ENGAGED
ENCOUNTERS

Thinking about Forces, Fields and Friendships with Monique Nuijten

edited by:

Elisabet Dueholm Rasch Oscar Salemink Bram Büscher Michiel Köhne

Wageningen Academic P u b l i s h e r s

Engaged Encounters

ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS

Thinking about Forces, Fields and Friendships with Monique Nuijten

edited by:

Elisabet Dueholm Rasch Oscar Salemink Bram Büscher Michiel Köhne

Wageningen Academic P u b l i s h e r s

Buy a print copy of this book at:

www.WageningenAcademic.com/encounters

EAN: 9789086863563 e-EAN: 9789086869091 ISBN: 978-90-8686-356-3

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Wageningen Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 220, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.

www.WageningenAcademic.com copyright@WageningenAcademic.com

e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-909-1
DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-909-1

About the cover

The cover is inspired by a picture from
Monique Nuijten’s photo archive. It was, most probably, taken somewhere between 1991 and 1994 by Pieter de Vries, in La Canoa (Mexico) during Monique’s fieldwork. It features a farmer, who was one of the key informants for Monique at that time, with his wife.

The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors.

First published, 2020

The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a result of content derived from this publication.

© Wageningen Academic Publishers
The Netherlands, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Introduction: Encountering and Engaging Monique Nuijten
• 9

Bram Büscher, Michiel Köhne, Elisabet Dueholm Rasch and Oscar Salemink

• PART 1: THEORETICAL ENCOUNTERS
• 13

1. Capturing law: Monique Nuijten’s contribution to the study of plural legal

• ordering
• 15

Keebet von Benda-Beckmann

2. Organizing practices, property, and social movements: an impressive contribution to sociology of development, political and legal anthropology

Dik Roth

19 25 29
3. A conversation with Monique Nuijten

Gavin Smith

4. Navigating Nyamaropa: the significance of local forms of organisation

Paul Hebinck

5. Power, community and the state: an enduring classic of anthropology and

• development
• 37

41

David Lewis

6. Citizenship and political agency in Latin America

Sian Lazar

• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS
• 5

Table of contents

7. Neglect and the imaginations of care; some brief thoughts inspired by

• Monique Nuijten’s work
• 45

49 55 61

Julia Eckert

8. Esperanza y política

José Luis Escalona Victoria

9. Anthropology of the state and contemporary state-building

Georg Frerks

10. Hope

Joost Jongerden

11. e Pacific ‘Hope-Generating Machine’: negotiating development in

• Solomon Islands
• 69

Stephanie Ketterer Hobbis

12. Monique Nuijten and the ‘hope-generating machine’ in the time of Covid-19 73

David Mosse

13. Force fields surrounding trophy hunting in Namibia: generating hope with

• economic benefits for the San of Namibia?
• 77

Stasja Koot

14. About force fields, Foucault, and governance: Monique Nuijten’s

• contribution to legal anthropology
• 83

87

Han van Dijk

15. e little voice inside your head: Nuijten, introspection and political agency

Bram Büscher

• 16. Suffering from force fields
• 91

Michiel Köhne

• 17. ‘Urban Nuijten’: theory, ethics, and commitment in the academy
• 97

Arturo Escobar

• 18. Old and new urban questions
• 103

Robert Coates

• 6
• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS

Table of contents

• PART 2: COLLEGIAL ENCOUNTERS
• 109

• 19. Interview with Monique in the actor-oriented express
• 111

Gerard Verschoor

20. Fearless intellectual reinvention: Monique Nuijten and being an

• expansive academic
• 117

121 123

Dennis Rodgers

21. Ontwikkelen doe je zelf

Leontine Visser

22. Hope generation among refugees and migrants

Dorothea Hilhorst

23. De studie van ontwikkeling; nieuwe energie te midden van universitaire

• crisis rond 1984
• 127

135

Philip Quarles van Ufford

24. Fear and fantasy in social movements – and in the research about them

Stine Krøijer

25. Pushing resistance and representation: opening pathways for scholar-activists 141

Jessica Duncan

• 26. Monique Nuijten and ethics of care as a roadmap for engaged scholarship
• 147

