine, which uses VisiCalc, since so much has already (Listings begin on next page) the Monitor MOVE routine to perform been said (including entire books on the array initialization. This shaves how to use it). No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 67 A p p le : Listing 1 Listing 2 1 DIM SIEVE(5000) 1 DIM SIEVE(5000) 5 INIT=1000:NEXT=500:SIFT=600 5 INIT=1000:NEXT=500:SIFT=600 6 WAIT=700 6 WAIT=700:M0VE=-468 20 GOSUB INIT 20 CALL -936: PRINT "QUICKER SIEVE": PRINT : PRINT 30 PRIME=3: GOTO 50 25 GOSUB INIT ■40 GOSUB NEXT 30 PRIME=3: GOTO 50 50 IF PRIME*PRIME> =10000 THEN 65 40 GOSUB NEXT 55 PRINT "SIFTING OUT MULTIPLES OF PRIME 50 IF PRIME*PRIME > =10000 THEN 65 60 GOSUB SIFT: GOTO 40 54 PRINT 65 PRINT "DONE SIFTING - PRESS A KEY TO 55 PRINT "SIFTING OUT MULTIPLES OF ".;PRIME GET LIST": GOSUB WAIT 60 GOSUB SIFT: GOTO 40 66 PRINT "LIST OF PRIMES < 10,000": PRINT : PRINT 65 PRINT : PRINT "DONE SIFTING - HIT A KEY 67 PRINT "2";" " TO GET LIST": GOSUB WAIT 70 C0UNT=1 66 PRINT "LIST OF PRIMES < 10,000": PRINT : PRINT 75 FOR 1=1 TO 4999 67 PRINT "2";" " 80 IF SIEVE(I)=0 THEN 100 70 C0UNT=1 90 PRINT (2*1+1);" "; 75 FOR 1=1 TO 4999 95 C0UNT=C0UNT+1: IF COUNT MOD 5=0 THEN PRINT 80 IF SIEVE(l)=0 THEN 100 100 NEXT I 90 PRINT (2*1+1);" "; 105 PRINT : PRINT 95 C0UNT=C0UNT+1: IF COUNT MOD 5*0 THEN PRINT 110 PRINT "THERE ARE ";COUNT;" PRIMES" 100 NEXT I 115 PRINT "LESS THAN TEN-THOUSAND" 105 PRINT : PRINT 125 END 110 PRINT "THERE ARE ";C0UNTj" PRIMES'i 500 REM NEXT 115 PRINT "LESS THAN TEN-THOUSAND" 505 I=PRIME/2 125 END 510 1=1+1: IF SIEVE(I)=0 THEN 510 500 REM NEXT 515 PRIME=2*I+1 505 I=PRIME/2 520 RETURN 510 1=1+1: IF SIEVE(I)=0 THEN 510 600 REM SIFT 515 PRIME=2*I+1 610 FOR J=PRIME*PRIME TO 10000 STEP 2*PRIME 520 RETURN 615 SIEVE(J/2)=0 600 REM SIFT 620 NEXT J 610 FOR J=PRIME*PRIME TO 10000 STEP 2*PRIME 630 RETURN 615 SIEVE(J/2)=0 700 KEY= PEEK (-16384): IF KEY <128 THEN 700 617 PRINT 705 POKE -16364,0: RETURN 620 NEXT J 1000 PRINT "INITIALIZING THE SIEVE” 630 RETURN 1010 FOR 1=1 TO 5000 700 KEY= PEEK (-16384): IF KEY <128 THEN 700 1015 SIEVE(I)=1 705 POKE -16364,0: RETURN 1020 IF I MOD 1000=0 THEN PRINT I 1000 PRINT "INITIALIZING THE SIEVE" 1025 NEXT I 1005 POKE 2056,0: POKE 2057,1 1030 RETURN (continuedj SYSTEM SOFTWARE FOR COMMODORE COMPUTERS PASCAL VERS I ON 121.1 ★ ONLY PASCAL AVAILABLE ★ o n l y p a s c a l a v a i l a b l e WITH SYNTAX CHECKING FOR COMMODORE 64 EDITOR ★ MEETS REQUIREMENTS ★ GENERATES STAND-ALONE OUTLINED IN ADVANCED MACHINE LANGUAGE PLACEMENT COURSE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION REVIEWS: VERSION 1.1 - PET COLUMN OF OCTOBER 1981 .MICROCOMPUTING V E R S IO N H .5 - PET COLUMN OF JANUARY 1982, MICRO VER SIO N H .8 - NOVEMBER 1,1982 ISSUE OF INFO WORLD VERSION n . 8 - PET COLUMN OF NOVEMBER,1982 CREATIVE COMPUTING VERSION H E.9 - PET COLUMN OF AUGUST, 1983 MICRO THE ONLY ASSEMBLER/LINKER PACKAGE EARL THAT LETS YOU LINK ASSEMBLER OBJECT CODE MODULES TO BASIC PROGRAMS WILSERV INDUSTRIES P.O. BOX456M b e l l m a w r , nj 08031 (609)227-8696 10 AM-Noon 8 PM - 9 PM EASTERN TIME 68 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Apple Listing 2 (continued) Listing 3 (continued) 1010 POKE 60,8: POKE 61,8 1020 IF N#2 THEN 1030 1015 POKE 62,23: POKE 63,47 1025 0K=(SL0T(l)=l): RETURN 1020 POKE 66,10: POKE 67,8 1030 IF SL0T(N-1)#1 THEN RETURN 1025 CALL MOVE 1035 FOR 1=1 TO N-2 1049 RETURN 1040 IF SL0T(I)=1 THEN RETURN 1045 NEXT I Listing 3 1050 0K=1: RETURN 1100 REM UPDATE THE SLOT ARRAY AND 5 DIM SL0T(8),ANS$(10) 1101 REM THE PUZZLE DISPLAY. 10 INTRO=2000:INIT=1900:GETNUM=1800 1102 REM ======11 VALID=1000:UPDAYTE=1100:CHECK=1200 1105 GOSUB FLIP 12 CLR=-16368:KBD*-16384:FLIP=1300 1110 SL0T(N)=1-SL0T(N) 15 GAMES=0 1149 RETURN 20 FOR 1=1 TO 8:SL0T(I)=1: NEXT I 1200 REM CHECK IF THE PUZZLE HAS 25 GAMES=GAMES+1 1201 REM BEEN SOLVED. 30 GOSUB INTRO 1202 REM ======-======40 GOSUB INIT 1205 CHK=0 50 M0VES=0:D0NE=0 1210 FOR 1=1 TO 8:CHK=CHK+SL0T(I): NEXT I 100 GOSUB GETNUM 1215 DONE=(CHK=0) 105 GOSUB VALID 1220 RETURN 110 IF OK THEN GOSUB UPDAYTE 1300 REM FLIP A TAB ON THE DISPLAY. 112 IF NOT OK THEN PRINT ,n,j :REM CTRL-G 1301 REM ====-======--======-=== 115 M0VES=M0VES+1 1305 IF SLOT(N)=0 THEN 1315 120 GOSUB CHECK 1310 NOW=9:NEW=13: GOTO 1320 125 IF NOT DONE THEN 100 1315 NOW=13:NEW=9 200 REM PRINT WINNING MESSAGE 1320 VTAB NOW: TAB 12+2*(N-l): PRINT " "; 1325 VTAB NEW: TAB 12+2#(N-l): PRINT N; 205 VTAB 18: TAB 1: PRINT "CONGRATULATIONS! 1349 RETURN YOU SOLVED THE PUZZLE” 1800 REM ROUTINE TO GET A KEY 210 PRINT "IN MOVES;" MOVES" 1801 REM BETWEEN 1 AND 8 215 PRINT "TRY AGAIN? " 1802 REM ======-======220 INPUT ANS$ 1805 KEY= PEEK (KBD): IF KEYC128 THEN 1805 230 IF ANS$=MY" OR ANS$="YES" OR 1810 POKE CLR,0 ANS$="0K" THEN 20 1815 IF KEY > = ASC("1") AND KEY <= ASC ("8") THEN RETURN 299 END 1820 GOTO 1805 1000 REM CHECK VALIDITY OF MOVE 1900 REM INITIALIZE THE DISPLAY 1001 REM FOR KEY ENTERED (1-8). 1901 REM ==-======1002 REM ======1905 TEXT : CALL -936 1005 N=KEY- ASC("0") :0K=Q 1910 VTAB 7: TAB 19= PRINT "UP" 1010 IF N#1 THEN 1020 1915 VTAB 9: TAB 12: PRINT "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8" . 1015 0K=1: RETURN (continued) YOU CAN’T LIVE WITHOUT THEM! grafDOS...... reg. *49.® • MINIMON..... reg. *29.95 • PEN P A L...... reg. *9.95 Three super packages that will enhance your Apple-like disk commands, HIRES graphics, With P.A .L., you get 95 pages of aids, work entire Commodore 64 computer system! LO RES graphics, text commands and SPR ITES. sheets and logs. 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Dealer inquiries invited No. 64 • September 1983 MICRO 69 Apple Listing 3 (continued) Listing 5: For Color Computer 1920 VTAB 11: TAB 12: PRINT "======" 1925 VTAB 15: TAB 17: PRINT "DOWN" 5 REM PUZZLE 1949 RETURN 10 DIM P(8) 2000 REM INTRODUCTION TO GAME 20 GOSUB 30000 2001 REM ======100 N$=INKEY$:IF N$="” THEN 100 ELSE NUM=ASC(N$)-48: 2005 TEXT : CALL -936 IF N U M < 1 OR N U M > 8 THEN 100 2010 IF GAMES >1 THEN RETURN 110 M0VE=M0VE+1 2015 VTAB 2: TAB 1 200 REM ---CHECK VALIDITY--- 2020 PRINT "WELCOME TO UPS 'N DOWNS!" 210 IF NUM=1 THEN 300 2025 PRINT "THIS IS A GAME OF COMBINATIONS IN WHICH" 220 IF N0T(P(NUM-1)) THEN 400 2030 PRINT "THE AIM IS TO MOVE A ROW OF NUMBERED" 230 IF NUM=2 THEN 300 2035 PRINT "TABS FROM A POSITION IN WHICH THE TABS" 250 FOR Q=NUM-2 TO 1 STEP -1:IF P(Q)=0 THEN NEXT Q:G0T0 300 2040 PRINT "ARE ALL 'UP', TO A POSITION IN WHICH " 260 GOTO 400 2045 PRINT "THE TABS ARE ALL 'DOWN'." 300 REM ---GOOD MOVE--- 2050 PRINT "AT ANY GIVEN TIME DURING THE GAME, SOME" 310 PRINT 8(P(NUM)*2+6)*32+NUM*2+5," 2055 PRINT "BUT NOT ALL OF THE TABS ARE FREE TO " 320 P(NUM)=NOT(P(NUM)) 2060 PRINT "MOVE. THOSE WHICH ARE FREE MAY BE" 330 PRINT g(P(NUM)*2+6)*32+NUM*2+4,NUM; 2065 PRINT "CHANGED FROM UP TO DOWN OR VICE-VERSA," 340 FOR Q=1 TO 8:IF P(Q)=0 THEN NEXT Q:G0T0 500 2070 PRINT "BY TYPING THE NUMBER OF THE TAB. IF YOU" 350 GOTO 100 2075 PRINT "TYPE THE NUMBER OF A TAB WHICH IS NOT" 400 REM ---BAD MOVE--- 2080 PRINT "FREE TO MOVE, THE GAME WILL SOUND A 11 410 SOUND 100,2:GOTO 100 2085 PRINT "BEEP AND REQUIRE YOU TO SELECT SOME" 500 REM ---DONE ROUTINE--- 2090 PRINT "OTHER NUMBER. CHANGING A TAB FROM ONE" 510 FOR Q=5 TO 200 STEP 5:S0UND Q,1:NEXT Q 2095 PRINT "POSITION TO THE OPPOSITE POSITION ALSO" 520 PRINT §288," CONGRATULATIONS" 2100 PRINT "CHANGES WHICH OF THE OTHER TABS ARE" 530 PRINT "YOU DIO IT IN";MOVE;"MOVES" 2105 PRINT "THEN FREE TO MOVE." 540 PRINT "TRY AGAIN? (HIT ANY KEY)" 2110 POKE 50,63: PRINT : TAB 10: PRINT "HIT ANY KEY TO BEGIN 550 IF INKEY$="" THEN 550 ELSE RUN 2115 POKE 50,255 30000 REM ---INIT ROUTINE--- 2120 POKE CLR,0 30005 CLS 2125 IF PEEK (KBD)<128 THEN 2125 30010 PRINT 8 1 3 V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8” 2130 POKE CLR,0 Screen Dump 30020 PRINT 6166,"------" 2149 RETURN 30030 FOR Q=1 TO 8:P(Q)=-1:NEXT Q UP 30090 RETURN 1 3 4 6 7 8 2 5 DOWN Listing 6: For Atari Note: Listings 4, 5, and 6 are the Apple 5 REM PUZZLE "Up ‘N1 Downs" program for the 10 DIM P (8) Commodore-64, CoCo and Atari 20 GOSUB 30000 respectively. The instructions for play 100 GET #1,NUM:NUM=NUM-48:IF N U M < 1 OR NUM > 8 THEN 100 110 M0VE=M0VE+1 ing the game are contained in the 200 REM ---CHECK VALIDITY--- subroutine at 2000 in the Apple ver 210 IF NUM=1 THEN 300 220 IF NOT (P(NUM-l)) THEN 400 sion. They are not included in all the 230 IF NUM=2 THEN 300 other versions. 250 FOR Q=NUM-2 TO 1 STEP -1:IF P(Q)=0 THEN NEXT Q:G0T0 300 260 GOTO 400 Listing 4: For Commodore 300 REM ---GOOD MOVE--- 310 POSITION NUM*2,P(NUM)*2+3:PRINT |*6;NUM; 320 P(NUM)= NOT (P(NUM)) 5 REN PUZZLE 330 POSITION NUM*2,P(NUM)*2+3:PRINT #6;" "; 10 DIM P-.S' 20 GOSUB 30000 340 FOR Q=1 TO 8:IF P ( Q ) 0 THEN NEXT Q:GOTO 500 Id© GET N*:IF N*-"*1 THEN 10© 102 NUH=flSC •. N* > -43 : IF NUM<1 OR NUM>S THEN 100 350 GOTO 100 110 MOVE-MGVE+1 400 REM ---BAD MOVE--- 200 REM ---CHECK VALIDITY--- 210 IF NUM-1 THEM 300 410 SOUND 0,100,10,10:SOUND 1,95,10,10 22© IF MOT•»P 70 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 •FOR YOUR APPLE II Y* Industry standard products at super saver discount prices SOFTWARE WORD PROCESSING SPECIAL ARTSCI List SGC WITH WORDSTAR AND SUPERCALC! M agicalc...... $149.00 $99.00 Do professional word processing on your APPLE. 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With true simultaneous opera GPLE ...... 64.95 49.95 tion. Includes: (1) Serial Input/Output Interface, TG Joystick ...... 59.95 45.00 (2) Parallel Output Interface, (3) Precision Clock/ S elect-A -P ort...... 59.95 45.00 Calendar, and (4) BSR Control. All on one card. Fully compatible with CP/M ■ and Apple Pascal'. Wordstar ...... 325.00 S pellstar...... 175.00 (List: $249) ...... $169 s e e The mail order specialists SuperCalc...... 175.00 VisiCalc ...... 179.00 1342 Quartz Circle, Livermore, CA 94550 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 71 the 6800 was selling for $80 and the 8080 was still selling for over $100. USING The 6800 supports 16 branch in structions. The 6502's designers cut this down to eight instructions. Gone are the BRA (branch always), BSR (branch to subroutine), BGT (branch if SIGNED greater than, signed), BHI (branch if greater than, unsigned), BGE (branch if greater or equal, signed), BLT (branch if less than, signed), BLE (branch if less or equal, signed), and BLS (branch if less ARITHMETIC or equal, unsigned). The BSR and BRA instructions are easily replaced with the JSR and JMP instructions (although JSR and JMP are not relocatable instruc tions). That leaves the BGT, BHI, BGE, ON THE BLT, BLE, and BLS instructions unimplemented on the 6502. The signed branches were removed from the 6502's instruction set because signed comparisons are rarely used in 6502 assembly language, especially in the small controller systems for which the 6502 was targeted. The missing un signed branches are easily replaced by with equivalent 6502 branches. Unsigned Comparisons on Randall Hyde the 6502 As many 6502 programmers are aware, the BCS and BCC instructions can be used to check for “ > = " and "<", respectively. In fact many assemblers, like the LISA interactive A technique to overcome assembler, let you enter BGE or BLT in place of BCS and BCC. For example, the problem of missing signed consider the following code: comparisons. LDA VAR1 CMP VAR2 BGE ISGTREQL A lmost eight years have passed in the 6800 design effort. The number since a group of Motorola of basic instructions the 6800 supports If the unsigned value contained in employees joined MOS is roughly twice the number of instruc VAR1 is greater than or equal to the un Technology to design the high- tions supported by the 6502. Why signed value contained in VAR2, then performance microprocessor that has would someone who just created an ex control is transferred to location been incorporated into the PET, Apple, cellent microprocessor want to design a ISGTREQL; otherwise the program Atari, and other microcomputer microchip with fewer instructions? continues execution at the next state systems. Needless to say, the 6502 The answer lies in technology. Around ment following the BGE instruction. isn't quite state-of-the-art anymore and 1975, when the 6502 was designed, the As long as you want to test for the newer 6502-based microcomputer technology wasn't anywhere near what " > = ” or “ < " you're in great shape. owners may find the 6502’s instruction it is today. Like today's parts, the per But if you want to test for " > " or set somewhat limited. True, the 6502's formance and cost of a part is directly " < = " you're in trouble. The 6502's instruction set is lacking (especially proportional to its size — particularly designers didn’t include the BHI and when compared to today's high perfor the cost. The 6502's designers wanted BLS instructions in the 6502's instruc mance microprocessors), but no one to create a chip that could be sold very tion set. However, there is an easy way can argue about the 65xx family’s suc inexpensively — a controller system. to circumvent this problem. If X > = cess in the home computer market To reduce the cost of the 6800 they had Y, then it is also the case that Y < = X place. Why did the 6502 become so to reduce the "die” size. Better (think about it). Since you can test to popular in spite of its modest instruc technology and removal of several of see if X > = Y it stands to reason that tion set? Actually it became popular the lesser-used instructions found on you can test to see if Y < = X (after all, because of its modest instruction set. the 6800 helped. MOS Technology was it’s the same test). If you want to test The designers of the 65xx family able to introduce the 6501 [the fore for X < = Y all you have to do is check came from Motorola after participating runner to the 6502) for only $20 while to see if Y > = X! Therefore, to see if 72 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 VAR1 is less than or equal to VAR2 you would use the code Comparison N C Z V LDA VAR2 Accumulator < Memory Ei Reset Reset Unchanged CMP VAR1 Accumulator = Memory Reset Set Set Unchanged BGE ISLE Accumulator > = Memory Set Reset Unchanged and control will be transferred to loca tion ISLE if VAR1 < = VAR2 and to the The only information concerning a The beautiful thing about the two's instruction after the BGE statement if signed comparison is a single cryptic complement numbering system is that VAR1 > VAR2. sentence: 1 'The compare instruction is you can use the same addition and sub To see if VAR1 > VAR2 apply this designed to allow a signed comparison traction instructions used for unsigned same reasoning to the BLT/BCC in between two values, assuming one arithmetic. For example, consider the struction. For example: makes appropriate use of the Z and N addition " 1 + ( - 1)''. The expected and C flags." No discussion of how one result of zero is obtained using the 6502 LDA VAR2 makes appropriate use of the flag ensues. ADC instruction, if you ignore the CMP VAR1 In actuality, you cannot use the Z, carry flag. For example: BLT ISGT N, and C flags to perform a signed com parison. You must use the N and V % 11111111 Control is transferred to location ISGT flags. Since the 6502 CMP instruction + %00000001______if VAR1 is greater than VAR2. The in doesn’t affect the V flag you cannot %00000000 C= 1 struction after the BLT instruction is even use the CMP instruction to per executed if VAR1 is less than or equal form a signed comparison. The CMP Subtraction works in a similar fashion. to VAR2. instruction is simply a subtraction, and Subtracting 9600000001 from the 6502's SBC instruction does affect 9611111111 leaves you with the V flag, so the SBC instruction can % 11111110, which is the two's com be used to perform signed comparisons. plement form of - 2. Signed Arithmetic and the Existing There's only one problem with Literature The Two's Complement System two's complement arithmetic. When using unsigned arithmetic the carry Signed arithmetic isn't handled as Most CPUs, including the 6502, use flag is used to detect an overflow or easily. Fortunately, unsigned arith a notation known as the "two's com underflow when adding and subtracting metic is used better than 99% of the plement'' numbering system to repre numbers. Since the 6502 carry flag time. However, when that small 1 % of sent signed numbers. This system detects a carry out of the eighth bit, and the time occurs signed arithmetic can (assuming an 8-bit-wide value) can we're interested in detecting an cause some real problems. represent values in the range -128 to overflow by a carry from the seventh Worse than the fact that the 6502 - 1 and 0 to + 127. bit into the eighth bit (or underflow doesn't support signed comparisons, The two's complement system uses from the eighth bit into the seventh almost all of the available literature the high order (H.O.) bit of a number to bit), we cannot use the carry flag to doesn't discuss signed arithmetic, and differentiate between positive and check for signed overflow. The 6502 V those that do usually get it wrong. The negative numbers. If the H.O. bit is flag (overflow flag) detects a carry from original perpetrator of this problem is clear, the number is considered to be the seventh to the eighth bit (or vice the MOS Technology 6502 Program positive and the low order (L.O.) bits versa). After an addition or subtraction ming Manual. In this manual they contain the binary representation of the the V flag will be set if an overflow have a table that looks something like number. As long as the H.O. bit is zero, occurred; it will be clear if the the following: the two's complement form of a arithmetic operation was completed number is identical to the straight successfully. Note that the V flag is binary representation for that number. always set on overflow and clear on no If the H.O. bit is set, then the overflow regardless of the arithmetic Comparison N Z c number is negative and the L.O. bits operation being performed. This is in A, X, or Y < Memory 1* 0 0 contain the value stored in the two's direct contrast to how the carry flag A, X, or Y = Memory 0 1 1 complement form. To obtain the two's operates with the ADC and SBC in A, X, or Y > = Memory 0* 0 1 complement form of a positive number structions (the carry is clear after an you first invert all the bits and then add ADC and set after a SBC instruction if ‘ Valid only for two's complement one to the inverted result. For example, no overflow/underflow occurred). compare to take the two's complement of one Therefore, the BVS instruction can be you would used after an ADC or SBC instruction This table implies that you can use to see if signed overflow or underflow the BMI and BPL instructions after a 1. Invert all the bits: occurred. Likewise the BVC instruc compare to check whether one signed % 00000001------► % 11111110 tion can be used to branch to some value is less than, equal to, or greater 2. Add one to the inverted result: location if overflow did not occur. than or equal to another signed 9611111110 + 1 -----►9611111111 operand. In reality, the N flag alone Two's Complement Comparisons cannot be used for signed comparisons. Therefore 9611111111 |$FF) is - 1 The Rockwell R6500 programming in the two's complement number Although you can use the same in manual uses a somewhat different table: ing system. structions to add and subtract two No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 73 signed values using the two's comple whether or not X > = Y you would use The tests for greater than, greater than ment number system, on the 6502 you the code: or equal, less than, and less than or cannot use the CMP instruction to equal aren't much more difficult than compare two signed values (as SEC the equivalent 8-bit comparisons: previously mentioned). Since the CMP LDA X instruction doesn't affect the V flag SBC Y Test for X > = Y: (which is necessary for signed com BVC TSTPL parisons) the SBC instruction must be BPL ISGE used instead. JMP ISLT LDA X If X and Y are unsigned 8-bit values, CMP Y the following code would be used to TSTPL BMI ISGE LDA X+1 compare them: ISLT: SBC Y + 1 BVC TSTPL LDA X If the N and V flags are the same, BPL ISGE CMP Y then control will be transferred to the JMP ISLT location specified by ISGE. If the N and Contrast this to the code required if X V flags are different (N eor V = 1), then TSTPL BMI ISGE and Y are signed values control will be transferred to the loca ISLT: tion immediately after the comparison SEC (at the ISLT label). To check for less Test for X < Y: LDA X than (instead of greater than or equal] SBC Y simply change the last two statements to LDA X Simply using the SBC instruction in TSTPL BPL ISLT CMP Y place of the CMP instruction is the ISGE: LDA X + 1 easy part. The hard part is deciphering SBC Y +1 the condition code flags after the sub and control will be transferred BVC TSTPL traction is performed. elsewhere if X < Y (to label ISLT), and BPL ISGE Since two signed values are equal if, control will drop through to ISGE if X JMP ISLT and only if, all their bits match, the is not less than Y (i.e., X > = Y). BEQ and BNE instructions can be used To test for X > Y or X < = Y it is TSTPL BPL ISLT to test for equality or inequality. This easier to compare Y to X and use the ISGE: is identical to the test for unsigned tests for greater than or equal, or less numbers. In fact, if you are compar than (as described for unsigned values Of course X > Y and X < = Y can ing two signed values to see if they earlier), than attempt to test the Z, N, be easily synthesized from these two are equal or not equal, you could use and V flags. code sequences. the CMP instruction and avoid having to use the SBC with the required Sixteen-bit Operations Signed Input and Output SEC instruction. To test the other inequality opera Multiprecision signed addition and Once you can perform unsigned tions [greater than, greater than or subtraction is handled in a fashion numeric I/O, signed I/O is trivial. equal, less than, and less than or equal) identical to unsigned addition and sub Assuming you have the two routines the SBC instruction must be used to traction, except you test the V flag ATOI and ITOA, which convert a compare the signed values. If you exe when checking for overflow after character string to an integer value cute the code segment operating on the H.O. byte. (ATOI, ASCH to Integer) and an integer Comparisons are only slightly more to a character string (ITOA, Integer to SEC difficult; the tests for equality are iden ASCII), it is easy to convert these two LDA X tical to the tests for a 16-bit unsigned routines to operate on signed values. SBC Y value. For example: Listing 1 is a subroutine that converts the two’s complement integer stored in then the N and V flags will be set as LDA X location VALUE to a character string, follows: CMP Y which is stored in STRING. Listing 2 BNE NOTEQL does just the opposite; it converts the X < = Y (N eor V) or Z = 1 LDA X+1 string stored in STRING to a two's X > Y (N eor V) or Z = 0 CMP Y + 1 complement binary value and stores X < Y (N eor V) = 1 BNE NOTEQL the result into VALUE. X > = Y (N eor V) = 0 and: Complementing a Value Since there are no 6502 instructions LDA X Often the need arises to negate a to let you perform logical operations CMP Y two's complement value. Either the directly on the condition code flags, a BNE NOTEQL positive version of a number must be series of BMI, BVS, BEQ, BPL, BVC, LDA X+1 converted to the negative version or and BNE instructions must be used to CMP Y +1 vice versa. Most newcomers to determine whether or not a comparison BEQ ISEQL assembly language follow the standard is true. For example, if you want to see NOTEQL: definition of a complemented number 74 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 and invert all the bits and add one. To take the absolute value of a in them. Others (like the Apple Pascal For example: two's complement number you must P-code interpreter) are kludged up in check it to see if it is negative. If it order to make them work. All these isn't, leave the number unchanged. If it problems might not have occurred had LDA X is, take the two's complement of the MOS Technology, Synertek, and XOR #$FF number to convert it to a positive Rockwell documented the operation of STA X number. The code to accomplish this is: the 6502 just a little better. LDA X +1 As previously mentioned, the XOR #$FF ABS LDA X+1 6502's designers removed the branches STA X+1 BPL 0 ;AI ready positive, that let you easily perform signed com CLC no need to parisons in order to reduce the amount LDA X negate. of silicon required on the 6502. Their ADC #1 J justification was that the signed com STA X SEC parisons were rarely used and, when LDA X+1 LDA #0 necessary, they could be emulated ADC #0 SBC X using existing instructions as this STA X+1 STA X article has pointed out. Unfortunately, LDA #0 when signed comparisons must be Actually, there’s a much simpler SBC X made they are somewhat of a pain to way to take the two's complement of a STA X perform. Therefore, if you can possibly number — simply subtract it from zero. get by without using signed arithmetic, If you want to negate X you should use A 0 RTS by all means do so. On the other hand, the code when you need to perform signed arithmetic these routines are quite effi SEC Using Signed Arithmetic within cient and they do work. JUCRO™ LDA #0 Your Programs SBC X STA X Using signed arithmetic on the 6502 LDA #0 isn't the easiest task in the world. Most Randall Hyde is vice president in charge X+1 6502 assembly language texts either of advanced research and development at SBC Lazer Microsystems, Inc., a Southern STA X+1 avoid the discussion of signed arith California software development firm. metic or present it incorrectly. Since His text, "Using 6502 Assembly signed arithmetic is rarely used this Language", is widely employed by Apple This code performs the same function hasn't proved to be too much of a prob users everywhere. You may contact Mr. as the "invert and add'' algorithm lem. Some programs I've seen that use Hyde c/o Lazer Microsystems, Inc., 1791 Capital, Unit G, Corona, CA 91720. shown above. signed arithmetic have severe problems Listina 1 081F F0 06 36 BEQ PRTDONE 1 TTL "Listing one— ITOA Subroutine” 0821 20 ED FD 37 JSR PUTC 2 * 0824 E8 38 INX 3 * 0825 DO F6 39 BNE L00P2 Always taken 4 * Apple equates for the test 40 * 5 * program. 0827 A9 8D 41 PRTD0NE LDA 0$8D Carriage return 6 * 0829 20 ED FD 42 JSR PUTC 7 PUTC EQU $FDED Character output routine. 082C 4C 04 08 43 JMP LOOP 8 INDEX1 EPZ $80 44 ft 9 082F 60 45 ALLDONE RTS 10 * 46 ft 11 * 47 * 12 * Signed output test program. 0830 64 00 C9 48 NUMBERS ADR 100,1-55,32000,1-2546 13 * 0833 FF 00 7D 0800 A9 00 14 LDA #0 0836 0E F6 0802 85 80 15 STA INDEX1 49 LASTVAL EQU ^-NUMBERS 0804 A6 80 16 LOOP LDX INDEX1 50 ft 0806 E0 08 17 CPX #LASTVAL 51 * 0808 B0 25 18 BGE ALLDONE 52 * 19 * 53 VALUE EPZ $0 080A BD 30 08 20 LDA NUMBERS,X 54 STRING EPZ $2 080D 85 00 21 STA VALUE 55 DIGIT EPZ $A 080F E8 22 INX 56 LEADO EPZ $B 0810 BD 30 08 23 LDA NUMBERS,X 57 ft 0813 85 01 24 STA VALUE+1 58 * ITOA (Integer TO ASCII) converts 0815 E8 25 INX 59 * the signed binary value stored 0816 86 80 26 STX INDEX1 60 * in location VALUE to an ASCII string. 27 * 61 » The string is stored in ascending 28 * Convert to a string. 62 * order starting at location STRING. 29 63 * The string is terminated with a 0818 20 38 08 30 JSR ITOA 64 * zero byte. 31 * 65 » 32 ft Output the string. 66 ft Note At least seven bytes must 33 * 67 * be reserved for the character 081B A2 00 34 LDX #0 68 ft string. 081D B5 02 35 L00P2 LDA STRING,X 69 ft (continued) No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 75 Listing 1 (continued) 70 * 71 ITOA: 085F A5 01 115 LDA VALUE+1 72 * 0861 FD 93 08 116 SBC TBL10H,X 73 * Initialize the string index. 0864 90 09 117 BLT IT0A3 Divison complete? « 74 * 118 0838 AO 00 75 LDY #0 0866 85 01 119 STA VALUE+1 Store remainder PLA back into value 76 * 0868 68 120 77 ft Check to see if the number is 0869 85 00 121 STA VALUE 78 * negative. 