Medicine Through Time

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RENAISSANCE MODERN MEDICINE Antibiotics Harvey Vesalius Pare Chemotherapy Blood anatomy Ligature Circulation detailed illustrations War surgeon Diabetes DNA Veins student observation cauterisation Arteries grave robbing battlefields Gene therapy Genetics Dissection challenged Galen wound MEDICINE THROUGH Experiments septum printing press Heart transplant Observations human jaw re-birth Influenza Heart Fabric of the Human body questioning Magic bullet TIME blood re-circulated Microscope experimentation Key hole surgery heart similar to pump Penicillin Radiotherapy GREEK AND ROMAN TIMES Jenner inoculation NHS Four Humours army supernatural Smallpox opposition Bevan Galen balanced/unbalanced natural Cowpox Stem cell research Hippocrates Asclepius gymnasium Milk lady X Ray Hippocratic oath dissection hygiene Vaccine Test tube baby Observation and Recording herbs theory of the Government MRSA Diet votive opposites Observation Exercise temple sewer Aqueduct bath latrine Drain slaves sauna MEDIEVAL MEDICINE INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE SURGERY Four humours Cholera Bazelgette Blood Purging The great stink sewers Anaesthetics Theory of the opposites Germs Chadwick Antiseptics Bloodletting Bacteria report Blood transfusions Quacks Government recommendations Hygiene Barber surgeons Laissez faire acts Scrubs Leeches Factories tax Sterilisation Plague Overcrowding local councils Operating theatre Black death Pollution Medical officers Inhalation Superstitious Cess pits Bacteria Religion Toilets Carbolic acid punishment Water pumps Infection The church Death rates Pain Disease Miasma Blood loss Galen & Hippocrates Poor living conditions Ether Hotel De Dieu Sewerage Laughing gas Almshouses Slums Chloroform Leper houses Epidemic Joseph Lister Monasteries Typhoid James Simpson Hospitals Tuberculous Nuns Rubbish Urine chart population Herbal remedies Prayer miasma .

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Epidemic Models
Chapter 9 Epidemic Models 9.1 Introduction to Epidemic Models Communicable diseases such as measles, influenza, and tuberculosis are a fact of life. We will be concerned with both epidemics, which are sudden outbreaks of a disease, and endemic situations, in which a disease is always present. The AIDS epidemic, the recent SARS epidemic, recurring influenza pandemics, and outbursts of diseases such as the Ebola virus are events of concern and interest to many peo- ple. The prevalence and effects of many diseases in less-developed countries are probably not as well known but may be of even more importance. Every year mil- lions, of people die of measles, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and other diseases that are easily treated and not considered dangerous in the Western world. Diseases such as malaria, typhus, cholera, schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness are endemic in many parts of the world. The effects of high disease mortality on mean life span and of disease debilitation and mortality on the economy in afflicted countries are considerable. We give a brief introduction to the modeling of epidemics; more thorough de- scriptions may be found in such references as [Anderson & May (1991), Diekmann & Heesterbeek (2000)]. This chapter will describe models for epidemics, and the next chapter will deal with models for endemic situations, but we begin with some general ideas about disease transmission. The idea of invisible living creatures as agents of disease goes back at least to the writings of Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC). It developed as a theory in the sixteenth century. The existence of microorganisms was demonstrated by van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) with the aid of the first microscopes.
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Medicine in 18Th and 19Th Century Britain, 1700-1900
Medicine in 18th and 19th century Britain, 1700‐1900 The breakthroughs th 1798: Edward Jenner – The development of How had society changed to make medical What was behind the 19 C breakthroughs? Changing ideas of causes breakthroughs possible? vaccinations Jenner trained by leading surgeon who taught The first major breakthrough came with Louis Pasteur’s germ theory which he published in 1861. His later students to observe carefully and carry out own Proved vaccination prevented people catching smallpox, experiments proved that bacteria (also known as microbes or germs) cause diseases. However, this did not put an end The changes described in the Renaissance were experiments instead of relying on knowledge in one of the great killer diseases. Based on observation and to all earlier ideas. Belief that bad air was to blame continued, which is not surprising given the conditions in many the result of rapid changes in society, but they did books – Jenner followed these methods. scientific experiment. However, did not understand what industrial towns. In addition, Pasteur’s theory was a very general one until scientists begun to identify the individual also build on changes and ideas from earlier caused smallpox all how vaccination worked. At first dad bacteria which cause particular diseases. So, while this was one of the two most important breakthroughs in ideas centuries. The flushing toilet important late 19th C invention wants opposition to making vaccination compulsory by law about what causes disease and illness it did not revolutionise medicine immediately. Scientists and doctors where the 1500s Renaissance – flushing system sent waste instantly down into – overtime saved many people’s lives and wiped‐out first to be convinced of this theory, but it took time for most people to understand it.
