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Lauren J. Davies The development of a Holocene cryptotephra framework in northwestern North America by Lauren J. Davies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta © Lauren J. Davies, 2018 Abstract This thesis contributes to the development of a cryptotephra framework in northwestern North America, providing the initial data for the construction of a regional cryptotephra framework where key cryptotephra layers (those which are widely distributed, easily correlated, and have well constrained chronological control) are identified for use as chronostratigraphic tools. Three aims are outlined: addressing geographical gaps for cryptotephra records in northwestern Canada; defining regionally significant cryptotephra beds that can be used to improve local and regional s chronologies; and demonstrating the potential for cryptotephra as isochrons in the area. Previous knowledge of cryptotephra in the area and any tephra with potential to be transported and preserved distally is summarised, including reference geochemical major element glass datasets and Bayesian age modelling of quality-assessed bounding dates. Previously published data is reviewed and supplemented using new data produced at the University of Alberta. This represents an important summary and evaluation of tephra data for nineteen beds from Alaska and the Yukon. A new cryptotephra record covering ~10,400 cal yr BP is presented from a soligenic peatland in north-central Yukon. Seventy-five tephra peaks are identified during the Holocene, and detailed discussion, including modelled ages and geochemical major element glass datasets, is given for fifty-two samples representing sixty-four geochemical populations. A total of thirty-four tephra identified have a combination of significant glass concentrations, distinctive geochemical data, useful stratigraphic positions/timings, and potential correlation to other known records over a wide area. These beds are important contributions to the regional tephrostratigraphy. ii Chronological data for three methods commonly used to date peatland archives (14C, 210Pb and cryptotephra) are compared at six sites in northern and central Alberta. Consistent offsets between 14C and 210Pb dates are identified at five of these sites before the 1960s. Historical cryptotephra, reported here for the first time in Alberta, are used as an independent check of these methods. They also contribute complementary data to ecological interpretations of changes in peat accumulation rate (e.g. local fires, permafrost development, water availability) that are included as boundaries in the final age-depth models. Bayesian modelling of the resulting data using the P_Sequence function of OxCal v4.2 produces improved age models at four of the sites. All data are synthesised in Chapter 5 and a comparative cryptotephra stratigraphy is produced using the records published across North America. Appendices are included here in the text; supplementary Tables and Figures are deposited as digital files through Dataverse. iii Preface Chapter 2 of this thesis has been published as “Davies, L.J., Jensen, B.J.L., Froese, D.G., Wallace, K.L., 2016. Late Pleistocene and Holocene tephrostratigraphy of interior Alaska and Yukon: Key beds and chronologies over the past 30,000 years. Invited review, Quaternary Science Reviews, 146: 28-53”. I was responsible for the literature review, data analysis, producing Bayesian age-depth models, and lead authorship of the manuscript. D.G. Froese was the supervisory author and was involved with concept formation and manuscript composition. Tephra data from the reference collection at the University of Alberta was produced by B.J.L. Jensen, who also contributed to manuscript composition. K.L. Wallace provided reference material for analysis at the University of Alberta and geochemical data produced at the Alaska Volcano Observatory. All co-authors read and provided comments on the manuscript. Chapter 3 of this thesis is in preparation for publication in Quaternary Science Reviews. I was responsible for sample preparation and laboratory analyses, data analysis, and lead authorship of the manuscript. D.G. Froese read and provided comments on the manuscript Chapter 4 of this thesis is accepted for publication pending minor revisions with Quaternary Geochronology as “Davies, L.J., Froese, D.G., Appleby, P.G., Jensen, B.J.L., Magnan, G., Mullan-Bordreau, G., Noernberg, T., Shotyk, W., van Bellen, S., Zaccone, C. High-resolution Bayesian age modelling of peat bogs from northern Alberta, Canada, using pre- and post-bomb 14C, 210Pb and tephrochronology”. This work is part of a larger international research collaboration led by W. Shotyk from the Department of Renewable Resources