086B E6 0A 122 INC DIGIT Increment the quotient BNE IT0A2 Always taken 79 * 086D DO E9 123 * 083A A5 01 80 LDA VALUE+1 124 083C 10 12 81 BPL NOTNEGTV 086F 68 125 IT0A3 PLA Pop Junk off of stack. 82 * 0870 A5 0A 126 IDA DIGIT Get quotient 83 * Since VALUE is negative output 0872 E0 00 127 CPX #0 Is this the last digit? 84 * a and take the absolute 0874 F0 0B 128 BEQ IT0A5 If so, add it to STRING 85 * value of VALUE. 0876 C9 B0 129 CMP #"0" If not, see if this is a 86 * 0878 F0 03 130 BEQ IT0A4 leading zero. » 083E A9 AD 87 LDA 131 * If not a leading zero, set LEADO 0840 85 02 88 STA STRING 132 0842 C8 89 INY 133 * to a negative value. ft 90 * 134 087A 38 SEC 0843 38 91 SEC 135 0844 A9 00 92 LDA #0 087B 66 0B 136 ROR LEADO ft 0846 E5 00 93 SBC VALUE 137 BIT LEADO Is this a leading zero? 0848 85 00 94 STA VALUE 087D 24 OB 138 IT0A4 BPL IT0A6 084a A9 00 95 LDA #0 087F 10 04 139 STA STRING,Y If not, add to string 084C E5 01 96 SBC VALUE+1 0SS1 99 02 00 140 IT0A5 0884 C8 141 INY OD o OD 01 97 STA VALUE+1 * 98 * 142 99 * Initialize a couple of locations 0885 CA 143 IT0A6 DEX Repeat for each power of 10 100 * required by the system. 0886 10 CC 144 BPL IT0A1 * 101 * 145 ft 0850 A2 04 102 NOTNEGTV LDX #4 Init digit counter 146 0852 85 0B 103 STA LEADO Initialize LEADO to positive OSES A9 00 147 LDA #0 Zero terminate the string value 088A 99 02 00 148 STA STRING,Y 104 * 088D 60 149 RTS 0854 A9 B0 105 IT0A1 LDA #"0" Initialize digit 150 ft 0856 85 0A 106 STA DIGIT counter for each loop. 151 * 107 * 152 * 108 * This loop divides VALUE by a power 153 * Power of ten tables. 109 * of ten by performing a repeated subtraction. 154 * 110 * 088E 01 OA 64 155 TBL10L BYT 1,10,100,1000,10000 0858 38 111 IT0A2 SEC 0891 E8 10 0859 A5 00 112 LDA VALUE 0893 00 00 00 156 TBL10H HBY 1,10,100,1000,10000 085B FD 8E 08 113 SBC TBL10L,X Subtract 10**X 0896 03 27 085E 48 114 PHA 157 END Listing 2 1 TTL "Listing two— ATOI Subroutine" 34 * N) Set: Illegal initial character 2 * 35 ft (a digit or wasn't encountered 3 * 36 ft at the beginning of the line or 4 * 37 ft a digit did not immediately follow 5 VALUE EPZ $0 38 ft the minus sign). 6 SIGN EPZ VALUE+2 39 ft 7 STRING EPZ SIGN+1 40 * V) Set: Attempted to convert a value 8 * 4l ft outside the range -32767.-32767. 9 * 42 ft 10 * CR is a constant representing 43 * C) Set: Numeric value was terminated 11 * the carriage return character. 44 * with a character other them a 12 * 45 * space, comma, carriage return 13 CR EQU $8D 46 * or zero byte. 14 * 47 * 15 * 48 * 16 * 49 ft The N and V flags SHOULD be tested 17 * 50 * after calling ATOI. Testing the 18 * ATOI converts the string stored 51 * C flag is optional if you don't mind 19 * in location STRING to a signed 52 * allowing other non-digit characters 20 * two’s compliment integer. 53 * to terminate the number. 21 * The resulting integer value is 54 * 22 * stored into the two locations 55 * 23 * VALUE and VALUE+1. 56 * On return: 24 * 57 » 25 * Note: the numeric string can 58 « VALUE and VALUE+1 contain the 26 * have any number of leading blanks 59 * converted integer value. 27 * and it must be terminated with 60 « 28 * a space, carriage return, comma, 61 * The X-register points at the 29 * or zero byte. 62 * delimiter for the current value. 30 * 63 « 31 * Error codes returned in the 64 ft 32 * condition code flags: 0800 A2 00 65 ATOI LDX §0 Init index into STRING 33 * 0802 86 02 66 STX SIGN Assume a positive number (continued) 76 MICRO No. 64 ■ September 1983 3702 N. Wells St. Fort Wayne, Ind. 46808 D&N MICRO PRODUCTS," INC. (219)484-6414 TERMS $3.00 shipping, Foreign orders add 15°o. Indiana residents add 5°o sales tax. COMPUTER MICRO-8O COMPUTER PRINTERS Z-80A CPU with 4Mhz clock and Okldata STANDARD CP/M 2.2 operating system. 64K ML82A, 120cps, 10” .$409 low power static memory. Cen ML83A, 120cps, 15” .$895 CP/M FOR OSI tronics parallel printer port. 3 serial ML84 Parallel, 200 caps, 15” . $1150 ports. 4” cooling fan. Two8” single C. loth D&N-80 CPU CARD or double sided floppy disk drives. 8510APProwriter,parallel ...$419 The D&N-80 CPU allows the owner IBM single density 3740 format for 120 cps, correspondence quality of an OSI static memory computer 243K or storage, double density 8510APDProwriter,serial... .$585 to convert to Industrial Standard format for 604K of storage. Double F10-40PU Starwriter, parallel $1319 IBM 3740 single density disk for sided drives allow 1.2 meg on Letter quality daisy wheel mat and CP/M operating system. each drive. Satin finish extruded F10-40RUStarwriter,serial. .$1319 Double density disk operation is aluminum with vinyl woodgrain F10-55PU Printmaster...... $1610 also supported for 608K of storage decorative finish. 8 slot backplane, parallel, Letter quality daisy on an 8” diskette. When used with 48 pin buss compatible with OSI wheel a 5 Vi ’’ disk system 200K of storage boards. F10-55RU Printmaster, serial $1610 is provided. Optional parallel MODEL80-1200 $2995 DISK DRIVES AND CABLES printer and real time clock. Also 2 8” Single sided drives 8” ShugartSA801...... $385 available for polled keyboard and MODEL 80-2400 $3495 single sided video systems. Compatible with 2 8” Double sided drives 8” ShugartSA851 $585 C2, C3, C4 and 200 series OSI com double sided puters. MICRO-65 COMPUTER FLC-66 ft cable from D&N .... $69 INCLUDES CP/M 2.2 6502 CPU with 2Mhz clock and or OSI disk controller to 8” drive D&N-80-1 Serial 8” disk $595 DOS-65 operating system. 48K of 51/i ” MPI B51 diskdrive with. .$450 D&N-80-2 Video514” disk $595 low power static memory. 2 serial cable, power supply and D&N-80-3 Video 8” disk $595 ports and 1 Centronics parallel cabinet. Specify computer type. Option 001 $ 60 port. 2 8” single or double sided FLC-SVi cable for connection .$75 Parallel printer and drives. Satin finish extruded to 51/4 drive and D&N or OSI real time clock. aluminum with vinyl woodgrain controller, with data separator finish. 8 slot backplane, 48 pin buss and disk switch. Specify HARD DISK DRIVER $140 compatible with OSI. Will run OSI computer type Allows D&N-80 CPU board to con 65D and 65U software. Includes trol OSI 40 or80 meg hard disk unit. Basic E/65 a compiled BASIC for HARDWARE Will not destroy OSI files. Will also 6502 CPU. OSI COMPATIBLE allow for a true 56K CP/M system. MODEL 65-1 $2995 IO-CA1 OX Serial Printer Port. .$125 Specify 40 or 80 meg drive. 2 8” Single sided drives Specify Device #3 or #8 BUSSTRANSFER $135 MODEL 65-2 $3495 IO-CA9 Parallel Printer Port .. $150 Allows for D&N-80 and OSI CPU to 2 8” Double sided drives CMOS-MEM be in the computer at the same 64K CMOS static memory board, time. Toggle switch provides for BP-580 8 Slot Backplane ...... $ 47 uses 6116 chips, 3 16K, 1 8K and 2 alternate CPU operation. OSI 48 pin Buss compatible 4K blocks, Partitionable for multi DISKTRANSFER $100 MEM-CM9 MEMORY/ user, OSI type disk controller, 2 IO Utility program to transfer OSI FLOPPY CONTROLLER mapped serial ports for use with CP/M format disk to IBM 3740 24K memory/floppy controller card D&N-80 CPU. Ideal way to upgrade single density format. Will also uses 2114 memory chips, 1 8K and from cassette to disk. transfer IBM to OSI format. 1 16K partition. Supports OSI type 64K CMOS-MEM...... $500 SYSTEM HARDWARE disk interface 48K CMOS-MEM ...... $405 REQUIREMENTS 24MEM-CM9...... $325 24K CMOS-MEM...... $260 D&N-80 CPU, D&N FL470 or OSI 16MEM-CM9...... $260 16KCMOS-MEM...... $210 470 controller, 48K memory at 8MEM-CM9 ...... $180 BARE CMOS-MEM...... $ 50 0000-BFFF, 4K memory at D000-- BAREMEM-CM9...... $ 50 Controller add.$ 90 DFFF, two disk drive cables. Controller on assembled unit 2 IO mapped serial ports add. $125 FORMAT TRANSFER $15 add...... $ 9 0 on assembled memory board You supply software on 8” diskette BIO-16QO Bare IO card...... $ 50 Z80-I02 IO mapped serial___$160 D&N will transfer OSI CP/M format Supports 8K of memory, 2 16 bit ports for use with D&N-80 CPU to IBM 3740 CP/M format. Can also parallel ports, 5 serial ports, card transfer IBM 3740 CP/M format to with manual and Molex FL470 Disk Controller...... $155 OSI CP/M format. Original diskette connectors. 5 Vi or 8” drive returned. No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 77 Listing 2 (continued) 103 * If so, multiply VALUE by ten 104 * and add in this digit. 0804 86 00 67 STX VALUE Init VALUE to zero 105 * 0806 86 01 68 STX VALUE+1 0825 20 7F 08 106 JSR MUL10 0808 20 6F 08 69 JSR BLKDEL Skip leading blanks 0828 70 13 107 BVS 0VRFLV 70 * 108 * 71 * Check the first character to see 082A 29 OF 109 AND #$F Convert ASCII to BINARY 72 * if it is a If so, set the 082C 18 110 CLC 73 * SIGN variable to a non-zero value. 082D65 00 111 ADC VALUE 74 * 082F 85 00 112 STA VALUE 080B C9 AD 75 CMP 0831 A5 01 113 LDA VALUE+1 080D DO 05 76 BNE 0 0833 69 00 114 ADC #0 77 * 0835 85 01 115 STA VALUE+1 080F 85 02 78 STA SIGN Non-zero for negative 0837 70 04 116 BVS 0VRFLW Check for signed overflow 0811 E8 79 INX 117 * 0812 B5 03 80 LDA STRING,X Get the next character 0839 E8 118 INX Set up for next character 81 * 083A 4C IE 08 119 JMP ISDEC and repeat. 0814 20 78 08 82 JSR TSTDEC Make sure this is 120 * 0817 90 05 83 BCC ISDEC a decimal digit. 083D 18 121 0VRFLW CLC 84 * 083E 2C 42 08 122 BIT SET0VFL Set V and clear N 85 * If the first character was illegal 0841 60 123 RTS 86 * return with the N flag set. 124 * 87 * 0842 40 125 SET0VFL BYT $40 0819 18 88 CLC 126 * 081A B8 89 CLV 127 * 081B A9 80 90 LDA #$80 Set N flag 128 * NOTDEC is branched to if a non-digit 081D 60 91 RTS 129 * was encountered on the line. 92 * 130 * At this point the numeric conversion 93 * 131 * is complete. All that remains to 94 * 132 * do is make sure that the number 95 * If this number has all the 133 * is terminated with a space, comma, 96 * beginnings of a good decimal 134 * carriage return, or zero byte. 97 * value, convert it. 135 * 98 * 0843 C9 A0 136 HOTDEC CMP #" " Check space 081E B5 03 99 ISDEC LDA STRING,X 0845 F0 12 137 BEQ DEC0K 0820 20 78 08 100 JSR TSTDEC Is the current char 0847 C9 AC 138 CMP §nt" Check comma 0823 B0 11 101 BCS N0TDEC a numeric character? 0849 F0 0E 139 BEQ DEC0K 102 * 084B C9 8D 140 CMP ICR Check carriage return (continued) VIC-20 USERS: Get Serious With A PRDMCJUEEN • A cartridge development system • Comprehensive manuals • Program from Commodore VIC-20 keyboard into built-in 4K ROM emulator • Jumper to target ROM socket • Test programs in circuit • Fits EXPANSION PORT • Includes Hexkit 1.0, a powerful 100% machine code editor/de bugger utility program that makes coding for 8-bit Micros a snap. • Built-in EPROM programmer and power supply • Burns & runs EPROMS for the Commodore VIC-20, too Programs 2716, 2732, 2732A, 27C16, 27C32, adaptable to 2532 & 2764 PRaiYIQLIEEM CARTRIDGE COMPLETE ONLY $199 US Canada GLOUCESTER Promqueen 64 $299.00 $399.00 8 K board with 1 EPROM $29.95 $39.95 COMPUTER,™:. 16 board with 1 EPROM $39.95 $49.95 8 K board with 1 EPROM, C64 $39.95 $49.95 Distributed in U.S. by Arbutus Total Soft, Inc., 4202 Meridian, Suite 214, Bellingham, WA 98226. Phone 800-426-1253, in Washington 206-733-0404 Send for Free Brochure Distributed in Canada by IBC/Distribution Canada,4047 Cambie St., Vancouver, BC V5Z 2x9. Phone 604-879-7812 78 MICRO No. 64 • September 1983 Listing 2 (continued) 086D 18 176 CLC No input error 086E 60 177 RTS 178 084D FO OA l4l BEQ DECOK 179 084F C9 00 142 CMP #0 Check zero 180 0851 FO 06 143 BEQ DECOK 181 144 ft 182 ft####*#***##****#**###*********** 145 * If the program falls through to 183 « * 146 * this point the number is terminated 184 # * 147 * with an illegal delimiter. The 185 * ftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftft**** ft 148 # probable cause is a typo. Report 186 # » » ft 149 * the problem by returning with the 187 * * Utility Subroutines * * 150 * carry flag set. 188 # # # # 151 ft 189 # ftftftftftftftftftftft#######****# * 0853 2C 58 08 152 BIT CLRNV Clear N 8t V flags 190 « * 0856 38 153 SEC 191 » * 0857 60 154 RTS 192 ********************************* 155 * 193 * 0858 00 156 CLRNV BYT 0 194 * 157 ft 195 * BLKDEL- skips any leading blanks 158 * 196 * in the STRING buffer. 159 197 * 160 * DECOK: This code is executed 086F CA 198 BLKDEL DEX 161 * if the number is correct in 0870 E8 199 BLKDLP INX 162 # every sense. 0871 B5 03 200 LDA STRING,X 163 * 0873 C9 A0 201 CMP #" " 0859 A5 02 164 DEC0K LDA SIGN If non-zero then 0875 F0 F9 202 BEQ BLKDLP 085B FO OD 165 BEQ 0 VALUE must be negated. 0877 60 203 RTS 166 * 204 « 08 5D 38 167 SEC 205 ft 085E A9 00 168 LDA #0 206 ft 0860 E5 00 169 SBC VALUE 207 # TSTDEC- tests the character in 0862 85 00 170 STA VALUE 208 * the accumulator to see 0864 A9 00 171 LDA #0 209 * if it is a decimal digit 0866 E5 01 172 SBC VALUE+1 210 * or not. If it is, the 0868 85 01 173 STA VALUE+1 211 * carry flag is returned 174 ft 212 * clear. If the character 086A 2C 58 08 175 BIT CLRNV Clear N & V 213 * isn't a decimal value (continued) SVCT THE SVSTEM m DUAL AC1A BOARD Essential for telecommunications. Two independent full duplex RS232 channels. Uses t-i 6551 ACIAs. Crystal-driven TTL dock. Supports EPROM PROGRAMMER TTL level or RS232C (+/-12v). Supports all Particular combination of hardware and 00 standard baud rates to 19,200. Can support software {machine Language) used results irt interrupt-driven I/O. Demonstration source 2 } code provided. tn VERY LOW programming overhead. Flexible design; supports future EPROM ® COM-l designs. Will program EPROMS up to 256K bits (32K bytes). Programs aU these EPROMS: ■a 2508, 2516, 2532, 2564, 2758A. u 2758B, 2716, 27C16, 2732, 2732A, m 27C32, 2764, 27C64, 27128, 55 >■ MCM68764 X All personality modules INCLUDED. CL Menu driven program for easy operation. s >■ PRG-l $250 m O REAL-TIME H CLOCK/CALENDAR Demonstration software with source EXPANSION BOARD UJ and data sheet. Uses the OKI S For microcomputers that use 6522 VlAs for I/O and do £ MSM5832. Provision for user-supplied 32K CMOS STATIC RAM BOARD u battery backup. not provide full address decoding on board. This board m On board crystal for accurate has physical space for four additional 6522 VlAs, and Models MB-132/32K, $299 ca timekeeping. provides additional decoding for a total of 16 devices. 3 CMOS circuitry - Low power Year, Two versions of this board are available. The 1/0X122 /16K $241,/8K $197 m month, date, day-of-week, hours, mounts above, and directly plugs into, an on-board 6522 minutes & seconds! 12/24 hour ■ Leap socket, and relocates the original VIA to the expansion Features: Year correction 4 interrupt rales board. Where there are space limitations, the l/OX-222 • 200ns Low Power CMOS. STATIC RAM available. uses a dip header and an 8* cable for remote installation. • Extends your expansion connector • Plug compatible with 2716 EPROMS CLK-l $60 I/OX-122 $60 I/OX-222 $72 • First 8K are jumper selectable • Entire board mey be bank-switched Dealer and Distributor Inquires Invited. All boards feature G-10 glass/epoxy, solder mask, and gold plated connectors. All boards carry a full 1-year limited warranty. When P.O. Box 1019 • Whittier. CA 90609 ordering specify SYM or AIM version; add S 8> H in U.S. snd Canada $2.50. overseas $4.00 1213) 941-13B3 IUS). Calif, residents add sales tax. No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 79 Listing 2 (continued) 214 « then the carry flag is 247 * 215 » returned set. The Acc 248 * Add it 2*VALUE to 8*VALUE to 216 is returned unchanged. 249 * get 10#VALUE. 217 ft 250 ft 0878 49 BO 218 TSTDEC EOR #"0" Map »0".."9" to 0..9 0899 18 251 CLC 087A C9 0A 219 CMP #10 Carry set if Acc = 10 089A 65 00 252 ADC VALUE 087C 49 BO 220 EOR #"0” Restore Acc 089C 85 00 253 STA VALUE 087E 60 221 RTS 089E 98 254 TYA 222 ft 089F 65 01 255 ADC VALUE+1 223 ft 08A1 85 01 256 STA VALUE+1 224 * MUL10 multiplies VALUE by 10. 08A3 70 06 257 BVS OVERFLOW 225 * If an arithmetic overflow occurs 258 ft 226 * return with the V flag set. 259 * At this point things look good, 227 ft 260 * return to the calling procedure. 087F 48 228 MUL10 PHA Save Acc 261 ft 0880 8A 229 TXA X-, and Y-register 08A5 68 262 PU 0881 48 230 PHA values. 08A6 A8 263 TAY 0882 98 231 TYA 08A7 68 264 PU 0883 48 232 PHA 08A8 AA 265 TAX 233 ft 08A9 68 266 PU 0884 06 00 234 ASL VALUE Multiply VALUE 08AA 60 267 RTS 0886 26 01 235 ROL VALUE+1 by two 268 ft 0888 30 21 236 BMI OVERFLOW Check for signed overflow 269 ft 237 ft 08AB 68 270 OVERFLOW PLA 088A A5 00 238 LDA VALUE 08AC A8 271 TAY 088C A4 01 239 LDY VALUE+1 08AD 68 272 PU 240 ft 08AE AA 273 TAX 088E A2 02 241 LDX #2 08AF 68 274 PU 0890 06 00 242 SHFTLP ASL VALUE Multiply VALUE 08B0 2C 42 08 275 BIT SETOVFL 0892 26 01 243 ROL VALUE+1 by four to give 08B3 60 276 RTS 0894 30 15 244 BMI OVERFLOW Check for signed overflow 277 END 0896 CA 245 DEX VALUE * 8. 0897 DO F7 246 BNE SHFTLP JMCRO Compiled Bytes Total Elites Comp + load €xe 80 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 COM-STAR F/T Tractor I • Friction \ Printer only $ 2 5 9 C O M STAR • Lowest price quality tractor friction printer in the U.S.A. • Fast 80 characters per second • 40, 46, 66, 80, 96, or 132 characters per line spacing • Prints labels, letters, graphs, and tables • List your programs • Print out data from modem services Deluxe • VERTICAL FORMAT CONTROL: program COMSTAR F/T mable form length up to 127 lines, useful for Double PRINTER — $259.00 short or over-sized preprinted forms. Immediate Replacement The Comstar is an excellent addition to any • FRICTION AND TRACTOR FEED: will accept Warranty single sheet paper. micro-computer system. (Interfaces are We have doubled the normal 90 day warranty available for Apple, VIC-20, Commodore-64, to 180 days. Therefore if your printer (ails • 224 TOTAL CHARACTERS Pet, Atari 400 and 800, and Hewlett Packard). within "180 days" from the date of purchase At only $259 the Comstar gives you print quali • USES STANDARD SIZE PAPER you simply send your printer to us via United ty and features found only on printers costing Parcel Service, prepaid. We will IMMEDIATELY twice as much. Compare these features. If you want more try — send you a replacement printer at no charge • BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING with a LOGIC Premium Quality via United Parcel Service, prepaid. This warran SEEKING CARRIAGE CONTROL tor higher COMSTAR F/T SUPER-10” ty, once again, proves that WE LOVE OUR through-put in actual text printing. 80 CUSTOMERS! characters per second. PRINTER — $299.00 More Features Than MX-80 15 DAY FREE TRIAL • PRINTING VERSATILITY: standard 96 ASCII For $299 you get all of the features of the character set plus block graphics and interna Comstar plus 10" carriage 120 cps, 9 x 9 dot OTHER OPTIONS tional scripts. An EPROM character generator Extra Ribbons ...... $ 5.95 matrix with double strike capability for 18 x 18 includes up to 224 characters. Roll Paper Holder...... 32.95 dot matrix. High resolution bit image (120 x Roll Paper...... 4.95 • INTERFACE FLEXIBILITY: Centronics Is 144 dot matrix), underlining, backspacing, left 5000 Labels...... 19.95 standard. Options Include EIA RS232C, 20mA 1100 Sheets Fan Fold Paper...... 13.95 Current Loop. (Add $20.00 for RS232) and right margin settings, true lower des cenders, with super and subscripts, and prints Add $20.00 shipping, handling and insurance. • LONG LIFE PRINT HEAD: 100 million standard, Italic, Block Graphics, special char Illinois residents please add 6% tax. Add $40.00 for CANADA. PUERTO RICO, HAWAII, character life expectancy. acters, plus 2K of user definable characters. ALASKA orders. WE DO NOT EXPORT TO For the ultimate in price performance the Com • THREE SELECTABLE CHARACTER OTHER COUNTRIES. Enclose cashiers check, PITCHES: • 10, 12 or 16.5 characters per inch. star F/T Super 10" leads the pack! money order or personal check. Allow 14 days 132 columns maximum. Double-width font also for delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 is standard for each character pitch. 80 COLUMN PRINTER $189 day express mall available!! Canada orders must be In U.S. dollars. Super silent operation, 60 CPS, prints Hi- • THREE SELECTABLE LINE SPACINGS: 6, 8 or 12 lines per inch. resolution graphics and block graphics, ex panded character set, exceptionally clear PROTECTO characters, fantastic print quality, uses inex • PROGRAMMABLE LINE FEED: program mable length from 1/144 to 255/144 inches. pensive thermal roll paper! ENTERPRIZES BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010 Phont 312/382-$244 to ordtr COMSTAR F/T ABCDEFGH I J KLMNDF'DRBTUVW XYZ «a.fc» c z id e?-F «=• hi ± J k 1 m n opcir stu vw x y z 1 2345£>7B t?0 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNDPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghi Jklmnopqrstuvwxy2 1234567890 SUPER-10” ABCDEFGH I JKLMNQPQR8TUVW XYZ ABCDEFGH IJKLMNOPQRSTU VWX Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 0 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 81 A Product Catalog for Apple and Atari The final installment in our product catalog series. Atari Expansion Memory Data Company, $699 first-drive, $19.95, kit $14.95 16K/32K Expander, Mosaic Elec $399 add-on Joystick Replacement Insert, f.E. Koch tronics, $74.95 AT-88 SD disk drive, Percom Data & Co., $4.35 pair 32K RAM Board, Mosaic Electronics, Company, $488 Tara 400 Keyboard, Tara Computer $87.95 Rana 1000 disk drive, Computer Products, price n/a 48K RAM Kit, Mosaic Electronics, $115 Creations Inc., $419 JoyTyper 400, Microtronics, $129.95 48K RAM Board, Intec Peripherals Micro Mainframe Floppy Disk Drive, EPROM Burrier, Elcomp Publishing Corp., $240 Micro Mainframe, less than $450 Inc., $179 48K RAM Board, Tara Computer Prod FAST-CHIP, BiNARY Computer Soft EPROM Burner Kit, Elcomp Publishing ucts, $199 ware, Disk drive upgrade, $39.95 Inc., $49 48K RAM Board, Neotechnic Industries ATR8000 Disk Interface, SWP Inc., Cartridge Maker EPROM Burner, Inc., $129.95 $499.95 Radical Systems, $79 48K Austin Board, Austin Franklin Happy 810 Drive Enhancement, Happy The Bytewriter PROM Burner, Con- Associates, $114.95 Computing, hardware kit, $249.95 vologic Inc., $149.95 48400 48K RAM Upgrade, Polly Prod Custom Printers and Interfaces Hardware Cartridge ucts, $89.99 EPSON Printer Interface, Elcomp EPROM Board, Elcomp Publishing 48K/52K RAM Board, Newell In Publishing Inc., $19.95 Inc., $29.95 dustries, $159.95, $139.95 with RS-2332 Interface, Elcomp Publishing EPROM Board Kit, Elcomp Publishing 16K trade-in Inc., $19.95 Inc., $14.95 64K RAM Select, Mosaic Electronics, Interface No. 1, Looking Glass Micro EPROM Board, Radical Systems, $20 $149 products, $85 RAMDISK Memory System, Axlon Accessories Operating System Inc., 128K, $699 ECHO Speech Synthesizer, Street Ramrod MMOS, Newell Industries, Electronics, $369.95 FASTCHIP, Newell Industries, ROM $159.95 replacement, $39.95 Voice Box, The Alien Group, $169 Voice Box II, The Alien Group, $169 M/L Debugger Modem VersaWriter Drawing Tablet, Versa MMG BASIC Debugger, MMG Micro MICROCONNECTION, The Micro Computing Inc., $299 Software, $34.95 peripheral Corporation, Autodial/ FULL-VIEW 80 Display Card, BIT 3 ATMONA-2, Elcomp Publishing Inc., Auto-answer, $199.50 up Computer Corporation, $179 $49.95 cassette, $54 disk Smartmodem, Hayes Microcomputer Austin 80 Color Video Board, Austin BUG/65, Optimized Systems Software Products, $279 Franklin Associates, $279.95 Inc., $34.95 Disk Drive Series B Pro-Stick, Game-Tech, $39.99 M/L Monitor Percom RFD DD disk drives, Percom Fingertip Controller, KY Enterprises, ATMONA-1, Elcomp Publishing Inc., 82 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 4- d is c S a v e r s VINYL PROTECTIVE DISK SLEEVES S s c s*^ : oecS"^ D ISCS*® ® C O L O R CODED: Multi-color DiscSaversare designed DURABLE: Rigid vinyl construction protects against for easy recognitkjn of individual disks with your own constant handling to ensure long wear and tear. color-keyed filing system. Ideal for office or home use. PORTABLE: DiscSavers are the only portable vinyl PROTECTIVE: Custom grain vinyl provides added disk sleeves for use with a single diskette that bear the . protection for magnetic disks by guarding against RockRoy mark of quality. c o m m o n handling hazards. Contact your Dealer or Distributor, ATTRACTIVE: DiscSavers provide a handsome and ■—« ■■■■■ « ■■■■..■ ■■■ 7721 E. Gray Road -professional method of single disk storage and I — {■ I ^ ■ Scottsdale, Arizona 85260 enhancethe look, of'your hardware while protecting [ ■______(602> 998-1577 ■ your valuable* software. Computer Prodocts Division ’ Toll-Free 800-528-2361 DiscSavers is a trademark of RockRoy Inc. $19.95 cassette, $24.95 disk, $59 Communications Package cartridge Telelink, Atari Inc., $29.95 AVANT GARDE Omnimon!, CDY Consulting, Resident TeleTari, Don't Ask, $39.95 monitor, $99.95 Chameleon, Atari Program Exchange, Presents Assembler $17.95 Atari 1/O Package, Mosaic Electronics, ATMAS, Elcomp Publishing Inc., $18 Macro-assembler, $89 disk, $129 Datalink, Swifty Software, $39.95 cartridge Downloader, Computer Age, $24.95 ATAS, Elcomp Publishing Inc., T.H.E. Smart Terminal, BiNARY Com Cassette-based assembler without puter Software, $49.95 macros, $49.95 TSmart, The Microperipheral Corpora MAC/65, Optimized Systems Software tion, $79.95 Inc., $80 Business Package MAE Assembler, Eastern House, in Miles Payroll System, Miles Com cludes editor, $99.95 puting, $179.95 Edit 6502, LJK Enterprises Inc., in Invoice Writing for Small Business, cludes M/L monitor, price n/a Elcomp Publishing Inc., $29.95 Languages cassette, $39.95 disk BASIC Commander, MMG Micro Soft Microinv, Compumax, Inventory con ware, $34.95 trol, $140 FORTH, Elcomp Publishing Inc., Inventory Control, Elcomp Publishing $39.95, disk Inc., $19.95 cassette, $24.95 disk Tiny C, Optimized Systems Software A Financial Wizard 1.5, ON LINE Com Inc., $99.95 puter Centers, $59.95 BASIC A +, Optimized Systems Soft General Ledger System, FCC Inc., ware Inc., $80 $149.95 C/65, Optimized Systems Software Budgetmaster, Sunrise Software, Inc., C language compiler, $80 $29.95 cassette, $34.95 disk ABC, Monarch Data Systems, $69.95 FORTRAN-like Applesoft enhancement for your Apple The BASIC Compiler, Datasoft, $99.95 Atari Addresses BASM, Computer Alliance, $99.95 Amperf/nesse brings the power of such high level languages as Fortran and PL I to Word Processor the Apple II Plus at an inexpensive price. Textwizard, Datasoft, $99.95 Mosaic Electronics Plus a com plete set o f editing commands! P.O. Box 748 Letter Perfect, LJK Enterprises Inc., Oregon City, OR 97045 Call subroutines with arguments and by $149.95 name! Letter Perfect ROM, LJK Enterprises Intec Peripherals Corp. GOTOs by name! Inc., $249.95 906 E. Highland Ave. Formatted numeric output including ‘S’ San Bernardino, CA 92404 and ' options! AtariWriter, Atari Inc., less than $100 Input virtually any character string' Alog Pagewriter, Alog Computing, Tara Computer Products Search p art o r all o f an A p p le so ft program $39.95 3648 Southwestern Blvd., Dept. S. for a string 1 Bank Street Writer Broderbund Soft- Orchard Park, NY 14127 Substitute one string for another ware, $69.95 anywhere in a program! Neotechnic Industries, Inc. ATEXT-1, Elcomp Publishing Inc., Renumber part or all of a program? P.O. Box 277 $29.95 cassette, $34.95 disk, $69 Initialize a disk without DOS and add Redondo Beach, CA 90277 IOOGQ bytes additional storage! cartridge Add simple music and sounds to a program Data Base Optimized Systems Software, Inc. with easy to use music commands 1 File Manager 800, Synapse Soft- 10379 Lansdale Ave. Initialize the hi-res screen to any Cupertino, CA 95014 HCOLOR and setJROT* SCALE, and ware, $84 H C O L O R , all w ith a single com m and! File Manager+ , Synapse Software, Miles Computing Auto-line numbering mode? $99.95 7136 Haskell Ave. #204 Hove an Applesoft program almost File-Fax, TMQ Software, $129.95 Van Nuys, CA 91406 while the pro* Data Perfect, LJK Enterprises Inc., $99.95 Austin Franklin Associates 43 Grove Street FILE-IT, Swifty Software Inc., $34.95 Ayer, MA 01432 FILE-IT 2, Swifty Software Inc., $49.95 MMG Data Manager, MMG Micro Polly Products Software, $49.95 disk P.O. Box 8485 CCA Data Management System, CE Riverside, CA 92515 Software, $99.50 Newell Industries Mailing List 3340 Nottingham Ln. Plano, TX 75074 Magic Mail, ABBS Software, $59.95 Mailing List, Datasoft, $24.95 Axlon, Inc. Mailing List, Elcomp Publishing Inc., 170 N. Wolfe Rd. $19.95 cassette, $24.95 disk Sunnyvale, CA 94086 84 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 The Avant-Garde Programmer’s Series: »n*d W- e^f " S ' I c° " '^ SecHTs , 8 <- / ' 4 p w « . ,0°C / «£ * J?, <0. I Q^fssgJ?