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Medicine in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain, C.1700-C.1900
Year 10 History Knowledge Organiser – Key topic 3: Medicine in eighteenth and nineteenth century Britain, c.1700-c.1900 2. Key dates 1. Key terms 1 1796 Edward Jenner tested his vaccine on James Phipps. He infected him with cowpox, and this 1 Microbes A living organism which is too small to see prevented him catching smallpox. without a microscope, this includes 2 1842 Edwin Chadwick published his ‘Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Classes’. bacteria. 1847 James Simpson discovered that chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic. 2 The A movement of European intellectuals that 3 Enlightenment emphasised reason rather than tradition. 4 1848 First Public Health Act – set up Boards of Health but was not compulsory. 3 Decaying Matter Material, such as vegetables or animals, that has died and is rotting. 5 1854 John Snow mapped the spread of disease around the Broad Street pump to prove that cholera was caused by dirty water. 4 Bacteriology The study of bacteria. 6 1858 The Great Stink near the Houses of Parliament prompted action on sewage. 5 Tuberculosis A disease which affects the lungs causing serious difficulties in breathing. 7 1861 Louis Pasteur published the Germ Theory 6 Cholera A waterborne disease which killed many 1865 Joseph Lister used carbolic acid for the first time. He wrapped up a leg after an operation in th 8 people in the 19 century by causing the acid-soaked bandages and the wound healed cleanly. body to become dehydrated. 9 1875 Second Public Health Act, made government intervention in public health compulsory.
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History of Biostatistics
History of biostatistics J. Rosser Matthews University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Correspondence to: J. Rosser Matthews Professional Writing Program English Department 1220 Tawes Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA +1 (301) 405-3762 [email protected] Abstract The history of biostatistics could be viewed as an ongoing dialectic between continuity and change. Although statistical methods are used in current clinical studies, there is still ambivalence towards its application when medical practitioners treat individual patients. This article illustrates this dialectic by highlighting selected historical episodes and methodological innovations – such as debates about inoculation and blood - letting, as well as how randomisation was introduced into clinical trial design. These historical episodes are a catalyst to consider assistance of non-practitioners of medicine such as statisticians and medical writers. Methodologically, clinical trials and dialectic by discussing examples from different types of diseases.1 While basically epidemiological studies are united by a antiquity to the emergence of the clinical qualitative, the work is historically population-based focus; they privilege the trial in the mid-20th century. significant because it looked beyond the group (i.e., population) over the clinically individual to suggest a role for larger unique individual. Over time, this pop - Ancient sources: Hippocratic geographic and environmental factors. ulation-based thinking has remained writings and the bible Furthermore, it relied on naturalistic constant; however, the specific statistical Although the Hippocrates writers (active in explanations rather than invoking various techniques to measure and assess group the 5th century BCE) did not employ deities to account for illness and therefore characteristics have evolved.
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Joseph Lister
JOSEPH LISTER By W. W. CH~PMAN, MONTREAL O-NIGHT is the fourteenth Convocation of our College, and Sir Ewen Maclean and myself are to say something to you. My own share of the honour and the Tobligation is to take the form of a Presidential Address, and you will agree that this is a serious undertaking. May I profess at once that I have been animated and encouraged to this task by the words of my predecessor in office, Rudolph Matas, of New Orleans. The admirable address of last year on "The Miasions and Ideals of the American College of Surgeons," has been to me, as to you all, a genuine help and inspiration; his well-timed message represents for the College, not only a prophecy but a fulfillment. A college of surgeons, if it means anything, is really a post-graduate school, a school in which we are enrolled during our. working life. As Fellows of this school, we enjoy many advantages, but we also incur a large responsibility. It is true that there is no definite academic staff, but what is much better, we teach one another; teach both by precept and example, the science and the art of surgery. And our curriculum comprises much more than this. We provide a common tribunal be- fore which new methods of surgical practice may be adjudged; we promote and encourage research; and we are earnestly concerned with the character and repu- tation of our Fellows. In a word, by attendance at this school, we are stimulated and encouraged to greater usefulness, more completely to find ourselves.