153 157 161

Elisabet Dueholm Rasch

27. Feeling like a political anthropologist

Rivke Jaffe

28. Looking for hope in a world of struggle

Martijn Koster

29. On storytelling in education – Monique as inspiration

Jessica de Koning

• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS
• 7

Table of contents

• PART 3: PERSONAL ENCOUNTERS
• 165

• 30. Taking practice seriously
• 167

Gemma van der Haar

• 31. e ethnography of power and the power of ethnography
• 171

175

Jilles van Gastel

32. Vrouwen in de wetenschap

Nuray Tümer

33. Finding your way as a young adolescent aſter graduation – and reflections on the role my teacher/supporter/friend Monique Nuijten played in my search 177

Lynn van Leerzem

• 34. Onze leuke en leerzame samenwerking
• 179

183 185 187 189 191 197 205

Maritza Bode Bakker

35. Monique Nuijten – uma orientadora a ser seguida

Augusto Antonio Campelo Cabral and Mônica Valéria dos Santos Cabral

36. Mirar como Monique Nuijten

Ernesto Martínez Fernández

37. Sharing office

Regnar Kristensen

38. e skill of writing observations: what Monique taught me

Edwin Rap

39. Monique Nuijten as a hope generator in contrarious force fields

Oscar Salemink

40. e pleasure of narrating lives: Monique as a passionate ethnographer

Pieter de Vries

Academic publications Monique Nuijten

• 8
• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS

INTRODUCTION: ENCOUNTERING AND ENGAGING MONIQUE NUIJTEN

Bram Büscher, Michiel Köhne, Elisabet Dueholm Rasch and Oscar Salemink

Engaged encounters

Engaged encounters define the life and work of Monique Nuijten, the eminent scholar to whom this festschriſt is dedicated. From her academic home base in Wageningen,

the Netherlands to the various countries in Latin America and Europe where she conducted field research, Nuijten embodies the ideal of a politically engaged

ethnographer who is able to combine astute empirical observations with innovative

conceptual interventions. For many colleagues around the world she also exemplifies an engaged collegiality that is nothing short of exemplary. ose who had the privilege to work closely with Monique Nuijten can all testify to her innate ability to combine the political and collegial with the personal in a way that oſten led to warm friendships.

e contributions to this book showcase these three principal dimensions of engaged encounters, which in Nuijten’s work emerge as three interconnected but distinct foci.

On the most abstract level, ‘engaged encounters’ appear as a way of being in and thinking

about the world. Being in the world is oſten understood as a state (of mind, of being).

is state is dynamic but at the same time oſten experienced as static, as something that

holds a particular permanence or essence. is classic idea of static being and thinking

• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS
• 9

Bram Büscher, Michiel Köhne, Elisabet Dueholm Rasch and Oscar Salemink

holds little resonance for Monique Nuijten. While she would acknowledge certain

permanences, Nuijten always stresses the relational in her work whereby people on

different levels and within different institutions are, first and foremost, embodiments

of historical, contemporary and future encounters. Persons exist in and through

encounters across time and space, and these are necessarily engaged in that they involve

historical, political and personal stakes. ese encounters shape the institutions and organisations that people create and inhabit, as well as their everyday practices.

is distinction between institutions and organisations and how these are enacted in daily life is another key focus of Monique Nuijten’s work. is leads us to the second way to approach ‘engaged encounter’, namely as a political way of interacting. Engaged encounters are always political encounters. Because actors have fundamental stakes in the encounters that make up their world, they necessarily partake in these politically.

eir interests conjoin with others and with historical and contemporary contexts to become force fields. In these force fields that constitute their life-worlds along

intertwined structural and personal dimensions, actors engage affectively as well as

strategically: thinking through and about the forces that impact their lives, which simultaneously infuses their actions. Engaged encounters thus become political in

two ways: as structural forms of organisation and as modes of agency. Together they

entwine the regularities and irregularities, the forms of domination and facilitation,

and the expectations and apathies that characterise real-world interactions.