** keybo=r , °y direct. types o f Corr,S>and°n Usir)g yi scale [ ^ * £ ? dS- W S/’aPe CO/° 2 ^ f e ACTl° H k n ! ,l^ S'34'9* V o y ^ i M achHl' REs S f f i F A*D O' "••'“ - C l f - x » & > ’ f Why Better? Because There Are No Secrets! J Most of th|e„se programs are unprotected or completely f and may be used in all your cf^^ions,-v^wno royalties required. They turn novic^ipjoprofessional^ and professionals into f o r JV^KfiSl&w ^dans! ocal S pealer V"OUR ctly at APPLE" :* V ^ v H* * . ■ • AVANT-GARDE CREATIONS, INC. P.O. Box 30160 Eugene, OR 97481 Af?f- tour cfiF/*r-r,N No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 85 Skylcs Elcctric W orks AVAILABLE NOW! Call 800 227-9998** 231E South Whisman Road For the name of your nearest dealer, Mountain View, CA 94041 detailed information ora catalog of products. (415) 965-1735 * * California, Canada and Alaska, please call (415) 965-1735. In Europe: SUPERSOFT, Winchester House, Canning Road, Harrow Wealdstone, England HA3 7SJ, Tel. 01 861 1166 86 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 The Microperipheral Corporation Optimized Systems Software, Inc. FCC, Inc. 2643 151st PI. N.E. 10379 Lansdale Ave. 4712 Chastant St. Redmond, WA 98052 Cupertino, CA 95014 Metairie, LA 70002 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Sunrise Software CDY Consulting 5835 Peachtree Corners East 12800 Eastwood Blvd. 421 Hanbee Norcross, GA 30092 Cleveland, OH 44125 Richardson, TX 75080 Percom Data Company, Inc. 11220 Pagemill Rd. Eastern House Dallas, TX 75243 3239 Linda Dr. Winston-Salem, NC 27106 Apple Computer Creations, Inc. P.O. Box 292467 Monarch Data Systems Dayton, OH 45429 P.O. Box 207 Cochituate, MA 01778 Apple Peripherals Micro Mainframe 11325 Sunrise Gold Circle Datasoft Inc. Nearly 20,000 pieces of software and a Building E 19519 Business Center Drive tremendous amount of hardware add Northridge, CA 91324 Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 ons are available for the Apple. BiNARY Computer Software Computer Alliance Therefore we are providing only a 3237 Woodward Ave. 21115 Devonshire Street resource of books that list software and Berkeley, MI 48072 Suite 132 hardware for the Apple II, Apple II+ , Chatsworth, CA 91311 and Apple lie. SWP, Inc. 2500 E. Randol M ill Rd., Suite 125 LJK Enterprises, Inc. Arlington, TX 76011 P.O. Box 10827 St. Louis, MO 63129 The best book, a must for all Apple Happy Computing owners: P.O. Box 32331 Atari, Inc. San Jose, CA 95152 1272 Borregas Ave. The Apple II Blue Book Sunnyvale, CA 94086 WIDL Video Elcomp Publishing, Inc. 5245 West Diversy 53 Redrock Lane Alog Computing Chicago, IL 60639 Pomona, CA 91766 1040 Veronica Springs Rd. Santa Barbara, CA 93105 The Software Catalog Radical Systems Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. Broderbund Software 2002 Colice Road, S.E. 52 Vanderbilt Ave. 1938 Fourth St. Huntsville, AL 35801 New York, NY 10017 San Rafael, CA 94901 Street Electronics Corporation Software Directory Synapse Software 3152 East LaPalma Avenue, Suite D PC Clearinghouse, Inc. 820 Coventry Road Anaheim, CA 92806 11781 Lee Jackson Highway Kensington, CA 94707 Fairfax, VA 22033 The Alien Group TMQ Software 27 West 23rd Street, Directory of Educational Computing 82 Fox Hill Drive New York, NY 10010 Resources Buffalo Grove, IL 60090 Classroom Computer News Versa Computing, Inc. Intentional Educations, Inc. Swifty Software, Inc. 3541 Old Conejo Road, Suite 104 341 Mt. Auburn St. P.O. Box 641 Newbury, CA 91320 Watertown, MA 02172 Melville, NY 11747 BIT 3 Computer Corporation Directory of Educational Software CE Software 8120 Penn Avenue South, Suite 548 Sterling Swift Publishing Co. 238 Exchange St. Minneapolis, MN 55431 1600 Fortview Rd. Chicopee, MA 01013 Austin, TX 78704 Game-Tech ABBS Software 283 Broadway VanLoves Apple Software Directory P.O. Box 28 Arlington, MA 02174 Vital Information, Inc. Laurel, MD 20707 7899 Mastin Drive KY Enterprises Overland Park, KA 66204 195 Claremont, Suite 288 Don't Ask Computer Software 2265 Westwood Blvd., Suite B-150 Long Beach, CA 90803 Skarbek Software Directory Los Angeles, CA 90064 11990 Dorsett Rd. St. Louis, MO 63043 Microtronics, Inc. Atari Program Exchange P.O. Box 8894 P.O. Box 427 The Addison-Wesley Book of Apple Fort Collins, CO 80525 155 Moffett Park Drive Computer Software Sunnyvale, CA 94086 The Book Company Convologic, Inc. 16720 Hawthorne Blvd. 2800 West State Road 434, Suite 1276 Computer Age Lawndale, CA 90260 Longwood, FL 32750 Silver Spring, MD International Microcomputer Software Looking Glass Microproducts Miles Computing Directory P.O. Box 5084 7136 Haskell Ave. #204 Imprint Software Loveland, CO 80537 Van Nuys, CA 91406 420 South Howes St. Fort Collins, CO 80521 MMG Micro Software ON LINE Computer Centers of OKC P.O. Box 131 10944 North May Marlboro, NJ 07746 Oklahoma City, OK 73120 JM C ftO No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 87 Comm odore MACHINE LANGUAGE INPUT ROUTINES FOR COMMODORE COMPUTERS he beginning machine-language operation is quite simple. Upon being mistake, there is no chance to catch it programmer will often find that called, this routine will determine if a and use the excellent screen editing T input/output routines are the key is depressed or not. If no key is features of the Commodore computers most difficult to write. More often than depressed, the zero flag in the status to correct it. not, the actual computation part of a register will be set. If, on the other The INPUT A BYTE routine, at program is straightforward; it's getting hand, a key is depressed then the zero $FFCF does allow these features. When the required data to and from the com flag is cleared and the accumulator will this routine is called, the cursor is pre puter that is the hard part. Output contain the ASCII code for that key. sent. The presence of the blinking cur routines have been treated previously, Generally, you will want to imbed sor usually pacifies the neophyte; it so this article will concentrate on this routine in a loop (just like the GET gives a visual indication that the effective ways to input data to a statement in BASIC), so that the system hasn't crashed. With the cursor Commodore computer. In particular, keyboard will be continually checked present, the user may enter the desired machine-language programming of in until a key has been bound. Figure one input information. If a mistake is put routines for the CBM-8032 is shows an example of this. made, the [delete], [insert], and cursor discussed. However, all of these While this routine is short and sim movement keys may be used to correct routines are available on the other ple, it does have several drawbacks. the error. When everything is right, the Commodore computers, including First of all, when the routine is called, user can then hit [return] and the data the VIC-20. the cursor vanishes. In effect, the will be input. As you can tell, this is Perhaps the easiest way to input screen has been disabled. Even when a much more "user friendly.” So, unlike data is directly from the keyboard. We key is depressed there is no visual feed the GET A BYTE routine, the INPUT A can do this one byte at a time with the back since the character is not reflected BYTE routine actually inputs data from GET A BYTE routine, located at $FFE4. to the screen. (You can reflect it to the screen, not the keyboard. (This is a kemal routine; it will be screen yourself, if you wish, by calling Figure two gives a simple example. located at the same place on all Com routine $FFD2, the OUTPUT A BYTE When the subroutine is called, the X modore computers.) The principle of routine.] In addition, if you type a register is loaded with a zero. At this 88 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Commodore So how do we input data for BASIC to use? The key is the well known CHRGET and CHRGOT routines, located at $0070 and $0076, respective ly. These routines, which are used con stantly by your Commodore computer, check for numerics, alphabetics, spaces, colons, and null characters. Strictly speaking, when these routines are called by the computer during the execution of a program, they are not really input routines. However, when used in the immediate mode they do become input routines in the sense that they take input from the user and pro cess it. The CHRGET and CHRGOT rou tines have been covered countless times in the past. Instead of repeating this information, we will instead look at how these useful routines can be combined with another to form an in teger inputting routine. The three machine-language methods presented her Our goal is to be able to input a decimal integer and have it accepted. allow you to input data (both string and numeric) t< This not a trivial matter. Remember, Commodore computer. These methods use ROM when we type in a decimal number, we routines inherent to the computer, and consequentl are really entering an ASCII string, not a strict number. We need to convert consume very little additional memory. this ASCH string to the proper binary integer form, and the routine at $B8F6 (in conjunction with the CHRGOT routine) will do this. Refer to figure three. This listing should be appended BY THOMAS HENRY to the listing in figure two; the com bined listing is then a complete integer input routine. point the cursor will appear and all BASIC. This makes them perfect for If we have executed the routine in computing will stop until a string has writing monitors, assemblers, figure two, we then enter figure three been input. A carriage return, (hex disassemblers, and so on. However, with the input buffer (at $0200) con $0D) indicates that it is time to move even in machine-language program taining an ASCII representation of a again. The main loop will now go into ming, there are times when you will decimal number. The CHRGOT effect, taking one byte at a time from wish to interact with BASIC in a more pointer (at $77 and $78) is then set to the input string and storing it in the intimate way. For instance, if you are point to the start of the buffer. Next the buffer. When the carriage return is writing a '‘wedge” for your system, CHRGOT routine is called. This has found at the end of the string, the loop you may need to input some the effect of getting the digits (in ASCII concludes. In this example a zero byte parameters which BASIC would then form), one by one and will stop when a is used to indicate the end of the string; use. A good example of this is a zero byte is encountered. it may be that your intended applica RENUMBER utility. The command Next the ACCEPT AN INTEGER tion won't need this. may read RENUMBER 100,10, where routine is called, and this will convert There is nothing sacred about the RENUMBER is the command, 100 is the string to true binary form. The buffer used in this example. You may the first line number of the new result is deposited in $11 (low byte) and store the input string anywhere in numbering scheme, and 10 is the incre $12 (high byte). memory. Likewise there is no reason ment between successive lines. In this As mentioned before, there is why the X register must be used as the case we need to input not only an nothing particularly special about the index counter. If you need to use in alphabetic string (RENUMBER) but input buffer. You could just as easily direct addressing, for example, the Y also some integer parameters (100, 10). point the CHRGOT pointer to any ad register would be the one to use. BASIC will then take over and use dress in memory. Thus far, the two input routines these parameters (100, 10). BASIC Of course this routine (as presented have been generalized in the sense that will then take over and use these in figure two and three) is a bare-bones they will work with any character and parameters to perform the approach. No error detection has been don't require any interaction with RENUMBERing. built in. This is easy to implement, No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 89 Commodore though. For example, suppose a user in puts the gibberish " + @[i8U” and calls GET A BYTE ROUTINE the routine. What will happen? As it 6ETBYT ; ROUTINE TO GET A SINGLE BYTE turns out, the CHRGOT routine looks for this and signals the ACCEPT AN *=*5000 INTEGER routine that what follows is 5000 20 E4 FF JSR GETBYT START OF GET LOOP not a decimal integer. The program will 5003 C9 00 CMP #*00 IS ZERO FLAG SET? 5005 FO F9 BEQ START YES, SO NO KEY IS DEPRESSED. end with zero bytes being loaded into 5007 5007 locations $11 and$12. 5007 AT THIS POINT, THE ACCUMULATOR NOW CONTAINS Another common cause of error is 5007 THE ASCII EQUIVALENT OF THE KEY DEPRESSED. 5007 YOU ARE FREE TO READ THIS VALUE, STORE IT overflow. Only decimal integers be 5007 FOR LATER USE, COMPUTE WITH IT, ETC.. tween -1 and 64000 may be input. Any other entry will spur on a "? syntax er ror’ ' message from the BASIC operating INPUT ROUTINE Input Routines system. In both of these error condi INPUT = *FFCF requires: tions (entry of gibberish or number out BUFFER = *0200 Any Commodore Computer of range) the system will not crash; in this sense the program is protected. *=*5000 5000 A2 00 LDX #*00 ;X REGISTER IS USED AS AN INDEX These three routines should 5002 20 CF FF LOOP JSR INPUT 5 INPUT ONE BYTE FROM SCREEN simplify your own work in machine- 5005 C9 OD CMP #*0D SIS IT A CARRIAGE RETURN? 5007 FO 06 BEQ END ;YES, SO END EVERYTHING. language input programming. 5009 90 00 02 STA BUFFER,X ;N0, STORE THE BYTE However, this is hardly the final word 500C E8 INX ;INCREMENT THE INDEX COUNTER 500D DO F3 BNE LOOP ;JMP (X IS NEVER ZERO NOW) on the subject. I discovered these 500F A9 00 END LDA **00 routines by trial and error. More input 5011 9D 00 02 STA BUFFER,X ;ZERO BYTE = END OF STRING 5014 routines undoubtedly exist in your 5014 Commodore computer; why don't you 5014 5 AT THIS POINT, THE BUFFER NOW CONTAINS THE 5014 5 INPUT STRING. THE STRING STARTS AT *0200 let others know the results of your ex 5014 5 AND CONTINUES ON THROUGH THE MEMORY, WITH perimentation through the pages of 5014 ; a ZERO BYTE TERMINATING THE STRING. 5014 .END MICRO! Smartees—■Fantastic new action packed maze game. Puts your reflexes to the test. 40 speeds to choose from, five levels of skill. We call it Smartees, because monsters appear to get smarter as levels get harder. For the C64. $22.95 Canadian, $17.95 American. ALSO... Word-Calc For the C-64 — Electronic THE SEMI-INTELLIGENT spread sheet, allows column and row calculations. ACTION-PACKED Up to 150 different expressions or constants can be MAZE GAME defined & called up by number. Titles for columns °Yvan Lavoie 1983 and rows. $39.95 American, $42.95 Canadian Authors Needed KING MICROW ARE Suite 210, 5950 Cote des Neiges, Montreal, Quebec H3S 1Z6 — 514-737-9335 90 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 zCommodore References The GET A BYTE and INPUT A BYTE dresses are $73 and $79. For 1.0 ROM's the routines are kernaf routines. This means ACCEPT AN INTEGER routine is located at that the call addresses are the same for all SC863 and the result is stored at $08 and 1. T. Henry, “Machine Language PET’S, CBM's, the VIC-20, and the Com $09. For 2.0 ROM's the routine address is Screen Utilities for the modore 64. The CHRGET and CHRGOT ad SC873 and the result is stored the same C BM -8032” , MICRO, October dresses are the same for PET's with 2.0 way as presented in the article (i.e., the 1982. ROM’s and 4.0 ROM’s. In 1.0 ROM’s, the same as for 4.0 ROM's). The VIC-20 and addresses are $C2 and $C8, respectively. Commodore 64 have the ACCEPT AN IN In the VIC-20 and Commodore 64 these ad TEGER routine at $C96B and the result is 2. N. Hampshire, THE PET RE stored at $14 and $15 VEALED, (Slough, Bershire, England: Commodore Business Machines (UK) Limited, 1980), pp. 78-82. INTEGER INPUT ROUTINE 3. W. Kolbe, “Define Your Own Func CHRGOT = *0076 POINTR = *77 tion Key on PET”, MICRO, October INTEGR = *B8F6 1980, pp. 19-20. THIS ROUTINE MUST FOLLOW THE ROUTINE DESCRIBED 4. B. Seiler, “The Append Wedge”, ; IN FIGURE TWO. NOTE THAT THE ADDRESSES TAKE UP ; WHERE THEY LEFT OFF IN THAT ROUTINE. THE PET USER'S CLUB NEWSLETTER, i ROUTINE IN FIGURE TWO PUTS THE ASCII STRING June 1979, pp. 24-30. ; EQUIVALENT OF THE INTEGER INTO THE INPUT BUFFER; ; THIS ROUTINE CONVERTS THE STRING TO A BINARY INTEGER. JMCRO ; THE RESULT IS THEN DEPOSITED INTO *11 (LOW BYTE) AND ; *12 (HIGH BYTE). Thomas Henry is a professional writer in the areas of electronic music, circuit *=*5014 5014 A9 OO LDA #*00 ;SET THE CHRGOT POINTER design, and Commodore computers. He is 5016 85 77 STA POINTR ;TO POINT TO THE currently completing a Master’s degree in 5018 A9 02 LDA #*02 ;INPUT BUFFER (AT *0200) mathematics. You may contact him at 501A 85 78 STA POINTR+1 Transonic Laboratories, 249 Norton Street, 501C 20 76 00 JSR CHRGOT ;FETCH THE DIGITS AND 501F 20 F6 B8 JSR INTEGR ;CONVERT TO A BINARY INTEGER Mankato, MN 56001. 5022 .END ZANIM SYSTEMS 1 I W E CARRY MANY VIC AND APPLE PRODUCTS. PLEASE SEND FOR A CATALOGUE. C P /M B O A R D BARE BOARD $29.00 128K R A M * BARE BOARD $29.00 * COMPATIBLE WITH ALL SATURN SYSTEMS SOFTWARE * 80 COLUMN BOARD* BARE BOARD $29.00 * COMPATIBLE WITH THE VIDEX VIDEOTERM WITH SOFTSWITCH BUILT IN * ALL BOARDS HAVE SOLDER BUILD YOUR OWN WE WILL SUPPLY MASKING, COMPONENT LAYOUT, APPLE PERIPHERAL CARDS THE IC LIST FOR AND GOLD EDGE FINGERS AND SAVE UP TO 80% ANY BOARD APPLE 11 IS TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTERS, INC CP/M IS REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. INC VIDEX IS REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF VIDEX INC No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 91 TEST CUmPFESSIQM I was writing a Madlib game a few less of their external appearance. years ago and received an OUT OF 2. The text attending instructions or MEMORY ERROR two-thirds of the screen displays eats up space — and way through. Naturally I was distressed quickly! Each short story in the because it is virtually impossible to Madlib game filled the screen squeeze out 5K of extra space from a approximately one and one-half 16K program. I listed the program and times and therefore consumed about couldn't believe I had used up 1.5K of memory since each char anywhere near 16K of memory; I had acter and space uses one byte other programs that occupied a larger of RAM. volume of space and still had 5 or 6K left to spare. To make matters worse, BASIC im The problem was real and my gross poses an 8-byte overhead for each line underestimate of the amount of space I of text retained: needed occurred because of two re 4 bytes for the line number and lated facts: line link. 1 byte for the end of line flag. 1. A program composed principally of 1 byte for the 'Data' or 'Print' BASIC statements does not occupy keyword. as much space as the size of the 2 bytes for the quotes. listing implies because keyboards Any other arrays or intermediate are tokenized by the Editor and use variables used to manipulate the text up only one byte of memory regard are an additional overhead. a m ENCRYPTION- By W a I t e r Luke Jr. By compressing data that normally occupies three bytes into two, a memory savings of 30% or more can be achieved. The same technique saves space on cassette or disk and results in a code that is difficult to break. 92 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 I needed a way to get around the one the end of text has already been pro Now that the compressed text is byte per character memory penalty. An cessed and stores three consecutive safely packed away, we will now have 8-bit byte can contain 256 different zeros into memory immediately after to be able to regenerate it for future use. characters, but 95% of the ones I the compressed text. The decoding (Refer to listing 2 - Text Expansion and needed were among the 26 letters of the software will need this when the Decryption.) This is accomplished by: alphabet and 10 decimal digits. The text is regenerated. The text in the 1. Setting AL$ equal to the same char rest are punctuation. DATA statements, by the way, is an ex acter string used in the Compres The software presented exploits this cerpt from the Madlib program I sion program. observation and packs three characters mentioned earlier. 2. Setting BA to the starting address of of data into two bytes — a 33% savings. I now save the region of memory the region of memory you will load This is great for my needs and helped a from 8192 and 8773 (ET) onto disk. the compressed text into when exe lot before I had a disk and was unable to You do your equivalent. A CBM cuting the program. swap data rapidly. Since then I've used monitor sequence might look like this: To regenerate the Madlib text just the method to compress disk data and stored we take care of AL$ and BA as to encrypt information too sensitive to .S “COMPTEXT”, 01. 2000, 2245 described. For a CBM machine the leave in plain text format in a monitor command might look like: timeshare system. Let me digress and demonstrate what this extra trouble has accom .L "COMPTEXT” , 01 The process is as follows: plished. The text occupies 812 bytes in 1. Define the characters you require the DATA statements. (The DATA Again, do your equivalent. - alphanumeric, graphic, or a mix statements themselves occupy Now, run the program and view the ture. This forms your abbreviated something like 216 bytes, but let's ig output shown in figure 1. charcter set. You can use as many nore this.) The compressed text is con Note that the parentheses and as forty different characters. AssigD tained in 581 bytes and our savings apostrophes are missing. This is these to the variable AL$. (Refer to comes to 28.45%. This figure will because they don't exist in our subset listing 1 - Text Compression and asymptotically approach 33.33% as the of the ASCH code. When the encoding Encryption.) amount of text increases and average software encounters these characters it 2. Find an area of memory that won't line length increases. [The 'return' POKES a space into RAM instead. be bothered for a while and assign character has to be injected less often.) Many texts could be regenerated by the address of the start of this region to BA. 3. Assign each line of text to be com pressed to M$ and sick the Com pression program on it. After you've Figure 1 processed the entire text assign the string ETX to M$ to flag the pro gram that all text has been received LIBRA S E P T ~ ,23 TO OCT. 22 and to store an end mark (three zeros) into memory. LIBPA 13 THE SIGH OF THE HEAT SINK. 4. After the compressed text is stored HOWEVER. LIBRft PEOPLE ARE NOT ALWAVS into RAM, use whatever utility you LLEAPLV BALANCED. THEIR FfiRADE IS MADE have available to perform a block UP OF RRGUMENTAT'I VENESS. LI BRANS LOVE save of the populated RAM con TO ROIL. IF VOU.SRV IT* IS 7 O.CLOO, tents. The variable ET points to the THEV LL TELL VOLf TO PROVE IT. AND, end of text (and endmark] plus one THAT IT S flCTUALLV ? 0 CLOCK. HOWEVER. THEV ALWAVS TRY -TO-APPEAR and can be used along with your BELIGERENT. LIBPflWSfHRVE'fth&ZIRG FISTS original assignment of BA to define AND WILL BROOK NO CARELESSNESS IN precisely the range of memory EATING. IF YOU MAKE ft WITTY REMARK, saved. Listing 1 contains an THEV WILL ALL THIS example that might be helpful. WEIGHING ( l H N H H The characters I will be using are MANV.LI the space, comma, period, decimal THEIR FA digits and the alphabet. I've arbitrarily CAN STRING kiEiiiilM I selected location 8192 ($2000 Hex) as a MOST LIBRANS-ARE-Ml jw prm , A t h l e t i c 1 jj convenient holding area. BA is ini AND BALD.’.VEPV, FI tialized to this. I've embedded the text I LOWIW WATTAGE BULBS.. THE^LOVE^HAPMONV M want to compress into DATA OF■ COMPUTER AND.AIR AND- ARE HRNDSOME ■i ii— . ***** A* 1*1 * * ""i* *' ’ llll statements at the end of the program. I LOVERS. also could have entered the text from NOTED LIBRANS EJNSTEIN, NAPOLEON. PLATO> the keyboard in response to INPUT BRUCE LEE. prompts, or read in an external data file. Each line of text is read into M$ and stored in compressed form into RAM. When the blurb ETX is en- counted the program recognizes that No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO using a block of memory as a buffer for text and using the Text Expansion soft ware as a subroutine to repetitively Figure 2 recreate successive texts placed into the buffer. Another application of this software is not obvious. Let me pose two ques tions. If you viewed a dump of memory 30D9E WR7V. ML VS SCV. MM containing the compressed text, would you have any idea what it represented? 30D9E 0W VZR W0V5 SX VZR ZREV W052. It doesn't look anything like ASCII Z6SRTR9, 30D9E 7R673R E9R 56V E3SEQW coded characters or compressed BASIC C3RE93Q DE3E5CRB. VZR09 7E9EBR 8W 4EBR text. Moreover, if you had access to the U7 SX E9VU4R5VEV0TR5RWW. 30D9E5W 36TR software and looked at the variable S V6 9633. 0X Q6U WEQ 0V 0W H 6 C3SC2, that is used to hold and form the two- VZRQ 33 VR33 Q6U V6 796TR 0V., E5B byte sum in either program, you would VZEV 0V W ECVUE33® H 6 C36C2. gain no information. What if the string Z6SRTR9, VZRQ E3SEQW V9Q V6 E77RE9 assigned to AL$ were called a key in DR30VR9R5V. 30D9E5W ZETR E4EP05V X0WVW E5B S033 D9662 56 CE9R3RWW5RWW 05 stead of a character set? It could be REV05V. 0X Q6U 4E2R E S0VVQ 9R4E92, viewed in this light since the contents VZRQ S033 DR 05VR5WR VS Q6U. E33 VZ0W of memory or program variable S have SR0VZ05V 6X VZ05VW, Z6SRTR9, CE5 BU47 no practical meaning if they can’t be 4ESQ 30D9E5W 05V6 E WVEVR 6X 05BRC0W065. linked to a unique character string. VZR09 XE095RWW CE5 DR S0WR E5B 56VZ85V Therefore, the compressed text CE5 WV905V VZR4 05V6 4E205V E BRC0W0S5. formed by listing 1 is meaningless gar 46WV 30D9E5W E9R S0WR., SE94., EVZ3RV0C ble unless it is processed by the soft E5B DE3B. TR9Q XRS E9R 05ZU4E5 69 ware of listing 2 and unless the 36S SEVVEVR DU3DW. VZRQ 36TR ZE9465Q exact composition of AL$ is known for 6X C647UVR9 E5B E09 E5B E9R ZE5BW64R both programs. 36TR9W. Change line 1100 in listing 1 to read, AL$ = CR$ + " ,.EDCBA98765432 56VRB 30D9E5W R05WVR05 r 5E763R65 r 73EV6, D9UCR 3RR. lOZYXWVUTSFGHIJKLMNOPQR''. Run listing 1 and either save the en crypted text or immediately load listing 2 without turning the computer off. In either case, run listing 2 with the en crypted data in memory. The result is shown in figure 2. A rather meaningless assortment of garbage, no? Only the spacing and Listing 1 punctuation has been preserved but we could have destroyed that by permuting 100 REM these characters in AL$ also. Now 200 REM TEXT COMPRESSION * ENCRYPTION 300 REM WALTER LUKE JR. change AL$ to match line 1100 in 400 REM 3^5/32 500 REM listing 1 and rerun the program. 600 REM THIS PROGRAM COMPRESSES TEXT PASSED TO IT IH 'M*' INTO MEMORY Magically, everything has seemed to 700 REM LOCATIONS POINTED TO BV 'BA' 800 REM sort itself out. 900 PRINT 1000 CR*=CHR*<13> This process can be used to impose 1100 AL*=CR*+" , . ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVHXV20123456789" : REM CHARACTER SET privacy on any desired text or software 1200 LA=LEN(AL*>1 REM MAKE SURE 'AL*' CONTAINS NO MORE THAN 40 ELEMENTS 1300 BA=8192 listing. It could also be used to secure 1400 READ M*: IF M*=,,ETX" GOTO 1800! END OF TEXT MARKER FOUND 1500 LM=LEN(M*> data transmissions over communica 1600 GOSUB 2200 tions links. In either case the informa 1700 GOTO 1400 1S00 FOR 1=0 TO 2:P0KE BA+I,0 :NEXT IsREM END OF COMPRESSED TEXT MARKER tion is secure against anybody not 1980 ET =BA+3: REM POINTER FOR END OF COMPRESSED TEXT IN MEMORY 2000 END possessing both the software and the 2100 REM correct key. Rather surprising that one 2200 REM BREAK LINE OF TEXT 'M*' INTO 3 LETTER GROUPS IN 'Ti' 2300 REM set of software can perform two ap 2400 FOR 1=1 TO LM STEP 3 2500 IF LM-I > 1 THEN T*=MID* 94 MICRO No. 64 ■ September 1983 atone for this by talking about the pro Listing 1 (continued) grams a little. They were written on a 3400 RETURN 3500 REM CBM machine, but to my knowledge, 3600 REM CONVERT T* TO A COMPONENT VECTOR OF INDICES INTO AL* 3700 REM the only machine-dependent function I 3300 FOR J=1 TO 3 sneaked in was 'Print "CLR" ' in both 3900 C*=MID* Variables Used M$ - Holds line of text to be Listing 2 compressed 100 REM T$ - Holds three characters from m$ 200 REM TEXT EXPANSION A DECRYPTION at a time 300 REM WALTER LUKE JR. 400 REM 3/5/32 C$ - Holds one character from T$. 500 REM 600 REM THIS PROGRAM SEGMENT WILL RECOVER AND PRINT COMPRESSED TEXT Used for character to numeric 700 REM USE THIS PROGRAM STAND-ALONE OR AS A SUBROUTINE IN YOUR LARGER equivalent conversion. 300 REM 900 PRINT "3" AL$ - The key or abbreviated character 1000 AL*=CHR$<13) + " , .ABCDEFGHI..TKLMNOPQRSTUVWXVZ0123456739" 1100 LA=LEN No. 64 ■ September 1983 MICRO 95 Using VIC and C 64 ROM Routines from BASIC by Terry M. Peterson A lthough we do most of our pro Table 1: gramming in BASIC, it is occa sionally more efficient to use the Bit number Decimal value Rag name Flag meaning computer's native language — machine-language. There are advan B7 128 Negative result tages in speed and memory usage, and B6 Overflow result most important, there are operations B5 Unused you can’t even do in BASIC! However, B4 BRK encountered you need a machine-language monitor B3 Decimal mode and an assembler. B2 IRQ disable B1 Zero result Fortunately, many common func BO Carry tions are performed in a set of routines contained in the KERNAL ROM. These routines are documented in both the Listing 1 Commodore 64 and VIC-20 Program mer's Reference Guides. However, 100 REM SET CURSOR TO 5-TH R O W 20-TH COL most of these require that you read from or write to the processor registers 110 POKE 781,4 REM Set .X to 5th row .A, .X, .Y, and .S. Time to get a 120 POKE 782,19- REM Set Y to 20th col. machine-language monitor and 130 POKE ?83,0: REM Set S for CARRY CLEAR (Continued on page 98) 140 SYS 6*5520 REM CALL ’PLOT’ 96 MICRO No. 64 ■ September 1983 PUT PRICES IN CHECK CARTRIDGE RIBBONS FOR CARTRIDGE RIBBONS FOR MAXELL APPLE PRINTERS EPSON DISKETTES NEC 8023A 5 ’A ' SINGLE SIDE DUAL DENSITY C. ITOH PROWRITER MX-80 MX-100 99. MD-1 S6 . ” e a S1 1 . 95 EA $ 0 0 90 ® 9 . 9 5 ea s1 0 7 . 4 6 DOz * 8 6 ™ EA S12 9 .06DOZ *29. 10 PACK RIBBONS FOR INNOVATIVE DISKETTE CONCEPTS IDS PRINTERS FLIPN’FILE EA DOZ STORAGE DISC STORAGE BOX S2 J 7 440 s 2 9 . 92 HOLDS UP TO 60 DISKETTES BOXES 5%" - BLUE OR BEIGE 5 'A ” 8" PAPER TIGER s 6 . 95 s 7 5 . 06 MICROPRISM s 7 . 99 s 8 6 . 29 $ 0 49 s24«„ s29.95 EA PRISM 1 0 . 95 1 1 8 . 25 ■ EA. DUAL SPOOL RIBBONS FOR COLOR- OKIDATA MEMOREX CODER PRINTERS DISKETTES LIBRARY CASE SET 5’u SINGLE SIDE - DUAL DENSITY CONTAINS 5 BRIGHT COLORS 80, 82, 83 EA D0Z 5V' 8" 92, 93 $2 .77 s2 9 .92 $OA 99 ■ PA 84 s5 .99 s6 4 .69 10 PACK s19.95 s23.95 ANTI-STATIC CARTRIDGE RIBBONS FOR LABEL SPRAY COMREX FULL QUART SIZE SPECIAL WITH DISPENSER DAISYWRITER 2000 95 $9 99 f c * / k *6. QT. 26. (5K M IN ) 1 GALLON REFILL$1 9 .95 1 ACROSS 3 « 15/16 CONTINUOUS LABELS MOST RIBBONS AVAILABLE IN COLORS TOO! CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR SUPPLIES CATALOGUE ON ORDERS UN DER *14.°° PLEASE A D D *3.°° FOR S H IP P IN G MINIMUM RIBBON ORDER *30.°° OR 1 DOZEN TOLL FREE 800-343-7706 Check-Mate MASS RESIDENTS IN MASS 617-963-7694 51 DIAUTO DR P O BOX 103 ADD 5% SALES TAX PHONES OPEN 9AM-7PM EASTERN TIME RANDOLPH MA 02368 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 97 C64,VIC assembler, right? Hold on! You may be able to put it off for now. In the VIC and C-64 the 'SYS' Listing 2 BASIC statement allows you to call machine-language subroutines just as in earlier Commodore computers. However, SYS in the VIC and C-64 has 200 REM READ CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. been enhanced to allow you to specify the processor register contents when 210 POKE 783,1’ REM Set .S to CARRY SET the subroutine is called. Also, it is 220 SYS 65520. REM CALL ’PLOT’ possible to determine the register con 230 X = PEEK(781)+1 Y = PEEK(782) + 1. REM Get final .X & Y vals. tents at the completion of the 240 REM X,Y CONTAIN R O W & COL. OF CRSR [(1,1) = HOME] subroutine. BASIC does this by using four memory locations as pseudo registers to pass the actual register con tents back and forth. These locations (Editor's Note Because of BASIC's line-wrap feature, the values of X and Y may are as follows: be considerably different than expected.) Decimal Address Register 780 .A Accumulator Listing 3 781 .X X register 782 .Y Y register 783 .S Processor status THIS PROGRAM WILL SAVE TO TAPE OR DISK A PART OF RAM. IF THE SAVE IS TO TAPE. IT When the SYS statement is exe WILL BE IN THE FORM OF AN cuted the contents of the four addresses 'ABSOLUTE' FILE THAT WILL listed above are loaded into the cor (RE)LOAD ONLY W H E N C E IT responding processor registers just W A S SAVED before effectively performing a 'jump to subroutine' (JSR) to the address specified in the SYS statement. When the subroutine is finished the processor 1000 INPUT “DEVICE NUM B E R > registers are saved in the same four 1010 INPUT "FILE TO SAVE".F$ ir r* = m e n iuiu locations before returning to BASIC. 1020 POKE187,PEEK(71) POKE188,PEEK(72> REM SNEAK LOC OFF*'* . We may set the contents of the 6502 1030 FA = PEEK(187)rcci\( + 256*PEEK(188)j nciviRE M CALC PO rutmcn W T E f i T O # ^ j ? j ' 1 registers at the beginning of a SYSed 1040 POKE 183 PEEK(FA) R E M SET i~‘FILENAME -..... LENGTH... 1 ...... ~ ’ ' subroutine by POKEing to the cor 1060 POKE 187,PEEK(FA +1J POKE188,PEEK(FA+2) REM SET FNfFOINTER responding memory locations im 1070 i ' * • ■ ' .*;* ; - t mediately prior to the SYS. Also, we may recover the values in the registers 1080 INPUT “START ADDRESS (HEX>"SA$ at the end of the subroutine by PEEKing 1090 N$ = SA$ GOSUB 2000. SL = BL SH = BH those addresses. To see exactly how this works, let's 1100 INPUT “END ADDRESS (HEX)" EA$ take the KERNAL's 'PLOT' subroutine 1110 N$ = EAS GOSUB 2000. EL = BL EH = BH (address: 65520] as an example. PLOT 1120 POKE251 SL POKE252.SH REM SET STRT ADD PTR allows us to set or read the location of 1130 POKE186.DV POKE185.1 REM SET DEV & S A the cursor on the screen. We designate 1140 POKE780.251 POKE781 EL POKE782.EH REM SET A, X. & Y which function we want by setting the 1150 SYS65496 REM GO DO SAVE f$FFD8) 'carry' flag of the processor status register appropriately: Carry 'set' means 'read current location into .X 2U00 REM CONVERT HEX TO 2 DEC BYTES and .Y'; and carry 'clear' means 'move cursor to location specified by contents of .X and .Y'. (Yes, PLOT'S use of 2 0 W FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$) 'set/clear' seems backwards to me too, 2040 X - ASC(MID$(NS.I)V48 but I didn’t write the routine! Also ^050 N = 1 6 ’N + X + 7*iX>9; 'backwards' is the use of 'x' and 'y': .X is used for the iow and .Y for the col 2 1<10 BH = lNT(N/256j BL = N-256*BH umn.) Now, in addition to setting or 2110 RETURN reading .X and .Y (by POKEing or PEEKing 781 and 782], we need to 98 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 - C64. VIC— HIM + POWER determine which bit in the status register .S is the carry flag so we know from what to POKE into location 783 before COMPUTECH All prices executing a 'SYS 65520'. Table 1 shows Check the the processor status register bits. Postpaid In each case the flag is 'true' or 'set' (Continental outstanding if the corresponding bit is set, i.e., not U.S. - documentation zero. If we want to set the 'zero' flag we otherwise supplied with would POKE783,2 (Bl = l); to set the AIM65 'carry', POKE783,l (BO = 1]; to set $2 credit) both, POKE783,l +2. Now we're ready Top quality power supply designed to Rockwell's specs for fully to use the plot routine (listing 1 ). populated AIM 65 — includes overvoltage protection, transient Note that since PLOT starts count suppression, metal case and power cable: ing from zero for both rows and col PSSBC-A (5V 2A Reg; 24V ,5A Avg, 2.5A Peak, Unreg) ...$64.95 umns we set .X and ,Y to one less than Same but an extra AMP at 5 volts to drive your extra boards: you might expect. Listing 2 demon PSSBC-3 (5V 3A Reg; 24V .5A Avg, 2.5A Peak, unreg) ...$74.95 strates how to read the current cur The professional’s choice in microcomputers: sor position. AIM65/1K RAM . $429.95 BASIC (2 ROMS) ...... $59.95 As a less trivial example let’s look AIM65/4K RAM . $464.95 ASSEMBLER (1 ROM) . . $32.95 at a BASIC program that performs the FORTH (2 ROMS)...... $59.95. same function as the APPLE'S BSAVE SAVE EVEN MORE ON COMBINATIONS statement (or the 'S' monitor com AIM65/1K + PSSBC-A .$479.95 AIM65/4K+PSSBC-3 .$524.95 mand, for the PET folks). This pro We gladly quote on all AIM65/40 and RM65 items as well. gram uses the KERNAL 'SAVE' routine h m ORDERS: (714) 369-1084 (65496) to copy any part of the com puter's memory to tape or disk. (Ac U®W P.O. Box 20054 • Riverside, CA 92516 tually, the tape save is restricted to California residents add 6% sales tax memory addresses less than 32768; but, that's not a great hinderance in practice.) You might want to use this program to save a custom character set or a high-resolution screen for FOX quick recall. “Crafty Software from THE FOX” Line 1020 discovers where BASIC is FOX 20:" keeping the value of the string F$. This The magazine for *VIC 20 users. On Cassette. is done by PEEKing at the zero page The all magnetic magazine with 5 or more original programs per month. Game - Educational - UtHlty programs at an average cost of 86< per program. FOXTALES - our video newsletter has Articles, Hints, locations where BASIC's current- Reviews and more. Delivered monthly to your door. Give your VIC 20 value and power wtth FOX 20. variable pointer is maintained. Note Texas Residents add 5% Sales Tax S53/yr. U.S. $63/yr. CannadaA Overseas *6.50 Singlet Back Issues that the addresses of the PEEKs in line 1020 must be literals (i.e., ASCII digits), or the current-variable pointer 'Jpry te 0 y terT For the Commodore 64 will not be pointing to F$ anymore! The user affectionate sprite development program. Menu-driven, mono/muiitcolor sprites, joystick/key Lines 1040-1060 then set the operating board, tape/disk, 20Kw/FAST machine language routines. Over 60 commands: ROTATE(anyangle0-360), INVERT/OBVERT, SHIFT, SYMMETRY, AND/OR, REVERSE, REVIEW, MOVIE (animation). Create and edit system filename pointers to use (the up to 128 sprites per file. For programming efficiency and FUN! Includes the Game Maker - automatically value of) F$ as the current filename. prepares a base for game development (We could have used the KERNAL Cassette $29.95 Disk $34.95 routine 'SETNAM' for this step, but FOXPACS POKEing is more direct.) Line 1120 Selected program collections for the VIC 20 and Commodore 64 - Games, Adventures, Educationals, Home saves the start address in the free zero Utilities, Programming Utilities, etc Each FOXPAC contains 4 programs on individual cassettes. See catalog for descriptions. page area. Line 1130 sets the device $20. primary and secondary addresses for All orders pre-paid (U.S. funds). Author and Dealer inquiries Invited. Send for our free catalog for more the SAVE. (Here again, a KERNAL information on these and other fine products. routine, 'SETLFS', could be used.) Finally, on 1140 the pseudo-registers Don’t be outFOXed - Run with are set; and SAVE is called on 1150. Foxs©iPir JMCftO P.O. Box 507 Deer Park, Texas 77536 Terry Peterson is engaged in catalyst (713)473-6723 research at Chevron Research Company. He may be contacted at 8628 Edgehill A Division of Foxfire Systems, fnc Ct., El Cerrito, CA 94530. •VIC 20 A Commodore 64 are trademarks of Commodore Business Machines, Inc No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 99 S w a p R A M o r E P R O M fo r Your ROM by Ralph Tenny 8K byte EPROMs are expensive and they lack pin compatibility with most masked ROMs resident in personal computers. This article shows how to replace an existing 8K byte ROM with two relatively low cost EPROMs. Instructions are given for building such an adapter to replace the Extended BASIC ROM in the TRS-80C Color Computer. Photo 1. The maze in the extended BASIC socket is A lmost all personal computers have large blocks of the plug part of the dual EPROM adapter; the two memory set aside for system ROMS — operating EPROMs zig-zag to the right and down beneath the system, BASIC, etc. These blocks of memory make BASIC socket. the computer smart enough to perform many functions without you having to write any programs. When the com puter revolution began, computer hobbyists had to write every byte of code that ran their computer — or else pay dearly for software support! The other side of the coin is that our "appliance” com puters — PET, Apple, VIC-20, TRS-80 Color Computer, Atari, etc., all boot up talking BASIC, and it is difficult to convince them to do otherwise. What we need is new auto start software if we want to dedicate the machine to some purpose other than a general-purpose home computer or a games machine. Although there are other ways to accomplish this, the most straightforward way is to substitute modified [or completely new) programs for the ROMs that now start the machines in BASIC. Obviously, this is a detailed and difficult task, but it can be done. Part of the problem we have to solve is that many of these computers use masked ROMs, which hold Photo 2. Top side of the adapter board, showing the 8K bytes of program. At present, the most commonly general shape of the perfboard with two sockets available EPROM is the 2716, which is a 2K byte EPROM. mounted. 100 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 However, one 2716 completely fills the socket where the current system ROM resides, and it only holds one-fourth as much program. The next choice is either the 2732 or 2532, both of which are 4K byte EPROMs; it takes two of those to equal the 8K ROM. The next jump is to the 2764 or 2564, but these EPROMs are 28-pin parts (too big to fit the socket) and they cost well over $20 each. This article describes one way around this problem — an adapter that fits two 4K EPROMs into the Color Computer to take the place of the Extended BASIC ROM. Although the details are for the Color Computer, the basic principle can be applied to any of the appliance computers if you under stand their software and architecture well enough. Let's set aside the notion of completely custom soft ware a moment and examine our chances of partially modifying the Color Computer's software. If you study the memory map of Radio Shack's Color Computer (figure 1], you can see only two places where ROMs can be in stalled if you want to add your own software in ROM and Photo 3. Here the decoder chip has been mounted and preserve the 1/O routines and machine initialization fur connected; power wires to the EPROMs have also nished" by the BASIC ROM. been installed. The most obvious place for your personal software is in the Extended BASIC socket addressed at $8000-$9FFF. The only other possible choice is the expansion port where the cartridge ROM fits; this port addresses at $C000-$FF00. If you wish to use Extended BASIC, only the expansion port is available. If you are using a commercial cartridge ROM that has been modified to defeat the auto-boot feature, you can use the Extended BASIC socket unless the cartridge ROM requires Extended BASIC. Either you must follow these constraints, or you must make substantial modifica tions to the software or to the hardware. The fixture described here allows using two 4K byte EPROMs in the Extended BASIC socket, which normally holds an 8K byte ROM. If you want custom software totalling no more than 4K bytes, install your code in a 2532 EPROM and plug it in the Extended BASIC socket. If you have a larger program (perhaps you want to un-bug Radio Shack's BASIC), build the adapter described below Photo 4. Top view of the completed module showing and put your code into two 2532s. (It is possible to use how wires are routed. Note that the center bridge of 2732-Intel pinout-parts in the fixture, but the circuit EPROMVs socket has been removed to ease the wire routing. schematic would have to be changed. The 2732 parts are not pin compatible with the Extended BASIC socket and will NOT work there! This limitation is imposed by the internal design of the 2732, which was meant to be used with the 8085 microprocessor.) Photo 1 shows the adapter in place, but it blends into the background somewhat. The photo shows the upper right-hand area inside the RF shield of the Color Com puter; the 40-pin IC in the upper right comer of the photo is the MC6883 Synchronous Address Multiplexer (SAM) chip. Moving left, you can see the BASIC ROM, and then a maze of wires feeding two 24-pin chips, one of which is turned 90 degrees from the other. This L-shaped part is the adapter I built to hold two EPROMs. The small board to the left is the CRT monitor circuit board (MICRO 54:19). Photo 2 shows the top side of the fixture with only two sockets and a 24-pin component platform mounted to a piece of perfboard. Note that the perfboard fits closely be Photo 5. Bottom view of finished module. See text for tween the pins of the component platform (JimPack commentary on wiring. Header Plug or equivalent], and the component platform is No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 101 ------TRS-80C - also glued to the perfboard for extra support. Photo 3 shows power wires [Vcc and Ground] and the decoder chip installed. Note that the decoder chip has been inverted and glued to the perfboard, then wired into the circuit. Photos 4 or 5 show all the wires installed; note that the center bridge of the rotated socket has been removed to ease the wiring. Hints for building the module: Begin by cutting a piece of perfboard slightly larger than necessary to hold the $ " r _ two sockets and one plug. Cut and try until it will lay flat on top of the Extended BASIC socket and fit in between Telecommunications the surrounding components as shown in photo 1. Install w ith a difference! the plug in the open socket, then slide the perfboard through the pins until the best fit is found. I used Unexcelled communications power and cyanacrolate glue ("super glue'1] to attach the plug; even compatibility, especially for professionals and so, always use an IC puller on the plug itself to remove the serious computer users. Look us over; SuperTerm fixture; the perfboard will flex loose or break otherwise. isn't just "another" terminal program. Like our Install the E-Z Circuit strips, trim them away from the famous Terminal-40, it's the one others w ill be edge of the perfboard, and bend the EPROM socket pins judged by. flat against the E-Z Circuit before soldering. Use low pro- • UP/DOWIMLOAD FORMATS -CBM, Xon-Xoff, ACK-NAK, etc. • DISPLAY MODES —40 column; 80/132 w ith side-scrolling COLOR COMPUTER MEMORY MAP • EMULATION —42 popular terminal protocols • FUNCTION KEYS- 8 standard, 52 user-defined FF00 • BUFFERS — Receive, Transmit, Program, and Screen • EDITING — Full-screen editing of Receive buffer • FILE CONVERSION - ASCII to PGM, PGM to ASCII CARTRIDGE ROM • PRINTING — Continuous printing w ith Smart ASCII and parallel printer; buffer printing w ith other interfaces or VIC printer C000 • DISK SUPPORT —Directory, Copy, Rename, Scratch, BASIC etc. ROM • FLEXIBILITY—Select baud, duplex, parity, stopbits, etc. AO00 Program options are selected by menus and function EXPANSION keys. For maximum convenience, an EXEC file sets ROM options on start-up. SuperTerm may be backed-up for 8000 safety. Software on disk or cassette, w ith special cartridge module. W rite for the full story on SuperTerm; or, if you 32K RAM already want that difference, order todayl Requires: Commodore 64 or VIC-20, disk drive or Datasette, and compatible modem. VIC version requires I6K memory expansion. Please 4000 specify VIC or 64 when ordering. Just need UP/DOWNLOAD? 3000 If you don't yet need SuperTerm's power, perhaps 2000 16K RAM Terminal-40 Plus (VIC) or '64 Terminal Plus is right for you. We took our top-rated, smooth-scrolling terminal programs, added up/download, disk commands, and 1003 even more convenience. Then we put them on disk for fast loading, ju st like you wanted. Need w e say more? 4K RAM 0600 NORMAL VIDEO 0400 DISPLAY O n l y S 4 9 . 9 5 |VIC version requires 8K mem exp) 0000 P.S. Tradt' in your original Terminal-40 or '64 Terminal and deduct SI0.00. VIC 20 and Commodore 64 are trademarks of Commodore Electronics, Ltd. HEX COLOR COMPUTER * * ["v ADDRESS USAGE ______Sand ’fa* a Iraq, brochure. • (816) 333-7200 m a il u t ^ u i P r T handling 5&9D foe (^OrVjS^asteFcertf 4 Figure 1: The memory map of the Color Computer »i .1 «■<» •-■id* iiu io j f gJ*fii r reveals that only the Extended BASIC socket M i r s n °*** n IV I\ v IRC. [i.ss. t r > , ($8000-$9FFF) or the Cartridge port ($C000-$FF00) can YlTwEST 72nn ST. • KANSAS CITY • MO • 64114 be used for custom software if the machine’s BASIC ROM is used. 102 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 +5 VOLT BUS file sockets, and work carefully to minimize vertical height; it will all just barely fit under the RF shield! Refer to figure 2 for all the connections; take your time and be sure to avoid solder bridges. After the wiring is complete, check for proper continuity and shorts, then install your programmed EPROMs and run the computer. (Note: Only the unique connections aie detailed fully in figure 2; the rest are grouped into bundles and correspond pin-for-pin at each socket.) The BASIC ROM checks locations $8000-8001 for the code "45 58" (ASCII EX). If this check is successful, the computer begins executing the code starting at $8002. If your program begins with EX at $8000, the computer will run your program instead of BASIC. When the Extended BASIC ROM is in place, it checks $C000-C001 for "46 4B" (DK); if found execution begins at $C002. Thus, you can use Extended BASIC with your custom program, which plugs into the Color Computer expansion port. If you wish to modify software on another computer using the concepts outlined here, you must be able to find the memory map for your computer, determine which EPROM has the proper timing for your computer, and create a wiring diagram for your computer like the one shown in figure 2. Figure 2: This schematic diagram shows how two 2532 Mr. Tenny is MICRO'S Interface Clinic columnist. You may EPROMs can be connected into the Color Computer contact him at P.O. Box 545, Richardson, TX 75080. memory map in place of the single 8K x 8 ROM, which holds Extended BASIC. JMCAO ^ANOTHER TECHNOLOGICAL' 1 BREAKTHROUGH / The STARCOM $450°° $520°° "AUTODIAL300/1200 BPS ‘ EXCLUSIVE TWO YEAR WARRANTY 212A COMPATIBLE MODEM *VERY COMPACT "BUILT-IN SPEAKER "COMPLETE COMM SOFTWARE AVAILABLE *The STARCOM Is our latest compact, most technologically advanced, 300/1200 BPS, SUPER INTELLIGENT AUTO DIAL MODEM. The STAR COM is our second generation product, utilizing only 3 LSI Chips, packaged in a custom designed reinforced plastic case. With the STARCOM, all you need is a modular wall plug: it requires NO TELEPHONE, simply key in the phone numbers from your Terminal or Microcomputer keyboard and the Modem will do the rest. •The OSCOM is another New Product designed for the OSBORNE® Computer User. To simplify its use by providing the necessary communi cation software integrated in the Modem, no more guessing as to which Software to use. *The SOFTCOM is a Communications Software Package for PC Microcomputer Users. We Offer Very Generous Discounts To Our Dealers Call and Place Your Order Today ORDERS ONLY 1-800-323-2666 For Information Call 312-459-8881 INCOMM Division of Interbusiness Corporation 115 N. Wolf Road Wheeling, IL 60090 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 103 PET,CBM D i s p l a y i n g P E T ’ s T he Commodore computers of the PET / CBM series do not only differ in operating systems but also in versions of keyboard hardware. As a result, adapting programs written for one K e y b o a r d version to their own system is a primary concern of many Commodore en thusiasts. The following article will help them adapt machine-language programs to different keyboard implementations. When you press a key on the keyboard you close an electrical con tact that connects two wires. All the wires are organized in a rectangular M a t r i x matrix as shown in figure 1. The out puts of a four to ten multiplexer (in my PET it is a 74LS145J lead to ten hori zontal lines. If a key is pressed down, one of these lines is connected to one of the eight vertical lines leading to the PB port of the PIA 6520. Many commercial game programs use their own routines To find out which key is pressed, to read keys. This allows detection of more than one key the PA registered of the PIA is ad dressed under 59408 ($E810| and the at a time. Different keyboards and ROMs work number of the row is stored into this differently. This program aids in program conversion and register. This line is then pulled from in writing your own keyboard scanning routines. "high” or logical "1 ” to "low” or logical "0 ” level. If you want to detect whether or not the key M (on the non business keyboard) is pressed, store a six into 59408, which will pull row six to low level. All the inputs of the PB input port have normally high level. But if in this example the "M ” was pressed, you will get a "low” level on the vertical line three. Thus, if you ad dress the PB port, you will get a binary by Werner Kolbe 11110111 or a hexadecimal $F7 or decimal 247. The operating system scans the keyboard every sixtieth second during its hardware interrupt cycle. It sequen tially addresses the rows and tests the columns at the PB inputs. Therefore the BASIC programmer must not be concerned with contacts or rows and columns, he just uses his INPUT or (Text continued on page 107) 104 MICRO No. 64 • September 1983 When you least expect it. ♦ ♦ ♦ In a few millionths of a second, common electrical surges and spikes can enter your data processing equipment and cause memory loss, false logic and misregistration. Surges very often do permanent damage to microcircuitry. FHXIDUCT Surge Suppressors catch surges and spikes before they have a chance to enter your equipment In billionths of a second (Nanoseconds), ILEXIDUCT Surge Suppressors dissipate surges and spikes from any side o f the line (most protect only one side). Model FS-P plugs into the wall outlet to protect that outlet and all other outlets on that circuit. For safety, it is fused to protect from overloads. No computer should be without the protection of a FLEJODUCT Surge Suppressor...csp«cially yours! Write or call for further information Available from office products retailers. Surge Suppressors a product of Winders & Geist, Inc P.O. Box 83088 Lincoln, NE 68501 402/474-3400 No. 64 • September 1983 MICRO 105 Figuie 1: Sample Pet keyboard matrix B it: 7 6 5 4 3 2 CRT HM ( & % # I ' " DELCD □ ) \ $ E 9 7 t 0 U T Q PA (SE810) B it / 8 □ P 1 Y R W -*----0 6 4 CRLJGD A 5 □ K H F S 3 1 CR ; M B C Z + 2 □ ?, N V X _ CRT = CURSOR RIGHT 0 SH > SPC ] @ SH HM = HOME DEL = DEL = □ ST < SPC [ RVS CD = CURSOR DOWN RVS - RVS ' ' i ' 1 f ' r ’ SPC = SPACE CR - RETURN B it: 7 5 4 3 2 ST = STOP SH = SHIFT PB ($E812) □ - UNUSED L isting 2: Disassembly of machine-code portion Keyboard-Matrix requires: 7B R2 LDX =09 7D 8E 10 ES STX PGR Any PET or CBM 80 8R TXR 81 48 PHR 82 HD 12 E8 LDR PGR 85 20 8F 03 JSR J 1 88 68 rlh 89 RR TRX 8R CR DEX SB 10 F0 BPL 37D 8D 58 CL I L isting 1: BASIC Program 8E 60 RTS SF 48 J 1 PHh 90 R2 08 LDX = 08 92' U2 JSR J3 9^i R0 07 LDV = 0 7 k e v b o h r d — m h t r i 97 68 PLR 98 0R HbLH 90 FORI=890TO970:RERDQ:POKEI,G iNEXT 100 Y= 151 : INPUT "O R IG IN A L ROMS'1 ;R * 99 48 PHR 105 IF ASC 106 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 PET,CBM GET statements and the system does the work for him. But if he tries to pro gram more advanced games, he will discover a major drawback of the GET or, in machine language, the $FFE4 subroutine. It works only for one key pressed at the same time. If you try to control speed and direction at the same time, one or both will get priority and the other function will be disabled. That is the reason why many good pro grams use their own keyboard scanning routine by which this problem can be avoided. If you want to use such a pro gram on a system with another keyboard, you will have to alter this routine. I wrote the program "Keyboard- Matrix'’ to get a clear impression of the different functions and to be able to investigate the differences of the keyboard versions. The program is HELLO CENTRAL! partly written in machine language to The single most important telecommunications program allow a fast response, but it is also a v a ila b le tod ay ... possible to access the ports via PEEK and POKE from BASIC. In thisi case you “The most satisfying feature of HELLO CENTRAL! is its have to disable PET's hardware inter user-friendliness. . . offers some features that have been rupt before you interfere with the longed for in a terminal program. . .HELLO CENTRAL! is a operating system's scanning routine. great terminal program. . .consider this one.” With a POKE 59411,60 the interrupt —SOFTALK (December, 1982) will be disabled, and with POKE “The manual is relatively easy to read. . .Most directions, 59411,61 it is restored. You must do choices, and commands are either easy to remember or are that in a program because after displayed on the screen.. .In my opinion, the best feature.. .is the POKE 59411,60 your keyboard will the text editor. It allows you to write, insert, delete, and copy be dead and you cannot enter any blocks of text in a very efficient manner. . .can receive and thing else. store text files written in Integer.. .Applesoft® BASIC and in When running, the program Binary Code. . .” Keyboard-Matrix will show you on the —DESKTOP COMPUTING (December, 1982) screen which row is connected to which column by the key you are Here are a few of the features standard with HELLO CENTRAL! pressing. It also works when several • 18,000 character buffer to store an unlimited number of lines, regardless of length keys are pressed at the same time. • No need for 80-column hardware, because internal wordwrap eliminates Watch what happens if you press three split words keys, such as G, H, J in figure 1. In this • Auto dial/answer and take-a-message • Accepts any ASCII file case row 5 is also connected to column • Upper and lower case input and output 3 over the three switches. There is no • Multiple user-defined directories way to detect under this condition if • Powerful text editor lets you modify incoming and outgoing information the K is pressed or not. • Not copy-protected, allowing for easy back-up • Completely menu-driven Many programs also use the value • Program updates (when available) via modem that they PEEK under 151 (515 for the old ROMs], where the system puts a A sk for N o. 2 6 0 8 1 ...... Ollly $ 9 9 . 