at the University of Alberta. I was responsible for evaluating the chronological data, creating and testing multiple iterations of Bayesian age-depth models, analysing the final research data, and lead authorship of the manuscript. D.G. Froese was involved with concept formation, 14C dating and manuscript writing. Core collection and processing were undertaken by T. Noerenberg. Data for environmental histories were supplied by G. Magnan, G. Mullan-Bordreau, S. van Bellen and C. Zaccone. Data for 210Pb age models were provided by P.G. Appleby and reference tephra data were provided by B.J.L. Jensen. All co-authors read and provided comments on the manuscript. The introductory statements in Chapter 1 and concluding analysis in Chapter 5 are my own original work. iv This thesis is dedicated to my family - without them I wouldn’t be where, or who, I am today. v Acknowledgements In September 2011 I was hiking in the Peak District, a well-earned break after finishing my MSc project, and at the top of an inland cliff my phone gained signal for long enough to receive an email with details of a cryptotephra project in Edmonton, Alberta. I could never have imagined what that would lead to. Since that time, and going forward from here, I feel inexpressibly grateful for the support and guidance from my supervisor. Thank you, Duane, for your patience, for the multitude of opportunities you’ve provided me with, and for helping me learn to see beyond the fine details. I am also indebted with thanks to Britta – although we haven’t geographically overlapped for a large part of my time here in Edmonton, we may have discussed data and distal tephra records enough for a lifetime of work already. Thank you for always understanding my frustrations, and for helping me develop from a geographer to something approaching more of an earth scientist! Further thanks to the members of my supervisory committee, and those involved in both my candidacy exam and final defence: Thomas Stachel, Alex Wolfe, David Olefeldt, Siwan Davies, Alwynne Beaudoin and Charlie Schweger. I deeply appreciate you taking the time to be involved in and support my development as a graduate student. This project has overlapped several subject areas and taken me beyond my comfort zone, and I value the opinions and insights provided to keep me focused and prepared for the challenges I’ve come across. This research was made possible through funding for fieldwork costs in 2013 awarded by the Geological Society of America (GSA) and Canadian Circumpolar Institute (CCI), and long-term grants from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council and Canada Research Chairs program to Duane Froese. Thanks also to the University of Alberta, Nature and Environment Research Council (NERC), National Science Foundation (NSF), Quaternary Research Association (QRA), International Quaternary Association (INQUA), American Geophysical Union (AGU), Canadian Quaternary Association (CANQUA) and GSA for numerous grants and awards that have allowed me to travel and participate in conferences, workshops and courses across North America and the UK. These have been integral to my development as a researcher and I am deeply grateful for the experiences. This whole body of work could not have been completed without help at every stage – thanks to all of those involved with core collection from the DHP174 site: Alberto Reyes and Joel Pumple initially in 2012 and Sasiri Bandara, Matt Mahony, Trevor Porter and Ann Hammad subsequently in 2013. Thanks to Sasiri Bandara and Kasia Staniszewska for their help and assistance in the lab with core subsampling and sample processing. Although it was not originally planned as part of my thesis, I’m very grateful for the opportunity to collaborating with many researchers studying peat bogs in northern and central Alberta – many thanks for the insights and discussion (and data!) provided by Bill Shotyk, Peter Appleby, Tommy Noernberg, Simon van Bellen, Gabriel Magnan, Claudio Zaccone, Gillian Mullan-Bordreau and members of the SWAMP lab. vi I would like to acknowledge the support and input of the scientists who have provided tephra from their studies over many years to develop the University of Alberta tephra database. Specific thanks in relation to my work are addressed to Kristi Wallace and Vera Ponomareva, and thanks for proximal samples and data provided by Tom Ager, Judith Fierstein, Eric Carson, John Fournelle, Game McGimsey and Katherine Mulliken. Special thanks to Andrew Locock for his support in the production of EPMA data (no matter how many new issues the JEOL presented). Quite generally, I would like to recognise both the cryptotephra community and the UK Quaternary community– thank you to all
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