Jak Napsat Formalistickou Analýzu Filmu

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Jak Napsat Formalistickou Analýzu Filmu Masarykova universita Filozofická fakulta Ústav filmu a audiovizuální kultury Lukáš Pešák PADOUCH MR. HOLLYWOOD Wrestler jako dominantní složka hvězdného obrazu Andyho Kaufmana mezi lety 1979-1984 BAKALÁŘSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Brno 2017 Prohlášení o samostatnosti: Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím všech uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Brně dne 23. ledna 2017 …………………………………… Lukáš Pešák Poděkování: velmi rád poděkoval především Mgr. Šárce Gmitterkové, za to, že se ujala vedení mojí práce, za její cenné rady a podněty. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat Pavlíně Andresové za pomoc při jazykové přípravě. Nemalý dík patří též ostatním blízkým, kteří mě při psaní jakkoli podporovali. OBSAH 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Teoreticko-metodologický úvod........................................................................................ 2 2.1. Význam metodologie výzkumu hvězd a hvězdných systémů - Star studies ........ 2 2.2. Filmová hvězda jako sociální fenomén a jako významný prvek produkce .......... 3 2.3. Složky herectví v jevištní i běžné prezentaci ....................................................... 4 2.4. Wrestling jako forma hereckého vystoupení postav................................................... 7 3. Kontextuální úvod ....................................................................................................... 9 3.1. Rozdělení Kaufmanovy kariéry ......................................................................... 10 3.1.2. Cizincovo období (1972-1979) .......................................................................... 10 3.1.3. Cliftonovo období (1979-1984) ......................................................................... 14 3.2. Interpretace Kaufmanovy kariéry v Muži na Měsíci ................................................ 17 3.3. Kategorizace Kaufmanových postav ........................................................................ 18 4. Wrestler jako složka hvězdného obrazu Andyho Kaufmana ..................................... 21 4.1. Wrestling se ženami – celonárodní pobouření a vzestup zájmu o Wrestlera ........... 23 4.2. Počátky konfliktu s Jerry Lawlerem – testování autenticity mužského wrestlingu . 31 4.3. Na hraně komické kariéry – plnohodnotná kariéra padoucha .................................. 38 4.4. My Breakfast with Blassie – rozhovor dvou odpadlých padouchů ........................... 43 5. Závěr .......................................................................................................................... 57 Anglické resumé .................................................................................................................. 62 České resumé ....................................................................................................................... 63 6. Filmografie ...................................................................................................................... 64 6.1. Filmy ......................................................................................................................... 64 6.2. Televizní pořady ....................................................................................................... 64 6.3. Televizní seriály ....................................................................................................... 65 6.4. Videa z internetu ....................................................................................................... 65 7. Bibliografie a citované literatura ..................................................................................... 66 7.1. Monografie a citace ze sborníků ............................................................................... 66 7.2. Periodika ................................................................................................................... 67 7.3. Internetové články a dokumenty............................................................................... 67 7.4. Databáze ................................................................................................................... 69 8. Soupis obrazových materiálů........................................................................................... 70 1. Úvod Komik Andy Kaufman patřil mezi nejkontroverznější představitele americké popkulturní scény 70.