0 0 coded value of the pressed key. As the Only HELLO CENTRAL! has all of these features for $99.00! Call 800-428-3696 systems use different codes, the con or 317-298-5566 and ask for Operator 402. tent of this location, together with the appropriate ASC value, is also Available for Apple II9 series computers, including the new lie®. Apple II, ll-PLUS. lie, and Applesoft are registered trademarks, of Apple Computer, Inc. displayed on the screen. SAMS BOOKS & SOFTWARE You may contact Mr. Kolbe at van der HOWARD W. SAMS & CO., INC. KamLaan 65, 2625 KN Delft, 4300 West 62nd Street P.O. Box 7092 Netherlands. E Indianapolis, IN 46206 JMCRO No. 64 • September 1983 MICRO 107 I ^lMDEK...your guide t I MODEL DXY PLOTTER Economical X-Y coordinate plotter • 10" X 1 4 ' plotting range • Centronics inter face • ROM expandable • 4 pens, hold ers and chart hold-downs included YOUR C O M P A T I B I L I T Y f C H A R T MORE COMPATIBILITY INTERFACES DUE SOON . . . CHECK FACTOf | MONITORS COMPUTER PLOTTER AMDISK III NOTES VIDEO-300 VIDEO-310 COLOR-1 COLOR-11 COLOR-IIA COLOR-III COLOR-IV 1 IBM-PC • • •• ★ • • • * Special Cabling Required ★ ★ ★ * Special Cabling or APPLE III • • Converter Required APPLE II • • ★ ★ • * DVM Board Required ATARI 800 ★ ★ * Opt. Atari Cable Required VIC-20 ★ * Opt. VIC Cable Required TRS-80 ★ * Opt. TRS Cable Required Osborne ★ * Opt. Interface Required TI-99 * * Opt. Tl Cable Required Commodore-64 ♦ ♦ * Opt. Commodore Cable Req. innovative computing! 1 NEW 2 YEAR WARRANTY! p ’ On all monitor electronics . . 3 yrs. on all CRT's I ' [See details at dealer) Amdek Corp. is dedicated to marketing quality compu Amdek products are distributed nationwide and in Cana ter peripheral equipment to enhance the use of popular da through major distributors. And, we have factory- personal computers. Our research & development staff trained manufacturer's representatives ready to serve keeps abreast of progress in computer techologv and you in every major marketing area. Amdek offices are equipment and strives to offer you state-of-the-art ad located in Chicago. Los Angeles & Dallas. vances in peripheral equipment. Just circle the reader service number, or contact us to receive complete technical specifications on these Amdek products. COHR 2201 Lively Blvd • Elk Grove Village. IL 60 007 (31 2) 364-1 1 80 TLX: 25-4786 REGIONAL OFFICES Texas ;8‘; 7j 498-2334 WE DIDN’T MAKE IT CUTE, WE E IT TOUGH! 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In the event of a power- peak performance and eliminate P.O. Box 673, Waltham, MA02254 line problem such as a brownout data base toss. (617)891-6602 . 1-800-343-1813 Suppose that M and N are 8-bit signed integers with two's complement representations a7,...,a0 and b7,...,b0, respectively. If M is in accumulator A and N is in accumulator B, then the Signed Binary MUL instruction multiplies (M + a ?*2 8) * (N + b7*2 8) (1) putting the result in accumulator D. For example, with the M = — a7 *2 7 + a6*2 6 + ... + aQ *2 ° so that M + a ?*2 8 = a ?*2 7 + ag*2 6 + ... + MC6809 a o*2° is the unsigned integer in accumulator A and, similarly, N + 67’ 28 is the un signed integer in accumulator B. Since By T. J. Wagner and G. J. Liponski (1 ) equals M *N + a ?*N * 2 8 + d 7* M * 2 8 + a / b 7* 2 16 (1) imothy Stryker (“Signed Binary Microcomputer Programming, (Mac we see that modifying the contents of Multiplication is Unsigned,” Millan Publishing Co., Ltd., 1983).) It accumulator D to get M*N requires T MICRO 56:76) observed that also makes sense to find ways of doing subtracting the two middle terms of (2) when two m-bit unsigned integers are signed multiples that use MUL. We from D if they are non-zero. (The last multiplied, the least significant m-bits illustrate how the contents of D can be term of (2), if non-zero, does not appear of the product is the correct signed modified after MUL to carry out effec in D and can be ignored.) The product when the m-bit integers are tively a multiplication of the signed subroutine SGNMUL, shown in figure treated as signed integers and their prod contents of A and B. Once you under 1, makes this adjustment in D where uct is in the m-bit signed range. (The stand the technique, you can modify we note that to subtract 28*N or 28*M phrase signed integers in this note always any unsigned multiplication routine to from D, we need only subtract N or M means two’s complement integers.) For get the equivalent signed routine. from the accumulator A. The instruction example, to multiply two 8-bit signed integers, one could sign extend each to Figure 1 BSR SGNMUL sixteen bits, perform an unsigned multiply with the 16-bit extensions, SUBROUTINE SGNMUL then is like an instruction that and take the least significant sixteen multiplies the signed contents of ac bits of this product for the signed cumulator A times the signed contents 16-bit result. of accumulator B, putting the result In this note, we offer a different in D. technique for signed multiplication, * SGNMUL multiplies the signed con- A comparison of the 6809 sub which is useful on a microprocessor * tents of A times the signed contents routine SIGMUL with the 6502 that has an unsigned multiply instruc * of B, returning the correct signed pro- subroutine of listing 1 of Stryker in tion, such as the MC6809. This will * duct in D. Registers D and CC are dicates a substantial improvement in also provide another comparison be * changed. Only bit N in CC is set cor- both length and speed. Multiple preci tween the 6502 and the 6809. * rectly on return. sion unsigned multiply subroutines for The 6809 has a multiply instruction, the 6809 can be easily modified by this MUL, which multiplies the unsigned technique to get efficient multiple 8-bit contents of accumulator A with precision signed multiply subroutines. the unsigned contents of accumulator We emphasize that this technique is B, putting the result in accumulator D SGNMUL PSHS A,B most useful when used with (accumulator A concatenated with ac MUL microprocessors with an unsigned cumulator B). Because MUL is short TST 1,S multiply instruction. SGN1 and fast, it is more efficient to write BPL multiple precision multiplication SUBA ,s . SGN1 TST ,S You may contact the authors at The subroutines using MUL rather than im University of Texas at Austin, College of BPL SGN2 plementing any of the standard Engineering, Austin, TX 78712. algorithms. (Several such subroutines SUBA i,s may be found in T.J. Wagner and G J SGN2 LEAS 2(S RTS JMCftO Lipovski's, Fundamentals of No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 111 MICRO Interface Clinic by Ralph Tenny 100%. Power supply impedance is power supplies is the AC adapters now defined as (voltage change)/(current readily available. AC adapters are en T he circuits presented in previous change). We will compute examples tirely adequate as primary voltage columns have not had stringent below, but both these power supply sources, but there are certain con power supply requirements, so parameters are computed after applying siderations that will dictate the perfor batteries have been one option to power a load to a power supply and recording mance of circuits they power. all designs presented. Our future pro the changes in output voltage. Two kinds of adapters are available; jects will be much more dependent My main reason for discussing the simplest type outputs only an AC upon good power supply performance power supplies is that some of you will voltage, while the second kind provides for proper operation than previous cir either want to save cash outlay by a DC voltage, with or without a filter cuits. Therefore discussion of power building your own, or learn by doing capacitor on the output. Figure 1 shows supply techniques is in order. (the best way to learn!). For you a typical unregulated power supply that My prime concern in the discussion tinkerers, I hope to provide guide can be built using a variety of parts. to follow will be two power supply lines to help insure successful pro The dashed line encloses the circuit characteristics: regulation and im ject development. diagram of an AC-output adapter, while pedance. Voltage regulation of a power Let's consider alternatives to the the solid line encloses the circuit of a supply is expressed as a percentage: power supplies mentioned previously. DC-output unit. If a filter capacitor is (voltage change)/(output voltage) x One prime source for experimenter included in a DC-output adapter, it Figure 1: Typical schematics for AC .0 9 .1 2 AC adapter. CURRENT IN AMPS Figure 3: Regulated DC 115 ■9 .2 VfiC 7B05 V.A.C. output from a ___ 5 Volts DC-output AC *-t - re g u la te d adapter. Figure 4: Full wave rectified DC (lower trace) can be filtered by adding a Ripple (after -filtering) capacitor; the capacitor charges on the DC peaks and discharges between peaks. 112 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Figure 5: A repeat of Figure 1, showing the addition of ripple voltage excursions. Figure 6: By allow ing 2.2 volts “ headroom” for a three- terminal regulator, it is possible to determine graphically the maximum regulated current. 115 V.A.C. Figure 7: An AC-output adapter gives added flexibility in designing custom power supplies for special projects. probably will be too small to give ade exceed that limit unless it is se .44% regulation; the impedance is quate filtering for our needs. verely overloaded. 0.022/.15 = .15 ohms. That is much Previously I said that AC adapters Let's stop and figure the regulation better and is about what we should ex are adequate as a primary voltage and impedance of this "typical'' power pect to use for digital circuits. source. Let's see why I put a qualifier supply. From the performance curve, Another important consideration on that: figure 2 shows the voltage we can see that the no load output for using any transformer and rectifier regulation curve for a typical DC- voltage is 11.4 volts; with the 150 ma. system for powering electronic circuits output AC adapter, which has aiating load the output is only 8.1 volts. To is ripple voltage. Figure 4 shows the stamped on the case. This rating says compute the regulation: (11.4 - voltage waveforms that result from " 8V DC 160 ma.”; the curve shows 8.1J/11.4 = 29% (very poor). The im full-wave rectification, before and after that, with 160 ma. (1 ma. = .001 pedance is 3.3v./.15A = 22 ohms. For adding a filter capacitor to the circuit. Ampere) load, the output is about 8 our purpose, we need to put a 5-volt The capacitor can be made very large, volts. However, note that the voltage regulator on the output of the AC so that the ripple becomes small, but soars dramatically as the current load is adapter as shown in figure 3. Now, this increases the cost of the project. If reduced to zero. The normal voltage when we measure the voltage change we allow, for example, 1 volt of ripple, most of our experiments will need is 5 between no load and 150 ma. load, we then figure 5 shows how the ripple volts, + / -5 % (between 4.75 and 5.25 find only 22 millivolts change. The volts), and this device will always new regulation is 0.022/5 volts, or (Continued on page 115) No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 113 0 commodore VIC IEEE Interface...... 75 MasterCard, Visa, VIC 3 Slot Expander...... 27 Money Order, Bank Check VIC 6 Slot Expander...... 70 NEW COMMODORE PRODUCTS RS-232 Printer Interface...... 65 COD (add $5) accepted. CBM 6 4 ...... Call Cassette Interface...... 27 Add 3% surcharge for credit cards CBM B500 ...... $ 695 Home Finance Package (6 tapes)___ 47 In stock items shipped within 48 hours, CBM B700 ...... 2990 Gorf(64also)...... 30 F.O.B, Dallas, Texas CBM 1520 Plotter...... 259 Omega Race...... 30 CBM 1701 Color Monitor...... 279 All products shipped with manufacturer's Arcade Joystick - Heavy duty w/2 firing warranty. B Series Software...... Coll buttons! Great for the VIC or 6 4 ___ 25 SOFTWARE FOR CBM 64Z. Prices are subject to change without notice. Word Processing (WordPro 3 * ) ...... $ 69 MONITORS - GREAT Word-Pac (tape)...... 60 RESOLUTION (64 OR VIC) Amdek Color I...... $ 299 TO ORDER The Assistant Series Amdek II or III...... call Writer's Assistant (easy and flexible)... 99 CALL TOLL FREE Panasonic CT160 ...... 279 File Assistant (database with merge)... 99 800-527-4893 Comrex 6500 - 13" Color...... 299 Spreadsheet Assistant...... 99 Transtar 20 (High Resolution 800-442-1048 Pers. Finance Assist.(great reports). .. 45 Green Phosphor)...... 129 (Within Texas) Busicalc (Spreadsheet) ...... 55 Video/Audio Cable...... 15 Coco II (build your own games easily). .. 45 Business Hours Home Accounting Package ...... 39 PRINTERS - LETTER QUALITY Mon.- Fri. 8 to 6, Sat. 10-2 General Ledger, A/R, A/P CBM 8300, 40 cps...... $1450 Write for free catalog. (with check writing) ...... ea.139 Diablo 620, 25 cps...... 949 CBM EasyFinance ...... 50 ComRiter, 17 cps...... 819 CBM EasyScript ...... 80 Transtar 130,16 cps (auto load, GAME OF THE MONTH CBM EasyFile...... 80 wp features!)...... 769 Adventu-Writer (make your Data Manager...... 70 NEC 7700 series...... 2350 own adventure game)...... 39 Sfock(investment analysis) ...... 80 NEC 3500 series...... 1600 Pet Emulator (emulates 4.0 basic)___ 30 Sprite-Magic (use joystick PRINTERS - DOT MATRIX to design sprites)...... 19 CBM 8023, 150 cps/graphics...... 589 Assembler Package (cassette or disk, Epson FX Printer, 160 cps...... 529 compiled, includes editor, loader, Epson MX-80 w/Graftrax...... 349 disassembler)...... 39 CBM Graphics for Epson...... 65 Spacebelt...... 20 Okidata 82A, 120 cps (serial Retroball ...... 34 and parallel)...... 429 INTERFACES & ACCESSORIES NEC 8023A (parallel)...... 439 80 Column Expander ...... $159 Okidata 92 ...... 559 VIC 1600 Modem...... 95 Star Gemini, 10...... 360 Star Gemini, 15...... 499 VIC 1650 (auto answer, auto dial)___ 150 VIC 1525 Graphic Printer...... 329 COMMODORE BUSINESS VIC 1530 Datasette Recorder...... 65 SERIES VIC 1541 Disk Drive...... 329 SuperPet (5 languages, VIC Switch (connect 8 64's or Vies 2 processors)...... $1409 to printer, dd)...... 149 CBM 8032 Computer, 80 Column ... 1029 IEEE Interface (6 4 )...... 85 CBM Memory Expansion, 64K ...... 359 PET-IEEE cable...... 33 CBM 8050,1 mg. Dual Drive...... 1259 IEEE-IEEE cable (2m) ...... 43 CBM 8250, 2 mg. Dual Drive...... 1500 Parallel Interface (Epson, Okidata, CBM D9060, 5 mg. Hard Disk...... 2240 IDS, NEC)...... 80 CBM D9090, 7.5 mg. Hard Disk .... 2600 RS-232 Printer Interface (Okidata, CBM 2031, 170K Single Drive (New) 489 Diablo, etc.)...... 60 DC Hayes Smart Modem...... 220 Programmers Reference Guide...... 18 Vertwtim Diskettes (10 per box)...... 26 BUSINESS SOFTWARE Vicfree (Programmers Utility) ...... 75 WordPro 4* or 5 *...... $ 309 Administrator...... 489 SJB DISTRIBUTORS INC. VIC PRODUCTS & ACCESSORIES VisiCalc (expanded)...... 199 8K RAM Memory Expansion Cartridge... $ 40 The Manager (database)...... 19910520 Plano Road, Suite 206 16K RAM...... 70 BPI A/R, G/L Job Cost, Inventory, Dallas, Texas 75238 24K RAM...... 105 Payroll...... ea.325 (214) 343-1328 114 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Interface Clinic (continued) voltage affects the voltage output. Note impedance connections, which can pre catalog. Their address is 1355 that the ripple gets larger in proportion vent digital circuits from work Shoreway Rd., Belmont CA 94002. to the load current, and that this ripple ing properly. This company has a broad range of in (which really is an AC signal imposed Let's add another supplier to the tegrated circuits, along with many on the DC voltage] is approximately onces previously mentioned, not other parts useful in the projects we centered on the voltaged that would be because I feel we should spread our will see in future sessions. read by an ordinary voltmeter. The money around, but rather to have a three-terminal regulator shown in broader ranger of parts available than Please forward questions and sug gestions for discussion topics to Mr. figure 3 requires a minimum of 2.2 Radio Shack has. I recommend you Tenny at P.O. Box 545, Richardson, TX volts excess voltage in order for it to write to Jameco Electronics and get a 75080. regulate properly. Since the regulator is JlMCRO very fast, this excess voltage should be measured at the bottom of the ripple peaks. This is illustrated in figure 6, where two straight lines corresponding to +5 volts and +7.2 volts (2.2 volts excess] have been added to the graph. At the point where the 7-volt line in tersects the ripple voltage peaks, the regulator will stop working properly. This represents the maximum regulated current it is possible to “POWER deliver to a load with the transformer and filter capacitor shown. FAILURE” In many cases, it is preferable to use Goodbye valuable data. Unless you have a Guardian Angel uninter- AC-output AC adapters for a project; ruptable power source on duty. one major advantage is that these Guardian Angel switches to 150 adapters are often available with higher watts of backup power in 1/100 of a output current; in fact, one with 2.5 second or less while alerting you of blackout or brownout conditions. Its Amperes output is available from rugged 12V battery gives you up to Jameco. Another advantage is that with six minutes (15 at half-rated power), DC-output units, only the single enough to save your data and shut voltage is easily available. Figure 7 down your system if line power does shows a power supply that gives both not return. Guardian Angel is compatible with + 11 volts and - 11 volts unregulated, virtually every major microcomputer and +5 volts regulated. This power system, including Apple, IBM, H-P, supply circuit can be used for a small TRS-80, Xerox, Eagle and Osborne. computer if the heavy-duty Jameco Its transient voltage suppressor also prevents system damage from transformer is used. The two power spikes. unregulated voltages can be used for Guardian Angel simply plugs in RS-232 output drivers, while the between your power source and your regulated voltage can be used to power microcomputer. Its compact size permits either desktop use or out of the main computer circuits. So, by the way placement. making careful choices of transformers Protect your investment: see and other components, a broad range of your R.H. Electronics voltages can be generated. dealer today about One final topic: power supply wiring Guardian Angel or contact us at practice. You should always use a 566 Irelan Street, heavy wire (or wide copper strip on a Buellton, CA PC board) for the power supply com 93427, mon connection. Also, all high-current (805) 688-2047 voltage wires should be as large as possible. If a wire or trace has to go over about 3” , you should connect small filter (decoupling] capacitors between the power wire and ground at several Guardian Angel', with LED power status places along the length of the wire. indicator, automatically safeguards data from blackouts, brownouts tor just $595. Finally, be sure that you solder all power supply connections very care RHELECTRONICS, INC. fully, to minimize the chance of high 'Patents pending, JL listed, FCC approved, 240V/50 Hz version available. Dealers a n d OEM inquiries invited. 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Box 6688, Statelinei NV 88448 No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Pre-paid orders receive free shipping within the UPS Continental United States with no waiting period for certified checks or money orders. Add 3%(minumum $3.00) shipping and handling on all C.O.D. orders and credit card orders. Larger shipments may require charges. NV and PA residents add sales tax. All items subject to availability and price change. NO TE: We stock manufacturer’s and third party software for most all computers on the market. Call today for our new catalog. .\\\\V\\\\W v\N X\\.VvW N VXVN >^s>C'C'' computer mail order FRANKLIN c o m m o d o r e ATARI HOME COM PUTERS ATARI 400 5 9 9 C B M 64 ------8889 1 Your FINAL PRICE after REBATE ACE 1000 Color Computer when purchased with ACE 1100 Drive A Cover for ACE 1000 VIC 8 0 ...... $99 package as shown. 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Sped M a s t e r ...... $ 1 4 9 .0 0 CX85 Keypad ...... $1 0 5 .0 0 A T 4 4 -S 1 ...... $ 5 7 9 .0 0 LJK Z -R a m ...... $ 5 4 9 .0 0 CX418 Home Manager...... $69 .00 A T 4 4 -S 2 ...... $ 9 6 9 .0 0 Letter Perfect A pple ...... $ 1 0 9 .0 0 S ilico n O f f ic e ...... $ 7 4 9 .0 0 CX488 Comm unicator I I ___$ 22 9.00 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ORIVE Data P erfect A p p le ...... $ 7 5 .0 0 The M a n a g e r...... $ 2 0 9 .0 0 KX7098 Atari Accountant... $209.00 T X 9 9 -S 1 ...... $ 3 4 9 .0 0 S o ft R o m ...... $ 1 2 9 .0 0 KX7101 Entertainer...... $89 .00 AXLON RANA J in s a m ...... CALL KX7102 Arcade Champ ...... $75 .00 I I I Apple/Franklin 1 28KRam ...$299.00 1000 Atari Disk Drive...... $ 3 1 9 .0 0 Apple/Franklin Ram Disk.. .$729.00 PROFESSIONAL ALIEN SOFTWARE FLOPPY DISKS MPC Atari Voice Box ...... $11 9.00 W ord Pro 2 P lu s ...... $ 1 5 9 .0 0 MAXELL Subdisk (128K Non Volitare)... $649.00 Apple Voice Box ...... $ 14 9.00 W ord Pro 3 P lu s...... $ 1 8 9 .0 0 M D -1 ...... $ 3 2 .0 0 JOYSTICKS W ord Pro 4 P lu s...... $ 2 7 9 .0 0 M D -2 ...... $ 4 4 .0 0 MEMORY WICO Word Pro 5 Plus...... $ 2 7 9 .0 0 FD-1 (8 ”) ...... $ 4 0 .0 0 Axton 32K R am ...... $ 5 9 .0 0 Joystick ...... $ 2 1 .9 5 In fo P r o ...... $ 1 7 9 .0 0 F D -2 (8 ” D D ) ...... $ 5 0 .0 0 Axlon 48K Ram ...... $9 9 .0 0 Famous Red Ball...... $ 2 3 .9 5 Administrator...... $ 3 9 9 .0 0 Axlon 128K Ram ...... $ 2 9 9 .0 0 ELEPHANT Power Grip ...... $ 2 1 .9 5 P o w e r...... $ 7 9 .0 0 Intec 32K Board ...... $59.00 5V4” SS S D ...... $ 1 8 .9 5 Three-W ay D e lu x e ...... $ 2 2 .9 5 Word Pro 64 Plus ...... $ 6 5 .0 0 Intec 48K Board...... $85 .00 5V4” SS D D ...... $ 2 4 .9 5 A tari/VIC T ra c k b a ll...... $ 3 4 .9 5 Intec 64K Board (400 only)... $99.00 5 ‘/»” DS DD ...... $ 2 9 .9 5 Apple T r a c k b a ll...... $ 5 9 .9 5 CAPOCO Intec Real Time Clock ...... $39 .00 VERBATUM KRAFT Light P e n ...... $ 3 2 .0 0 5 W ' SS D D ...... $ 2 6 .0 0 INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS Atari S in g le F ir e...... $1 3 .0 0 Cassette Interface ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 5V4" DS D D ...... $ 3 6 .0 0 M ari S w itch H itte r ...... $ 1 6 .0 0 Parallel Printer Interlace...... $ 6 9 .0 0 Flip-n-File 1 0 ...... $4.00 HEAO Apple J o ystick ...... $ 4 4 .0 0 3 Slot Expans. Interface(20).. .$32.00 Flip-n-File 5 0 ...... $19 .00 Disk H e ad C le a n e r ...... $ 1 4 .9 5 Apple Paddles...... $ 3 9 .0 0 6 Slot Expans. Interface (20).. .$79.00 Flip-n-File 4 0 0 /8 0 0 C a rt...... $1 9 .0 0 C.M.O. TOP 8 0 APPLE/FRANKLIN C B M 6 4 21. Crush, Crumble A Chom p... $24.00 1. C h o p iifte r...... $ 2 7 .0 0 1. Word Pro 6 4 ...... $ 6 5 .0 0 1. Donkey Kong ...... ____$ 3 9 .0 0 2. Bank Street W riter...... $ 5 5 .0 0 2. Jumpman...... $ 2 9 .0 0 ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 2 2. W a y o u t ...... $ 2 7 .0 0 3. Gorf (20/64) ...... $ 1 4 .9 5 23. Zork II ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 3. PFS: File ...... $ 8 9 .0 0 3. E.T. Phone Hom e ...... $ 3 9 .0 0 2 4 . V is ic a lc ...... $ 1 5 9 .0 0 4. V is ica lc ...... $ 1 7 9 .0 0 4.MicrospecDataBase84 ...$69.00 4. Miner 2049er ...... $ 3 5 .0 0 5. Logo 6 4 ....$ 3 9 .0 0 2 5 . A tari W r ite r ...... $ 7 9 .0 0 5. Hom e A c c o u n ta n t ...... $ 5 5 .0 0 5. Dig D u g ...... $ 3 3 .0 0 8. MicrospecGen. Ledger 64.. .$79.00 6. Z a xx o n ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 8. Chopiifter ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 26. Three Little Pigs...... $ 2 5 .0 0 7. Most A m a2ing T h in g ...... $ 2 8 .0 0 7 . Z o rk III...... $ 2 9 .0 0 7. Donkey Kong, J r ...... $ 3 9 .0 0 27. Upper Reachesof Apshai.. .$16.00 8. Visifile ...... $ 1 8 9 .0 0 8 . F ro g g e r ( 6 4 ) ...... $ 2 3 .0 0 8. Canyon Clim ber ...... $ 2 5 .0 0 26. Starbowl Football...... $ 2 4 .9 5 9. Quick Brown Fox (20/64) ...$49.00 9. Fathom s 4 0 ...... $ 1 9 .0 0 9. Snooper Troops #2 ...... $ 3 4 .0 0 2 9 . D r e lb s ...... $ 2 6 .0 0 10. Deadline...... $ 3 5 .0 0 1 0 . S h a m u s ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 10. Word W izard ...... $ 5 9 .0 0 30. Protector ...... $ 3 4 .0 0 11. PFS: Report...... $ 8 9 .0 0 1 1. D e a d lin e ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 11. Picnic Paranoia ...... 