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Infection Control Through the Ages
American Journal of Infection Control 40 (2012) 35-42 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect American Journal of Infection Control American Journal of Infection Control journal homepage: www.ajicjournal.org Major article Infection control through the ages Philip W. Smith MD a,*, Kristin Watkins MBA b, Angela Hewlett MD a a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE b Center for Preparedness Education, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE Key Words: To appreciate the current advances in the ﬁeld of health care epidemiology, it is important to understand History the history of hospital infection control. Available historical sources were reviewed for 4 different Hospitals historical time periods: medieval, early modern, progressive, and posteWorld War II. Hospital settings Nosocomial for the time periods are described, with particular emphasis on the conditions related to hospital infections. Copyright Ó 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Approximately 1.7 million health careeassociated infections One of the few public health measures was the collection of (HAIs) occur in the United States each year.1 Hospital infection bodies of plague victims. The bodies were left in the street to be control programs are nearly universal in developed nations and have picked up by carts and placed in mass graves outside of town.3,4 signiﬁcantly lowered the risk of acquiring a HAI since their inception Other infection control measures included hanging people who in the mid 20th century. As we debate the preventability of HAIs, as wandered in from an epidemic region into an uninfected area, well as the ethical and logistic aspects of patient safety, it is impor- shutting up plague victims in their homes, and burning clothing tant to recall the historical context of hospital infection control.
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A Brief History of Law and Medicine 1
CHAPTER A BRIEF HISTORY OF LAW AND MEDICINE 1 A page of history is worth a volume of logic. —Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 U.S. 345, 349 [1921]) aw is ancient; medicine is a newborn. A bit of history will help put these Ltwo disciplines in perspective. What follows in this first chapter is historical synthesis, neither the product of primary research nor drawn from any one or even a few second- ary sources. It is, instead, a collection of harmonious facts, opinions, and sentiments drawn from varied perspectives, review of the literature, and the author’s personal experience. It is intended to give the reader a feel for what some might call the “crossroads” of law and medicine and to set the stage for a thoughtful overview of the law and healthcare administration. PART 1: THE HISTORY OF LAW After reading part 1 of this chapter, you will • understand that law comes from four basic sources, • know that no one branch of government is meant to be more powerful than another, • understand the legal citation system and certain key terms, and • be familiar with basic aspects of legal procedure. It is reasonable to assume that laws—rules for human interaction—have existed in some form since the first sentient beings roamed the earth. The oldest known written laws were proclaimed nearly four millennia ago by King Hammurabi of Babylon. They were inscribed on an eight-foot-tall black stela (stone pillar), lost for centuries but rediscovered in 1901 (see exhibit 1.1).
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Inside Surgery
Fall/Winter 2019 | Volume 9, No. 3 >> News from the Roberta and Stephen R. Weiner Department of Surgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center INSIDE SURGERY A New Era Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery page 10 << | >> IN THIS ISSUE 3 HMS Promotions 10 Otolaryngology/Head Save the Date and Neck Surgery 4 New Faculty 14 Selected Publications 5 Food is Medicine 2019 16 News Briefs 6 Alumni Spotlight: 23 In Memoriam John Bookwalter, MD Fall/Winter 2019 24 Making a Difference Volume 9, No. 3 8 The Question I Own: 26 Cardiothoracic Surgery Ajith J. Thomas, MD Residency Program Inside Surgery is published by the Office of the Chairman of the Roberta and Stephen R. Weiner Department of Surgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Message from the Chair Medical Center for faculty, trainees, staff, alumni, affiliates, and friends. recently read The Butchering Art by Lindsey Fitzharris, a biography of one of the greatest I The mission of the luminaries in surgery, Dr. Joseph Lister (1827-1912). Department of Surgery: An English surgeon who pioneered antiseptic methods • Provide care of the very in the operating theater, Dr. Lister saved countless highest quality patients from suffering and death due to post-operative • Improve health through infection and gangrene. innovation and discovery In the mid-19th century, most doctors believed that infection was due • Prepare future leaders in to poisonous gases, or “miasmas,” in the air. Hospitals were typically filthy American surgery • Serve our communities with and, as such, dangerous places to undergo surgery. Determined to improve sensitivity and compassion care, Dr. Lister, building on the work of Louis Pasteur, methodically and doggedly sought to understand the root causes of surgical infection and Chair, Surgery develop, test, and refine ingenious ways to prevent it.