-80. let. Neustálou snahou šokovat diváka a okázalými šovinistickými gesty se však sám z žánru komedie vyřazoval. Ztělesňoval namísto toho specifickou formu hvězdné slávy založenou na popírání vlastní identity a zmatečné práci s fiktivními dramatickými postavami. To z něj činí zajímavý případ pro metodologii star studies, jejíž možnosti rozeberu v teoreticko-metodologickém úvodu. Jednou z oblastí zájmu tohoto typu filmových studií je Kaufmanem neustále problematizovaný vztah mezi hvězdným obrazem, hercem, postavou a divákem. Za vrchol Kaufmanovy práce v tomto směru považuji jeho wrestlerské alter-ego, jež nakonec ohrozilo i jeho samotnou pozici hvězdy. Pro srozumitelnost označuji tuto postavu v textu jako Wrestlera, i když nenesla žádný stálý oficiální název. Zatímco úspěch ostatních Kaufmanových postav byl založen na neporušitelnosti jejich svérázných identit, u Wrestlera se stávalo rozlišení hranice mezi postavou a hercem složitější. Jeho rozličné podoby lze chápat jako přenesené role z wrestlingových spektáklů. Wrestler se jako tzv. padouch objevoval napříč mediálními texty, sportovními utkáními a dokonce také v samostatném filmu. Všude odkrýval divákovi budování fasád při jevištní i běžné interakci. Analýza průniků těchto různých textů může následovat až po stanovení míry, nakolik byl Kaufman během své kariéry hvězdou a po kategorizaci jeho postav. Při interpretaci použiji mimo jiné i vlivný životopisný film Muž na Měsíci1, který přispívá díky zákulisním informacím k novému čtení dřívě nespatřovaných významů Kaufmanova hvězdného obrazu. V hlavní části práce se pokusím zjistit, jak se Wrestler vypořádal s výzvou, jež pro něj znamenaly přechody z televizního na filmové médium. Obě média využíval při tvorbě a manipulaci svého hvězdného obrazu směrem k úpadku hvězdnosti. Kromě různých hereckých poloh kolísal také mezi prezentačním a reprezentačním módem. Zejména z nezávislého filmu My Breakfast with Blassie2 bude patrné, že ho filmový formát neomezoval ve vytváření otázek reality a fikce hereckého výkonu. V závěru zhodnotím možnosti zvolené metody star studies a přidružených nástrojů, ve zmapování případu této extrémní formy hvězdného obrazu. Zajímá mě, jak rozebraný obraz Wrestlera poskytuje adekvátní způsob nazírání na Kaufmanovu performanci v diskusním filmu My Breakfast with Blassie. 1 Muž na Měsíci (Man on the Moon, Miloš Forman, USA/Velká Británie / Německo/Japonsko, 1999) 2 My Breakfast with Blassie (Linda Lautrec, Johny Legend, Mark Shepard, USA, 1983) 1 2. Teoreticko-metodologický úvod 2.1. Význam metodologie výzkumu hvězd a hvězdných systémů - Star studies Star studies jsou jednou z odnoží filmových studií, které nabyly na významu v 70. letech. Zabývaly se totiž novými oblastmi výzkumu a přišly také s novou metodologií. Důvody, proč se vůbec zabývat filmovými a televizními hvězdami mohou být jak sociologické, tak sémiologické.3 Je dobré se ptát, k jakým účelům společnost hvězdy využívá (zdroj inspirace, humoru, módního trendu apod.).4 Filmový průmysl podle hvězd plánuje tvorbu jednotlivých filmů, včetně jejich propagace.5 Celý studiový systém totiž závisí na hvězdách jako na zásadních komoditách vlastní ekonomiky, k čemuž se přidružuje problematika uzavírání smluv a určité míry kontroly ze strany studií.6 Hlavní přednosti star studies spatřuji v pohledu na hvězdu mimo textové analýzy jednotlivých filmů, protože stejně důležité jsou v konstrukci hvězdného obrazu další aspekty hvězdné kariéry (zákulisní informace, články, propagační materiály, fanouškovské ohlasy apod.). Cílem takovýchto analýz není odhalení přesného a definitivního významu hvězdy, ale naopak hledání více významů pro různé typy publika.7 Vývoj hvězdného obrazu a jeho zlomové body se sledují v čase. Přínosné je rozebíraní úpadku hvězdnosti např. vlivem nedostatku nových podnětů nebo naopak jejich nekonzistentností. Forma hvězdného obrazu, její významy v konkrétním čase jsou definovány i mimofilmovou aktivitou hvězdy. Tyto významy se potom využívají při interpretaci konkrétních filmů, v nichž hvězda vystupuje. Star studies tedy zkoumají reprezentativní potenciál hvězd v kontextu různých dobových ideálů, představ a stereotypů; dále se o hvězdy zajímá z hlediska hereckého výkonu, produkce a recepce. Z toho mě zajímá u Kaufmana nejvíce jeho reprezentativní potenciál. 3 Dyer, Richard (1998, second edition): Stars. London: BFI Publishing, s. 1. 4 Schingler, Martin (2012): Star Studies: A Critical Guide. London: BFI Publishing, s. 3. 5 Schingler, Martin (2012): Star Studies: A Critical Guide. London: BFI Publishing, s. 9. 6 Jak cituje Jeanine Basinger ve své publikaci Schingler, Martin (2012): Star Studies: A Critical Guide. London: BFI Publishing, s. 99-100. 7 Schingler, Martin (2012): Star Studies: A Critical Guide. London: BFI Publishing, s. 20. 2 2.2. Filmová hvězda jako sociální fenomén a jako významný prvek produkce Ze všeho nejdříve si definuji, co znamená být hvězdou. Hvězda představuje sociální fenomén – privilegovanou skupinou, která nebudí veřejný odpor (protože se jí může stát teoreticky každý), ale naopak je o ni veliký zájem.8 Tento zájem platí na plátně i mimo něj, čímž se
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