31. Frogger...... $ 2 5 .0 0 12. Zork M l...... $ 2 9 .0 0 12. Assembler 6 4 ...... $ 1 4 .9 5 32. Lunar Leeper...... $ 2 4 .0 0 13. Frogger...... $ 2 4 .0 0 13. Z o rk I I ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 1 3. S h a m u s ...... $ 3 4 .0 0 3 3 . W i2ard o f W o r...... $ 3 4 .0 0 14. Facemaker...... $ 2 4 .0 0 14. 3-D M an ...... $ 1 4 .0 0 14. Letter Perfect...... $ 1 0 9 . 0 0 34. Kindercomp ...... $ 2 1 .0 0 15. Snooper Troops # 1...... $ 3 2 .0 0 15. P ro te c to r...... $ 3 2 .0 0 15. File Manager 800 ...... $ 6 9 .0 0 35. Moon Shuttle ...... $ 2 2 .0 0 16. Delta Drawing...... $ 3 5 .0 0 1 6. S ta rc ro s s ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 18. preppie ...... $ 2 4 .0 0 36. Home Accountant ...... $ 5 5 .0 0 17. Castle Wolfenstine...... $ 2 4 .0 0 1 7. Easy M ail 6 4 ...... $ 1 4 .9 5 17. Astro Chase...... $ 2 5 .0 0 37. Temple of Apshai...... $ 2 9 .0 0 18. W a y o u t ...... $ 2 9 .0 0 1 8. G rave R o b b e r ...... $ 1 1 .0 0 18. Blade/Black Hole...... $ 2 7 .0 0 38. Spell Wi 2ard ...... $ 3 9 .0 0 19. Canyon Climber ...... $ 1 9 .0 0 1 9. W all S t r e e t ...... $ 1 9 .0 0 19. Pac M an ...... $ 3 3 .0 0 39. Nautilus ...... $ 2 6 .0 0 20. Bandits...... $26.00 2 0 . T rash M a n ...... $ 3 2 .0 0 20. Baja Buggies...... $ 2 5 .0 0 40. O’Riley s Mine ...... $ 2 2 .0 0 computer mail order east ORDERS ONLY 800-233-8950 In PA call (717)387-9575 Order Status Number: 387-9576 Dept.915, 477 E. 3rd St., Williamsport, PA 17701 international O R Q ER 8: All shipments outside the Continental United States must bepre-paid by certified check only. Include 3% (minumum $3.00)shipping and handling, eoucational o i b c o u n t S i Additional discounts are available from both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified Educational Institutions. a p o & PPOs Add minumum $5.00 shipping and handling. '//////////////SJ//////////////////////) <>c Microcomputers, A Parent's Guide, by 1701 South 1-35, Austin, TX 78744, Petrusha. Golden-Lee Book, 1000 Dean Kenneth P. Goldberg and Robert D. 1983, 478 pages, paperback, wire- St., Brooklyn, NH 11238, 1983, 409 Sherwood. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., o-bound. pages, paperback. 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158, 0-88408-270-9 $18.95 0-912331-00-3 $9.95 1983, 196 pages, paperback. plus $1.75 S/H 0-471-87278-4 $8.95 Computer BASICS, An Introduction to Swift's Educational Software Direc- The Reader’s Guide to Microcomputer the Computer for Young People, by Hal tory, Apple II Edition. Sterling Swift, Books, by Michael Nicita and Ronald Heilman. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632, 1983, 48 pages, hardcover. 0-13-164574-9 $8.95 The Complete Handbook of Personal Computer Communications, by Alfred Glossbrenner. St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth, New York, NY 10010, 1983, 325 pages, paperback. 0-312-15718-5 $14.95 Mastering the VIC-20, by A. J. Jones, E. A. Coley, and D. G. J. Cole. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave, New York, NY 10158, 1983, 177 pages, paperback. 0-471-88892-3 $14.95 Commodore 64 Programmer's Refer ence Guide. Commodore Business Machines, Inc., and Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 4300 W. 62nd St., Indianapolis, IN 46268, 486 pages, paperback, wire-o-bound. NO POWER SPIKES 0-672-22056-3 $19.95 WITH SUPER FAN II. Super Fan II’s Zener Ray™ Transient built-in suppressor. Atari BASIC, by Richard Haskell. Voltage Suppressor and Power In addition, Super Fan II cools Filter squelches spikes up to 6000 your Apple, removing heat buildup Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, amps —even those caused by at a remarkable 17 cubic feet of air NJ 07632, 1983, 173 pages, paperback. lightning —while responding up to per minute. Yet it’s^SeWi^test 0-13-049791-6 $13.95 100 times faster than Apple II’s fan of its kind on the market. Super Fan II TRS-80 Extended Color BASIC, by also positions a Richard Haskell. Prentice-Hall, Inc lighted on/off computer switch Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632, 1983, 170 and two accessory pages, paperback. plugs at your fingertips. It’s warranted 0-13-931246-3 $12.95 for two years and simply clips to your Apple II, He or monitor stand. See your R.H. Electronics dealer 40 Easy Steps to Programming in today about Super Fan II*, or contact BASIC & Logo, by James L. Poirot and us at 566 lrelan Street, Buellton, R. Clark Adams. Sterling Swift, 7901 CA 93427, (805) 688-2047. South IH-35, Austin, TX 78744, 1983, RHELECTRONICS, INC. 64 pages, paperback. 0-88408-275-X $3.95 S u pe r Fan II, m black o r tan: $109. D ealer/OEM inquiries invited. France, ca ll B.I.P. 1-255-4463 Without Zener Ray $74 9 5 •U.S. Patent #0 2 6 8 2 8 3 Australia, ca ll Im agineering (02)212-1411 Additional air Wow seals, $5. #438 32 86 JMCRO Available in 24 0V /5 0 Hz. 118 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 ROCKWELL Microcomputers from Excert, Inc. • • SPECIALS • • RM 65 SERIES A65-1 (1K RAM)...... $435 Deduct 5% from list if A65-4 (4K RAM)...... $455 ordered with AIM 65® or A65-4B.4F (4K, BASIC or FORTH*) .$495 AIM 65/40. A65-4AB (4K, BASIC & Assembler) .$525 A65/40-5000 (32K RAM)...... $1250 REPAIR SERVICE LANGUAGES for (out of warranty only) $25/hr. plus parts - $25 min. AIM-65® & AIM 65/40 Assembler...... $35 BASIC ROMs ...... $65 SPARE PARTS FORTH* ROMs...... $65 are available ENCLOSURES & POWER SUPPLIES C A S H D IS C O U N T -Deduct 5% for Prepaid Orders A65-006...... $175 (we pay shipping) ENC4A...... $115 ENC5A...... $130 TERMS: ENC6A...... $140 Net 30 from approved Companies & Institutions — otherwise COD. Shipping will be added to order. Minnesota residents add 6% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice. Educational Computer Division Authorized Dealers for: ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORP., EXCERTINCORPORATED CUBIT, MTU, FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS, GORDOS, SALES P.O. Box 8600 SEAWELL, DYNATEM, APPLIED BUSINESS COMPUTER servici; White Bear Lake AIM-65 is a registered trademark of Rockwell International Corp. INSTALLATION Minnesota 55110 'FORTH is a registered trademark of Forth, Inc. CONSULTING (612) 426-4114 You’re in for a nasty spell... unless you stop the Typos! In the dusky world beneath your uh, proze...prrrose...Oh NO! THE keyboard the gruesome Typos dwell TYPOS!!! Get TYPO ATTACK, a ...waiting toattack! Term paperdue grand and glorious game from tomorrow? Got to get that book re Atari® Program Exchange. It might port typed? Fool! The Typos will even improve your typing! devour your letters as you type! Ask for TYPO ATTACK at your local Atari That could spell D-O-O-M-E for software retailer, ororderdirect. Phone800- you! 538-1862, or800-672-1850 in California. Or write Atari Program Exchange, P.O. Box Before you start typing, get down 3705, Santa Clara, CA 95055. to the real work: destroy the Typos Cassette (410): APX-10180 8K $29.95 before they destroy your proase... Diskette (810): APX-20T80 16K $29,95 For direct orders, add $2.50. No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 119 MICRO Hardware Catalog Using a Z-80 cartridge, the Exe The UltraTerm New Briefcase Computer for the Commodore 64 cutive 64 can accommodate a CP/M for the Apple II+ , Apple III, and operating system or, with a PET Apple He Emulator, the system can use much of Commdore Business Machines, Inc., the available PET software. Moreover, Videx introduces a new video display has introduced a portable computer the Executive 64 can use the large card that gives extraordinary powers to designed for the traveling businessman. number of game cartridges available to the Apple II + , Apple n, Apple He, and Designated the Executive 64, the new the 64 family of computers and has full Franklin computers. The UltraTerm portable has 64K RAM, a full upper/ music and sound capabilities. sets new standards for versatility. It lower-case low-profile detachable Resident in the unit's ROM is delivers a high-quality 8 x 12 dot- keyboard, built-in 6-inch color BASIC V2. Other high-level program character dot matrix with stable, monitor, and a built-in single floppy ming languages include Pascal, LOGO, flicker-free display that guarantees easy disk drive with 170K capacity. A COMAL, Assembler, and PILOT. Addi readability. Nine software-selectable second drive is optional. The new unit tionally, the Executive 64’s 6510 video display formats allow as many as weighs 27.6 pounds and is briefcase central processor is 6502-pro 4096 characters to be displayed. size-5” x 14-Vi" x 14-V4” . gram compatible. Software-selectable display at The Executive 64 is fully compat $995.00 tributes include bright/dim, stan ible with VIC-20 and C64 peripherals, Commodore dard/alternate character sets, and nor including the VIC modem for telecom Computer System Division mal/inverse. Interlace mode (512 scan munications. External ports allow full- 1200 Wilson Drive lines) requires a monitor with high per sized monitor and graphic printer West Chester, PA 19380; sistence phospher such as the Apple hook-ups. (215)431-9100 Monitor HI or Amdek 300 Monitor. $379.00 Commodore Business Machines’ Executive 64 System Videx, Inc. 897 N.W. Grant Corvallis, OR 97330 (503f758-0521 Low-Cost Data Collection and Entry The 1100A optical card reader is de signed to meet the needs of the burgeoning microcomputer and mini computer markets. The desktop unit provides means of data entry. The RS- 232C interface allows interaction with virtually any computer, either directly or remotely through a modem. The 1100A is designed to meet the needs of education with applications including test scoring, attendance reporting, and administration. The 1100A can read any combina tion of pencil marks, punched holes and printed marks. The unit can read soft lead pencils too, negating out moded IBM-type magnetic lead pencils. Mountain Computer, Inc. 300 El Pueblo Rd. Scotts Valley, CA 95066 1408)438-6650 120 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Hardware Catalog (continued) Spectrum Control Center IEEE-488 64 Digital Channel Output Module for the Color Computer for the Apple, IBM, and Commodore, Osborne, Hewlett- Spectrum Projects announces their Commodore Packard, and Tektronix. The B64 is a newest product, the SPECTRUM CON new 64 digital line output module that TROL CENTER. The SCC eliminates is a self contained IEEE 488 (GPIB) bus- having to grope around behind your compatible device. computer, fumbling with cables and The BUSSter accepts commands plugs, by extending all the jacks to an and data from any host computer interface box, which can be mounted through its IEEE port and activates 1 to anywhere. Features of the SPECTRUM 64 digital TTL level lines. A BUSSter CONTROL CENTER are a switch- module economically increases a com selected Printer/Modem port, a puter's interfacing capability while cassette switch for those people who reducing its workload. The BUSSter don't own CTR-80 and CCR-81 B64 Digital Output Module is easily cassette recorders, and a LED power in The BUSStei—an IEEE-488 64 Digital programmed through BASIC com dicator to tell you whether your com Channel Output Module mands from the controlling computer. puter is on or off. $495.00 $99.95 plus $3.00 S/H. Connecticut microcomputer an nounces the BUSSter B64, which SPECTRUM PROJECTS 93-15 86th Drive works with any computer that has an Connecticut microcomputer Woodhaven, NY 11421 IEEE-488 interface (either built-in 36 Del Mar Drive Voice (212)441-2807 or added on), including computers Brookfield, CT 06804 B.B.S. (212)441-3755 manufactured by Apple, IBM, (203)775-4595 (continued) YOUR COLOR COMPUTER JUST EARNED A MATH DEGREE! FEATURING: • 3D SURFACE PLOTTING — Plots a user defined equation on an X,Y,Z coordinate system in the High-Res graphics mode. Planes, surfaces of revolution, statistical surfaces, etc. can be easily plotted. Surfaces may be saved to disk or tape. We believe this is the only program of its kind commercially available for the Color Computer. PLUS: • Complete MATRIX Operations 2D Function Plotting (up to 8 x 8) Rectangular to Polar Conversions • Complete VECTOR Operations Base Conversions • Numerical Differentiation Large Number Addition and • Numerical Integration Multiplication • Least Squares Curve Fitting Reverse Polish Logic Calculator MATHMENU • Binomial Expansion with Hexadecimal Developed by an engineer, Mathmenu is a • Prime Number Verification Quadratic Equation Roots powerful menu-driven system to turn your • Main Menu with Single-key Selection and Return (Disk Only) Color Computer into an intelligent, flexible tool for mathematics and engineering. Complete documentation of all functions is included. Mathmenu takes the tedium out of math, For32KD isk...... $49.95 D/ ... „ c leaving your full brain power to attack the For 16K Cassette ...... $44.95 Plotting Requ,res Extended BASIC “ meat” of your problems. By rapidly mani Documentation only...... $5.00 (refundable with purchase) pulating matrices and vectors, performing Or write fo r free brochure. integration and differentiation, solving quadratic equations, plotting user defined ■ functions and much more, Mathmenu can help simplify the most complex problems. In ter ^ A c t i o n Whether you are a student or a professional, if you use math, you need Mathmenu. 113 Ward Street • Dept. M I • New Haven, CT 06519 • (203) 562-5748 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 121 Hardware Catalog(continued) color-gun selectable for all green or other colored text. Boards with analog monitors a bits 1-4 selectable for all green or other colored text. The DVM-n is expansion-slot in dependent and, with a simple plug-in installation, can supply the computer with RGB output. The board uses Apple NTSC Video output. It provides 80-column capabilities in high- resolution colors with the use of any RS-170 output, 80-column card. The DVM-II includes two connector cables and one video monitor connector cable to allow the board to be adapted to the monitor. Depending on the type of monitor, the adapter must be preset to allow the appropriate composite Csync signal output. The functioning of the DVM-II is controlled by software Digital Video Multiplexor Supplies expansion slot of an Apple II or Apple switches that are slot dependent. RGB Output (or analog or Digital n + computer, is designed to supply $199.00 Monitors RGB output for analog or digital for the Apple II and Apple II + monitors. The new board features 15 low-resolution colors (16 colors with Amdek Corporation an analog monitor), two additional 2201 Lively Blvd. Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 A new Digital Video Multiplexor high-resolution modes, all white, and Board, DVM-II, which plugs into any three-color with pure white, and it is (312)446-5248 UNDERSTAND for the Apple II, II +, and lie Verba Gloria announces UNDER STAND, the latest product in their line of clear, acrylic aids for the Apple II, Apple II +, and Apple He. The UNDER STAND is a space-saving monitor stand constructed of ultra-strong 3/8" clear acrylic. It has less flex and allows for better convective cooling than other stands, and it can be easily modified by the maker to accept an Apple attached cooling fan. The UNDER-STAND holds one or two drives, plus paddles or joystick on the center shelf, with the strength to hold a weighty monitor on top. The Apple can be slid out from underneath for easy access to RAMMASTER 32 tridges can be removed without turning peripheral cards. for the VIC-20 off the computer. RAMMASTER 32 $71.95 will expand the VIC-20 up to 37K. Mosaic Electronics introduces the $150.00 RAMMASTER 32. This is a full service memory device that features a built-in Mosaic Electronics Verba Gloria expansion port, pause switch, write P.O. Box 708, 802 Twelfth Ave. protect switch, a relocatable memory Oregon City, OR 97045 Menomonie, WI 54751 block, and a disabler switch so car (800)547-2807 or 665-9574 122 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 Hardware Catalog(continued) Pro-Tech Security for the Apple II and III Now you can protect your complete Apple II and Apple in systems from tampering and theft with two security designs from Segull Enterprises. Pro- Tech II secures the Apple H and cover, up to three disk drives, any type of monitor or TV, and is compatible with the popular external fans as well as securing them. Pro-Tech HI secures the Apple in and cover, up to three disk drives or a Profile hard disk, and any size monitor or TV. The Pro-Tech Locking Stands fea ture a rear-locking system that com bines total security with ease of use. Pio-Tech Security for Your Apple II or Apple III Simply slide in your Apple and disk drives, lock it, and you're done. The Monitors are secured to the Segull Enterprises locking stands are made of 16-gauge Pro-Tech Locking Stand by a 22" 88 West Britannia Street steel and are color coordinated to steel cable. P.O. Box 869 Apple computers. For extra conve $155.00 for the Apple H Taunton, MA 02780 nience, multiple units keyed the same $165.00 for the Apple in (617)823-9684 ext. 331 are available. $99.00 for printers JMCftO P e r r y PERiphERA ls R e p a i r s K I M s !! (SYMs ANd AIMs Too) • We will Diagnose, Repair, and Completely Test your Single Board Computer • We Socket all replaced Integrated Circuits • You receive a 30-day Parts and Labor Warranty • Your repaired S.B.C. returned via U.P.S. — C.O.D., Cash Don’t delay! Send us your S.B.C. for repair today Ship To: (Preferably via U.P.S.) P e r r y PERiphERAls 6 Brookhaven Drive Rocky Point, NY 11778 K IM -1 R e p U c e m e n t M o d u U s • Exact replacement for MOS/Commodore KIM-1 S.B.C. • Original KIM-1 firmware — 1K and 4K RAM versions R e p U c e m e n t KIM-1 ksyboARds • Identical to those on early KIMS — SST switch in top right corner • Easily installed in later model KIMs Perry Peripherals is an authorized HDE factory service center. Perry Peripherals carries a full line of the acclaimed HDE expansion components for you KIM, SYM, and AIM, including RAM boards, Disk Systems, and Software like HDE Disk BASIC V1.1. Yes, we also have diskettes. For more information write to: P.O Box 924, Miller Place, NY 11764, or Phone (516) 744-6462. No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 123 /AlCftO Software Catalog Metatek Introduces Low-Cost Datascope Metatek, Inc. an and a programmable host nounces Metascope, a low- emulation mode that cost data-line monitor de allows the Apple n to act as signed to operate on the a sophisticated com Apple U. The product con munications controller sists of a printed circuit capable of generating poll board, documentation, and ing sequences with reply. all software necessary to Additionally, Metascope turn an Apple II computer has a built-in capability to into a fully programmable generate synchronous clock data-line monitor. The unit signals in host emulation is capable of displaying and mode thereby eliminating storing data in asyn the need for costly modem chronous, byte-oriented emulators. synchronous, or bit- oriented synchronous The retail price is (SDLC, HDLC) modes at $895.00 with delivery two speeds to 19.2K bits per weeks ARO. The product is second. Other features in available from Metatek, clude the ability to start Inc., 12525 Hummingbird data recording based on a St. NW, PO Box 33129, trigger pattern match, Minneapolis, MN 55433; storage of data on diskette, (612)755-9587. Class Scheduling Piogiam Doing the School Year book with Your Apple CMA Micro Computer requests and rescheduled Airplane Simulator announces a new version of until all students have Single SOURCE Solu its popular Class Sched been scheduled. Schedules AIRSIM-3 Airplane tion announces an Apple uling Program for the 48K can be printed for all Simulator for the Apple II, Computer educational Apple with Applesoft. The students and rosters Apple II +, o i Apple lie with product called Yearbook. advanced version offers prepared for all courses of 48K is an aerobatic flight This tutorial program is new editing procedures for fered. Adds and drops can simulator with ground written to emphasize the editing groups of courses in be easily handled with scenery and all the in basic principles and com the master schedule. The forced scheduling or by re strumentations required to mon technical practices Class Scheduling Program scheduling of individual practice instrument flight. necessary to the publishing allows schools with up to students using the pro Users can set up their own and production .of year 2,400 students and up to gram's automatic sched approach problems, com books. Yearbook delves in 999 courses and sections of uling elements. plete with runway scenery to the world of layout, courses to analyze the The system is designed and Nav-Aid locations. editing, and vocabulary. master schedules and to work with the firm's Pilots will find AIRSIM-3 Designed for the novice, no prepare individual student Grading programs and At useful for instrument-flight computer skills are neces schedules. The system tendance bookkeeping practice. Nonpilots will sary to use the program. allows for the automatic system. The system re find AIRSIM-3 to be a sim Applesoft high-resolution entry of required courses quires two disk drives and ple enjoyable flight-like graphics “ are used exten and the fast entry of an 80-column printer. experience. sively in this series of any optional request and Additional information Price is $40.00 and in programs. alternates. and demonstration versions cludes diskette and Price is $99.95. For The system will are available from CMA manual. Contact Ted more information contact schedule individual stu dealers or directly from Kurtz, Mind Systems Cor Single SOURCE Solution, dents and report anyone not CMA Micro Computer, poration, P.O. Box 506, 2637 Pleasant Hill Road, scheduled in a requested 55722 Santa Fe Trail, Yucca Northampton, MA 01061; Pleasant Hill, CA 94523. course. Non-scheduled Valley, CA 92284, (413)586-6463. students can be given new 1619)365-9718. (Continued on page 129) 124 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 NIBBLE EXPRESS III YOUR APPLE* W ILL LOVE IT! Turtle Grap^li A pplesoft - T R A C IncomeI S&sl MAMAh - "* • “. * v ^ 'AD LAI ' Amper FreeS Machine Lani NIBBLE EXPRESS is an Anthology of the Major V Apple'GALEN Articles and Programs appearing in Volume 3 of Peaceful Coexis NIBBLE Magazine . . . nearly S400 worth of Apple Slugger ' Programs for your Apple II. ACE. or other ^-Reverse Key , Applesoft-compatible computer1 A in p er Fint i NIBBLE EXPRESS III contains up-to-date ■ Bond Manager enhancements. KeyPerfect Tables and the Best DOS3 • 2 ' . of NIBBLE1 Am per S p e e d . Even if you have all 8 issues of NIBBLE in 1982. £/ Apple barts^&J?:^ you'll want the Express to have updated program r MicroCalc’ ; listings in one convenient package1. It s a MUST Variable Cruncher:/ V* for your Library' IU a if<= M W k • • • ■ \ S1 ^ : p i fr NIBBLE EXPRESS III is a bargain at S1 7.95 Apple Flash plus S1.75 Postage' Handling (S2.50 outside L Checker .. the U.S.). i GO Greeting Progra Quick5oFt.,v.fV V ^ ^ j YOUR APPLE WILL LOVE IT1 Applesoft Lfn^^itopM’ (And so will you1) /; Othello ...... ------. S P R IN T \ I NIBBLE • "Disk Dump . . P.O. Box 325 ■/ Hi- Res Colors - < I Lincoln, MA 01773 J:. Apple;RecojrcLppf^‘r | Yes! I want to reserve NIBBLE EXPRESS Vol. Ill for my -V- Apple A rt GaHjepy>4- -; . Library! Here’s my □ Check □ Money Order for $17.95 r"- Game I/O Expmt'.Aj^']: I plus $1.75 postage/handling. (Outside U.S. add $2.75 for gr SuRet^Keypad. Ipostage/handling). Disk~0qrnrnande !□ Also send me NIBBLE EXPRESS Vol. I at $12.95 Plus . Com pare Apples |postage/handling (see above). !□ Send me NIBBLE EXPRESS VOL. II at $14.95 plus f. A m ^ ll-S q f Ipostage/handling (see above). $ Ere<^rohjd‘M e s ^ a r“ i ; The; Shape _V.. S. .; ,f. Master Card & Visa Accepted j|t Disk! M a p ’,. | Card #______Expires:. ? f Apple Bowl Football, {.ft [Signature: _ Appfe Scrollejr (Telephone:. Lower Case Letters .. R ecipe Box -':. • . ^rVr^M Please Print Clearly Disk D octor . \‘ v. I Name:__ i. Q uasar II ' — '...... Address:. D O S Com m and E n try City ____ . State - -Zip. MLE Driver ■...... I Your check or money order must accompany your order to qualify. - I Outside U.S.: Checks must be drawn on a U.S. Bank. I 'Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. ‘ ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Co. No d Si»rt« mtvr 13E3 PRODUCTS from MICRO Revised edition now available! All new text added to the original atlas and gazetter... “What’s Where in the Apple” A Complete Guide to the Apple Computer. This revised edition of the famous Apple • give you names and locations of Atlas will: various Monitor, DOS, Integer • provide you with more informa BASIC and Applesoft routines tion on the Apple's memory and tells you what they're used than is available elsewhere for • guide you with a numerical • enable you to move easily bet Atlas and an alphabetical ween BASIC and machine Gazette — to over 2000 language memory locations of PEEKs, • guide you through the inner POKEs and CALLs workings and hidden mechanisms of the Apple The Atlas and the All New Guide are now available in one 256-page Wire-O-Bound book for Get the most out of your Apple with the only $24.95. 