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The War on Germs Dead — Distinguished His Practice
enter this harrowing world? As Fitzharris shows, it was mostly down to his power- ful sense of service to humanity, and passion for natural sciences. Medicine married the two. Lister was The Butchering exposed to science Art: Joseph early on, through his Lister’s Quest to father Joseph Jackson Transform the Lister, a wine merchant Grisly World of and keen microscopist Victorian Medicine who was eventually LINDSEY FITZHARRIS Scientific American/ elected a Fellow of Farrar, Straus and the Royal Society. The Giroux: 2017. younger Lister arrived at University College London in 1844 with one of his father’s micro- HEALTH scopes, a much better instrument than his teachers had. Throughout his career, his sci- entific interests and meticulous microscopic examination of tissues — living, diseased and The war on germs dead — distinguished his practice. Initially, Lister focused on the manage- ment of surgical wounds, striving to under- Tilli Tansey hails a history of Joseph Lister’s drive to stand normal healing and develop new ways vanquish post-operative infection and putrefaction. of treating and monitoring post-operative patients. He routinely examined recovering wounds, taking samples and experiment- ith antimicrobial resistance apron. Although instruments might be ing with dressings. Most surgeons, who becoming a real threat in routine sharpened for swifter slicing, they (and regarded infection as unavoidable, scoffed. surgery, it is salutary to contem- surgeons’ hands) were rarely washed. One But Lister was not alone. Oliver Wendell Wplate the early Victorian operating theatre. famous, possibly apocryphal account of an Holmes in Boston, Massachusetts, and Ignaz Pain and death were the norm, the surgical operation by surgeon Robert Liston recorded Semmelweis in Vienna and Budapest also brutality matched by the torments of post- a 300% mortality rate.
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Mary Shelley
Hospitalism 3 Lovely Photo Manipulations Utilizing Stock Photography by Justin Peters 7 200 Years of Frankenstein: Mary Shelley’s Masterpiece as a Lens on Today’s Most Pressing Questions of 17 Science, Ethics, and Human Creativity Human adult neurogenenesis, yes or no? 23 Romain Gary: The greatest literary conman ever? 25 The Crazed Euphoria of Lucrecia Martel’s ‘Zama’ 32 Walking the City with Jane: An Illustrated Celebration of Jane Jacobs and Her Legacy of Livable Cities 40 Process could offer nontoxic alternative to environmentally harmful chemicals 57 Putting the “rule of five” of drug research in context 60 How faking your feelings at work can be damaging 64 At Tate Modern 70 The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics Pioneer Norbert Wiener on Communication, Control, and 73 the Morality of Our Machines Stanley Cavell, 1926–2018 80 The flexibility of 2D silica 86 Cracking the genetic code of koalas 89 What would it mean for AI to have a soul? 94 A Brave and Startling Truth: Astrophysicist Janna Levin Reads Maya Angelou’s Stunning Humanist 109 Poem That Flew to Space, Inspired by Carl Sagan Nobel Prize Winners lead the call for greater openness in animal research 114 Love Island 132 Climate change is making night-shining clouds more visible 143 Sistema de Infotecas Centrales Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila The Consciousness Deniers 146 Why Hitchcock’s Kaleidoscope was too shocking to be made 153 Create Dangerously: Albert Camus on the Artist as a Voice of Resistance and a Liberator of Society 159 Aerial Explorations of International Cityscapes Washed in a Neon Glow by Xavier Portela 170 Spiders can ‘fly’ because they make near-invisible paragliders 176 Tales from the Gulag 181 The people who cannot smile 186 The Impermanence of Importance 195 2 Infoteca’s E-Journal No.