ird, ‘engaged encounters’ concern self-definition and self-reflection, in relation to

two central Nuijtenian conceptualisations of the world: the world as a whole, the one

we all create together and in which we encounter each other; and the life-world of

the persons that embody and enact these broader connections. As people define and reflect on the world around them and how their own life-world fits within this broader

environment, they themselves come to embody engaged encounters. is dimension of

engaged encounters is therefore also a question of identity and culture, of the complex

entanglements of persons and collectives. In other words, the reflective self sits uneasily

between, but also connects, the two worlds as an engaged encounter in and of itself, and

necessarily ends up stretching the personal to also encompass the collective.

Monique Nuijten’s life and work express these three dimensions of ‘engaged encounters’

– the theoretical, the collegial and the personal – that structure the three parts of this

festschriſt. As many of the ensuing contributions emphasise, theory for Nuijten is

intensely personal, as is her scholarship more generally. is we refer to as ‘the collegial’,

not just to underline her close way of working with academic colleagues, but especially

to emphasise the meaning of collegiality as reciprocal and mutual. Nuijten believes that

the people that we live, interact and engage with during fieldwork should be approached

as colleagues with whom the researcher develops reciprocal bonds of mutuality, rather

than respondents or – more technocratically – ‘research subjects’. is is not to say

that these bonds are equal or equanimous. ey are, again and always, political – but bonds nonetheless; bonds between colleagues and as such also between theory and the

personal. In practice, however, and perhaps precisely because of Nuijten’s insistence

• 10
• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS

Introduction

on the political, she has been able to develop forms of mutuality and reciprocity with

colleagues and people encountered during fieldwork that oſten turned into lasting

friendships, as the forty contributions to this festschriſt, all in their own way, attest.

e three parts of the book follow the three approaches to engaged encounters and

relatedly situate Monique Nuijten’s work in between forces, fields and friendships.

In the next section we briefly examine the insights, questions and themes to which

this leads.

Theoretical, collegial and personal encounters

e 40 chapters in this book are loosely organised in three parts focused on theoretical,

collegial and personal encounters – ‘loosely’, because the distinctions between these

are oſtentimes spurious, and many contributions in fact show the deep connections

between them in Monique Nuijten’s scholarship. At the same time and informed by the

specific and unique encounters they have had with Nuijten’s work or her personally, the

authors emphasise different aspects of her scholarship that we aimed to capture under the three headings of theoretical, collegial and personal encounters. So, what are some of the main insights, questions or themes that come to the fore in the three parts?

e first and most voluminous part on theoretical encounters contains eighteen

contributions, which range from reflections on Monique Nuijten’s contributions to our

understanding of organising practices and legal anthropology to engagements with her

more recent work on ‘the urban’; via reflections on the state, development and hope,

and force fields. Quite a few authors emphasise and engage with Nuijten’s two most

influential concepts, namely development as a ‘hope-generating machine’ and that of ‘force fields’. One key insight that emerges is that these two concepts are most fruitfully

seen together: namely that it is precisely within environments infused with politics

and power that processes of development come to define not just more standard ideas of ‘progress’ or growth but that for many people they translate into bureaucratic and

institutional forms that offer, and themselves come to depend on the idea of, hope.

Another insight is that these forms connect and transcend the rural and the urban in ways that fundamentally change how we think about those categories.

e second part comprises eleven chapters assembled under the rubric of collegial

encounters. e background insight of this part derives from the fact that universities are – unfortunately but not surprisingly – replete with troublesome stories about fierce

competition, arrogance, indifference, gossip, envy and even back-stabbing or worse.