11 MICRO on the APPLE" series... All Apple users will find this book helpful in This series of books for the APPLE computer is the understanding their machine and essential for best source of Apple specific programming aids, mastering it. Retail price ...... $24.95 utilities, enhancements, games and much more. MICRO has taken the best APPLE material ever published in MICRO magazine and brought it If you own the original together in this three volume series. What’s Where in the Apple purchase The Guide to com plete your edition. This 128-page Wire-O-Bound ver sion contains all the new material to be used with the memory map and atlas. Don't miss this opportunity to complete your edition of What's Where in the Apple. Order your copy of The Guide now Retail price Volume 1 allows you to — FOR EASY ORDERING Round and format numbers accurately, get CALL TOLL FREE lower-case letters and punctuation into 1-800-345-8112 Applesoft strings or play the hit game (IN PA 1-800-662-2444) "Spelunker" MasterCard and VISA Accepted Volume 2 lets you — Speed up machine-language programming using five powerful machine-language AND now the "MICRO on the APPLE" aids, add additional editing and1 /O series is available as a boxed set. features, or play the intriguing game "GalactiCube'' All three voumes are packaged Volume 3 gives you more — in an attractive box with the 110 Machine-language aids, 1/O programs on one diskette. enhancements, graphics and games The set is available at a20% Each volume comes complete with diskette to save savings off the individual price. you the time of typing hundreds of lines of code. Retail price ...... $59.95 If you use to an APPLE computer you should own these books. Retail price...... $24.95 ______! Learn how to master VIC BASIC programming Order your copy of the with MICRO'S newest book... Best of MICRO “Mastering Your VIC-20 99 before they are sold out! Now you can do more with your VIC-20. This new book and the 8 projects and 20 programs that it contains can teach you If you’re looking for excellent how to master VIC BASIC programming. Each chapter concen software at a very low price these trates on a particular aspect of VIC BASIC.. .and each books are for you! program is accompanied by discovery-oriented, Here are some of the things that you tutorial text — clear directions that will quickly will receive: have you writing programs, modifying them and adding features all on your own. And to help you - Volume 1 - SOLD OUT! master your VIC-20 even faster, all 8 programs are Volume 2 contains 55 articles and programs that already keyed in on the accompanying cassette. appeared in MICRO magazine from October 1978 through May 1979. These programs are for the Some of the programs you'll find in this book are: Apple, AIM 65, KIM-1, PET, OSI, and SYM-1. This 224-page book is paper bound 8 Vi x 11. • MICRO Calc — a minature spread sheet Retail p rice...... $ 8 .0 0 program that makes complex, repetitive Volume 3 contains 88 programs and articles from calculations a breeze. June 1979 through May 1980 issues of MICRO • M aster— a guessing game that teaches magazine. These programs are for use on Apple, programming with random numbers and flags. AIM 65, KIM-1, PET, OSI, and SYM-I computers. This 320-page book is 8 Vi x 11 and is paperbound. • VIC Clock — to teach you ON...GOSUB Retail p r i c e ...... $ 1 0 .0 0 functions and character graphics. J Order your copy of “Mastering Your VIC-20” by using the order form below. ATTENTION Retail price...... $23.95 Each program is worth OSI USERS the price of the book itself. Micro has just released a new book, "MICRO on the OSI." This comprehensive book provides you with methods to improve the use of your Ohio Scientific Computer ...includes machine-language enhancements and BASIC aids. You can learn how to TRACE BASIC programs, DEBUG machine language programs and improve your OS65-D operating system. You'll also find: • Hardware modifications for enhanced/reversed video • Programs for control code and upper/lower-case entry Plus... a What's Where in the OSI C1/C2 This new book will also help you to improve your own BASIC programs with PRINT AT, DELETE, AUTO-number and FUNCTION INPUT. No OSI owner can afford to be without this book. You'll receive 25 programs in this 192 page book Order your copy today! Retail p rice...... $19.95 USE THE POSTAGE-PAID CARD TO ORDER YOUR BOOKS FROM MICRO.... Subscribe to MICRO... Save 20% Off The Newsstand Price! Each Month MICRO Delivers: ★ Practical, usefiil information about microcomputing... ★ Valuable programs to teach you more about your Apple, Atari, VIC-20, Commodore 64, TRS-80-Color.. ★ Easy-to-follow instructions to allow you to enhance your system’s capabilities... ★ Tutorials to teach you how to program beyond BASIC... A Feast Of Computing Ideas Use These Postage-Paid Cards To Order JMCftO □ Yes! Enter my subscription to MICRO, and send me the next 12 issues for just $24.00. I save $6.00 off the newsstand price! Name. OWN A: □ Commodore 64 □ VIC-20 Address. □ Apple □ PET □ Atari 400 □ Atari 800 City_ □ Other:______Stale. ■ Zip. For Faster Service Call: I’m paying by □ Check □ MO □ VISA □ MasterCard 1-800-345-8112 (In PA: 1-800-662-2444 : (In PA 1-800-662-2444) Card #______Exp.Date ______VISA or MasterCard Only (MasterCard and VISA Accepted) i u c n o ’s Newest Books NEW for VIC-20 Users! NEW for OSI Users! Mastering Your VIC-20 MICRO on the OSI With 8 BASIC Projects A book that makes learning to program your Includes Machine-Language enhancements and VIC-20 fun! Contains 8 projects and programs. BASIC Aids, hardware modifications for Games, utilities — even a VIC-20 version of enhanced/reversed video, programs for control “VisiCalc.” All 8 programs on cassette to help you code and upper/lower case entry. A valuable pro learn faster. gramming tool. □ Mastering the VIC-20 @ $23.95 □ MICRO on the OSI @ $19.95 Please rush the MICRO Books I’ve checked above to: I’m paying by: □ Check □ MO □ VISA □ MC Name Total Enclosed: $ Address (Add $2.00 s/h per book.) City State Zip Visa/mg* # (Allow 6-8 weeks for delivery) Exp. Date: AlCftO *s Best Sellers The Best of MICRO What’s Where Best Sellers for Make your computer reference in the Apple APPLE Users! library complete by adding the "Best Revised new addition with text added MICRO on the APPLE of MICRO” to your present book col to the original atlas and gazetter. All lection. Each volume full of articles Apple users will find this book helpful Programming aids, utilities, and programs pulled from the pages in understanding their machine and games, enhancements. Together of MICRO. Excellent software at a essential for mastering it. Volumes 1, 2, and 3 contain over very low price! 100 programs on diskette. Fully □ What’s Where in the Apple □ BOM Volume 2 @ $8.00 documented and explained. @ $24.95 | □ BOM Volume 3 @ $10.00 □ 3-Volume Gift-Boxed @ $59.95 □ The Guide @ $9.95 □ Vol.10 Vol.20 Vol.3 $24.95 ea. Please rush the MICRO Books I’ve checked above to: I’m paying by: □ Check □ MO □ VISA □ MC Name Total Enclosed: S Address City State Zip VIsa/MC # (Allow 64 weeks for delivery) Exo. Date: NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES 2 0 % ! ! ! ! BUSINESS REPLY CARD S u b s c rib e FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 20, AMHERST, NH POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE JMCftC Use This Postage AlCftO Paid Card to Order P.O. Box 6502 the Next 12 issues Amherst, NH 03031 of MICRO and SAVI $6.00 Off Newsstand Price! NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES A Feast O Computin BUSINESS REPLY CARD Ideas... FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 20, AMHERST, NH POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE New Booh /MCftO From P.O. Box 6502 Amherst, NH 03031 JMCftC NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES Order These BUSINESS REPLY CARD Best FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO, 20, AMHERST, NH S ellers POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE From AICRO A lC f t O P.O. Box 6502 Amherst, NH 03031 Software Catalog (continued) Computer Grading effective with any child in Package for the the 3 -to 7-year-old mental- Walt Disney Ships Its First Personal Computer Classroom Teacher age group. This makes it a valuable addition to any Software Program to Atari Grade Manager, a program library for powerful and highly flex preschoolers. ible computer grading Designed to be more package for the classroom than just a drill and practice teacher, is now available program, it uses extensive for the 48K Apple II with repetition and reinforce either one or two disk ment to introduce the drives and a printer. The numbers involved, review package allows teachers to them, then test student's record and print 50 scores comprehension. Simple in per student per quarter and structions are provided. to compute letter grades for There is no need of up to 1088 students in as previous computer ex many as 15 separate classes. perience to run this pro Teachers can choose from gram, which is completely several variations of two self-contained and can be grading methods — percen operated by the student tage grading and curve without supervision once grading — making the it has been started by package compatible with a the teacher. wide variety of grading Price is $24.95. Contact methods currently in use. Educomp Enterprises, 191 First-time users are North 650 East, Bountiful, An actual scene from “Mickey and the Great Outdoors. ’ guided step-by-step through UT 84010. the process by a com Disney made history adventures. prehensive support manual when Mickey Mouse ap This package offers two that also explains the dif A Neurologic Patient peared in the first syn distinct learning adven ferences in the grading op Simulator chronized sound cartoon tures. The first, "Mickey tions. The package uses a ever. Now Disney's making Goes Hiking,1' develops data diskette as well as the Encephalon, for the history again as Mickey and reinforces grammar and program diskette. Apple II, Apple II +, Apple enters the computer age in spelling skills by requiring For more information He, Franklin, or compatible the first Disney microcom the player to finish in contact Minnesota Educa computers with 48K ROM, puter software program, complete sentences and tional Computing Consor Applesoft, and DOS 3.3, is Mickey in the Great Out create words out of tium, 2520 Broadway a neurologic Patient doors, designed exclusively scrambled letters in order Drive, St. Paul, Minnesota Simulator that uses high- for Atari home computers. to move Mickey along on 55113; (612)638-0602. resolution graphics. It The program comes on his adventure. To guide allows medical students to either a cassette to run with Mickey through his second practice neurologic ex Attention Special 16K of RAM or disk for 32K adventure, "Mickey Goes Education Teachers! amination and diagnosis on of RAM, and it provides Exploring," the player simulations constructed literally hours of playing must finish incomplete The World of Counting, from findings of actual or and learning enjoyment. equations and complete written for the Apple II + or hypothetical patients. The Mickey in the Great number sequences in their program allows a choice of Apple lie computer (with Outdoors fills the personal proper order, thus develop one disk drive), is an award patients, presents the computer screen with high- ing and reinforcing the winning program just in history, and allows interac quality animation and top- basic math skills of equa tive simulated examina troduced by Educomp notch, full-color graphics. tion solving and number tion. It provides hi-res Enterprises. This program It also features original sequencing for ages 7 to graphics, sound, and color. is specifically designed to music and sound effects. 10 years. Mickey appears in various Contact Walt Disney assist in the teaching of Price is $39.00 and in learning-disabled students. situations called "learning Telecommunications and cludes disk and manuals. It utilizes colorful graphics, adventures" in which the non-Theatrical Co., 500 Available from Andent, sound effects, and music to player actually controls his South Buena Vista St., Inc., 1000 North Ave., teach the beginning prin actions by using the Burbank, CA 91521; Waukegan, IL 60085. ciples of counting. The joystick. The goal is to (213)840-1111. ______World of Counting is also move Mickey along on his (Continued on next page) No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 129 Software Catalog (continued) Starter Kits from SKU All the accessories Atari and Com m odore VIC-20 personal computer owners need are available in a new, comprehensive starter kit from SKU. The package contains two blank data cassettes from Maxell, an Intro PerfectData™ video display cleaning kit, a Disc- washer cassette head clean ing kit, a Pointmaster ™ joystick, a multiple-plug outlet and $90 in rebate coupons from accessory and software vendors. The kit is sold through mass retailers and com puter specialty stores for $44.99. A kit is also available for Apple II and IBM PC owners for $66.99. KINDER KONCEPTS fourteen local kindergarten grams follow a similar monitor progress at a Midwest Software has teachers and each program design. Ten problems are glance. All programs announced KINDER KON was written to fill one or presented to the child. If operate with a single CEPTS, a series of pro more of the teachers' the correct response is keystroke and reading is grams for the Apple II + and planned objectives for the given on the first try, the kept to an absolute all Commodore computers year. child is rewarded with a minimum. except the VIC-20. The pro Midwest will custom smiling face and a little Price is $7.95 each for grams deal with reading build disks for customers of tune is heard. A frowning the Commodore cassettes. readiness, basic math con the Commodore versions face follows an incorrect For all ten programs on disk cepts, perception, pattern who like to mix and match response and the correct for Commodore or Apple recognition, letters, num any number of programs answer is given on the third II + the price is $69.50. bers, colors, and shapes. from the available selection. try. Each program has a Contact Midwest Software, The series was developed The disk versions will built-in graph so the Box 214, Farmington, MI with the cooperation of be menu driven and all pro teacher or parent can 48024; (313)477-0897. 4MCRO Powerful — Economical — Professional Peripherals for your Apple II* Ultra Rom Board/Editor $190.00 a p b — 1 0 a • Powerful G.P.L.E. [Global Program Line Editor] built in $450.00 A/D 12-Bit, 16 Channel AD - 121602 • Includes: Search and Replace - Insert and Delete - and much more • Edit programs 2 to 5 times faster • Simple Software Selection of Channels • 32K of Bank Switchable ROM Space • Range ±10. ±5. ±2.5. +5, +10 • Totally Transparent - Remove or Reload with a few keystrokes - without diskl • Extensive Macro Table eliminates multiple keystrokes for common operations • High-Speed 25 fi Sec. Conversion • Useful Ampersand [&] Utilities all in one place • Full Software Support — Disk or Prom • Applesoft* Extensions including "IF, THEN, ELSE" Adjustable Bpolar Reference • Support for other HOLLYWOOD HARDWARE Products in Rom 6842 Valjean Avenue, Van Nuys, California 91406 (213)‘Trademarks 989-1204 of Apple Computer Inc. 130 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 FOR COMPLETE GRAPHICS: U ersalU riter EDUCATION ARTIST GAME PROGRAMMER -ires I"" l - f t ; f;-. u-jc- -:-5 x:---J- ^C* :< r<; j 2 pm —r ------j j U*!> —. ..I l i ' l i 7 |j 3}K2 i . „ . Function Generator 0^ «N!HST£Q GRAPHIC- HOBBIEST ENGINEERING CHILDREN Teachers, artists, engineers, VersaWriter contains programmers & hobbiests complete software for find VersaWriter an drawing with color, easy to use tool for ( brushes & dots. Add creating micro text or fill in over computer graphics. 100 colors. No programming Create your own experience is required. shapes and place Pictures can be made anywhere on the by simply tracing. Even screen. Use children can explore the Area/Distance, exciting world of Move Picture, computer graphics. The Electronic Drawing VersaWriter is as limitless & Skeleton programs plus much as your imagination. more. Complete hardware/software system for Apple ll/ll+/lle - $ 2 9 9 .0 0 Versa Computing Products are available VersaWriter is also available with at your local computer products store. software designed for Atari & IBM PC. Distributed by: Computerland Corp. Micron Distributing Educational Media Hayward, Calif. Toronto, Canada Washington, Penn. VcttA Softsel Computer Products Program Spektrum ESO Laboratories Inglewood, Calif. Bromma, Sweden Tokyo, Japan V CCcompueinG, inc. Pete & Pam Computers Micro Products Sales Group Blue Ridge Computers v Lancashire, England Lynn, Mass. Capetown, South Africa 3541 Old Conejo Road, Suite 104 • Newbury Park, CA 91320 • (805) 49B-1956 No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO Next Month in m v F 0 H T H I C*. October Features C* Programming m 2 0 g 6 4 T echniques! ZAP1 Climbing the corporate ladder could be fun except for ail that falling paperwork This Hires arcade type game allows up to 4 players to advance through each floor to scale the corporate ranks Be careful it’s easy to be ZAPPED! CARTRIDGE for VIC 20® $29.95 c» Select your ATE-PAK • Eight graphic games on tape with complete manual to explain gaming techinques. For V,C 20® ONLY $24.95 Word Wizard For The VtC 20® ■ (Requires at least 8K memory expansion) A user friendly WORD PROCESSOR program s from a with optional joystick control. Easy edit and string manipulation commands, full use of function keys, Delete Word, Search functions and Full Justification. Use VIC 20® printer, or any Centronics compatible printer connected to the user port. On Tape (supports disk) $34.95 directory by Bomber Word - A unique graphic word game on cartridge that provides the full thnll of arcade action. Complete with six modes of play options for added enjoyment Play against the computer or another n u m b e r player. 6 to adult For VIC 20® $29.95 Tic Attack • A fast action arcade game on Cartridge that challenges all of your dexterity. Written in machine language for special audio & visual effects. Over 100 levels of play. High score indication For VIC 20® $29.95 Dot-A-Lot As you wander through life collecting Berries, you happen upon some magical fruit. Pick one and the treasures appear, but the Meanies are out today looking to spoil your fun. Defeat them and con C+Plot nearly any tinue on to a higher level. An ever changing maze plus arcade type animation to provide a real winning CARTRIDGE for the VIC 20® $29.95 function on your Triple Play Three games that are both fun and educational. CROSSWORDS (requires at least 8K expan sion). Five complete puzzles are included. CRYPTOSOLVE will help you solve those cryptic messages found in newspapers, and magazines with a systematic computer technique. Included are approximately 50 dif ferent puzzles. You can even enter your own cryptic messages. HIDDEN WORDS will display a matrix of com puter screen seemingly random letters on the screen You should be able to find many words. Included are approx imately 25 different puzzles. For VIC 20® ONLY $29.95 tor all 3 KEYQUEST - Our exciting new Arcade type game that takes you through the many levels of an ancient dungeon while gathering treasures and gaming experience points. Monsters, magical keys, and hidden passages all add to the excitement. ON CARTRIDGE for VIC 20® . ONLY $34.95 c * Speed up array SKETCH PAD & CHAR-GEN • A high resolution drawing program that will allow you to save your pictures to tape. Also included is a simple to use character generator that will allow you to design a different character for every printable key. Create game creatures, foreign alphabets, secret symbols or other operations in special characters. One set is included On tape for the VIC 20® $24.95 ***************************** Hardware M icrosoft BASIC Learn how to Expand-O-Ram 16K Expansion Board for the VIC 20® with reset, memory write protect, full memory allocation, plus TWO slots. Like having 2 products in 1. Can be used as a cartridge development system too $119.00 im plem ent linear Universal Tape Interface & Duplicator - (Use on the Commodore 64® and VIC 20®). With this device, you can easily load, save or even duplicate tapes with your standard recorder. Full 3 LED indication of Data transfer. A reliable way to Load, Save and Duplicate. NOTE; Duplication requires 2 standard cassette s e a r c h recorders. Only $49.50 TYMAC BUFFERED PARALLEL CABLE WITH DRIVER - For the VIC 20® & Commodore 64® This cable assembly plugs into the USER Port and provides a simple and inexpensive way to connect a PARALLEL Printer to your computer $29.95 DRIVER CARTRIDGE for VIC 20® - Take full advantage of the capabilities of your Parallel Printer including Starting in October each full Commodore graphics and formatting. Available for SEIKOSHA. C ITOH, OKIDATA, and others. Specify printer. ONLY $29.95 computer will have its TYMAC "CONNECTION” A truly intelligent parallel interface for the ViC 20® and Commodore 64® . It will make your printer operate like the COMMODORE Printer including graphics, text symbols, tab's, and virtually every other printer function. Plugs into the serial socket. Available for most popular parallel OWN section! printer. $119.00 Dealer and Distributor micro We've sectionalized MICRO for your Inquiries Invited convenience. You'll find a general 201-83M027 n im ri DISTRIBUTING,INC. 13428 Route 23, Butler, NJ. 07405 section — something for everyone, plus separate sections for HOTL- We solicit hardware and software items for the VIC 20* and Commodore W Royalties, license fees, or outright purchases can be negotiated. Commodore 64* A VIC 20* are Registered Trademarks of Commodore Business Machines. Inc. ______Commodore, Atari, Apple, and CoCo. 132 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 /AlCftO TM Reviews in Brief Product Name: General Chemistry Minuses: Since all data is held in memory at once, the Equip, req'd: Apple II total number of students per teacher is limited to 200. Price: $340.00 for seven disks Manufacturer: COMPress Skill level required: Most teachers should be able to use Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Inc. this program. 286 Congress St. Boston, MA 02210 Reviewer: Jim Strasma Description: General Chemistry is a series of seven disks Manufacturer’s addenda: The current version of Master that cover beginning chemistry including: the elements; Grades keeps track of attendance as well. BASIC source inorganic nomenclature; chemical formulas and equa code is included on the disk. Users may modify the BASIC tions; atomic, formula, and molecular weights; percent and Midwest will recompile the user revision for a composition and empirical formulas; Chemaze (a nominal fee. Works well with an ASCII printer but CBM chemistry game); and ideal gases. The programs supply a printer gives more attractive hardcopy. 16K version lucid explanation of the basic yet sometimes confusing available; also for Apple II, 3.3 DOS. Coming soon, CBM topics of general chemistry. It would be excellent for in 64 and TRS level II versions.) troductory chemistry courses as well as intermediate chemistry students. Pluses: It is like a pithy version of a textbook since it Product Name: Bumble Games deletes all of the trivial pieces of information that can Equip, req'd: Apple 48K, 3.3 DOS easily confuse the student. The illustrations and sound ef Price: $60.00 fects keep the students from being bored. These programs Manufacturer: The Learning Co. could be beneficial to any chemistry student since it gives 4370 Alpine Road the reasoning behind every step in solving a problem. Portola Valley, CA 94025 Minuses: While clearly defining alkalis, metals, and gases, Description: Bumble Games is an educational game pro the program omits the definition of a non-metal. gram for children that teaches the concepts of coordinate graphing using positive numbers. This is accomplished Documentation: While skimpy, the programs are self through six hierarchical games, which begin with a teaching and require little knowledge beforehand regard number line activity, progress to naming space coor ing operation. dinates, and finish using true coordinate graph ing activities. Skill level required: No particular knowledge necessary. Pluses: Concepts are taught in a step-by-step approach Reviewer: Rick Sohn using appealing graphics and pleasing sound effects. The sound effects can be turned on and off from the main Product Name: Master Grades menu. The last activity, Bumble Dots, has an option Equip, req'd: PET, 32K with CBM disk that allows construction of user-made coordinate graph drive ing pictures. Price: $39.50 Minuses: The user may tire of the similarity among three Manufacturer: Midwest Software of the six activities. Box 214 Farmington, MI 48024 Documentation: A well-organized pamphlet accompanies Description: Master Grades is a grades-maintenance pro the program. In addition to this, the program has an in gram for classroom teachers written in compiled BASIC. struction section for each activity. Pluses: The program is user friendly and useful. Setting up Skill level required: Children ages 4-10; no computer class lists is slow, but weekly updating goes quickly. It literacy necessary. Younger children will need assistance provides six print options to cover most grading needs, in learning the activities. cluding progress letters for parents, and it allows the teacher to set both points needed for grades, and relative Reviewer: Larry Ross weight to give each score. The program is well protected against user errors and allows editing of names and grades. BASIC source code is available for a few dollars more. (Continued on page 136) No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 133 « « * V l\|C R O G F H P H iC S Grand Prize: AMDEK COLOR-1 1 ^ ^ ^ MONITOR Plus: A One Year Subscription to MICRO Magazine 4 First Prizes: AM DEK B&W M onitor Plus: One Year Subscription to MICRO 4 Second Prizes: Box of Disks from Leading Edge Plus: One Year Subscription to MICRO 4 Third Prizes: 1 Year Subscription to MICRO Prizes Awarded One in Each Category; Atari, Apple, Commodore, TRS-80C Use The Form Below To Enter Your Graphic Today CONTEST RULES 1. No purchase necessary Official Entry than December 15,1983 Magazine The contestant Is liable for any Forms are available in MICRO Magazine, or 4 Contestants may enter as many times as and all litigation, court costs and attorneys may be obtained, free of charge, from retail they chuose however each graphic fees resulting from his or her submission of stores selling MICRO Magazine, or from submitted must be an original work and must plagiarized or stolen graphic programs MICRO Magazine directly by sending a self- be accompanied by its own entry form Each 7 Winners will be announced In the Ma'ch addressed, stamped envelope to: MICRO graphic should be titled 1984 issue of MICRO Magazine A list of all Graphic Contest, P.O. Box 6502, Amherst, NH 5 All prizes will be awarded In the event winners may be obtained after March 1,1984 03031. Exact copies of the Official Entry contest judgus an> deadlocked on the winner by mailing your request and a self addressed Form are also acceptable. of any prize the prize will bo awarded to the stamped envelope to MICRO Graphic 2. All entries must be on machine-readable contestant whoso entry has the earliest Contest, P O Box 6502, Amherst, NH 03031 format and, if possible, should be postmark Substitutions are not allowed All 8. Employees of The Computerist, Inc, accompained by a photograph or 35 mm decisions of the |udges are final Micro Ink, and MICRO Magazine as well as slide of the monitor screen taken while the b By submitting a graphic to be judged, the MICRO Magazine's columnists and graphic is being displayed. Submitted contestant swears and affirms that the contributing editors are ineligible material will not be returned unless a Self- graphic la an original work created by the Addressed, Stamped Envelope is provided. 9 The MICRO Graphic Contest Is a contest contestant and assigns all rights to MICRO assumes no responsibility for lost uf skill talent, and programming ability and reproduce the graphic, for no additional slides or damaged material In no way constitutes a game of chance or consideration, to The Computerist Inc., and Tottery. Void wheiB prohibited bv law 3. All entries must be po Its divisions Micro Ink, and MICRO OSI Disk Users Reviews in Brief (continued) Product Names: Watchwords & Wordisk Maker Double your disk storage capacityEquip, req’d: Apple 11+ or Apple lie, 48K, drive, Without adding disk drives [printer optional) Now you can more than double your usable floppy disk storage capacity—for a fraction of the coat of additional Price: Watchwords $59.95; Workdisk Maker disk drives. Modular Systems’DiskDoubler™ is adouble- $29.95; (25% discount to schools) density adapter that doubles the storage capacity of Manufacturer: Micromedia Software each disk track. The DiskDoubler plugs directly into an 276 Oakland Street OSI disk interface board. No changes to hardware or Wellesley, MA 02181 software are required. (617) 237-5630 The DiskDoubler increases total disk space under OS- 65U to 550K; under OS-65D to 473K for 8-inch floppies, Description: Watchwords is a drill and practice program to 163K for mini-floppies. With the DiskDoubler, each for spelling words that is set up as a climb-the-pyramid drive does the work of two. You can have more and larger programs, related files, and disk utilities on game. It uses multiple choice between alternate spellings the same disk—for easier operation without constant of each word. There are nine levels, each having a list of up disk changes. to 100 words. If you get enough correct answers you move up a level. The program comes with a standard set of Your OSI system is an investment in computing power. words. Wordisk Maker allows you to make your own sets Get the full value from the disk hardware and software that you already own. Just write to us, and we’ll send you of words, up to 900 words per disk. Several pre-made the full story on the DiskDoubler, along with the rest Wordisks are also available for different skill levels. of our growing family of products for OSI disk systems. Pluses: Watchwords: the teacher can set time limit, cor ™DiskDoubler is a trademark of Modular Systems. rect or incorrect spelling, sound or no sound, percentage Post Office Box 16 C required to climb, and choose number of words or type in Oradell, NJ 07649.0016 words. Words appear in very large upper-case letters on the Telephone 201 262.0093 screen. It prints out student records and is extremely easy to use. Minuses: It is unfortunate to package these programs separately — you really need both. (Editor's note: Accord Just Released ing to John Whitman of Micro Media Software, Wordisk is packaged separately because it can be used with several Font DownLoader other software packages as well.) The present version does Expand the capacity of your printer hundreds of times not allow blanks or hyphens in words. In Wordisk Maker, Load custom fonts into your Apple® Matrix Printer, Jj /yit -| is extremely awkward to view a wordisk list of more than 10 words on screen — you need a printer. Prowriter® 851OA, OKI® Microline 92, 93* and j : r ^ 4 Epson® FX* and use them with virtually every /? Documentation: Both excellent — easy to read and very word processor to turn your printer into a IB complete; they even have indexes! The instructions on custom typesetter. After the fonts are jp ^ screen are also easy to follow. loaded, they will stay in your '* ' printer until it's turned off. A - r a 4 Skill level required: Watchwords: age 6-adult, depends on font editor is also provided r i r XJi-YJ level of words; Wordisk Maker: adult. to allow you to create your own graphics, text, H G III- 0- Reviewer: Mary Gasiorowski foreign language letters, v t w s 0 a \ math and electronics symbols to load into your Product Name: File-Fax p rin te r. 