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Epidemics and Pandemics, Disinfectants and Antiseptics Photo by Kari Shea on Unsplash More! SIMB Enews Banner Advertisement
SIMB News News Magazine of the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology July/August/September 2020 V.69 N.3 • www.simbhq.org Epidemics and Pandemics, Disinfectants and Antiseptics Photo by Kari Shea on Unsplash SIMB eNEWS ADVERTISING OPPORTUNITY Online advertising is an effective way to reach your target audience and should be part of your marketing strategy. Get in front of the customers you want to reach with a SIMB eNews banner advertisement. Contact SIMB to learn more! contents news 80 NEWSWORTHY SIMB News Melanie Mormile | Editor-in-Chief feature Elisabeth Elder | Associate Editor Stephanie Gleason | Associate Editor 84 EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS, DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS: Kristien Mortelmans | Associate Editor FROM ANTIQUITY UNTIL THE PRESENT CORONAVIRUS SARS- Vanessa Nepomuceno | Associate Editor COV-2 PANDEMIC DESIGN & PRODUCTION members Katherine Devins | Production Manager 78 LETTER FROM SIMB PAST PRESIDENT BOARD OF DIRECTORS 99 SIMB RESOLUTIONS President Steve Decker 101 2020–2021 SIMB BOARD OF DIRECTORS President-elect Noel Fong 107 ETHICS COMMITTEE Past President Jan Westpheling 109 SIMB COMMITTEE LISTING Secretary Elisabeth Elder Treasurer Laura Jarboe book review Directors Katy Kao 102 MICROBIOTA CURRENT RESEARCH AND EMERGING TRENDS Priti Pharkya Tiffany Rau in every issue Rob Donofrio 74 CORPORATE MEMBERS HEADQUARTERS STAFF 75 LETTER FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Christine Lowe | Executive Director Jennifer Johnson | Director of Member Services 77 SIMB STRATEGIC PLAN Tina Hockaday | Meeting Coordinator 104 SIMB MEETING CALENDAR Suzannah Citrenbaum | Web Manager Esperanza Montesa | Accountant 111 SIMB CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE Melanie R. Mormile Email: [email protected] ADVERTISING For information regarding rates, contact SIMB News On the cover 3929 Old Lee Highway, Suite 92A With masks over their faces, members of Fairfax, VA 22030-2421 the American Red Cross remove a victim P: 703-691-3357 ext 30 F:703-691-7991 of the 1918 Spanish Flu from a house at Email: [email protected] Etzel and Page Avenues, St.
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Performing Illness in the Late-Nineteenth-Century Theatre
STAGES OF SUFFERING: PERFORMING ILLNESS IN THE LATE-NINETEENTH-CENTURY THEATRE by Meredith Ann Conti Bachelor of Fine Arts, Denison University, 2001 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2007 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Meredith Ann Conti It was defended on April 11, 2011 and approved by Attilio Favorini, PhD, Professor, Theatre Arts Kathleen George, PhD, Professor, Theatre Arts Michael Chemers, PhD, Associate Professor, Carnegie Mellon University, Drama Dissertation Advisor: Bruce McConachie, PhD, Professor, Theatre Arts ii Copyright © by Meredith Ann Conti 2011 iii STAGES OF SUFFERING: PERFORMING ILLNESS IN THE LATE-NINETEENTH-CENTURY THEATRE Meredith Ann Conti, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2011 Few life occurrences shaped individual and collective identities within Victorian society as critically as suffering (or witnessing a loved one suffering) from illness. Boasting both a material reality of pathologies, morbidities, and symptoms and a metaphorical life of stigmas, icons, and sentiments, the cultural construct of illness was an indisputable staple on the late-nineteenth- century stage. This dissertation analyzes popular performances of illness (both somatic and psychological) to determine how such embodiments confirmed or counteracted salient medical, cultural, and individualized expressions of illness. I also locate within general nineteenth-century acting practices an embodied lexicon of performed illness (comprised of readily identifiable physical and vocal signs) that traversed generic divides and aesthetic movements. Performances of contagious disease are evaluated using over sixty years of consumptive Camilles; William Gillette’s embodiment of the cocaine-injecting Sherlock Holmes and Richard Mansfield’s fiendishly grotesque transformations in the double role of Dr.
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