Against these and other deeply problematic aspects of modern-day academia, radically

different, engaged forms of collegiality and scholarship, such as those practiced by

Nuijten, stand out. What is especially apparent from the chapters is that Nuijten’s way of being in the world is very much in line with her ethnography and theorisation. e

image that emerges from these chapters is of a scholar who can be razor sharp and

confrontational in her observations and comments, while remaining humble, warm

• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS
• 11

Bram Büscher, Michiel Köhne, Elisabet Dueholm Rasch and Oscar Salemink

and kind. is, as many of us know, is rare: combining and embodying reciprocity,

mutuality and generosity in ways that make others feel at ease, while not shying away

from frictions or the troublesome aspects of the force field of academia that needs

highlighting. In that sense, Nuijten herself quite literally embodies ‘hope-generation’:

defying bureaucratic structures and impositions in a time when higher education is

marked by intense neoliberalisation and the troubled work-floor tensions and pressures

to which this has led over the last 30 years.

e third part contains eleven encounters where the personal, the political and the

scholarly merge most concretely in Monique Nuijten-as-person. e authors draw on their personal encounters with, and recollections of, Monique to draw a multi-faceted

but consistent picture of her as an inspiring colleague, mentor, supervisor, friend and – in one case – life partner, whose embodied scholarship is an integrated part

of her life. Despite her own eschewing of the epithet of ‘feminist’, Monique emerges

as a female role model for many younger colleagues. e chapters also show that as

Monique herself navigated and combined the various intellectual, societal, political and

personal roles in her daily life she was open about the frictions that come with them. is quality of bringing out tensions and frictions in a way that makes acknowledging

and dealing with them possible and oſten easier enabled Monique to consistently

lighten up the force fields in which she moved while making a lasting mark on her

friends and colleagues as well as on the knowledge they produce.

Clarifying differences, crossing boundaries

As is clear from the foregoing, the three dimensions of engaged encounters, and the book parts that arise from these, morph into each other and define each other. If they can be distinguished at all, they certainly cannot be separated. Yet what is remarkable about Monique Nuijten’s work is that this does not lead to fuzzy analyses. In crossing

boundaries, Nuijten clarifies differences, makes them political and places them in

broader frameworks of power. rough key concepts and interventions, such as force fields and development as a hope-generating machine, Monique Nuijten clarifies for

many of us how engaged encounters may seem fuzzy and crystal clear at the same time:

fuzzy because of how they connect different areas of concern; and clear by showing

that the stakes of variegated encounters lead some actors – research participants, but also colleagues, students and friends – to benefit and others to be marginalised. is, then, is the final insight we want to highlight for the reader who moves through the

ensuing parts and chapters: in political force fields, the relational as it develops through

theoretical, collegial and personal encounters cannot be an analytical end in itself.

Rather: in our analyses, it must illuminate the stakes involved in and through these

encounters to highlight, open up and resist forms of oppression and domination. is and many other insights from Nuijten’s life and work highlighted by the contributors

have enriched development sociology in ways that – is our staunch hope! – will

continue to encounters by generations of scholars to come.

• 12
• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS

PART 1:

THEORETICAL ENCOUNTERS

In which eighteen colleagues engage substantively with Monique

Nuijten’s fine-grained ethnographic work and her theoretical

interventions and contributions. ese are inspired by her unique personal and political habitus, and have in turn inspired others’ scholarly, personal and political engagements in various ways.

• ENGAGED ENCOUNTERS
• 13

is page is leſt blanc intentionally.

1. CAPTURING LAW:
MONIQUE NUIJTEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF PLURAL LEGAL ORDERING

Keebet von Benda-Beckmann

What characterises Monique Nuijten’s work – as I have learned to appreciate over

the years – is her keen eye for discerning fluidity and flexibility in social interaction, layered understandings, multiple positions of members of transnational communities, and active attempts of people to bring coherence into their life while coping with the possibilities and adversities in their particular situation. She draws on a broad range of

theoretical approaches and energetically engages in debates with a diverse set of authors

that have inspired her work. Sceptical of grand theories that highlight powerful actors, she prefers to divert her attention to people from all walks of life, who operate within a range of social settings, some with a certain degree of power, others without much power, some who have been successful and others that have not been able to fulfil their dreams.

Law has not been at the forefront of her theoretical work, though she has always been

aware of the extent to which legal issues are vital to her empirical work. She is cognisant

of the fact that the people she studied in Mexico, in the US, Peru, and Brazil were