'Available in 30 days \ Equip, req'd: Apple n or Apple II +, minimum of one Disk Software only disk drive ...... $39.00 Price: $149.00 Manufacturer: TMQ Software, Inc. 82 Fox Hill Drive r> $100 R E W A R D *-, Buffalo Grove, Illinois 60090 Submit the best or most unique font using the above (312) 520-4440 software and we will make you $100 richer. Other prizes for the first 25 runners up. Description: File-Fax is a new, easy-to-leam, data-base management system. Filing and sorting of data, keyed ac Dealer and Distributor cording to user-defined criteria, is a particularly attractive Inquiries Invited micro Designed by RAK-Ware feature. On disk HELP screens make this package one of uinri the user friendliest I've seen. 1342 B Rt. 23, Butler, NJ 07405 201-838-9027 136 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 VI* From the opening klckoff to the final - m i whistle, learn the secrets and inside tips of professional football — from the stars themselves: Pluses: This manufacturer has clearly devoted attention to FREE BOOK w ith every program eliminating problems and areas of awkwardness found in other DBM systems. Search and sort features are flexible to the extent that any string within any field on any disk drive can be located. The system is expandable to use up to eight disk drives. v-V- Minuses: I felt the command formats were needlessly non standard. This increases the learning time required to use the product without constantly referring to the manual. u Documentation: Quite good. The printing is easy on the eyes and the packaging is attractive. There is a thorough tutorial with vocabulary structured for the novice. Skill level required: The least experienced of users should have no trouble working through the tutorial and then applying what he has learned to his own DBM needs. Reviewer: Chris Williams Product Name: Insta-Load Equip, req'd: Apple II+ , Apple lie, or compatible, 48K RAM, and DOS 3.3 Price: $24.95 Manufacturer: Eden n Computing Available from T*l. 1 -800-368-2260 P.O. Box 959 GOLD DISK" Software Boi 102 (In Maryland. Pebble Beach, CA 93953 OI«n Arm. Md. 21057 Call 592-5949) Description: The central utility of this set of five is "FASTRACK,” which saves Applesoft and binary pro grams to disk in a special format, enabling faster loading. It co-exits with standard files on the same disk. The other utilities are used to delete such files, create extremely fast- ACORN 68600 booting masters (seven to boot-up, including loading In teger BASIC into an optional RAM card), find and mark ATTACHED bad disk sectors, and map disk contents. PROCESSOR Pluses: Fast loading is accomplished without DOS FOR THE modification. Speed increase is greatest with large files APPLE II™ and binary files (binary: 2.7 x for 40 sectors, 3.5 x for 80 sectors,- Applesoft: 2.3 x for 40 sectors, 2.7 x for 80 sec $1495 tors). All utilities are copy able and modifiable. HARDWARE • 68000 Microcomputer with 16 MHZ clock • 131,072 Bytes of RAM Memory Minuses: After FASTRACKing a file it cannot be copied • 32.768 Bytes of ROM Memory with FID or DELETEd in the normal way; if Applesoft, • Two RS 232c serial ports up to 9,600 bps RENAMEing it requires extra effort; from 1 to 255 extra • One million bps interface with APPLE'” bytes could be loaded with it from disk, requiring care not • Seven levels of vectored interrupts • Real time clock and timer to overwrite any reserved memory just above program end • Separate case and power supply (a rare occurence, of concern only to intermediate to ad SOFTWARE vanced programmers); and other slight inconveniences. • Uses only one peripheral slot in the APPLE,U • Invisible operation with APPLESOFT or PASCAL Documentation: The 27-page manual is clear and com • Compatible with Compilers and 6502 Assemblies plete, fully describing use of the utilities and detailing • 68000 Assembly Language Development System all restrictions. Write or call for a free brochure or send $10 for 100 page users manual (refunded with order for ACORN) Skill level required: Ordinary knowledge of BASIC ACORN SYSTEMS INC. and DOS. 4455 TORRANCE BLVD., #108 • TORRANCE, CA 90503 Reviewer: Jon R. Voskull Telephone (213) 371-6307 'Apple, Apple II and Applesoft are the trademarks of Apple Computer Co (Continued on next page) No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 137 ATTENTION ALL MICROCOMPUTER OWNERS!! Reviews in Brief (continuedj CSE MEANS MORE Product Name: Discover BASIC: Problem Solving with the Apple II Computer Introducing our expanded product line Equip, req'd: Apple 11+ , 32K, DOS 3.3 (printer recommended) We now distribute MORE software, hardware and Price: Teacher's Guide and Material — $74.95: accessories Student Workbook — $5.95; Additional We now deal with MORE machines than ever before Demonstrations Disk — $9.95 We want to make you a satisfied customer MORE than Manufacturer: Sterling Swift Publishing Company the “other” guys 7901 South IH-35 Call or write us for information on whatever you’re Austin, TX 78744 looking for You’ll get our best service because it means MORE Author: Rick Thomas to us HERE’S JUST A SAMPLE OF WHAT WE OFFER: Description: Discover BASIC is an extensive hands-on in Anchor Automation, California Computer Systems, troduction to BASIC programming set up for a classroom. DMP Systems Software, D.Q.F.L.S. Word Processing Software, Diablo, Electrohome, D.C. Hayes, Mountain It covers major introductory topics such as PRINT, LET, Computer, NEC, Microsoft, Practical Peripherals, INPUT, IF...THEN, GOTO, FOR...NEXT, READ/DATA, Videx, Zenith and SO MUCH MORE!! RND, low-resolution graphics, and DIM. Each topic is We carry a variety of diskettes, O.S.I. software, taught with demos, exercises, programming problems, educational software, and games too! summary, supplementary reading, and test questions. The program is based on learning by discovery. Pluses: A well-written package designed for the classroom to teach programming. Materials provided are quite helpful for the teacher. Box 50 • 291 Huntington Ave. Boston 02115 617-423-9501 Minuses: Does not take much advantage of using the com puter to teach the subject, though there are exercises to work out at the keyboard. Documentation: Both the teacher's and student's manuals BASF DISKS are easy to read and well written. The teacher's manual in cludes written unit objectives, supplementary activities, LIFETIME HU B-R IN G ED | CERTIFIED listings of programs, answers to the student manual, as GUARANTEE .. 1 ERROR FREE well as a disk of demonstrations and a disk of program SSDD DSDD solution. $21.90 ea. — 1-9 Boxes — $30.90 ea. Skill level required: Grade 8 to adult (some formal reason $19.90 ea. — 10+ Boxes — $28.90 ea. ing skills needed). FREE PLASTIC CASE Reviewer: Mary Gasiorowski WITH EACH BOX □ SEND ME YOUR PRICE LIST □ SEND M E ______BO XES A T $ ____ .P E R BOX Product Name: Disk Library ADD 3% SHIPPING/HANDLING ({3.00 MINIMUM) TWO WEEK DELAY FOR PERSONAL CHECKS Equip, req'd: Apple II □ PAYMENT ENCLOSED $______Price: $39.95 (Texas residents add 5% sales tax.) Manufacturer: Modular Media □ CHARGE MY: QMasterCard □ Visa 11060 Paradela Street Card N o ______Exp. Date. Miami, FL 33156 Signature _ Description: Disk Library is an organizational utility for N am e . Apple disk files that creates library text files containing in (please print full name) formation on disk-based programs. Each program entry A ddress. .A p t. can include the program name, a user-assigned volume C ity - . S ta te . .Z ip . number (different from DOS's), the file type (Integer, 214-644-2611 Applesoft, etc.), and a user-defined program type. In addi tion, each library file includes a name for the disk and the 0 6 E Software number of free sectors on it. The program can handle up to I W l t’Boot 1,200 entries in each library file. 2116 E. Arapaho #600 Richardson, Tx 75081 (Continued on page 140j 138 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 itimbfe o ffr^ ^ d S }! f rMjru Y( ffr' i --CB . _ vehicles in a mf^sion to seal’d T A CJ. is a garpe of You pick:k a nation [from amdflg.tn&ljcjyiwm Britain, USA,I t C *A Germany-and'RuSsk:C n rm r» n » i« rtrw"4 KOMfc*[riTJ* V rtl team from their most powerful tank; destroyers You command the team ’you've created injnDjjjpr operations against like forces of the ertemy,, : • All the famous vehicles of the second world war are here-r- factors SL.chcntii.al elements: b's-ranqe. tjrrrvr thickness I Tigers, Panthers, Shermans and JS M's, Jagdpanthers. SU 152's, rpnr and flanks] trackirn time, tne speed -ard .-inrr^vers cf Fireflies and T 34's, just to name a few They have all been both the firing and target units, visibility'and w eapon adjust thoroughly researched and their important features program ment to determine weapon accurqcy - m ed into the gam e Each vehicle is distinguished by such ■ Special options Include hidden movement, improved elements as armor thickness (rear and flanks as well as front), positions, smoke mortars, minefields, close assaults, overruns fire power speed acceleration and gun traverse. Even minor and indirect fire. pants like fuel tank location can be critical T.A.C. on diskette retails for 540.00 and can be The computer handles all the technical details This lets you played on the following computers: Apple* Il's with 48K co- centrate on making the same kinds of decisions the real life tank commanaers m aae, You searcn for the enemy, se (Mockingboa’d™ Sound Enhanced!), Atari's* with 48K. your speed, aim your gun and knock out the enemy. The com Commodore1-} & IBM® versions coming this fall. puter will handle all the rest. « Trademarks of Apple Computers.' Warner Com munications, Commodore and International Business Machines. Tactical Level Strategic Level Available at finer computer stores everywhere. Or call TOLL FREE: 1 (800) 638-9292 for fast credit card purchase. Price: $40. Ask for Operator M. microcomputer games 8 A DIVISION OF The A valon Hill G a m e C o m p a n y 4517 Harford Road • Baltimore, MD 21214 For affordable business Reviews in Brief (continued) software, put M icro S pec in Pluses: All types of DOS may be read by Disk Library, flM EM ORYl making it possible to catalog all of your Apple disks. Each LJ I—I I—I I—I LJ I—I— library file may be sorted by name, volume, file type, or program type, with two keystrokes. Users may also MicroSpec is serious about offering sophisticated busi ness programs at an affordable price. And there's no generate neatly formatted hard copies of their library files. skimping on the quality or capabilities of the programs. W hether you're using DBM, INV, G/L, PAY, A/R, A/P, Fixed Minuses: No operational problems encountered. Asset, Rental Property Management, Mail List, or Checkbook Manager you’ll find MicroSpec programs offer the greatest flexibility and optimum performance Documentation: Over 100 pages describe the operation of for your specific needs. And you'll like the price! Disk Library, but a beginner can learn how to use it by Proven MicroSpec business programs are available NOW booting the disk and experimenting. It handles user error for the Commodore 64 and VIC 20 (trademarks of Com very well. modore). Applications for other popular micros will be coming soon. Skill level required: This utility is easy to use. A leader in the design of affordable business systems - MicroSpec. Put it in your memory. Reviewer: John Hedderman For more information, contact your local dealer. MicroSpec, Inc. P.O. Box 863085 • Plano, TX 75086 (214) 867-1333 Editor’s Note: In the July issue of MICRO (62:138) we (Dealer inquiries welcome) published a review called "Color Diskette Repair." Computerware has informed us that the correct name is "Disk Utilities with Repair” and the price is$ 2 4 .9 5 , not $31.95 as stated. JMCftO Save valuable time! 5 to 50 times faster performance than floppy disks and Winchester drives PION'S INTERSTELLAR DRIVE is designed for use with a family of interfaces and software packages. Currently avail able are interfaces for IBM, S100, TRS80, Apple, SS50, and most Z80 uP, and software for most popular operating systems. Additional interfaces are continually being developed for the most popular computers. SAVE MONEY! Basic Price for 256KB unit [Includes Interface and software] Increase your $1095. plus tax (where applicable) and shipping computer's productivity Visa and Master Card accepted. The INTERSTELLAR DRIVE is a high performance data storage subsystem with independent power PIO N #INC. Tel. (617)923-8009 supply, battery backup, and error detection. It has 101R Walnut St.,Watertown, MA 02172 256KB to 1 Megabyte of solid state memory integrated TRS80 trademark of Tandy Coip. Apple trademark of Apple Computers to perform with your operating system. Interstellar Drive trademark of PION, Inc. 140 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 m i SAVE ON. . . COMPUTERS • MONITORS PRINTERS • PERIPHERALS - SUPPLIES* STAR • Up To 160 cps *11x9 Matrix • Pinfeed Platen rfaisiaiasp. • Proportional Spacing • Graphics • Elite Pitch OMEGA SALE PRICED PRINTER • Centronics Parallel Interface • Internal 2 K Ram • DOTMATRIX C A A A NOW AVAILABLE FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY! A m M SALE ENDS 6/30/83 For Our Price...CALL 1-800-343-0873 TODAY! SAVE ON LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS DOT MATRIX PRINTER BARGAINS DIABLO 620 New Low Price ...... 929.00 C-ITOH PROWRITER 8510 A P ...... 399.00 DIABLO 630 w/API & cable ...... 1,749.00 IDS MICROPRISM 480 ...... 549.00 NEC 3510 SPINWRITER...... 1,399.00 OKIDATA MICROLINE 92 (NEW )...... 549.00 NEC 7710 SPINWRITER...... 2,045.00 OKIDATA MICROLINE 93 (NEW ) ...... 859.00 NEC 7730 SPINWRITER...... 2,095.00 BIG SAVINGS ON ACCESSORIES MONITOR SPECIALS FROM OMEGA HAYES SMARTMODEM 300 Baud...... 230.00 AMDEK 300 G ...... 139.00 HAYES MICROMODEM II (APPLE I I ) ...... 289.00 AMDEK 300 A ...... 165.00 MICROSOFT SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM . 459.00 NEC JB1260 ...... 119.00 ORANGE MICRO GRAPPLER + ...... 120.00 NEC JB1201 M ...... 169.00 PKASO PRINTER CARDS...... 129.00 USI Pi-2 12" GREEN MONITOR . 159.00 RANA ELITE I (APPLE I I ) ...... 299.00 USI Pi-3 12" AMBER M O NITO R. 179.00 SIGNALMAN MODEMS (MK I) As Low As . . 85.00 ACCESSORIES & SUPPLIES MAGNETIC MEDIA OMEGA Has A Complete Line of Accessories & OMEGA Stocks Diskettes by: Supplies for the Apple II ond many other • Dysan • Elephant • Maxell • Verbatim Popular Computers by manufacturers like: • D. C. Hayes • M icrosoft • Tymac • All Equipment Factory Fresh w / MFT Warranty • M & R Enterprises * Mountain Computers • Prices Do Not Include Shipping Charges • Kensington Microware • Practical Peripherals • Mass. Residents Add 5% Sales Tax • T.G. Products • Videx • All Returns Subject To Restocking Fee SOFTWARE Omega Caries Software by the follow ing CUSTOMER PICKUP NOW AVAILABLE companies: 334 R Cambridge St., Burlington, Mass. * PRICES, SPECIFICATIONS AND • Am erican Business Systems • Ashton Tate (617)229-6464 AVAILABILITY OF ADVERTISED • Dakin 5 • Innovotive Software • Microsoft MERCHANDISE SUBJECT TO • Sorcim • Stoneware • Visicorp CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE UNADVERTISED SPECIALS ON • COMREX • EPSON • NEC • IDS PRISM • OKIDATA OMEGA INTERNATIONAL 334 R CAMBRIDGE STREET, BURLINGTON, MA. 01803 DRIVE CAREFULLY. Apple II. Apple lie, Apple III and Disk III are registered //-SCI CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc. trademarks of Apple Computers Inc Pascal is a registered trademark of the Board of MICRO-SCI Regents, University of California, Micro-Sci is a Division ofStandun Controls, Inc. 2158 SOUTH HATHAWAY STREET • SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92705 • 714/662-2801 • TELEX: 910-346-6739 Advertiser’s Index Atari Program Exchange...... 119 Microspec...... 140 AB Computers...... 65 Microware Distributing...... 30,132,136 Acorn Software Systems...... 137 Midwest Micro...... 102 Addmaster...... 2 Modular Mining Software...... 80 Alternative Energy Products...... 79Modular Systems...... 136 Amdek...... 108,109 Momentum Software...... ; ...... 137 Amplify...... 14 Monarch Data Systems...... 18 Anthro-Digital Software...... 133 Moore Business Forms...... 22 Apple Tree Electronics...... 11 Nibble ...... 125 Arbutus Total Soft...... 78 Omega Sales International...... 141 Artisan Software...... 21 Percom Data...... 62 Artsci...... Cover II Performance Micro Products...... 14 Avalon H ill...... 139 Perry Peripherals...... 123 Avant-Garde Creations...... 84,85 Pion Inc...... 140 Check-Mate...... 97 Prime Computer...... 1 Commander Magazine...... 12 Professional Business Forms...... 10 CompuTech...... 99 Prometheus...... 27 Computer Entrepreneur...... 17 Protecto Enterprises...... 81 Computer Mail Order...... 116,117 Pterodactyl Software...... 13 Computer Marketing...... 9 Quality Computer...... 19 Computer Science Engineering...... 138 R H Electronics...... 115,118 Constellation Software...... 19 Richvale Telecommunications...... 142 Custom Computer Systems...... 55 Scientific Software...... 18 Communication Electronics...... 23 S G C ...... 71 Compress...... 41 Silicon Valley Systems...... 3,83 D & N Micro...... 77 S J B Distributors...... 114 Datamost, Inc...... 38,59 Skyles Electric Works...... 86 Don't Ask...... 26 Software T' Boot...... 138 Eastern House Software...... 25 Spectrum Projects...... 12 Estes Engineering...... 2 Star Micronics...... 35 Foxfire Systems...... 99The Bottom Line...... 110 Hollywood Software...... 130Vers a C omputing...... 131 Howard Sams &. Co...... 107 Victory Software...... 15 InComm...... 103 Wilsew Industries...... 68 Inter-Action...... 121 Winders & Geist Inc...... 105 Interesting Software...... 69 Zanim Systems...... 52,91 John Bell Engineering...... 47 Zytrex...... 10 King Microware...... 90 Leading Edge...... Cover III,Cover IVMICRO INK is not responsible foi claims made by its advertisers. Any com Manx Software...... 22 plaint should be submitted directly to the advertiser. Please also send writ Mercury Micro Inc...... 13 ten notification to MICRO. M icrosci...... 96 Home Office: National Advertising Bob Mackintosh, Advertising Manager Sheila McDonough, Advertising Representative Representatives 10 Northern Boulevard P.O. Box 6502 Amherst, NH 03031 West Coast: Mid-West Territory: The R.W. Walker Co., Inc. Thomas Knorr & Associates Gordon Carnie Thomas H. Knorr, Jr. 2716 Ocean Park Boulevard, Suite 1010, 333 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 403 Santa Monica, California 90405 (213) 450-9001 Chicago, Illinois 60601 (312) 726-2633 serving: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, serving: Ohio, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, North Dakota, South New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Alaska, and Hawaii Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, (also British Columbia and Alberta, Canada) Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. No. 64 - September 1983 MICRO 143 NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS...NEWS. • • The First Annual International Apple, IBM-PC Fair will be held Saturday and Sunday, September 24 and 25, 1983. The event is co-sponsored by the Big Apple User’s Group, The New York IBM Personal Computer User’s Group, and The United Nations International School. The two-day show will be at the United Nations International School located at 23rd Street and East River Drive (next to Waterside) from 10:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. IBM and Apple personal computer hardware and software will be on display and for sale. Seminars featuring games, computer languages, business applications, computer graphics, stock market analysis, scientific applications and data base management will be held. A Swap Room featuring software and hardware will also be open. A children’s workshop run by children and only for children will be a highlight of the fair. For more information contact Big Apple Users Group, P.O. Box 490, Bowling Green Station, New York, NY 10274. • • Computer Showcase Expo has announced its schedule of computer shows for the Fall. The following shows will be held September 22-25,1983: New York (New York Coliseum), Detroit (Cobo Hall), Atlanta (Atlanta Apparel Mart). The San Francisco show (Brooks Hall) will be held September 29-October 2. Contact The Interface Group, Inc., 300 First Ave., Needham, MA 02194. • «The Fourth Annual Conference on Classroom Applications of Computers will be held October 7-8,1983, at Independence High School, San Jose, CA. This conference, designed exclusively for educators, offers field trips, workshops, seminars, lectures, commercial exhibits, seminars, and demonstrations. For more information contact Computer-Using Educators, P.O. Box 18547, San Jose, CA 95158. • •Electronic Fun Expo, New York’s first state-of-the-art consumer electronics show, is slated for November 3-6, 1983, at the New York Coliseum. The show’s sponsor, Electronic Fun Magazine, expects attendance to reach 60,000. For more information contact Electronic Fun Magazine, 350 East 81st St., New York, NY 10028. • .Teachers from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania are invited to demonstrate and observe how teachers use computers in their classrooms atTC/TC, a Teachers College conference on Teaching with Computers, Saturday, November 19, at Teachers College/Columbia University. Sixty teachers are expected to present computer-based lessons that they have developed during the one-day conference. Teachers who would like to demonstrate a teaching-with-computers curriculum should write to Professor Mary Alice White, Box 227, Teachers College/Columbia University, New York, NY 10027. Teachers who wish to attend the conference may write or call The Office of Continuing Education, Box 132. Teachers College/Columbia University, New York, NY 10027; (212) 678-3065. Admission is $15. • • Softcon, a trade show and conference for the software Industry, will be held February 21-23,1984, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. Attendees will include buyers, sellers, developers, and marketers of software. For more information contact Northeast Expositions, 822 Boylstoh, St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167. • • A software company president offers these four pointers for parents buying educational software for their children: make sure the game meets its educational objective; check for visual and entertainment value; determine whether or not the game is easy to use and understand; decide whether or not the game will remain valuable even after it is mastered; look over the documentation and manuals — they should be playful and entertaining as well. Thanks to Bruce Zweig of Lightning Software for these tips. • • More than one third of all households using computers do not have children, according to a report from TALMIS, an information and consulting service for the microcomputer industry. The report also said that VIC-20, Atari 400, and Tl 99/4 users are most likely to have children; VIC-20 users have the most children and Tl 99/4 users have the most children under six. • • . N E W S 144 MICRO No. 64 - September 1983 You’ve got the loot... now, GETAWAY! to a great It’s a ll there! The squall of sirens, the crazy new game from the Atari® Program Exchange! turns down endless city streets, the anxious search for ill-gotten gain, the race against time for a safe place to stash your cash! Now your gas tank is nearly empty and night is about to fall. The coppers are closing in fast. Before you learn again that crime doesn’t pay...Quick! GETAWAY! Ask fo r GETAWAY! at your local Atari software retailer, or order direct. Phone 800-538-1862, or * 800-672-1850 in California. Or write Atari Program 4. Exchange, P.O. Box 3705, Santa Clara, CA 95055. Cassette (410) APX-10195 32K $29.95 Diskette (810) APX-20195 32K $29.95 i t For direct orders, add $2.50. You’re in for a nasty spell... unless you stop the Typos! In the dusky world beneath your uh, proze...prrrose...Oh NO! THE keyboard the gruesome Typos dwell TYPOS!!! Get TYPO ATTACK, a ...waiting to attack! Term paperdue grand and glorious game from tomorrow? Gotto get that book re Atari® Program Exchange. It might port typed? Fool! The Typos will even improve your typing! devour your letters as you type! Ask fo r TYPO ATTACK at your local Atari That could spell D-O-O-M-E for software retailer, or order direct. Phone 800- you! 538-1862, or 800-672-1850 in California. Or write Atari Program Exchange, P.O. Box Before you start typing, get down 3705, Santa Clara, CA 95055. to the real work: destroy the Typos Cassette (410): APX-10180 8K $29.95 before they destroy your proase... Diskette (810): APX-20180 16K $29.95 For direct orders, add $2.50. TRUNKS FOR THE MEMORES. Introducing the most logical place to store And, it’s portable. Because the lid doubles Elephant Memory Systems® (or lesser brands as a carrying handle so your Elephant Memory of aisks): The Trunk. Systems® disks can go anywhere you do. With its alphabetized library index, you can There’s a model for 51/4" and 8" floppies, as file or retrieve up to 60 disks, instantly. well as a cassette-and-game file and a special The Trunk is made of durable molded Atari® version. plastic with a hinged, one-piece lid, to keep So if you’re looking for the best disk storage disks safe from dust, dirt, and other detriments system on the market... which disks despise. The Trunk is an open-and-shut case. THE TRUNK. ENDORSED DY ELEPHANTS. Elephant Memory Systems^' Disks A full line of top-quality floppies, in virtually every 5'// and 8" model, for compatibility with virtually every computer on the market. Guaranteed to meet or exceed every industry standard, certified 100% error-free and problem-free, and to maintain its quality for at least 12 million passes lor over a life-time of heavy-duty use). Marketed exclusively by Leading Edge Products, Information Systems and Supplied Division, 55 Providence Highway, Norwood, MA 02062. Dealers: Call toll-free 1-800-343-8413-, or in Massachusetts, call collect (617) 769-8150. >#256: REM LOW BVTE space if a character to be compressed is 5900 BA=BA+2 6000 RETURN not contained in AL$. You might want 6100 REM 6200 REM ONE WAV TO CONVEV TEXT TO THE COMPRESSION PROGRAM this default to be another value. The 6300 REM IS VIA DATA STATEMENTS AS SHOWN BELOW... test for S greater than 65535 in line 6400 REM 6500 DATA •' LIBRA V% - Holds indices into AL$ 2500 NEXT J ET - Pointer to end of text plus one 2600 BA=Bft+2 2700 REM in memory 2800 REM RECREATE ORIGINAL TEXT 2900 REM 3000 FOR J=1 TO 3 3100 PRINT MIO*